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Clinical: Family Medicine > ENOT/Opthalmology > Flashcards

ENOT/Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

how is chronic rhinosinusitis categorized

A

lasting 12 weeks or longer - despite attempts at medical management

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2
Q

what is the common treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis

A

amox-clavulantate 875mg BID for at least 3 weeks and up to 10 weeks

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3
Q

what are aphthous ulcers

A

single or multiple small, shallow ulcers with a yellow-grey fibroid center with red halos

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4
Q

how are aphthous ulcers diagnosed

A

clinical presentation and history
consider biopsy if lasting for more than 3 weeks

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5
Q

what is the treatment for apthous ulcers

A

viscous lidocaine 2-5%

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6
Q

define blepharitis

A

chronic inflammation of lid margins - caused by seborrhea, staph or strep

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7
Q

how is blepharitis diagnosed

A

slit-lamp examination

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8
Q

what is the treatment for blepheritis

A

warm compresses, daily lid wash with diluted baby shampoo, lid massages and topical abx if infection is suspected

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9
Q

what presents with painless otorrhea, brown/yellow dicharge with a strong odor

A

cholesteatoma

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10
Q

what causes cholesteatomas

A

chronic eustachian tube dysfunction resulting in chronic negative pressure causing granulation tissue

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11
Q

how is cholesteotoma diagnosed

A

otoscopic visualization of granulation tissue
confirm with CT and audiogram for hearing loss assessment

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12
Q

how are cholesteotomas treated

A

surgical removal

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13
Q

what are the different types of conjunctivitis

A
  • viral
  • bacterial
  • allergic
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14
Q

what type of conjunctivitis presents with copious watery discharge, scant mucoid discharge

what is the common etiology

A

viral

adenovirus

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15
Q

what type of conjunctivitis presents with purulent discharge, crusting, usually worse in the morning

common etiologies

A

bacterial

S. pneumonia, S aurus for acute
M. catarrhalis and gonococcal/chlmydia

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16
Q

what is Giemsa stain includsion bodies indicative

A

chlamydia conjunctivitis

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17
Q

what type of conjunctivitis presents with red eyes, itching and tearing - typcially bilaterall

A

allergic

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

what is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivits

A

gentamicin/tobramycin
erythromycin ointment
trimethoprim and plymyxin B

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20
Q

if a patient has contacts what medications should be added to medication regimen

A

Fluoroquinolones - Ciprofloxacin/ciloxan drops

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21
Q

what presents with sudden onset of eye pain, photophibia, tearing, FB sensation, blurring of the vision and/or conjunctival injection

A

corneal abrasion

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22
Q

how are cornial abraisons diagnosed

A

fluoescen staining

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23
Q

what is the treatment for corneal abraisons

A

abx ointment - NO PATCHING

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24
Q

who commonly is affected by corneal ulcers

A

contact wearers

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25
Q

what is a corneal ulcer

A

deep infection of cornia by bacteria, virus or fungi

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26
Q

what is the presentation of corneal abrasion

A

white spot on the surface of the cornea that stains wtih fluorscein

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27
Q

what is the treatment of corneal ulcer

A

immediate referral - if not possible start topcial opthalmic antibiotics

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28
Q

define keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornia

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29
Q

what is inflammation of the lacrimal gland called

A

dacryoadenititis

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30
Q

what is the cause of dacryoadenitis

A

bacteria or virus

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31
Q

what is an infectious obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct called

A

dacryocystitis

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32
Q

what is the eversion of the eyelid called

A

ectropion

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33
Q

what is inversion of the eyelid called

A

entropion

34
Q

what is the treatment for ectropion and entropion

A

tear supplements and ocular lubricants at night
- definitive = surgery

35
Q

what is the common site for anterior nose bleeds

A

kiesselbachs plexus

36
Q

what is the common site for posterior nose bleeds

A

Woodruffs plexus - phenopalatine artery

37
Q

what needs to be given if anterior nasal packing is required

A

cephalosporin to prevent toxic shock syndrom

38
Q

what is the classic triad associated with acute narrow angle closure glaucoma

A

injected conjunctiva, steamy cornea and a fixed dilated pupil
(opthalmic emergency)

39
Q

how are glaucomas diagnosed

A

tonometry showing increased IOP

40
Q

what is the treatment for acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

A

acetazolaminde IV = first line agent
topical BB (timolol)
Miotics/cholinergics (pilocarpine)

41
Q

what is the definitive treatment for acutre narrow-angle glaucoma

A

peripheral iridotomy

42
Q

what is the treatment for chronic open-angle glocoma

A

prostaglanding analogs - first line (latanoprost)
topical BB (timolol)

43
Q

what is a painful, warm, swollen red lump on the eyelid called

A

hordeolum

44
Q

what is the treatment for hordeolum

A

warm compress and topical abx

45
Q

what is a hyphema

A

trauma causing bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye (between cornea and iris)

46
Q

what is the tx for hyphemas

A

usually the blood is reabsorbed over days/weeks
- elevate head at night to 30 degrees

47
Q

how does labrynthitis present

A

acute onset, continuous vertigo + hearing loss, tinnitus lasting several days to week.

48
Q

what is the treatment of labrynthitis

A

vestibular suppressants (meclizine) and antiemetics (zofran/promethazine) to limit symptoms
10 day course of prednisone taper

49
Q

what is the treatment of laryngitis

A

vocal rest and supportive therapy

50
Q

what is gradual painless of central vision called

A

macular degeneration

51
Q

what is seen with dry macular degeneration

A

DRUSEN - yellow retinal deposits

52
Q

what is seen with wet macular degeneration

A

hemorrhage, neovascularization

53
Q

what is the treatment for wet macular degeneration

A

VEGF inhibiors
photodynamic therapy
Zinc and antioxidant vitamins

54
Q

what is the treatment of dry macular degeneration

A

zinc and antioxidant vitamin

55
Q

what disease is characterized by excessive endolymph fluid in the cochlea that causes overstimulation of the hairs - causing vertigo and sudden hearing loss

A

meniere disease

56
Q

what is the treatment of meiere disease

A

low salt diet and diuretics to reduce the aural pressure

57
Q

What is Samter’s Triad

A

asthma
ASA sensitivity
nasal polyps

often seen in conjunction with allergic rhinitis

58
Q

what pathogen is the common cause of bacterial otitis externa

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (swimmers ear)
or
S. aureus (digital trauma)

59
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial otitis exeterna wtih chance of or perforated TM

A

Cipro and dexamethasone drops

60
Q

what are diagnostic criteria for otitis media

A
  1. bulging of TM
  2. other signs of acute inflammation (erythema, fever, pain)
  3. middle ear effusion
61
Q

what is the treatment options for otitis media

A

first line = amoxicillin
second line = augmentin
(macrolides if PCN allergic)

62
Q

what is pailledema

A

optic disc swelling that is caused by increased ICP

63
Q

what causes papilledema

A

malignant HTN
brain tumor/abscess
meningitis
cerebral hemorrhage
encephalitis

64
Q

what is the presentation of a patient with parotitis

A

fever/chills
periauricular, mandibular pain and swelling
dysphagia

65
Q

what is the treatment of parotitis

A

self limiting - treat with hydration and rest
vaccination is effective for prevention

66
Q

what is the treatment of peritonsillar abscess

A

aspiration, incision and drainage and/or ABX

67
Q

what is the most common etiology of pharyngitis

A

viral - adenovirus
or mononucleosis

68
Q

what is the Centor Score

A

for streph pharyngitis
1. absence of a cough
2. exudates
3. fever (>100.4)
4. cervical lymphadenopathy
(3 or 4 (+) means strep test)

69
Q

what is the treatment for GAS pharyngitis

A

PCN = first line
azithro if PCN allergic

70
Q

what is the treament of gonorrhea pharyngitis

A

ceftriaxone 500mg IM as a single dose

71
Q

what is a Pterygium

A

elevated, superficial, fleshy, tiragular-shaped “growing” fibrovascular mass - m/c in inner corner/nasal side of the eye

72
Q

what is the treatment of pterygium

A

only surgically removal when vision is affected

73
Q

what is the presentation of retinal detachment

A

curtain coming down across vision may sense floaters or flashes at onset

74
Q

what is myopia

A

nearsightedness

75
Q

what is the treatment of retinal detachment

A

opthalmologic emergency

76
Q

what is the presentation of retinal vascular occlusion

A

sudden, painless, unilateral and usually sever vision loss

77
Q

what is sialadenitis

A

bacterial infection of salivary gland

78
Q

how is sailadenitis diagnosed

A

CT, US or MRI can confirm
if pus - gram stain and culture

79
Q

how is sialolithiasis

A

clinical dx is usually adequate

80
Q

what are the only type of antibioitcs that are non-ototoxic

A

floxin drops

Clinical: Family Medicine (10 decks)

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