English Tenses And Grammar Flashcards
When was English first spoken?
500 ANNO DOMINI after Jesus-Christ (5th century)
First wave of invaders
Which were the three germanic tribes?
The Angles, the saxons and the Jutes.
- Engla Land , (Englisc) Old English
Celtic and Latin were already spoken before.
Celtic providence words:
Place: Stratford, Avon (birthplace William Shakespeare) Avon ( river)
-Winthorp (althorp) village
- upon
Latin
Former Roman cities:
Man/chester/ - Lan/caster/ - chester/caster = Latin for camp “castra”
A.m = ante meridiem = before noon
P.m = post meridiem = after noon
E.g = exampli gratis = for example
I.e = Id es = that is /c’est à dire/
Medicine:
Post-mortem =autopsy
Cardiovascular,prognosis,appendicitis,poliomyelitis,auricular,anaemia,anticoagulant,dialysis.
Ratio decidendi= legal/judicial reasoning behind a legal decision.
Grammar: suffix, prefix, adverb, pronoun.
Where does basic vocab comes from?
Old English / Anglo-saxon
Is,you,house,drink,here,under,over.
Death and life = tod/leben
School= Schule. Son daughter = Sohn/tochter.
Germanic speaking tribes
672 A.D, BEDE (672-735) wrote the ecclesiastical history of the English Nation.
- insight about t English Language,
- Christianity in great Britain.
- relates arrival of Jutes, Angles and Saxons. Who invaded England 5th c. A.D. bringing their customs, traditions, and language with germanic roots
Invaded regions
- Angles = east. East Anglia, Mercia, northern England
- Saxons = South. Sussex, Essex, Wessex.
- Jutes = South. Kent - Wessex - Isle of Wight
Engleland, Englene londe, Ingland.
– ENGLAND
11th . . – 14th.
Derived from French
Beef, pork, venison, palace, city, residence, carpenter, Mason, painter tailor
William of Normandy conquered in?
1066, they spoke the native language of the land, French
Categories and language families
Italic romance families: gave rise to:
Portuguese, spanish, French, Italian, Romanian
- Germanic languages; east west and north;
East germanic, Gothic, (dead language)
2.1 West germanic: German, Afrikaans, English. Dutch, flemish, German, frishian.
2.2 north germanic: Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic
- Celtic: Gaelic + Breton = Irish, Manx, Isle of man Breton.
- Hellenic languages = Ancient Greek + modern Greek
- BALTO - Slavic languages = 1. BALTIC. Lithuanian (old Prussian) dead language
1.1 East Slavic: Russian - Ukranian
1.2 West Slavic: Polish Czech
1.3 South Slavic: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian
Germanic branch as a common language in:
Germany’s Elbe River 3000 years ago.
Before English in England:
Latin was spoken. Brought by the Romans.
Christianity in England;
Viking invasions:
English conolisation: America
Industrial revolution:
600 AD
850 AD
1600 AD
18th century
English + French
Middle English.
14th century: Canterbury tales
1476: William caxton first printing press
10th 11th century, the English Language…
Old English was strongly influenced my the north germanic language OLD NORSE. NORTH EAST OF ENGLAND, JORVIK DANELAW. Words like: anger,bag,both, hit, law, leg, same, skill, sky, take… THEY.
Christianity = 400 Latin loan words:
Priest,paper,school
Grafitti to glasnost
Graffiti to glasnost:
the origins of English words
Partly Germanic and partly Romance, Modern English has freely adopted and adapted words from countless languages, acquiring the largest vocabulary of any language.
Old English (Anglo-Saxon): England, man, child, water, house
Old Norse (Viking): seat, window, ill, ugly
French: royal, beet, menu, hotel
Latin: family, wine, school
Greeic telephone, grammar
Italian: crescendo, soprano, vibrato, belvedere, corridor, grotto, pedestal, extravaganza
Spanish: cannibal, guerrilla, mosquito, tomado, vanilla
Portuguese: marmalade, flamingo
Dutch: yacht, boss, cookie, apartheid, commando, trek
Gaelic/irish: hooligan, clan, slogan, whisky
Japanese: kimono, tycoon, hara-kiri, samurai, tsunami, salsuma, karate, judo Hindi: guru, jungle, cheetah, shampoo, pyjamas, polo
Persian: paradise, divan, lilac, bazaar, caravan, chess, salamander, shawl, khaki
African languages: chimpanzee, mumbo jumbo, voodoo
Caribbean languages: hammock, hurricane, tobacco, maize, iguaña
Aboriginal Australian: kangaroo, wallaby, boomerang, budgerigar
Latin America: canyon, cigar, rodeo, potato, tomato
Hebrew: amen, cherub, hallelujah/alleluia, messiah, jubilee Arabic: alchemy, alcohol, algebra, arsenal, assassin, cipher, sugar, syrup, zero
Saracen: phoenix, oyster, mussel
Norweglan: ski
Finnish: sauna
Czech: robot
Basque: bizarre
Turlish: coffee, kiosk, caviar
Tamil: pariah, curry, catamaran
Chinese: tea
Malay, ketchup, bamboo, junk, orangutan
English
Polynesian: taboo, tattoo
Hawaiian ukulele
Inuit (Eskimo): kayak, igloo, anorak
The passive tense
THE PASSIVE TENSE.
Fiche n°4: Le passif (lecture obligatoire: Berland Delépine: chapitre 20).
A few of the different types of PASSIVE FORMS.
ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THEIR ENGLISH NAMES AND THEIR STRUCTURE?
1º PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE.
STRUCTURE: S+ am/is/are + V3 past participle
On Amazon.com an order is placed on-line, and you receive your goods the
2º PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE.
STRUCTURE: S+ verb “to be” am/is/are being + V3 past participle A new school is being built and two new roads are being built for access. is being built are being built
3°PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE.
STRUCTURE: S+ have/has + been+ V3 past participle The turkey has been prepared and the potatoes have been peeled by my mother. All in good time for Thanksgiving.
4 PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE.
STRUCTURE: S+ Was/were + V3 past participle
Our flight was cancelled and we were stranded in Vancouver.
5º PAST CONTINUOUS PASSIVE.
STRUCTURE: S + was/were+ being + V3 past participle
The University of La Rochelle is very clean. The floor was being cle
and the windows were being washed earlier today by the cleaning
6° PAST PERFECT PASSIVE
STRUCTURE: S +had+been+ V3 past participle I had been warned about the weather before I went to Scotland. It was true, the weather was really miserable- it rained every day for a
fortnight.
7ª FUTURE SIMPLE PASSIVE
STRUCTURE: S+ Will+ be +V3 past participle
The new hotel will be finished for Christmas.
Just in time for the hols.
The new university extensions will be finished for November?
Then, the students will have more room…………..
8º FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE,
STRUCTURE: 5+ will+ have+been+V3 past participle
The new design will have been completed by next week, we’ll have to go and see the architect……
9° GOING TO future
S+ am/are/is going to be + pp- e.g who’s going to be invited?
King John lost the providence of normandy to the king of france
The Black DEATH:
1204 A.D
1349
Language barriers between the nobles and the commoners over:
1362
Used to refer to general truths, scientific facts and the predictable results of particular actions. One thing happens and because of this something else happens. If/when + present/present pro. + present simple
In zero conditionals if and when have the same meaning.
If you heat water enough, it boils.
When he scores, he celebrates by making a heart shape with his hands.
When it’s raining, he stays indoors
When I study, I learn a lot!
Used when we want to talk about something that is likely to happen in the future after a specific set of circumstances, the condition. If is used is when the condition is possible andwhen is used when the condition is certain to happen.
If + present tense + will + verb
Normal structure, there are exceptions. 1st CON
If I go to the shops, I’ll get some bread. (I might not go to the shops)
When I go to the shops, I’ll get some bread. (I’m definitely going to the shops)
Got it! Here are examples of first conditional sentences using different tenses in the “if” clause:
-
Present Simple:
- If she studies hard, she will pass the exam.
-
Present Progressive:
- If she is studying when you call, she will not answer.
-
Present Perfect:
- If she has finished her homework, she will go out.
-
Future Simple:
- If she will study tonight, she will be prepared for the test.
-
Future Progressive:
- If she will be studying at 8 PM, she will not be available.
Refer to an imagined present result of an unlikely or impossible present condition.
2nd conditional
If + past simple + would + v
If I had the money, I’d travel around the world. (I don’t have the money)
If I were you, I’d think about leaving him. (I’m not you)
Exceptions:
1. Past Progressive:
- If I were working (past progressive) now, I would be earning money.
-
Past Perfect (Mixed Conditional):
- If she had studied (past perfect) harder, she would be (would + base verb) successful now.
-
Were to (Formal/Hypothetical):
- If he were to win (were to + base verb) the lottery, he would buy a mansion.
Refer to an imagined past result of something that didn’t happen in the past.
3rd conditionals
If + past perfect + would have + past participle
If I had known you were coming, I wouldn’t have prepared the cheese dish.
(I didn’t know you were coming. I prepared a cheese dish.)
If I had known then what I know now, I wouldn’t have wasted so much time at university.
Exception:
-
Past Perfect Progressive:
- If she had been studying harder, she would have passed the exam.
-
Mixed Conditionals (combining different time frames):
- If she had studied harder (past perfect), she would be successful now (present result).
- If I had taken that job (past perfect), I would be living in New York now (present result).
True or False: The word ‘sheep’ has different singular and plural forms.
False
Fill in the blank: The plural of ‘deer’ is _____ .
deer
Which of the following is an example of a noun that is the same in singular and plural: a) cat, b) fish, c) dogs?
b) fish
True or False: The word ‘species’ is the same in both singular and plural.
True
What is the singular form of the plural noun ‘cacti’?
cactus
Fill in the blank: The plural of ‘moose’ is _____ .
moose
True or False: The word ‘fish’ can refer to multiple fish of the same species or different species.
True
Which of the following words does not change in plural form: a) child, b) tooth, c) aircraft?
c) aircraft
What is the plural form of the noun ‘bison’?
bison
Fill in the blank: The noun ‘salmon’ remains _____ in both singular and plural forms.
salmon
True or False: The word ‘species’ can refer to one or more types of organisms.
True
What do you call a noun that refers to a group of individuals or things and has the same form in both singular and plural?
Collective noun
Which of the following is a correct singular and plural form: a) data, b) criteria, c) media?
a) data
Fill in the blank: The word ‘sheep’ is an example of a noun that is _____ in both singular and plural.
the same
What is the plural form of ‘cactus’?
cacti
True or False: The word ‘aircraft’ changes when referring to multiple items.
False
True or False: The word ‘information’ can be used in both singular and plural forms.
False
Fill in the blank: The noun ‘furniture’ is an example of a noun with no ______.
plural
Which of the following is NOT a noun with no plural? A) Advice B) Furniture C) Books
C) Books
List two examples of nouns that do not have a plural form.
Advice, Equipment
True or False: The word ‘news’ is treated as a singular noun.
True
Fill in the blank: The word ‘mathematics’ is considered _____ in terms of grammatical number.
singular
Which of the following nouns uses ‘is’? (a) scissors, (b) data, (c) trousers
a) scissors
List one example of a noun that has no singular form and uses ‘is’.
Measles
True or False: The word ‘clothes’ is a singular noun.
False
What verb form should be used with the noun ‘billiards’?
‘is’
Name a noun that is plural in form but uses ‘is’.
Economics
Multiple choice: Which noun is singular despite being plural in appearance? (a) glasses, (b) physics, (c) shoes
b) physics
What is a common mistake when using nouns like ‘gymnastics’ in a sentence?
Using ‘are’ instead of ‘is’.
