Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Otolaryngology > ENT anatomy > Flashcards

ENT anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What structures made up the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
Vomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine bones
Palatine plate of the maxilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 4 main foramen entering each nasal cavity?

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal foramen
  • Posterior ethmoidal foramen
  • Sphenopalatine foramen
  • Incisive foramen (Single midline)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the name of the anastamoses within the nasal cavity?

A

Keisselbach’s plexus (Little’s area)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the medical term for nostril?

A

Nares

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the dip connecting the lip and nose?

A

Philtrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name for the outer rim of the nostril?

A

Ala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 3 sections of the external nose?

A

Root
Dorsum
Tip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 8 main foramen of the cranial vault through which cranial nerves pass?

A
  • Foramen magnum
  • Foramen ovale
  • Foramen rotundum
  • Superior orbital fissure
  • Jugular foramen
  • Hypoglossal canal
  • Internal acoustic meatus
  • Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many paranasal sinuses are there?

A

8 (4 bilateral pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is thought to be the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Reduce skull weight
Assist with vocal resonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the sinus mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 types of paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Sphenoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does the sphenoid sinus drain to?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into?

A

Superior meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What 2 structures are found within the middle meatus allowing sinus drainage?

A
  • Ethmoidal bulla (Rounded projection)
  • Semilunar hiatus (Curved groove surrounding the bulla)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do frontal sinuses drain to?

A

Semilunar hiatus in middle meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do maxillary sinuses drain to?

A

Semilunar hiatus in middle meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do anterior ethmoidal air cells drain to?

A

Semilunar hiatus in middle meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do the middle ethmoidal air cells drain to?

A

Ethmoidal bulla in middle meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain to?

A

Inferior meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal vestibule
Nasal cavity proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (Keratinised to non-keratinised (1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What 2 types of epithelium line the nasal cavity proper?

A

Respiratory epithelium (2)
Olfactory epithelium (3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do the concha assist with olfaction?

A

They create turbulence which keeps air within the top of the nasal cavity for longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe the route of the olfactory pathway

A
  • Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity
  • Pass up the crimbriform plate
  • Synapse with olfactory bulb (Ganglia)
  • Neurons pass along olfactory tract
  • To temporal lobe and olfactory areas of the supracortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What nerve gives general somatic sensation to the anterosuperior nasal cavity?

A

CN V1 (Ophthalmic division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What nerve gives general somatic sensation to the posteroinferior nasal cavity?

A

CN V2 (Maxillary division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe the regions of the face supplied by each division of CN V

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 3 main arteries that enter the nose and contribute to Kiesselbach’s plexus?

A

Ophthalmic artery
Maxillary artery
Facial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What branches of the ophthalmic artery enter the nose?

A
  • Anterior ethmoidal artery
  • Posterior ethmoidal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What foremen does the anterior ethmoidal artery enter the nasal cavity via?

A

Anterior ethmoidal foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What foremen does the posterior ethmoidal artery enter the nasal cavity via?

A

Posterior ethmoidal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

From what major artery does the ophthalmic artery arise?

A

Internal carotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the 2 branches of the maxillary artery that enter the nasal cavity?

A
  • Sphenopalatine artery
  • Greater palatine artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the route of the sphenopalatine artery in the nasal cavity

A

Pierces through the sphenopalatine foramen and covers a large area of the vomer and covers the lateral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe the route of the greater palatine artery in the nasal cavity

A

Descends to the hard palate, anteriorly and then up through the incisive foramen to Keisselbachs plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

From what major artery does the maxillary artery branch off?

A

External carotid artery (Just anterior to the external ear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the facial artery?

A
  • Superior labial artery → Septal branch
  • Inferior labial artery
  • Lateral nasal artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe the route of the facial artery and its branches entering the nasal cavity

A

The facial artery curves up from the mandible and courses through the upper lip and gives off the lateral nasal artery which moves up into the lateral nasal wall

The facial artery then gives off the superior labial artery which continues through the midline to the septum where it gives off the septal branch of the superior labial artery

42
Q

Describe the route of CN V1 into the nasal cavity

A

CN V1 branches into the anterior ethmoidal nerve which passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen into the roof of the nasal cavity which passes into the anterosuperior area

43
Q

Describe the route of CN V2 into the nasal cavity

A

CN v2 branches into the nasopalatine nerve which passes through the sphenopalatine foramen into the floor of the nasal cavity

It then travels down the incisive foramen to the hard palate, supplying somatic sensation to the roof of the mouth

44
Q

Through which skull foramen does CN V1 pass through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

45
Q

Through which skull foramen does CN V2 pass through?

A

Foramen rotunda

46
Q

What type of nerves synapse from the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Parasympathetic, motor

47
Q

Where does the pterygopalatine ganglion sit?

A

It sits in the pterygopalatine fossa, which is a recess between the sphenoid bone and maxilla

48
Q

What nerves pass through, but do not synapse at the pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Cranial nerve V2 and and deep petrosal nerves

49
Q

What are some of the types of nerves contained in the facial nerve?

A
  • Parasympathetic secretomotor supply
  • Special sensation (Taste)
  • Somatic motor
  • General sensory
50
Q

Where does the facial nerve supply parasympathetic secretomotor supply?

A

Lacrimal gland
Sublingual and submandibular salivary glands
Minor glands of the nasal cavity, palate and nasopharynx

51
Q

Where does the facial nerve supply taste sensation to?

A

Tastebuds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

52
Q

Where does the facial nerve supply somatic motor sensation to?

A

Muscles of facial expression

53
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the facial nerve that leave the facial nerve in the temporal bone?

A

Greater petrosal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani

54
Q

Describe the course of the facial nerve branching to the greater petrosal nerve

A

Leaves CNS at pontomedullary junction
Through internal acoustic meatus
Genticulate ganglion
Branch to form greater petrosal
Back up to the middle cranial fossa
Synapses with the pterygopalatine ganglion
Joined by the deep petrosal nerve (post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres) from internal carotids
Forms the vidian nerve which passes through the pterygoid canal to the lacrimal and minor glands

55
Q

Describe the route of the chord tympani branch of the facial nerve

A

Leaves CNS at pontomedullary junction
Through internal acoustic meatus
Genticulate ganglion
Through tympanic cavity
Between malleus and incus
Through petrotympanic fissure
Joins lingual nerve of CN V3
Passes to the tongue to supply taste (Lingual branch of V3 supplies general sensation), sublingual and submandibular salivary glands

56
Q

How many branches does the facial nerve split into to supply the muscles of facial expression?

A

6

57
Q

Describe the structures of the pinna

A
  • Helix
  • Anti-helix
  • Tragus
  • Anti-tragus
  • Concha
  • Lobe
58
Q

What is the name given to the opening of the ear canal?

A

External acoustic meatus

59
Q

What nerve causes the tickling sensation in the back of the throat when the each is itched with cotton buds?

A

Cranial nerve X

60
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the ear?

A

Elastic cartilage

61
Q

Where does the posterior region of the pinna drain its lymph to?

A

Posterior auricular and mastoid lymph nodes

62
Q

Where’d does the anterior region of the pinna drain its lymph to?

A

Parotid gland and its associated lymph nodes
Pre-auricular lymph nodes

63
Q

Where does the ear lobe drain its lymph to?

A

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

64
Q

What are some structures that pass close to the pinna?

A

The auriculotemporal nerve (V3) passes up near the tragus of the ear to the temporalis muscle

The superficial temporal artery also passes close to the tragus of the ear

The posterior auricular vein, lymph nodes and artery pass behind the ear

65
Q

Describe the structures of the tympanic membrane

A
66
Q

What condition is shown?

A

Glue ear (Otitis media with effusion)

67
Q

What condition is shown?

A

Acute otitis media (Bulging)

68
Q

What is shown?

A

Gromit used in treatment of glue ear

69
Q

What condition is shown?

A

Perforation

70
Q

What are the 3 bones of the middle ear?

A
  • Malleus - Hammer
  • Incus - Anvil
  • Stapes - Stapes
71
Q

What is the function of the bones of the middle ear?

A

They conduct sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

These go from larger to smaller, amplifying the sound waves

This is the bone conduction mechanism of hearing

72
Q

How does the tympanic cavity facilitate and control the movement of the bones of the middle ear?

A
  • Air within the cavity
  • Synovial joints
  • 2 skeletal muscles
73
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the tympanic cavity?

A

Tympanic cavity proper
Epitympanic recess

74
Q

What is the name of the hole in the epitympanic recess?

A

Mastoid adieus

75
Q

What is the name of the bulge on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

Promontory

76
Q

Where does the malleus attach to the tympanic membrane?

A

Umbo

77
Q

What is the name of the joint between the malleolus and incus?

A

Malleoincal joint

78
Q

What is the name of the joint between the incus and stapes?

A

Pedioincal joint

79
Q

What suspends the malleus and incus bones?

A

Ligaments form the tegmen tympani

80
Q

Where does the stapes attach to medially?

A

The oval window of the otic capsule

81
Q

What are the 2 skeletal muscles found within the middle ear?

A
  • Tensor tympani
  • Stapedius
82
Q

Where does the tensor tympani run?

A

From the cartilaginous portion of the eustacian tube to the handle of the malleus

83
Q

What is the function of the tensor tympani?

A

Dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the tympanic membrane

Reduces noises from chewing (Both innervated by CN V3)

84
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

CN V3

85
Q

What causes the rumbling sound during yawning?

A

CN V3 also innervates the muscles opening and closing the mouth
This may cause rubbing together of the tensor tympani fibres, leading to rumbling

86
Q

Where does the stapedius run?

A

From the pyramidal eminence (Out of the temporal bone) to the neck of the stapes

87
Q

Where is the muscle belly of the stapedius found?

A

In the temporal bone

88
Q

What is the function of the stapedius?

A

This dampens sound by reducing vibrations of the stapes on the oval window and is innervated by CN VII, playing a role in the acoustic reflex to loud sounds

89
Q

What can be caused by dysfunction of the muscles of the middle ear?

A

Hyperacousis - Over-interpretation of sound

90
Q

How does pressure in the middle ear compare to outside pressure normally?

A

It is usually equal, allowing for efficient oscillation of the tympanic membrane

91
Q

What occurs when atmospheric pressure increases (E.g. in water)?

A

The tympanic membrane pushes in, therefore decreasing ability to oscilate, causing muffling of sound

92
Q

What occurs when atmospheric pressure decreases (E.g. altitude)?

A

The tympanic membrane bulges out, therefore decreasing the ability to oscilate, causing muffling of sound

93
Q

What can occur due to unbalanced pressure within and outside of the ear?

A

Barotrauma to the tympanic membrane

94
Q

How can the air pressure within the middle ear be equalised?

A

By opening the eustachian tube

95
Q

What muscles open the eustachian tube?

A

Palatine muscles

96
Q

Why are children more at risk of otitis media?

A

They have a much shorter eustachian tube, so infection can more easily enter the middle ear

97
Q

What nerve supplies the walls of the tympanic cavity?

A

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

98
Q

How does the glossopharyngeal innervate the structures of the middle ear?

A

Some nerve fibres from the pharynx pass up into the eustachian tube
It also forms the tympanic branch, which enters the middle ear and forms a plexus over the promontory
This coalesces into the lesser petrosal nerve passing out and to the parotid gland

99
Q

What is infection of the mastoid air cells known as?

A

Mastoiditis

100
Q

How does mastoiditis occur?

A

Otolaryngology (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions