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Memorize for 2nd Year Exams > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shared function of the tensor tympani and stapedius?
Which is more effective?

A

Both increase the stiffness of the ossicular chain in response to loud noises
The stapedius is more effective

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2
Q

What is located at the apical end of hair cells?

A

A bundle of sensory hairs called stereocilia

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3
Q

What is located adjacent to the tallest of each stereocilial bundle?

A

A single kinocilium

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4
Q

What is meant by the term morphological polarization?

A

The orientation of hair cells with respect to the kinocilium

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5
Q

What is the mechanoreceptor for hearing?

A

The hair cell

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6
Q

When does depolarization occur in the cochlea?

A

Depolarization occurs when hairs are deflected towards the kinocilium

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7
Q

When does hyperpolarization occur in the cochlea?

A

Hyperpolarization occurs when hairs are deflected away from the kinocilium

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8
Q

What does depolarization of the hair cells result in?

A

Increased firing of the fiber

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9
Q

What does hyperpolarization of the hair cells result in?

A

Cessation of firing

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10
Q

What are the three layers of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

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11
Q

What separates perilymphatic space from endolymphatic space?

A

Reissner’s membrane

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12
Q

How does the bony cochlea and basilar membrane change as the apex of the cochlea is reached?

A

Bony cochlea becomes narrower

Basilar membrane becomes progressively wider

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13
Q

How do the fibres compare at the base of the cochlea compared to apex?

A

At the base they are short and stiff - vibrate in accordance to high pitch sound
At the apex they are longer and looser- vibrate in accordance with lower pitch sound

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14
Q

What determines the volume of the sound perceived by the brain?

A

Hair cells being moved more, which generated more APs

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15
Q

What is the function of the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals?

A

Utricle and saccule sense linear acceleration of head tilt

Semicircular canals sense angular acceleration

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16
Q

What are the swelling at the ends of semicircular canals called?
What lies within these?

A

Ampullae

Within these are the sense organs called crista

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17
Q

What are the hair cells embedded in in the crista?

A

A gelatinous mass called the cupula

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18
Q

What stimulates movement of hair cells in the semicircular canals?

A

Fluid inertia during angular acceleration results in displacement of the cupula and bending of the sensory hairs

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19
Q

What are the otolith organs and what do they sense?

A

Utricle and saccule

Linear acceleration

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20
Q

What are the sense organs within the utricle and saccule called?

A

Maculae

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21
Q

What covers the maculae in the utricle and saccule?

A

Gelatinous mass called the otolithic membrane - contains secretions of calcium carbonate called otoconia and

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22
Q

What direction are stereocilia orientated in the otolith organs?

A

All directions

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23
Q

What can BPPV be confused with?

A

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency - would get more neuro symptoms in this e.g. weakness, numbness

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24
Q

What should you tell a patient with BPPV to do at night?

A

Have an extra pillow or two

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25
Q

Difference between vestibular neuronitis and labyrinthitis?

A

Labyrinthitis has associated hearing loss/tinnitus

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26
Q

What causes Meniere’s?

A

Increased pressure in endolymph - to do with salt balance

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27
Q

Low frequency hearing loss with bone conduction the same as air (i.e. sensorineural) = ?

A

Meniere’s disease

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28
Q

What is the most common auditory symptom in migraine associated vertigo?

A

Photophobia

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29
Q

Most common type of head and neck cancer?

A

Squamous

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30
Q

Which virus is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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31
Q

Which virus is associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma in young women?

A

Human papilloma virus

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32
Q

List the centor criteria

A 
Temperature >38
Absence of cough 
Swollen anterior lymph nodes
Tonsillar swelling or exudates 
Age <14 add one point 
Age >44 minus one point
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33
Q

What is malignant otitis?

Main symptom?

A

Extension of otitis externa into mastoid + temporal bone
Fatal without treatment
Pain + headache more severe than clinical signs would suggest?

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34
Q

Most common cause of malignant otitis?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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35
Q

Organism in mono?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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36
Q

Vesicles/ulcers on the soft palate = ?

Organism?

A

Herpangia

Coxsackie virus

37
Q

Treatment of cold sore?

A

Aciclovir

38
Q

Which organism causes stomatitis in children?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1

39
Q

What is herpetic whitlow?

A

Abscess on end of finger caused by infection with HSV1 or HSV2

40
Q

Organism in hand, foot and mouth disease?

A

Coxsackie virus

41
Q

Recurrent mouth ulceration with inflammatory halo = ?

A

Aphthous ulcers

42
Q

Recurrent oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, associated with Asia = ?

A

Behcets disease

43
Q

What is Chancre?

A

Primary syphilis - caused by bacterium Treponema palladium

44
Q

What should you ask about in the history of otitis externa?

A

Skin diseases e.g. eczema

45
Q

What is furunculosis?

A

Very painful staphylococcal abscess arising from a hair follicle within the canal

46
Q

Halo sign on filter paper or increased glucose or B2 transferrin = ?

A

CSF otorrhoea

47
Q

What usually precedes AOM?

A

Viral UTI

48
Q

What is mastoiditis?
Signs?
Treatment?

A

Middle ear inflammation leads to destruction of air cells in the mastoid bone +/- abscess formation
Swelling and redness behind the pinna, protruding auricle
IV antibiotics, myringotomy +/- definitive mastoidectomy

49
Q

What does the tympanic membrane look like in OME?

A

Retracted or bulging drum

Fluid level present

50
Q

If bilateral OME is confirmed, how long should you wait before checking up on the patient?

A

3 months

51
Q

When should you consider grommet insertion in OME?

A

> 3/12 bilateral OME +
CHL >25dB in good ear +
Speech/language problems or developmental problems

52
Q

What should you do if grommets don’t work?

A

Adenoidectomy

53
Q

What should you suspect in a chinese patient presenting with OME?

A

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

54
Q

What is chronic otitis media?

Treatment?

A

Perforation of the tympanic membrane which hasn’t healed

Myringoplasty

55
Q

What is stridor?

A

High pitched inspiratory harsh noise due to turbulent airflow resulting from narrows laryngeal or tracheal airway

56
Q

What is sertor?

A

Low pitched inspiratory snoring sound arising from nasopharyngeal airway i.e. above the larynx

57
Q

What three things should you look at to assess airway?

A

Appearance
Work of breathing
Skin circulation

58
Q

Which airway device should be used first line?

A

Endotracheal tube

59
Q

Treatment of croup?

A

Single dose dexamethasone

60
Q

What should you not do in epistaxis patients?

A

Sedate them

61
Q

Which type of temporal bone # in frontal blow vs lateral blow?
Which type of deafness in each?

A

Lateral blow - longitudinal # - conduction deafness

Frontal blow - transverse # - sensorineural deafness

62
Q

Treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss?

A

High dose steroids if presumed inflammatory cause

63
Q

Histology of the throat?

A

True vocal cords are squamous, below that is respiratory

64
Q

Chronic otitis media which smells bad = ?

A

Pseudomonas

65
Q

Nasal polyp in a child = ?

A

CF

66
Q

Which infection causes papillomatosis?

A

HPV types 6+11

67
Q

Koilocytosis = ?

A

HPV infection

68
Q

Benign salivary tumour in old man who smokes = ?

A

Warthin’s tumour

69
Q

What is the frequency of tonsillitis that would indicate tonsillectomy?

A

Seven or more episodes in the last year
Five or more episodes in the last two years
Three or more episodes in the last three years

70
Q

Rash on chest, axillae, behind ears 24-48h after sore throat + fever = ?
Organism?

A

Scarlet fever

Exotoxins from strep pyogenes (GABHS)

71
Q

Treatment of acute rhinosinusitis?

A

Analgesics + decongestants

If persisting, add antibiotics

72
Q

How does a polyp appear on rhinoscopy?

A

Pale, mobile, insensitive to gentle palpation

73
Q

What should you do in unilateral polyp?

A

Urgent referral for biopsy

74
Q

Treatment of nasal polyps?

A

Topical steroid drops to shrink them e.g. betametasone

75
Q

What is choanal atresia?

A

Congenital blockage of one or both nasal passages by bone or tissue

76
Q

Management of unilateral tinnitus?

A

MRI to exclude acoustic neuroma

77
Q

Hearing loss in middle age, exacerbated by pregnancy = ?

A

Otosclerosis

Background noise masks the problem and actually improves hearing

78
Q

Cahart’s notch on audiology = ?

A

Otosclerosis

79
Q

Bilateral cookie bite loss on audiology = ?

A

Hereditary deafness

80
Q

Discharge from ear + facial palsy = ?

A

Cholesteatoma that has eroded the bone overlying the facial nerv

81
Q

Conductive hearing loss in both ears + normal tympanic membrane = ?

A

Otosclerosis

82
Q

How can you test the semicircular canals?

A

Caloric testing

83
Q

What do O, T and M stand for on hearing aids?

A

Off
Telephone
Microphone - general setting

84
Q

What is the difference in action between warfarin and aspirin?

A

Warfarin stops the blood from clotting

Aspirin

85
Q

What disease presents to ENT with nasal crusting?

A

GPA

86
Q

Investigation for pleomorphic adenoma?

A

Fine needle aspiration cytology

87
Q

Aetiology of Bell’s palsy?

A

Herpes virus infection

88
Q

Nasal crusting + strong, foul smell = ?

A

Atrophic rhinitis

Associated with poor hygiene and malnutrition

Memorize for 2nd Year Exams (13 decks)

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