English no4 Flashcards
What is a statement?
We state a fact or give a piece of information (declarative).
What is a question?
We ask for information or for somebody to do something (interrogative).
What are exclamations?
Are when we express, surprise, alarm or a strong emotion (exclamatory).
What are commands?
We give an instruction to be obeyed (imperative) not to be confused with simple, compound, complex.
What is a clause?
Is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. They can be a main clause, coordinate clause or a subordinate clause.
What is a main clause?
A main clause is a group of words that contains a subject + verb + can form a complete sentence on its own. Main clauses are also referred as an independent clause as they don't need additional information for it to make sense. Examples of main clauses include: The cat mewed. His car broke down at the station. The girl laughed loudly.
What is a subordinate clause?
A subordinate clause needs a little help to make sense and they are also often referred to as dependent clauses. Subordinate clauses don’t stand in complete sentence, even though it has a subject + a verb. It has to be linked to the main clause, using a subordinating conjunction.
Examples of subordinate clause include:
Sitting happily, the chicken laid eggs.
The chicken, who was busy laying eggs, sat happily.
“Sitting happily” is a subordinate clause because it’s not a complete thought. It needs the main clause, the chicken laid eggs, to make any sense to the reader. Because of this, a subordinate clause is known as a type of dependent clause.
What’s a coordinate clause?
Is when you connect 2 independent clauses that are connected by coordinating conjunctions. Similar to subordinate clauses, coordinate clauses also combines 2 sentences, so it can be difficult to get the difference between them right . Way to remember. To coordinate means to work together as a team to make 1 coordinate cause.
Examples of coordinate clauses:
He wanted to go to the beach but it started raining.
You can feed the dog or you can wash the dishes.
They have homework to do yet they keep putting it off.
These clauses are connected by the coordinating conjunctions, “and,” to make a coordinate clause.
What is an adjective clause?
Begins with a relative pronoun (such as whom, whose, which, or that) or a relative adverb (when, where, or why). This type of clause includes a relative pronouns and subordinating conjunctions (when and where).
Examples of adjective clauses:
The girl who has short hair is laughing.
Toby whose dad is a vet lives next door.
The book which has the dragon on the cover is my favourite.
What is a noun clause?
Is any clause that works in the same place as a noun. In other words, you could replace the clause with a noun, and it would still make sense. These contains a subject + a verb, but not a complete thought, so it can’t stand as its own sentence.
Examples of noun clauses include:
Do you know what you’re going to wear?
Do you know what dress to wear?
Do you know where the cafe is?
The cafe where I work is just over there.
What is an adverb clause?
Is a dependent clause that doesn’t make sense on its own. It relies on another, independent clause to make sense. This is why they’re sometimes called dependent adverbs clauses too. An adverb clause offers a description and modifies the sentence, similar to how an adverb does. It contains a subject + a verb but it doesn’t express a complete thought. Examples of adverb clauses include:
She walked slowly.
She walked like an old lady.
She walked as if she were heading to the gallows.
Select the two modal verbs from the list.
Walk, could, shall, slowly
Modal verbs are used to change the meaning of other verbs. They can express meanings such as certainty, ability, or obligation. The main modal verbs are will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought. A modal verb only has finite forms and has no suffixes (e.g. I sing – he sings, but not I must – he musts).
Further your knowledge:
Verbs can be classified in variousways: for example, as auxiliary, or modal; as transitive or intransitive;
and as states or events.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zwwp8mn/articles/zps4pbk
What are verbs?
Think of a list of verbs..
https://engdic.org/list-of-verbs-a-to-z/
The surest way to identify verbs is by the ways they can be used: they can usually have a tense, either present
or past (see also future). Verbs are sometimes called ‘doing words’ because many verbs name an action that someone does; while this can be a way of recognising verbs, it doesn’t distinguish verbs from nouns (which can also name actions). Moreover many verbs name states or feelings rather than actions.
What are Auxiliry Verbs?
The auxiliary verbs are: be, have, do and the modal verbs. They can be used to make questions and negative statements. In addition: be is used in the progressive and passive; have is used in the perfect; do is used to form questions and negative statements if no other auxiliary verb is present.
What are adverbs?
A word that describes manner or time.
The surest way to identify adverbs is by the ways they can be used: they can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb or even a whole clause. Adverbs are sometimes said to describe manner or time. This is often true, but it doesn’t help to distinguish adverbs from other word classes that can be used as adverbials, such as preposition
phrases, noun phrases and subordinate clauses.
What are adverbs of time?
Provide an example to..
TELL US WHEN Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often. Adverbs of time are invariable. They are extremely common in English. Adverbs of time have standard positions in a sentence depending on what the adverb of time is telling us. Examples Goldilocks went to the Bears' house yesterday. I'm going to tidy my room tomorrow. I saw Sally today. I will call you later. I have to leave now. I saw that movie last year.
Yesterday, tomorrow, today, later, now and last year
What do adverbs also tell us?
Provide examples of it..
TELL US HOW LONG
Adverbs that tell us for how long are also usually placed at the end of the sentence.
examples
She stayed in the Bears’ house all day.
My mother lived in France for a year.
I have been going to this school since 1996
all day, for a year, since 1996
What are the order of adverbs of time
1: how long 2: how often 3: when
What do you use adverbs for?
Provide examples.
Adverbs that tell us how often Adverbs that tell us how often express the frequency of an action. They are usually placed before the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, & must). The only exception is when the main verb is "to be", in which case the adverb goes after the main verb. Examples I often eat vegetarian food. He never drinks milk. You must always fasten your seat belt. I am seldom late. He rarely lies. often, never, always, seldom, rarely
Adverb that can be used in two positions
frequently, Generally, normally, occasionally, Often, regularly, sometimes, usually
https://www.ef.co.uk/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-time/
What is a conjunction?
What are the 2 different conjunctions
A word that links two words or phrases together.
- co-ordinating conjunctions (e.g. and) link two words or phrases together as an equal pair.
- subordinating conjunctions (e.g. when) introduce a subordinate clause.
What are coordinating conjunctions?
Conjunctions are joining words that link together parts of a sentence. The three main coordinating conjunctions are ‘and’, ‘but’ and ‘or’.
They can be used to join together two clauses in a sentence. However, the clauses need to make sense on their own. For example:
I had a terrible cold. I still went to work.
You can add the coordinating conjunction ‘but’ in between these causes so the sentence reads:
I had a terrible cold but I still went to school.
What it is Subordinating conjunctions?
Subordinating conjunctions
A conjunction is a word, or words, used to connect two clauses together. Words such as: ‘although’, ‘because’ or ‘when’ .
A subordinating clause is a part of a sentence that adds additional information to the main clause. A subordinating conjunction is simply the word/words that is used to join a subordinating clause to another clause or sentence.
“He was annoyed, the train had stopped.”
“He was annoyed because the train had stopped.”
By adding ‘because’ we are linking the subordinating clause “the train had stopped” with the main clause “He was annoyed”.
What is a determiner?
A word that specifies a noun. A determiner specifies a noun as known or unknown, and it goes before any modifiers (e.g. adjectives or other nouns). Some examples of determiners are: * articles (the, a or an) A dog owns nothing, yet is seldom dissatisfied.
- demonstratives (e.g. this, those)
You can’t control this dog. - possessives (e.g. my, your)
Host your guest and also his
dog. - quantifiers (e.g. some, every).
When two dogs fight over a
bone, the third carries it away.
What is a pronoun?
Pronouns are normally used like nouns, except that:
- they are grammatically more specialised
- it is harder to modify them.
In the examples, each sentence is written twice: once with nouns, and once with pronouns (underlined). Where the same thing is being talked about, the words are shown in bold.
