Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Memorize for 2nd Year Exams > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shared function of the tensor tympani and stapedius?
Which is more effective?

A

Both increase the stiffness of the ossicular chain in response to loud noises
The stapedius is more effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is located at the apical end of hair cells?

A

A bundle of sensory hairs called stereocilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is located adjacent to the tallest of each stereocilial bundle?

A

A single kinocilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is meant by the term morphological polarization?

A

The orientation of hair cells with respect to the kinocilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the mechanoreceptor for hearing?

A

The hair cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does depolarization occur in the cochlea?

A

Depolarization occurs when hairs are deflected towards the kinocilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does hyperpolarization occur in the cochlea?

A

Hyperpolarization occurs when hairs are deflected away from the kinocilium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does depolarization of the hair cells result in?

A

Increased firing of the fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does hyperpolarization of the hair cells result in?

A

Cessation of firing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three layers of the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What separates perilymphatic space from endolymphatic space?

A

Reissner’s membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the bony cochlea and basilar membrane change as the apex of the cochlea is reached?

A

Bony cochlea becomes narrower

Basilar membrane becomes progressively wider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do the fibres compare at the base of the cochlea compared to apex?

A

At the base they are short and stiff - vibrate in accordance to high pitch sound
At the apex they are longer and looser- vibrate in accordance with lower pitch sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What determines the volume of the sound perceived by the brain?

A

Hair cells being moved more, which generated more APs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of the utricle, saccule and semicircular canals?

A

Utricle and saccule sense linear acceleration of head tilt

Semicircular canals sense angular acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the swelling at the ends of semicircular canals called?
What lies within these?

A

Ampullae

Within these are the sense organs called crista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the hair cells embedded in in the crista?

A

A gelatinous mass called the cupula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What stimulates movement of hair cells in the semicircular canals?

A

Fluid inertia during angular acceleration results in displacement of the cupula and bending of the sensory hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the otolith organs and what do they sense?

A

Utricle and saccule

Linear acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the sense organs within the utricle and saccule called?

A

Maculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What covers the maculae in the utricle and saccule?

A

Gelatinous mass called the otolithic membrane - contains secretions of calcium carbonate called otoconia and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What direction are stereocilia orientated in the otolith organs?

A

All directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What can BPPV be confused with?

A

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency - would get more neuro symptoms in this e.g. weakness, numbness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What should you tell a patient with BPPV to do at night?

A

Have an extra pillow or two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Difference between vestibular neuronitis and labyrinthitis?
Labyrinthitis has associated hearing loss/tinnitus
26
What causes Meniere's?
Increased pressure in endolymph - to do with salt balance
27
Low frequency hearing loss with bone conduction the same as air (i.e. sensorineural) = ?
Meniere's disease
28
What is the most common auditory symptom in migraine associated vertigo?
Photophobia
29
Most common type of head and neck cancer?
Squamous
30
Which virus is associated with nasopharyngeal cancer?
Epstein-Barr virus
31
Which virus is associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma in young women?
Human papilloma virus
32
List the centor criteria
``` Temperature >38 Absence of cough Swollen anterior lymph nodes Tonsillar swelling or exudates Age <14 add one point Age >44 minus one point ```
33
What is malignant otitis? | Main symptom?
Extension of otitis externa into mastoid + temporal bone Fatal without treatment Pain + headache more severe than clinical signs would suggest?
34
Most common cause of malignant otitis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
35
Organism in mono?
Epstein-Barr virus
36
Vesicles/ulcers on the soft palate = ? | Organism?
Herpangia | Coxsackie virus
37
Treatment of cold sore?
Aciclovir
38
Which organism causes stomatitis in children?
Herpes simplex virus type 1
39
What is herpetic whitlow?
Abscess on end of finger caused by infection with HSV1 or HSV2
40
Organism in hand, foot and mouth disease?
Coxsackie virus
41
Recurrent mouth ulceration with inflammatory halo = ?
Aphthous ulcers
42
Recurrent oral and genital ulcers, uveitis, associated with Asia = ?
Behcets disease
43
What is Chancre?
Primary syphilis - caused by bacterium Treponema palladium
44
What should you ask about in the history of otitis externa?
Skin diseases e.g. eczema
45
What is furunculosis?
Very painful staphylococcal abscess arising from a hair follicle within the canal
46
Halo sign on filter paper or increased glucose or B2 transferrin = ?
CSF otorrhoea
47
What usually precedes AOM?
Viral UTI
48
What is mastoiditis? Signs? Treatment?
Middle ear inflammation leads to destruction of air cells in the mastoid bone +/- abscess formation Swelling and redness behind the pinna, protruding auricle IV antibiotics, myringotomy +/- definitive mastoidectomy
49
What does the tympanic membrane look like in OME?
Retracted or bulging drum | Fluid level present
50
If bilateral OME is confirmed, how long should you wait before checking up on the patient?
3 months
51
When should you consider grommet insertion in OME?
>3/12 bilateral OME + CHL >25dB in good ear + Speech/language problems or developmental problems
52
What should you do if grommets don't work?
Adenoidectomy
53
What should you suspect in a chinese patient presenting with OME?
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
54
What is chronic otitis media? | Treatment?
Perforation of the tympanic membrane which hasn't healed | Myringoplasty
55
What is stridor?
High pitched inspiratory harsh noise due to turbulent airflow resulting from narrows laryngeal or tracheal airway
56
What is sertor?
Low pitched inspiratory snoring sound arising from nasopharyngeal airway i.e. above the larynx
57
What three things should you look at to assess airway?
Appearance Work of breathing Skin circulation
58
Which airway device should be used first line?
Endotracheal tube
59
Treatment of croup?
Single dose dexamethasone
60
What should you not do in epistaxis patients?
Sedate them
61
Which type of temporal bone # in frontal blow vs lateral blow? Which type of deafness in each?
Lateral blow - longitudinal # - conduction deafness | Frontal blow - transverse # - sensorineural deafness
62
Treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss?
High dose steroids if presumed inflammatory cause
63
Histology of the throat?
True vocal cords are squamous, below that is respiratory
64
Chronic otitis media which smells bad = ?
Pseudomonas
65
Nasal polyp in a child = ?
CF
66
Which infection causes papillomatosis?
HPV types 6+11
67
Koilocytosis = ?
HPV infection
68
Benign salivary tumour in old man who smokes = ?
Warthin's tumour
69
What is the frequency of tonsillitis that would indicate tonsillectomy?
Seven or more episodes in the last year Five or more episodes in the last two years Three or more episodes in the last three years
70
Rash on chest, axillae, behind ears 24-48h after sore throat + fever = ? Organism?
Scarlet fever | Exotoxins from strep pyogenes (GABHS)
71
Treatment of acute rhinosinusitis?
Analgesics + decongestants | If persisting, add antibiotics
72
How does a polyp appear on rhinoscopy?
Pale, mobile, insensitive to gentle palpation
73
What should you do in unilateral polyp?
Urgent referral for biopsy
74
Treatment of nasal polyps?
Topical steroid drops to shrink them e.g. betametasone
75
What is choanal atresia?
Congenital blockage of one or both nasal passages by bone or tissue
76
Management of unilateral tinnitus?
MRI to exclude acoustic neuroma
77
Hearing loss in middle age, exacerbated by pregnancy = ?
Otosclerosis | Background noise masks the problem and actually improves hearing
78
Cahart's notch on audiology = ?
Otosclerosis
79
Bilateral cookie bite loss on audiology = ?
Hereditary deafness
80
Discharge from ear + facial palsy = ?
Cholesteatoma that has eroded the bone overlying the facial nerv
81
Conductive hearing loss in both ears + normal tympanic membrane = ?
Otosclerosis
82
How can you test the semicircular canals?
Caloric testing
83
What do O, T and M stand for on hearing aids?
Off Telephone Microphone - general setting
84
What is the difference in action between warfarin and aspirin?
Warfarin stops the blood from clotting | Aspirin
85
What disease presents to ENT with nasal crusting?
GPA
86
Investigation for pleomorphic adenoma?
Fine needle aspiration cytology
87
Aetiology of Bell's palsy?
Herpes virus infection
88
Nasal crusting + strong, foul smell = ?
Atrophic rhinitis | Associated with poor hygiene and malnutrition

Memorize for 2nd Year Exams (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions