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Biology > Enlightenment > Flashcards

Enlightenment Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What was the Age of Reason

A

1687 to 1789 , people tried to think reasonably for arts, government, and society (another name for the Enlightenment)

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2
Q

What three goals did Enlightened thinkers have

A

Improve how people lived, think clearly and logically without feelings, and use scientific reasoning to examine parts of society

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3
Q

What was the Enlightenment

A

intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

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4
Q

Who was Isaac Newton

A

Discovered the laws of gravity and motion and invented Calculus

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5
Q

What does it mean to be enlightened

A

Having a belief in reasoning; moving away from ignorance

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6
Q

Who believed that people are naturally evil and selfish, an absolute monarchy is necessary to keep society under control, people give up power for law and order (social contract theory)

A

Hobbes

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7
Q

Who had a positive view of humans, all people have natural rights and it’s the job of government to protect these, government’s power comes from people

A

Locke

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8
Q

Who advocated separation of power would prevent one person from gaining too much power

A

Montesquieu

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9
Q

What is liberty

A

Freedom

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10
Q

What is having control over everyone else no matter what they say

A

Absolute power

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11
Q

What is people giving up certain powers to get law and order in return

A

Social contract

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12
Q

What is the political idea that many branches of government should share power

A

Separation of powers

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13
Q

Who believed that all men should receive free education and thought direct democracy was best, its the free will of individuals to establish their government

A

Rousseau

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14
Q

What is natural law

A

laws of morality found through human reason

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15
Q

Who fought for freedom of speech, religion, speech, and tolerance and believed in the separation of church and state and freedom of expression

A

Voltaire

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16
Q

What is free speech

A

The ability to say anything without being penalized

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17
Q

Who was the Enlightened Despot of Prussia who was religiously tolerant of all, and who modernized the military and law codes of Prussia

A

Frederick the Great

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18
Q

Who was the most famous host of the Salome from the 1750-1775; influential in the movement that led to the French Revolution

A

Madame Marie Theresa Geoffrin

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19
Q

What was the type of complex music developed in the late 1600s

A

Baroque Music

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20
Q

What was a type of music from the 1700s-1800s that is orderly and balanced; in the style of Ancient Greece or Rome

A

Classical

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21
Q

Who was Mozart

A

Musical genius, started playing music at 5, music is more popular now even though he’s dead

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22
Q

Who was Haydn

A

“Father of the Symphony”, Mozart’s teacher, and first European to compose complete symphony using string and woodwind instruments

23
Q

What was the Industrial Revolution

A

The major change in how people produced things and how we advance

24
Q

What are natural resources

A

Resources that come from Earth, examples: coal, water, fossil fuels

25
Q

What is an industrial town

A

A city where the economic system is based on the industry, such as a mining town.

26
Q

What are people who study money

A

Economists

27
Q

What is money available for investment.

A

Capital

28
Q

What is cloth that workers weave from cotton, silk, or wool

A

Textiles

29
Q

What is when humans work to make things

A

Manufacturing

30
Q

What were the problems for cotton growers

A

It was hard to turn cotton into material without a machine

31
Q

What are imports/exports

A

Imports are things being shipped into a country and exports are things being shipped out of the country

32
Q

What are machines built from and they are made with coke or purified coal

A

Iron

33
Q

What is a stronger version of iron

A

Steel

34
Q

What is a way of making large amounts of the same thing in a factory

A

Mass production

35
Q

What is the moving of something from one place to another

A

Transportation

36
Q

Why is transportation important

A

Because they had to move materials

37
Q

What is a man made river

A

Canal

38
Q

What workers use to pump water and move coal into coal mines and who created the first one

A

Steam engine; James Watt

39
Q

How did they figure out how to make steam engines faster

A

By heating water in the boiler

40
Q

Who is the founder of the railroad

A

George Stephenson

41
Q

What are materials that are used to make things

A

Raw materials

42
Q

Who memorized how to make a spinning machine then went to the US and sold his idea

A

Samuel Slater

43
Q

What happened to cities that became industrialized

A

Their populations grew very quickly and people started living more in the city more than country

44
Q

What happened in Lowell, Massachusetts

A

Francis Lowell built a factory where he taught young women to read and write

45
Q

What were the dangers of working in factories

A

There were little children working in it and no unions or worker regulations

46
Q

What new inventions begin to be used for power

A

Electricity and oil

47
Q

What was invented to send messages over a long distance

A

Telegraph

48
Q

What is the king rules by God’s will

A

Divine right

49
Q

What are people born with certain rights, liberty, and property that no government can take from you

A

Natural rights

50
Q

What are natural rights

A

life, liberty, and property

51
Q

Who is the author of the multi volume “Encyclopedia”

A

Diderot

52
Q

Who is the German that believed reason is the basis of all morality

A

Immanuel Kant

53
Q

Who is the French king who solidified political, economic, and military power in the late 17th century; built Versailles, said “I am the state”

A

Louis XIV

54
Q

Who was an enlightened despot of Russia who was a friend of Voltaire, created the first funded school for women in Europe and was leader during Russia’s Golden Age of Enlightenment

A

Catherine the Great

Biology (15 decks)

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