British INDIA 2 Flashcards

Question

Bangladesh

Answer 1

Prime Minister Khaleda Zia resigned after 3 terms in 2006, chaos ensued. Two warring women, Zia and Sheikh Hasina, have been struggling for power, and most observers see this lack of mutual respect and civility between government and opposition as a major political problem.

Answer 2

INDIAN MUTINYY. THE BRITISH RAJJ THE BABUS 562 PRINCELY STATES DIVISION OF PUNJAB AND west Pakistan Ghandi, Nehru Indian ACTS Law and order, Reginald Edward committed this. Rewarded for it Salt march Muslim league The Cripps mission The partition of India … /todays class/

Answer 3

Especially agricultural reform. Famine was common, and 70% of the population was dependent on farming, especially at the subsistence level. When Florence Nightingale visited in 1863, she reported serious health and sanitation problems within the Indian Army. Support for cotton and jute industries.

Answer 4

the English-educated Bengali intelligentsia was a term used to describe a native Indian clerk. The word was originally used as a term of respect attached to a proper name, the equivalent of "mister", was used in many parts to mean "sir"; but when used alone without the suffix, it was a derogatory word signifying a semi-literate native, with a mere veneer of modern education. In the early 20th century the term babu was frequently used to refer to bureaucrats and other government officials, especially by the Indian media; in this sense the word hints at corrupt or lazy work practices. It can also mean the pimp or client of a sex worker. The term babu has thus fallen out of favor in polite society, since it may be taken as an insult.

Answer 5

Most of the states were Hindu, and their rulers mainly Rajputs. But It would have been impossible to draw an exact racial or religious chart of India, although, as a general rule, Muslims were concentrated in the north-western regions and Bengal. They were a minority comprising a seventh of a population which stood at 280 million in 1940 (40 million).

Answer 6

The reforms take their name from Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India during the latter parts of World War I and Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of India between 1916 and 1921. introduced by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India. The reforms were outlined in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report prepared in 1918 and formed the basis of the Government of India Act of 1919.

Answer 7

was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was passed to expand participation of the natives in the government of India. The Act embodied the reforms recommended in the report of the Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, and the Viceroy, Lord Chelmsford. The Act covered ten years, from 1919 to 1929. The Act provided a dual form of government (a "dyarchy“) for the major provinces. In each such province, control of some areas of government, the "transferred list", were given to a Government of ministers answerable to the Provincial Council. The 'transferred list' included: Agriculture, Health and Education. The Provincial Councils were enlarged. At the same time, all other areas of government (the 'reserved list') remained under the control of the Viceroy. The 'reserved list' included: Defense Foreign Affairs Communications. India Act 1919 also provided for a High Commissioner who resided in London, representing India in Great Britain.

Answer 8

The Indian National Congress was unhappy at these reforms and termed them as 'disappointing.' A special session was held in Mumbai and the reforms were condemned. However, leaders such as Surendranath Banerjea were inclined to accept the reforms, so they left the Congress and formed the Indian Liberal Federation, which played a minor role in subsequent affairs. While Indian nationalists considered that the reforms did not go far enough the British conservatives were critical of them.

Answer 9

a law passed by the British in colonial India in March 1919, indefinitely extending "emergency measures" (of the Defense of India Regulations Act) enacted during the First World War in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy. This act effectively authorized the government to imprison for a maximum period of two years, without trial, any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj. The Rowlatt Act gave British imperial authorities power to deal with revolutionary activities. Sidney Arthur Taylor Rowlatt (1862 - 1945) was an English lawyer and judge, best remembered for his controversial presidency of the Rowlatt committee, a sedition committee appointed in 1918 by the British Indian Government to evaluate the links between political terrorism in India, especially Bengal and Punjab, and the German government and the Bolsheviks in Russia. The result was the Rowlatt Act, an extension of the Defence of India Act of 1915.

Answer 10

this was a traditional public demonstration of mourning or disapproval during which all shops, businesses and schools were closed and public transport halted, leaving large numbers free to take to the streets and form processions. (Parade, march)

Answer 11

The Indian people gathered in Amritsar to peacefully protest against the repressive Rowlatt act were fired on under the command of brigadier general Redignald Edward Harry dyer. The killing of 379 Indians (and wounding of 1,200) in Amritsar, at the site of a Sikh religious shrine in the Punjab 1919 He was recompensed with 26 thousand pounds sterling in Britain from a collection on his behalf by the Morning Post a conservative news paper The Morning Post had supported Dyer’s action on grounds stating that the massacre was necessary to "Protect the honour of European Women."

Answer 12

'soul force' or 'love force'. Satyagraha was a spiritual state achieved by a man or woman which gave them the inner fortitude, patience and faith in God that were needed for passive resistance against an immoral authority. The suffering endured would serve as a measure of his own integrity and that of his cause.

Answer 13

Gandhi worked to dissolve both religious and class boundaries. His time in South Africa also exposed him to direct racial prejudice. As early as 1920, Gandhi was calling for non-cooperation with the British, much to Jinnah’s disgust. When violence was the result, Gandhi used fasting as a political tool. Became allies with Nehru, who were both arrested for the Salt Marches, which caught attention worldwide.

Answer 14

created an Indian federation embracing the British-ruled provinces and the princely states in which careful provision was made for the representation of the non-Hindu minorities. Congress accepted, grudgingly, the 1935 Act, but only as a milestone on a road which led to unconditional swaraj in the near future. Indeed, independence seemed to be guaranteed.

Answer 15

1906 under the leadership of the Aga Khan, the leader of the Ismaili, a Shiite sect of Muslims. 1938 the leader of the Muslim League was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The League had become the focus for Muslim aspirations and the guardian of their political interests. It may have exaggerated its grass-roots support, but by the end of 1943 the League was claiming to speak for all of India's Muslims.

Answer 16

In 1917, united Hindus and Muslims in common cause at Lucknow, an accord which remained in place until 1928 when the Muslim League became a separate entity. 1940, Jinnah first proposes a separate State for India’s Muslims, although understandably most were opposed to such a radical solution. Allied to the USA as a cushion against communism, the US filled the role of the UK in the new “Great Game” in Asia. Although not socialist like India, Pakistan took a long time to implement a democratic Constitution.

Answer 17

This was aimed at stopping an open revolt in the country at the time the Japanese had reached Burma. Richard Stafford Cripps (1889 –1952) Aimed to secure Indian cooperation during WW2, in exchange of self governance after the war. to some Conservatives the whole point of Cripps mission on the future of India was to convince the rest of the world, particularly the Americans, that Britain had made an offer, even if it proved unacceptable. Churchill was ready to give the Indian ministers the illusion that they were being treated like a real Cabinet. The failure of the Cripps mission in April 1942 inevitably moved Congress towards a 'Quit India' policy

Answer 18

Greatest mass migration in history. Had been preceded by 12 months of rioting between Hindus and Muslims. As many as 2 million dead in the violence of Partition itself, and the aftermath. More than 500 distinct pieces of territory, Patel worked miracles to avoid Balkanization. Even today, no definitive map of India/Pakistan exists (Kashmir still contested).

Answer 19

India’s last governor, owed his position more to family connections and money than competence. 562 Indian States with which to negotiate. Incredible violence during Partition, the largest mass-movement of peoples in history. Up to two million dead. Two wings of Pakistan, with 1,000 miles of Indian territory between them.

Answer 20

India’s first Prime Minister at Independence, opposed to Partition, as was Gandhi, he believed in the historical nationhood in India. Invaded Jammu and Kashmir in an attempt to consolidate them with India at Partition. Declared a non-alignment policy at the 1955 Bandung conference; this led to suspicions by John Foster Dulles, Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, that Nehru was a closet communist.