English 5.0 Flashcards
Adjective
Askew
Skewed, lopsided, off-center
English 5.0
Not straight or level; out of line.
His hat was askew after the gusty wind.
krzywy, przekrzywiony, na ukos, skośny
Adjective (informal)
Foul up
Botched, messed up, bungled
English 5.0
an occasion when something is spoiled by a stupid mistake
The plans got fouled up due to miscommunication.
zepsuty, zanieczyszczony, zrujnowany, pokręcony
Adjective
Incumbent
Current, present, sitting
English 5.0
Currently holding a specified position.
The incumbent mayor faced tough competition.
obecny, urzędujący, zajmujący stanowisko, sprawujący urząd
Verb
Trot
Jog, canter, lope
English 5.0
To run at a moderate pace with short steps.
She decided to trot to catch the bus.
kłusować, biec truchtem, truchtać, pędzić
Noun
Yellow brick road
Pathway, route, journey
English 5.0
A metaphorical path leading to a hoped-for destination or condition.
He followed his own yellow brick road to success.
żółta, brukowana droga, droga do sukcesu, ścieżka marzeń, trasa do celu
Adjective
Fledgling
Beginner, novice, neophyte
English 5.0
Inexperienced or underdeveloped, particularly in a profession or activity.
The fledgling actor landed his first role.
początkujący, świeżo upieczony, niedoświadczony, nowicjusz
Noun (informal)
Bunk
Nonsense, hogwash, balderdash
English 5.0
Nonsense or foolishness.
His excuse for being late was pure bunk.
bzdura, nonsens, głupota, brednie
Noun
Vantage
Advantage, viewpoint, perspective
English 5.0
A position giving a strategic advantage, commanding perspective, or comprehensive view.
From this vantage, the entire valley was visible.
punkt widzenia, przewaga, korzystna pozycja, dogodne miejsce
Phrasal Verb
Come about
Happen, occur, take place
English 5.0
To happen or take place.
How did this misunderstanding come about?
zdarzyć się, nastąpić, wydarzyć się, pojawić się
Verb
Tumble
Fall, topple, plummet
English 5.0
To fall suddenly, clumsily, or headlong.
He tumbled off the bed in his sleep.
upadać, przewracać się, spadać, potykać się
Verb
Tuck
Fold, insert, snug
English 5.0
To put something into a small space, especially to make it tidy.
She tucked the note into her pocket.
wsuwać, chować, wtykać, zaginąć
Verb
Wind up
Conclude, finish, end up
English 5.0
To bring to a conclusion or end.
The meeting finally wound up at midnight.
zakończyć, skończyć, dokończyć, zwinąć
Adjective
Long-standing
Long-lasting, enduring, established
English 5.0
Having existed or continued for a long time.
Their long-standing friendship was admired by all.
długotrwały, utrzymujący się długo, długoletni, trwały
Noun
Fondness
Affection, liking, love
English 5.0
Affection or liking for someone or something.
Her fondness for chocolate was well-known.
przywiązanie, miłość, zamiłowanie, sympatia
Noun
Proclivity
Inclination, tendency, predisposition
English 5.0
A natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way.
He has a proclivity for dramatic entrances.
skłonność, tendencja, predyspozycja, zamiłowanie
Noun
Self-pity
Self-indulgence, self-sorrow, self-commiseration
English 5.0
Feeling sorry for oneself; self-indulgent dwelling on one’s own sorrows or misfortunes.
She wallowed in self-pity after the rejection.
samożal, litość nad sobą, rozczulanie się nad sobą, autolitość
Noun
Chalk
Talc, gypsum, carbonate
English 5.0
A soft white limestone used for writing on blackboards and in various industrial applications.
The teacher wrote the lesson on the blackboard with chalk.
kreda, wapień, skała osadowa, minerał
Adjective
Par excellence
Outstanding, exemplary, superlative
English 5.0
Being the best or most outstanding of its kind.
She is a pianist par excellence.
doskonały, wybitny, znakomity, niezrównany
Noun (specialized)
Cognitive constellation
Mental framework, thought pattern, intellectual arrangement
English 5.0
A complex of ideas, thoughts, and mental patterns related to cognitive processes.
*His research focused on the cognitive constellation in decision-making.
konstelacja poznawcza, układ poznawczy, wzór myślenia, struktura umysłowa
Adjective
Entrenched
Rooted, ingrained, established
English 5.0
Firmly established and difficult to change.
His beliefs are deeply entrenched.
zakorzeniony, utrwalony, głęboko zakorzeniony, niezmienny
Adjective (informal)
Sore
Upset, irritable, resentful
English 5.0
Feeling anger or annoyance.
He was sore about losing the game.
obrażony, zły, rozgniewany, urażony
Phrasal Verb
Blow something
Waste, squander, ruin
English 5.0
To waste or ruin an opportunity or chance.
He blew his chances at the interview.
zmarnować, zaprzepaścić, zrujnować, przekreślić
Phrasal Verb
Back down
Retreat, yield, give in
English 5.0
To admit you were wrong or admit defeat
She refused to back down in the argument.
ustąpić, wycofać się, dać za wygraną, poddać się
Noun (informal)
Hodge-podge
Mishmash, jumble, medley
English 5.0
A confused or disorderly mixture of various things.
His essay was a hodge-podge of ideas.
mieszanina, miszmasz, bałagan, gąszcz
Adjective
Distasteful
Unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive
English 5.0
Causing dislike or aversion; unpleasant.
The joke he told was quite distasteful.
nieprzyjemny, odrażający, niesmaczny, nie do przyjęcia
Verb
Emerge
Appear, surface, come out
English 5.0
To become apparent or come into view.
A dolphin emerged from the water.
wynurzyć się, pojawić się, ukazać się, wyłonić się
Phrase
To hold dear
Cherish, treasure, value
English 5.0
To regard with deep affection or attachment.
She holds her family memories dear.
cenić, pielęgnować, hołdować, miłować
Adjective
Budding
Emerging, developing, nascent
English 5.0
Beginning to develop or showing signs of future potential.
A budding artist, her talent was unmistakable.
początkujący, rozwijający się, w zarodku, obiecujący
Adjective
Deferential
Respectful, reverential, considerate
English 5.0
Showing respectful submission or yielding to the judgment, opinion, or will of another.
His tone was deferential to his superior.
pełen szacunku, uległy, respektujący, pokorny
Adjective
Trodden
Walked on, trampled, stepped on
English 5.0
Having been walked on or stepped on frequently.
The well-trodden path led to the lake.
uczęszczany, wydeptany, zdeptany, wyślizgany
Verb
Precipitate
Hasten, trigger, cause
English 5.0
To cause something to happen suddenly or unexpectedly.
Her resignation precipitated a crisis.
przyspieszać, wywoływać, spowodować, zainicjować
Adjective
Preeminent
Leading, foremost, outstanding
English 5.0
Surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way.
She is a preeminent figure in contemporary art.
wybitny, wiodący, niezrównany, znakomity
Verb
Surmise
Conjecture, guess, infer
English 5.0
To suppose something is true without having evidence to confirm it.
He surmised that she was late.
przypuszczać, domyślać się, zgadywać, wnioskować
Verb
Solidify
Harden, congeal, firm up
English 5.0
To make or become firm or solid.
The plans began to solidify.
utwardzać, zastygać, konsolidować, umacniać
Noun
Inklings
Hints, suggestions, clues
English 5.0
a feeling that something is true or likely to happen, although you are not certain:
He had inklings of the truth.
podejrzenia, przypuszczenia, domysły, ślady
Noun (informal)
Black eye
Shiner, bruise, discoloration
English 5.0
A bruise around the eye resulting from an injury.
He got a black eye during the match.
podbite oko, siniak, stłuczenie, sińce
Verb
Circulate
Spread, disseminate, propagate
English 5.0
To cause to become widely known or spread.
The idea quickly circulated among the group.
rozpowszechniać, krążyć, obiegać, rozprzestrzeniać się
Noun
Mashed potatoes
Pureed, whipped, creamy potatoes
English 5.0
Potatoes that have been boiled and crushed into a soft, creamy consistency.
She served mashed potatoes with the roast.
puree ziemniaczane, tłuczone ziemniaki, zmiażdżone ziemniaki, ugniecione ziemniaki
Adjective (informal)
Jumped up
Pretentious, self-important, overbearing
English 5.0
Behaving or considered to be acting more important than is warranted.
His jumped-up attitude irritated his colleagues.
nadęty, pretensjonalny, zarozumiały, pełen zadęcia
Phrase
Let someone have it
Attack, scold, reprimand
English 5.0
To attack or scold someone vigorously.
When he got home, his mom let him have it for being late.
dać komuś popalić, dać komuś w kość, zbesztać, zaatakować
Adjective
Subservient
Subordinate, submissive, secondary
English 5.0
Prepared to obey others unquestioningly; less important.
He was subservient to his boss.
poddany, służalczy, uległy, drugorzędny
Noun
Juncture
Conjunction, intersection, point
English 5.0
A particular point in events or time.
At this critical juncture, every decision counts.
moment, punkt zwrotny, połączenie, przecięcie
Verb
Jeopardize
Endanger, risk, threaten
English 5.0
To put someone or something into a situation where there is a risk of loss, harm, or failure.
His actions jeopardize the whole project.
zagrozić, narażać, ryzykować, zagrażać
Noun
Outlet
Vent, channel, means of expression
English 5.0
A means by which something is released or expressed.
Painting was an emotional outlet for him.
ujście, kanał, sposób na wyrażenie, środek wyrazu
Verb
Mitigate
Alleviate, lessen, reduce
English 5.0
To make less severe, serious, or painful.
Measures were taken to mitigate the environmental impact.
łagodzić, zmniejszać, osłabiać, redukować
Verb
Smother
Suffocate, stifle, suppress
English 5.0
To cover or envelop completely, sometimes to the point of suppression.
He tried to smother the flames with a blanket.
dusić, tłumić, zasłaniać, przytłaczać
Noun
Stool
Seat, bench, footrest
English 5.0
A seat without a back or arms, typically resting on three or four legs or on a single pedestal.
He sat on the stool at the bar.
taboret, stołek, siedzenie, podnóżek
Phrase
To the fore
In the front, prominent, ahead
English 5.0
Into a position of prominence or importance.
New leaders came to the fore in the community.
na czoło, na pierwszy plan, do przodu, na prowadzenie
Adjective
Hapless
Unfortunate, unlucky, ill-fated
English 5.0
Having no luck; unfortunate.
The hapless travelers lost their map.
nieszczęśliwy, pechowy, niefortunny, nieszczęsny
Adjective
Despondent
Depressed, downhearted, disheartened
English 5.0
In low spirits from loss of hope or courage.
He became despondent after his application was rejected.
przygnębiony, zniechęcony, bez nadziei, smutny
Verb
Collude
Conspire, plot, connive
English 5.0
To come to a secret understanding for a harmful purpose; conspire.
The companies were found to collude to fix prices.
koludować, spiskować, zmawiać się, współdziałać
Adjective
Dejected
Downcast, dispirited, discouraged
English 5.0
Sad and depressed; dispirited.
He looked dejected after the defeat.
przybity, przygnębiony, zniechęcony, smutny
Noun
Inpatient unit
Hospital ward, treatment center, care facility
English 5.0
A hospital department where patients are admitted for overnight stay and treatment.
He was admitted to the inpatient unit for observation.
oddział szpitalny, oddział stacjonarny, jednostka hospitalizacyjna, oddział dla pacjentów
Noun
Plain
Flatland, prairie, grassland
English 5.0
An extensive area of flat or gently rolling land.
The plains stretched out as far as the eye could see.
równina, nizina, płaskowyż, step
Adjective
Self-effacing
Modest, unassuming, humble
English 5.0
Not claiming attention for oneself; modest.
Her self-effacing manner endeared her to everyone.
skromny, niepozorny, niepretensjonalny, nierzucający się w oczy
Verb
Efface
Erase, obliterate, wipe out
English 5.0
To erase or remove something as if by rubbing.
Time effaced the memories from his mind.
zatrzeć, wymazać, usunąć, zlikwidować
Adjective
Tardy
Late, delayed, overdue
English 5.0
Delayed beyond the expected or proper time; late.
She apologized for being tardy.
spóźniony, opóźniony, nieterminowy, zwlekający
Adjective
Contrite
Remorseful, repentant, regretful
English 5.0
Feeling or expressing remorse or penitence; affected by guilt.
His contrite apology seemed sincere.
skruszony, żałujący, pokutujący, pełen skruchy
Adjective
Compliant
Obedient, submissive, accommodating
English 5.0
Inclined to agree with others or obey rules, especially to an excessive degree.
The company was compliant with the regulations.
posłuszny, uległy, zgodny, podporządkowany
Verb
Relinquish
Give up, surrender, abandon
English 5.0
To voluntarily cease to keep or claim; give up.
He had to relinquish control of the project.
zrzec się, odstąpić, zrezygnować, oddać
Verb
Kindle
Ignite, spark, arouse
English 5.0
To set alight or start to burn; to arouse or inspire (an emotion or feeling).
His words kindled a sense of adventure in them.
zapalić, rozbudzić, wzniecić, rozpalić
Noun
Tardiness
Latency, delay, slowness
English 5.0
The quality or fact of being late; lateness.
His tardiness was frowned upon at work.
spóźnienie, opóźnienie, zwłoka, ociąganie się
Adverb
Woefully
Regrettably, sadly, lamentably
English 5.0
In a manner expressing sorrow or misery.
He was woefully unprepared for the exam.
żałośnie, okropnie, smutno, boleśnie
Noun
Woe
Sorrow, misery, distress
English 5.0
Great sorrow or distress.
Tales of woe filled the room.
nieszczęście, żałość, smutek, zmartwienie
Noun
Incentive
Motivation, inducement, encouragement
English 5.0
A thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something.
The bonus was an incentive to work harder.
zachęta, motywacja, bodziec, impuls
Verb
Tear up
Rip, shred, destroy
English 5.0
To rip or shred something into pieces.
She tore up the letter in frustration.
podrzeć, rozszarpać, zniszczyć, roztrzaskać
Phrase
Cut to the chase
Get to the point, skip details, be direct
English 5.0
To come to the point; to skip unnecessary preliminaries.
Let’s cut to the chase - what’s your final offer?
przejść do sedna, ominąć zbędne szczegóły, mówić prosto z mostu, skupić się na istocie
Phrase
Be apt to
Tend to, likely to, prone to
English 5.0
To have a tendency to do something.
He’s apt to forget his keys.
mieć tendencję, być skłonnym, zazwyczaj, być skorym
Adjective
Pivotal
Crucial, central, key
English 5.0
Of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else.
His discovery played a pivotal role in the research.
kluczowy, centralny, zasadniczy, decydujący
Noun
Disdain
Contempt, scorn, disrespect
English 5.0
The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one’s consideration or respect.
She looked at him with disdain.
pogarda, lekceważenie, niechęć, wzgarda
Noun
Harrumph
Grumble, mutter, mumble
English 5.0
A sound made to express doubt or displeasure.
He gave a harrumph when he heard the news.
hę, hmpf, ochrypłe mruknięcie, niezadowolone chrząknięcie
Noun
Umbilical cord
Birth cord, navel string, lifeline
English 5.0
The flexible cord that connects a fetus to the placenta, conveying oxygen and nutrients.
The doctor cut the baby’s umbilical cord.
pępowina, sznur pępowinowy, łącznik, przewód
Adjective (informal)
Cross
Angry, irritated, annoyed
English 4.0
Feeling or showing annoyance or anger.
She was cross about the cancelled plans.
zły, rozgniewany, rozdrażniony, poirytowany
Noun
Mortgage
Loan, home loan, deed of trust
English 5.0
A legal agreement by which a bank lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor’s property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt.
They took out a mortgage to buy a house.
hipoteka, kredyt hipoteczny, zastaw, pożyczka pod zastaw
Verb
Concretize
Materialize, solidify, realize
English 5.0
To make something concrete or specific.
Her plans began to concretize.
skonkretyzować, ucieleśnić, zmaterializować, urzeczywistnić
Verb (informal)
Waddled up
Shuffled, toddled, lumbered
English 5.0
To walk with short steps and a swaying motion.
The duck waddled up to the pond.
chwalić się, dreptać, wlec się, kuśtykać
Phrase
Take care that/to
Ensure, make certain, be cautious
English 5.0
To make sure or take steps to ensure that something happens or is the case.
Take care to lock the door when you leave.
dbać, upewnić się, zatroszczyć się, być ostrożnym
Adjective
Cumbersome
Burdensome, unwieldy, awkward
English 5.0
Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy.
The package was cumbersome and hard to carry.
nieporęczny, uciążliwy, ciężki, zawadliwy
Noun
Dunes
Sand hills, mounds, ridges
English 5.0
Hills of sand formed by the wind near the ocean or in a desert.
The dunes shifted with the wind.
wydmy, piaski, pagórki, wzgórza
Adjective
Lucid
Clear, coherent, understandable
English 5.0
Expressed clearly; easy to understand.
His explanation was lucid and to the point.
jasny, klarowny, zrozumiały, przystępny
Noun
Clutch
Grip, grasp, hold
English 5.0
A tight grip or hold.
She had a firm clutch on her purse.
chwyt, uścisk, zacisk, uchwyt
Verb
Wriggle
Squirm, twist, wriggle
English 5.0
To twist and turn with quick writhing movements.
The baby wriggled in her arms.
wić się, wiercić, skręcać się, wywijać
Verb
Trundle
Roll, wheel, lumber
English 5.0
To move or cause to move slowly and heavily, typically in a noisy or uneven way.
The cart trundled down the street.
toczyć się, wlec się, turlać, stukotać
Adverb
Inexorably
Unstoppably, relentlessly, inevitably
English 5.0
In a way that is impossible to stop or prevent.
The days moved inexorably forward.
nieuchronnie, nieubłaganie, nieodwołalnie, niezmiennie
Verb
Wading
Paddling, walking in water, fording
English 5.0
To walk through water or another liquid or soft substance.
Children were wading in the shallow water.
brodzenie, wchodzenie do wody, przechodzenie przez wodę, brnięcie
Verb
Peck
Nip, pick, bite
English 5.0
To strike or bite something with a beak or similar pointed object.
The bird pecked at the window.
dziobać, skubać, kłuć, bicie
Adverb
Onwards
Forward, ahead, forth
English 5.0
In a continuous or forward direction.
They marched onwards towards the city.
dalej, naprzód, do przodu, w przód
Verb
Misform
Deform, misshape, distort
English 5.0
To form or shape wrongly or badly.
The statue was misformed during the casting process.
zniekształcić, zepsuć, źle uformować, pokrzywić
Verb
Condemn
Denounce, censure, criticize
English 5.0
To express complete disapproval of; censure.
The court condemned his actions.
potępić, skazać, krytykować, zganąć
Noun
Cessation
End, halt, stop
English 5.0
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
The cessation of hostilities was a relief.
przerwanie, zaprzestanie, ustanie, zawieszenie
Noun
Beak
Bill, snout, rostrum
English 5.0
The hard, pointed mouthpart of birds, some insects, and certain other animals.
The eagle’s beak was sharp and strong.
dziób, ptasi dziób, szczyt, nos
Noun (specialized)
Defusion
De-escalation, dispersion, dissipation
English 5.0
The process of reducing tension or dispersing something.
The defusion of the situation was her top priority.
rozproszenie, złagodzenie, rozładowanie, rozdzielenie
Verb
Creak
Squeak, groan, screech
English 5.0
To make a sharp, harsh, grating, or squeaking sound.
The old door creaked as it opened.
Phrase
Cross between
Mixture, hybrid, combination
English 5.0
A mix or hybrid of two different things, qualities, or types.
She’s a cross between a scientist and an artist.
mieszanka, hybryda, połączenie, krzyżówka
Noun
Dissertation
Thesis, treatise, essay
English 5.0
A long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree or diploma.
His dissertation was on medieval literature.
praca, rozprawa, dysertacja, esej
Phrase
Mixture of
Combination, blend, assortment
English 5.0
A combination of different things in which the components retain their individual characteristics.
The recipe called for a mixture of spices.
mieszanka, połączenie, kompozycja, mix
Phrase
Exerts influence
Wields power, impacts, affects
English 5.0
To use power or ability to affect or sway someone or something.
The media exerts influence on public opinion.
wywierać wpływ, oddziaływać, wpłynąć, działać
Phrase
Exercise authority/influence
Wield power, assert control, exert influence
English 5.0
To use or apply power, control, or influence.
She knows how to exercise authority effectively.
stosować władzę, używać wpływu, egzekwować autorytet, wpływać
Adjective (informal)
Soused
Drunk, intoxicated, inebriated
English 5.0
Drunk or intoxicated.
After the party, he was completely soused.
pijany, nawalony, podchmielony, zalany
Noun
Alimony
Spousal support, maintenance, financial support
English 5.0
A financial support paid to a spouse after separation or divorce.
He was required to pay alimony each month.
alimenty, utrzymanie, wsparcie finansowe, zasiłek
Adjective
Blossoming
Flowering, blooming, developing
English 5.0
Beginning to develop or flourish.
Her talent in music is really blossoming.
kwitnący, rozkwitający, rozwijający się, pączkujący
Verb
Brew
Infuse, steep, concoct
English 5.0
To make a beverage by steeping, boiling, and fermenting certain ingredients.
She brewed a fresh pot of coffee.
warzyć, zaparzać, przyrządzać, fermentować
Adjective
Reciprocal
Mutual, corresponding, complementary
English 5.0
Given, felt, or done in return; bearing on or binding each of two parties equally.
They had a reciprocal agreement to help each other.
wzajemny, obustronny, rewanżowy, odpowiedni
Adjective
Outright
Complete, total, absolute
English 5.0
Complete and total.
He won the race outright.
bezpośredni, całkowity, absolutny, jednoznaczny
Adjective
Attitudinal
Behavioral, psychological, mindset-related
English 5.0
Relating to, based on, or expressing a person’s attitude or personal stance.
Attitudinal changes are necessary for progress.
związany z postawą, behawioralny, dotyczący nastawienia, psychologiczny
Noun
Boa constrictor
Large snake, constrictor, serpent
English 5.0
A large, heavy-bodied snake that kills its prey by constriction.
The boa constrictor wrapped itself around its prey.
boa dusiciel, wąż dusiciel, boa, dusiciel
``Verb
Relapse
Regress, backslide, deteriorate
English 5.0
To fall back into a previous condition or mode of behavior.
She relapsed into her old habits.
wznowienie, nawrót, powrót do stanu, regres
Verb
Reinstate
Restore, return, reestablish
English 5.0
To restore someone or something to their former position or condition.
The coach was reinstated after the investigation.
przywrócić, powrócić, odnowić, reinstalować
Noun
Sabbatical
Leave of absence, break, hiatus
English 5.0
A period of paid leave granted to a university teacher or other worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
She’s on a sabbatical to research her book.
urlop naukowy, sabatyczny, przerwa, wakacje
Noun
Malady
Disease, ailment, illness
English 5.0
-Disease
-A problem within a system or organization
A disease or ailment.
An unknown malady afflicted the village.
Adjective
Doctrinaire
Dogmatic, inflexible, rigid
English 5.0
Seeking to impose a doctrine in all circumstances without regard to practical considerations.
His doctrinaire approach to management caused issues.
doktrynalny, sztywny, dogmatyczny, nieelastyczny
Adjective (specialized)
Operant
Effective, functioning, working
English 5.0
Relating to or denoting an operant condition or behavior.
Operant conditioning is a key concept in psychology.
działający, operacyjny, skuteczny, funkcjonujący
Noun
Mediation
Intervention, arbitration, negotiation
English 5.0
Intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it.
The conflict was resolved through mediation.
mediacja, pośrednictwo, negocjacja, interwencja
Phrase
Promise land
Utopia, ideal place, land of opportunity
English 5.0
A place or situation where one expects to find great happiness or success.
They saw America as the promised land.
ziemia obiecana, raj, miejsce szczęścia, wymarzony kraj
Verb
Marshal
Organize, arrange, assemble
English 5.0
To arrange or assemble (a group of people, especially troops) in order.
The general marshaled his forces for the attack.
zorganizować, ustawić, zgromadzić, rozmieścić
Adjective
Divergent
Different, varying, deviating
English 5.0
Tending to be different or develop in different directions.
Their opinions were divergent on many topics.
różny, odmienny, rozbieżny, zbieżny
Verb
Alter
Change, modify, adjust
English 5.0
To change or cause to change in character or composition.
Plans had to be altered at the last minute.
zmieniać, modyfikować, przekształcać, dostosować
Verb
Enlist
Join, sign up, recruit
English 5.0
To enroll or be enrolled in the armed services.
He enlisted in the navy.
zaciągnąć się, zwerbować, zarekrutować, wstąpić
Verb
Enroll
Register, sign up, matriculate
English 5.0
To officially arrange to join a course, school, or group.
She enrolled in the university.
zapisać się, zarejestrować, wstąpić, dołączyć
Phrase
Expand scope
Broaden range, extend coverage, widen reach
English 5.0
To increase the range of activities or areas that something affects or covers.
The company is looking to expand its scope into new markets.
poszerzyć zakres, rozszerzyć działalność, zwiększyć zasięg, rozwinąć obszar
Noun
Locus
Location, place, site
English 5.0
A particular position, point, or place.
The locus of the meeting was the boardroom.
miejsce, punkt, lokalizacja, centrum
Verb
Shift
Move, change, transfer
English 5.0
To move or cause to move from one place to another, especially over a small distance.
She shifted her gaze to the window.
zmienić, przesunąć, przestawić, przekierować
Verb
Grease
Lubricate, oil, smear
English 5.0
To apply grease or oil to something, especially to make it work smoothly.
He greased the wheels of the bicycle.
smarować, natłuścić, oliwić, posmarować
Verb
Mitigate
Lessen, alleviate, reduce
English 5.0
To make less severe, serious, or painful.
Measures were taken to mitigate the effects of the disaster.
łagodzić, zmniejszać, osłabić, zredukować
Verb
Bolster
Support, strengthen, reinforce
English 5.0
To support or strengthen something.
She bolstered his confidence with her encouragement.
wzmocnić, podpierać, poprzeć, umocnić
Adverb
Jubilantly
Joyfully, exultantly, triumphantly
English 5.0
In a manner that expresses great happiness or triumph.
The team celebrated jubilantly after their victory.
radosny, triumfalny, z entuzjazmem, uroczyście
Noun
Spillover
Overflow, repercussion, extension
English 5.0
An instance of overflowing or spreading into another area.
The spillover effect of the crisis affected neighboring countries.
rozlew, przelew, skutek uboczny, rozprzestrzenianie się
Adjective
Musty
Moldy, stale, damp-smelling
English 5.0
Having a stale, moldy, or damp smell.
The old house had a musty odor.
stęchły, zapleśniały, przestarzały, zatęchły
Adjective
Bleary-eyed
Sleepy, tired, groggy
English 5.0
Having eyes that look very tired and watery.
He was bleary-eyed after studying all night.
z zaczerwienionymi oczami, śpiący, zaspany, zmęczony
Adjective
Bleary
Blurry, unclear, indistinct
English 5.0
(Of vision) blurred; not clear.
His vision was bleary from lack of sleep.
zamglony, rozmazany, niewyraźny, zaczerwieniony
Adjective
Ripe
Mature, ready, full-grown
English 5.0
(Fruit or grain) developed to the point of readiness for harvesting and eating.
The apples were ripe and juicy.
dojrzały, gotowy, pełny, soczysty
Noun
Impetus
Motivation, stimulus, incentive
English 5.0
The force or energy with which something moves.
The grant gave a new impetus to the project.
impuls, bodziec, zachęta, motywacja
Noun
Avalanche
Landslide, snowslide, cascade
English 5.0
A mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside.
The avalanche buried the mountain village.
lawina, zsuwanie się, osuwisko, potok
verb technical formal
Ramify
Branched, spread out, complex
English 5.0
Spread or branched out into many sections.
The organization’s influence has ramified over the years.
rozgałęziony, rozprzestrzeniony, skomplikowany, rozszerzony
Noun (specialized)
Diffusion model
Spread theory, dissemination pattern, expansion blueprint
English 5.0
A theoretical model that explains how something is spread or communicated over time among the members of a social system.
The diffusion model helped explain the adoption of new technologies.
model dyfuzji, wzór rozprzestrzeniania, schemat rozprzestrzeniania, model rozszerzania
Adjective
Vested
Established, conferred, endowed
English 5.0
Secured in the possession of or assigned to a person.
She had a vested interest in the company’s success.
nabyty, ustalony, zagwarantowany, przypisany
Phrase
Small/little wonder that
Not surprising, understandable, expected
English 5.0
It is not surprising or unusual.
It’s little wonder that he’s tired after the long journey.
nic dziwnego, że, zrozumiałe, że, spodziewane, że, oczywiste, że
Verb
Prompt
Encourage, stimulate, provoke
English 5.0
To cause or bring about an action or feeling.
His remarks prompted a heated discussion.
pobudzać, wywoływać, skłonić, zachęcać
Adjective
Utmost
Greatest, maximum, supreme
English 5.0
Most extreme; greatest.
She tried her utmost to complete the task on time.
największy, maksymalny, najwyższy, skrajny
Phrase
Reflects bad on something
Shows negatively, casts in poor light, indicates poorly
English 5.0
To make something appear in a negative or unfavorable way.
His behavior reflects bad on the entire team.
źle świadczy o, rzucać złe światło, wskazywać negatywnie, odzwierciedlać źle
Phrase
(Someone) modelled himself on (someone)
Imitated, followed, emulated
English 5.0
To imitate or try to emulate someone, typically a role model.
He modelled himself on his favorite basketball player.
naśladować, wzorować się na, emulować, kopiować
Verb
Tire of
Become bored with, grow weary of, lose interest in
English 5.0
To lose interest or become bored with something or someone.
She quickly tired of the repetitive work.
zmęczyć się, znudzić się, stracić zainteresowanie, mieć dość
Phrase
Loath to do something
Unwilling, reluctant, hesitant
English 5.0
Unwilling or reluctant to do something.
She was loath to admit her mistakes.
niechętny, oporny, ociągający się, niechcący
Adjective
Wary of
Cautious, suspicious, careful
English 5.0
Feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems.
He was wary of strangers.
ostrożny, przezorny, nieufny, czujny
Noun
Reversal
Change, turnaround, flip
English 5.0
A change to an opposite direction, position, or course of action.
The court ordered a reversal of the previous decision.
odwrócenie, zmiana, cofnięcie, rewizja
Noun
Rehearsal
Practice, run-through, preparation
English 5.0
A practice or trial performance of a play or other work for later public performance.
The actors were busy with rehearsal.
próba, ćwiczenie, przygotowanie, repetycja
Verb
Reckon
Calculate, estimate, consider
English 5.0
To calculate or conclude after consideration.
I reckon we’ll arrive by 6 PM.
liczyć, sądzić, przewidywać, szacować
Adjective
Sketchy
Incomplete, rough, superficial
English 5.0
Not thorough or detailed.
The details he gave were rather sketchy.
pobieżny, szkicowy, niepełny, ogólnikowy
Noun
Mores
Customs, traditions, norms
English 5.0
The essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community.
The mores of the society were strict and traditional.
obyczaje, normy, zwyczaje, tradycje
Verb
Contend
Compete, argue, assert
English 5.0
To struggle to surmount a difficulty or danger.
She had to contend with numerous obstacles.
rywalizować, twierdzić, zmagać się, utrzymywać
Verb
Allege
Claim, assert, accuse
English 5.0
To claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically without proof.
He alleged that the company had defrauded him.
twierdzić, zarzucać, oskarżać, utrzymywać
Noun
Mishaps
Accidents, misfortunes, incidents
English 5.0
Unfortunate accidents or bad luck.
Several mishaps occurred during the trip.
nieszczęścia, wypadki, niepowodzenia, wpadki
Noun
Premise
Assumption, basis, proposition
English 5.0
A statement or idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument.
The research was based on the premise that language shapes thought.
założenie, przesłanka, podstawa, hipoteza
Adverb
Innocuously
Harmlessly, safely, benignly
English 5.0
In a manner not likely to irritate or offend; harmlessly.
He made an innocuous joke to lighten the mood.
nieszkodliwie, niewinnie, łagodnie, bezpiecznie
Noun
Vicinity
Proximity, neighborhood, area
English 5.0
The area near or surrounding a particular place.
Several hotels are located in the vicinity of the airport.
okolica, sąsiedztwo, pobliże, bliskość
Noun
Lineage
Ancestry, heritage, descent
English 5.0
Direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.
She traced her lineage back to royalty.
rodowód, pochodzenie, linia rodowa, przodek
Adjective
Awry
Amiss, wrong, askew
English 5.0
Away from the appropriate, planned, or expected course; amiss.
His plans went awry.
na opak, nie tak, krzywo, niepożądany
Verb
Harbor
Shelter, hold, conceal
English 5.0
To keep (a thought or feeling, typically a negative one) in one’s mind, especially secretly.
She harbored resentment for years.
ukrywać, żywić, schronić, przechowywać
Verb
Quench
Extinguish, satisfy, douse
English 5.0
To satisfy (thirst) by drinking; to extinguish (fire, flames, or thirst).
Water helped to quench his thirst.
ugaszać, zaspokoić, stłumić, zadusić
Adjective
Firm
Steadfast, resolute, strong
English 5.0
Having a solid, almost unyielding surface or structure.
He was a firm believer in traditional values.
twardy, pewny, stanowczy, nieugięty
Adjective
Arduous
Difficult, hard, strenuous
English 5.0
Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.
The journey was arduous and exhausting.
trudny, mozolny, wyczerpujący, ciężki
Verb
Nag
Pester, badger, harass
English 5.0
To annoy or irritate (a person) with persistent fault-finding or continuous urging.
She nagged him to clean his room.
dręczyć, zrzędzić, narzekać, dokuczać
Noun
Tenet
Principle, belief, doctrine
English 5.0
A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
Non-violence is a central tenet of their faith.
zasada, doktryna, dogmat, przekonanie
Noun
Anguish
Pain, agony, distress
English 5.0
Severe mental or physical pain or suffering.
She felt anguish at the news of the tragedy.
cierpienie, ból, udręka, rozpacz
Noun
Discrepancy
Inconsistency, difference, divergence
English 5.0
A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts.
There’s a discrepancy between your account and his.
rozbieżność, niezgodność, różnica, sprzeczność
Noun
Appraisal
Assessment, evaluation, estimation
English 5.0
The act of assessing someone or something.
Her performance received a positive appraisal.
ocena, wycena, oszacowanie, analiza
Verb
Quaver
Tremble, shake, quiver
English 5.0
To shake or tremble in speaking, typically through nervousness or emotion.
Her voice quavered with fear.
drżeć, trząść się, dygotać, falować
Noun
Temples
Sides of the head, forehead sides, head flanks
English 5.0
Each of the two sides of the head between the forehead and the ear.
He rubbed his temples to ease the headache.
skronie, boki głowy, czoło, przestrzeń
(of ideas, facts,Adjective
Incipient
Beginning, developing, emerging
English 5.0
In an initial stage; beginning to happen or develop.
He could feel incipient anger building up.
początkujący, rozwijający się, kiełkujący, zaczynający
Adjective
Irreconcilable
Incompatible, conflicting, at odds
English 5.0
(of ideas, facts, or statements) representing findings or points of view that are so different from each other that they cannot be made compatible.
Their differences were irreconcilable.
nie do pogodzenia, sprzeczny, niezgodny, konfliktowy
Verb
Thump
Bang, hit, pound
English 5.0
To hit or strike heavily, especially with the fist or a blunt implement.
He thumped the desk in frustration.
uderzać, walić, pukać, łomotać
Adjective
Clunky
Awkward, heavy, cumbersome
English 5.0
Awkwardly solid, heavy, and outdated.
He wore some clunky old boots.
nieporęczny, ciężki, toporny, niezdarny
Verb
Whisk
Sweep, brush, stir rapidly
English 5.0
To take or move (someone or something) somewhere suddenly and quickly.
She whisked the children off to bed.
zamieszać, zmiatać, szybko poruszać, przemieszczać
Adjective
Impeccable
Flawless, perfect, faultless
English 5.0
In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.
Her taste in music is impeccable.
nienaganny, bez zarzutu, doskonały, idealny
Verb
Smother
Suffocate, stifle, suppress
English 5.0
To kill (someone) by covering their nose and mouth so that they suffocate.
He tried to smother the flames with a blanket.
dusić, tłumić, zasłaniać, przytłaczać
Noun
Ashtray
Receptacle, container, tray for ashes
English 5.0
A receptacle for ash from cigarettes or cigars.
He flicked his ash into the ashtray.
popielniczka, naczynie na popiół, pojemnik, tacka
Noun
Treaty
Agreement, pact, accord
English 5.0
A formally concluded and ratified agreement between states.
The two countries signed a peace treaty.
traktat, umowa, porozumienie, pakt
Verb
Scrounge
Beg, forage, search
English 5.0
To seek to obtain (something, typically food or money) at the expense or through the generosity of others or by stealth.
He scrounged a meal from his friend.
żebrać, szukać, wygrzebywać, zdobywać
Adjective
Deliberate
Intentional, calculated, planned
English 5.0
Done consciously and intentionally.
It was a deliberate act of kindness.
umyślny, celowy, przemyślany, rozważny
Noun
Manure
Fertilizer, compost, dung
English 5.0
Animal dung used for fertilizing land.
He spread manure over the fields.
nawóz, obornik, gnojówka, kompost
Noun
Foray
Raid, incursion, venture
English 5.0
A sudden attack or incursion into enemy territory, especially to obtain something; a raid.
The company made a foray into the smartphone market.
wypad, najazd, wyprawa, incydent
Adjective (specialized)
Counterphobic
Defiant of fear, confronting fear, against fear
English 5.0
Characterized by behavior that confronts fear instead of avoiding it.
His counterphobic actions were surprisingly bold.
kontrfobiczny, przeciwdziałający fobii, stawiający czoła lękom, przeciwstrachowy
Adjective
Gallant
Brave, courageous, valiant
English 5.0
(Of a person or their behavior) brave; heroic.
He made a gallant effort to save her life.
dzielny, odważny, waleczny, szarmancki
Verb (past participle)
Pigeon-holed
Categorized, classified, compartmentalized
English 5.0
To classify or categorize someone or something into a restrictive category or stereotype.
She felt pigeon-holed by her job title.
zszufladkować, skategoryzować, podzielić, ująć w ramy
Noun
Wreath
Garland, circlet, lei
English 5.0
An arrangement of flowers, leaves, or stems fastened in a ring and used for decoration or for laying on a grave.
A wreath was laid at the memorial.
wieniec, girlanda, wianek, przewiązka
Adjective
Irreconcilable
Incompatible, conflicting, at odds
English 5.0
(of ideas, facts, or statements) representing findings or points of view that are so different from each other that they cannot be made compatible.
z braku lepszego określenia, z braku lepszego słowa,*Their differences w
nie do pogodzenia, sprzeczny, niezgodny, konfliktowy
Phrase
For want of a term
Lacking a better word, for lack of a better expression
English 5.0
Used to indicate that one is using an unusual or makeshift term or expression because there is not a better one available.
He called it a “thingamajig,” for want of a better term.
z braku lepszego określenia, z braku lepszego słowa, dla braku lepszej nazwy, z braku lepszego terminu
In a state of confusion or disorder, often due to mistakes or mishaps.
The plans got fouled up due to miscommunication.
zepsuty, zanieczyszczony, zrujnowany, pokręcony
Adjective (informal)
Fouled up
Botched, messed up, bungled
English 5.0
Currently holding a specified position.
The incumbent mayor faced tough competition.
obecny, urzędujący, zajmujący stanowisko, sprawujący urząd
Adjective
Incumbent
Current, present, sitting
English 5.0
To run at a moderate pace with short steps.
She decided to trot to catch the bus.
kłusować, biec truchtem, truchtać, pędzić
Verb
Trot
Jog, canter, lope
English 5.0
A metaphorical path leading to a hoped-for destination or condition.
He followed his own yellow brick road to success.
żółta, brukowana droga, droga do sukcesu, ścieżka marzeń, trasa do celu
Noun
Yellow brick road
Pathway, route, journey
English 5.0
Inexperienced or underdeveloped, particularly in a profession or activity.
The fledgling actor landed his first role.
początkujący, świeżo upieczony, niedoświadczony, nowicjusz
Adjective
Fledgling
Beginner, novice, neophyte
English 5.0
Nonsense or foolishness.
His excuse for being late was pure bunk.
bzdura, nonsens, głupota, brednie
Noun (informal)
Bunk
Nonsense, hogwash, balderdash
English 5.0
A position giving a strategic advantage, commanding perspective, or comprehensive view.
From this vantage, the entire valley was visible.
punkt widzenia, przewaga, korzystna pozycja, dogodne miejsce
Noun
Vantage
Advantage, viewpoint, perspective
English 5.0
To happen or take place.
How did this misunderstanding come about?
zdarzyć się, nastąpić, wydarzyć się, pojawić się
Phrasal Verb
Come about
Happen, occur, take place
English 5.0
To fall suddenly, clumsily, or headlong.
He tumbled off the bed in his sleep.
upadać, przewracać się, spadać, potykać się
Verb
Tumble
Fall, topple, plummet
English 5.0
To put something into a small space, especially to make it tidy.
She tucked the note into her pocket.
wsuwać, chować, wtykać, zaginąć
Verb
Tuck
Fold, insert, snug
English 5.0
To bring to a conclusion or end.
The meeting finally wound up at midnight.
zakończyć, skończyć, dokończyć, zwinąć
Verb
Wind up
Conclude, finish, end up
English 5.0
Having existed or continued for a long time.
Their long-standing friendship was admired by all.
długotrwały, utrzymujący się długo, długoletni, trwały
Adjective
Long-standing
Long-lasting, enduring, established
English 5.0
Affection or liking for someone or something.
Her fondness for chocolate was well-known.
przywiązanie, miłość, zamiłowanie, sympatia
Noun
Fondness
Affection, liking, love
English 5.0
A natural inclination or tendency to behave in a particular way.
He has a proclivity for dramatic entrances.
skłonność, tendencja, predyspozycja, zamiłowanie
Noun
Proclivity
Inclination, tendency, predisposition
English 5.0
Feeling sorry for oneself; self-indulgent dwelling on one’s own sorrows or misfortunes.
She wallowed in self-pity after the rejection.
samożal, litość nad sobą, rozczulanie się nad sobą, autolitość
Noun
Self-pity
Self-indulgence, self-sorrow, self-commiseration
English 5.0
A soft white limestone used for writing on blackboards and in various industrial applications.
The teacher wrote the lesson on the blackboard with chalk.
kreda, wapień, skała osadowa, minerał
Noun
Chalk
Talc, gypsum, carbonate
English 5.0
Being the best or most outstanding of its kind.
She is a pianist par excellence.
doskonały, wybitny, znakomity, niezrównany
Adjective
Par excellence
Outstanding, exemplary, superlative
English 5.0
A complex of ideas, thoughts, and mental patterns related to cognitive processes.
*His research focused on the cognitive constellation in decision-making.
konstelacja poznawcza, układ poznawczy, wzór myślenia, struktura umysłowa
Noun (specialized)
Cognitive constellation
Mental framework, thought pattern, intellectual arrangement
English 5.0
Firmly established and difficult to change.
His beliefs are deeply entrenched.
zakorzeniony, utrwalony, głęboko zakorzeniony, niezmienny
Adjective
Entrenched
Rooted, ingrained, established
English 5.0
Feeling anger or annoyance.
* Feel bad due to injury
|* He was sore about losing the game.
obrażony, zły, rozgniewany, urażony
Adjective (informal)
Sore
Upset, irritable, resentful
English 5.0
To waste or ruin an opportunity or chance.
He blew his chances at the interview.
zmarnować, zaprzepaścić, zrujnować, przekreślić
Phrasal Verb
Blow something
Waste, squander, ruin
English 5.0
To withdraw or retreat from a position or stance.
She refused to back down in the argument.
ustąpić, wycofać się, dać za wygraną, poddać się
Phrasal Verb
Back down
Retreat, yield, give in
English 5.0
A confused or disorderly mixture of various things.
His essay was a hodge-podge of ideas.
mieszanina, miszmasz, bałagan, gąszcz
Noun (informal)
Hodge-podge
Mishmash, jumble, medley
English 5.0
Causing dislike or aversion; unpleasant.
The joke he told was quite distasteful.
nieprzyjemny, odrażający, niesmaczny, nie do przyjęcia
Adjective
Distasteful
Unpleasant, disagreeable, offensive
English 5.0
To become apparent or come into view.
A dolphin emerged from the water.
wynurzyć się, pojawić się, ukazać się, wyłonić się
Verb
Emerge
Appear, surface, come out
English 5.0
To regard with deep affection or attachment.
She holds her family memories dear.
cenić, pielęgnować, hołdować, miłować
Phrase
To hold dear
Cherish, treasure, value
English 5.0
Beginning to develop or showing signs of future potential.
A budding artist, her talent was unmistakable.
początkujący, rozwijający się, w zarodku, obiecujący
Adjective
Budding
Emerging, developing, nascent
English 5.0
Showing respectful submission or yielding to the judgment, opinion, or will of another.
His tone was deferential to his superior.
pełen szacunku, uległy, respektujący, pokorny
Adjective
Deferential
Respectful, reverential, considerate
English 5.0
Having been walked on or stepped on frequently.
The well-trodden path led to the lake.
uczęszczany, wydeptany, zdeptany, wyślizgany
Adjective
Trodden
Walked on, trampled, stepped on
English 5.0
To cause something to happen suddenly or unexpectedly.
Her resignation precipitated a crisis.
przyspieszać, wywoływać, spowodować, zainicjować
Verb
Precipitate
Hasten, trigger, cause
English 5.0
Surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way.
She is a preeminent figure in contemporary art.
wybitny, wiodący, niezrównany, znakomity
Adjective
Preeminent
Leading, foremost, outstanding
English 5.0
To suppose something is true without having evidence to confirm it.
He surmised that she was late.
przypuszczać, domyślać się, zgadywać, wnioskować
Verb
Surmise
Conjecture, guess, infer
English 5.0
To make or become firm or solid.
The plans began to solidify.
utwardzać, zastygać, konsolidować, umacniać
Verb
Solidify
Harden, congeal, firm up
English 5.0
Slight knowledge or suspicion; a hint.
He had inklings of the truth.
podejrzenia, przypuszczenia, domysły, ślady
Noun
Inklings
Hints, suggestions, clues
English 5.0
A bruise around the eye resulting from an injury.
He got a black eye during the match.
podbite oko, siniak, stłuczenie, sińce
Noun (informal)
Black eye
Shiner, bruise, discoloration
English 5.0
To cause to become widely known or spread.
The idea quickly circulated among the group.
rozpowszechniać, krążyć, obiegać, rozprzestrzeniać się
Verb
Circulate
Spread, disseminate, propagate
English 5.0
Potatoes that have been boiled and crushed into a soft, creamy consistency.
She served mashed potatoes with the roast.
puree ziemniaczane, tłuczone ziemniaki, zmiażdżone ziemniaki, ugniecione ziemniaki
Noun
Mashed potatoes
Pureed, whipped, creamy potatoes
English 5.0
Behaving or considered to be acting more important than is warranted.
His jumped-up attitude irritated his colleagues.
nadęty, pretensjonalny, zarozumiały, pełen zadęcia
Adjective (informal)
Jumped up
Pretentious, self-important, overbearing
English 5.0
To attack or scold someone vigorously.
When he got home, his mom let him have it for being late.
dać komuś popalić, dać komuś w kość, zbesztać, zaatakować
Phrase
Let someone have it
Attack, scold, reprimand
English 5.0
Prepared to obey others unquestioningly; less important.
He was subservient to his boss.
poddany, służalczy, uległy, drugorzędny
Adjective
Subservient
Subordinate, submissive, secondary
English 5.0
A particular point in events or time.
At this critical juncture, every decision counts.
moment, punkt zwrotny, połączenie, przecięcie
Noun
Juncture
Conjunction, intersection, point
English 5.0
To put someone or something into a situation where there is a risk of loss, harm, or failure.
His actions jeopardize the whole project.
zagrozić, narażać, ryzykować, zagrażać
Verb
Jeopardize
Endanger, risk, threaten
English 5.0
A means by which something is released or expressed.
Painting was an emotional outlet for him.
ujście, kanał, sposób na wyrażenie, środek wyrazu
Noun
Outlet
Vent, channel, means of expression
English 5.0
To make less severe, serious, or painful.
Measures were taken to mitigate the environmental impact.
łagodzić, zmniejszać, osłabiać, redukować
Verb
Mitigate
Alleviate, lessen, reduce
English 5.0
Verb
- prevent development
- kill by covering face (pillow)
- stop fire by engulfing it
- feel bad because your partner is too needy
He tried to smother the flames with a blanket.
dusić, tłumić, zasłaniać, przytłaczać
Verb
Smother
Suffocate, stifle, suppress
English 5.0
A seat without a back or arms, typically resting on three or four legs or on a single pedestal.
He sat on the stool at the bar.
taboret, stołek, siedzenie, podnóżek
Noun
Stool
Seat, bench, footrest
English 5.0
Into a position of prominence or importance.
New leaders came to the fore in the community.
na czoło, na pierwszy plan, do przodu, na prowadzenie
Phrase
To the fore
In the front, prominent, ahead
English 5.0
Having no luck; unfortunate.
The hapless travelers lost their map.
nieszczęśliwy, pechowy, niefortunny, nieszczęsny
Adjective
Hapless
Unfortunate, unlucky, ill-fated
English 5.0
In low spirits from loss of hope or courage.
He became despondent after his application was rejected.
przygnębiony, zniechęcony, bez nadziei, smutny
Adjective
Despondent
Depressed, downhearted, disheartened
English 5.0
To come to a secret understanding for a harmful purpose; conspire.
The companies were found to collude to fix prices.
koludować, spiskować, zmawiać się, współdziałać
Verb
Collude
Conspire, plot, connive
English 5.0
Sad and depressed; dispirited.
He looked dejected after the defeat.
przybity, przygnębiony, zniechęcony, smutny
Adjective
Dejected
Downcast, dispirited, discouraged
English 5.0
A hospital department where patients are admitted for overnight stay and treatment.
He was admitted to the inpatient unit for observation.
oddział szpitalny, oddział stacjonarny, jednostka hospitalizacyjna, oddział dla pacjentów
Noun
Inpatient unit
Hospital ward, treatment center, care facility
English 5.0
An extensive area of flat or gently rolling land.
The plains stretched out as far as the eye could see.
równina, nizina, płaskowyż, step
Noun
Plain
Flatland, prairie, grassland
English 5.0
Not claiming attention for oneself; modest.
Her self-effacing manner endeared her to everyone.
skromny, niepozorny, niepretensjonalny, nierzucający się w oczy
Adjective
Self-effacing
Modest, unassuming, humble
English 5.0
To erase or remove something as if by rubbing.
Time effaced the memories from his mind.
zatrzeć, wymazać, usunąć, zlikwidować
Verb
Efface
Erase, obliterate, wipe out
English 5.0
Delayed beyond the expected or proper time; late.
She apologized for being tardy.
spóźniony, opóźniony, nieterminowy, zwlekający
Adjective
Tardy
Late, delayed, overdue
English 5.0
Feeling or expressing remorse or penitence; affected by guilt.
His contrite apology seemed sincere.
skruszony, żałujący, pokutujący, pełen skruchy
Adjective
Contrite
Remorseful, repentant, regretful
English 5.0
Inclined to agree with others or obey rules, especially to an excessive degree.
The company was compliant with the regulations.
posłuszny, uległy, zgodny, podporządkowany
Adjective
Compliant
Obedient, submissive, accommodating
English 5.0
To voluntarily cease to keep or claim; give up.
He had to relinquish control of the project.
zrzec się, odstąpić, zrezygnować, oddać
Verb
Relinquish
Give up, surrender, abandon
English 5.0
To set alight or start to burn; to arouse or inspire (an emotion or feeling).
His words kindled a sense of adventure in them.
zapalić, rozbudzić, wzniecić, rozpalić
Verb
Kindle
Ignite, spark, arouse
English 5.0
The quality or fact of being late; lateness.
His tardiness was frowned upon at work.
spóźnienie, opóźnienie, zwłoka, ociąganie się
Noun
Tardiness
Latency, delay, slowness
English 5.0
In a manner expressing sorrow or misery.
He was woefully unprepared for the exam.
żałośnie, okropnie, smutno, boleśnie
Adverb
Woefully
Regrettably, sadly, lamentably
English 5.0
Great sorrow or distress.
Tales of woe filled the room.
nieszczęście, żałość, smutek, zmartwienie
Noun
Woe
Sorrow, misery, distress
English 5.0
A thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something.
The bonus was an incentive to work harder.
zachęta, motywacja, bodziec, impuls
Noun
Incentive
Motivation, inducement, encouragement
English 5.0
To rip or shred something into pieces.
She tore up the letter in frustration.
podrzeć, rozszarpać, zniszczyć, roztrzaskać
Verb
Tear up
Rip, shred, destroy
English 5.0
To come to the point; to skip unnecessary preliminaries.
Let’s cut to the chase - what’s your final offer?
przejść do sedna, ominąć zbędne szczegóły, mówić prosto z mostu, skupić się na istocie
Phrase
Cut to the chase
Get to the point, skip details, be direct
English 5.0
To have a tendency to do something.
He’s apt to forget his keys.
mieć tendencję, być skłonnym, zazwyczaj, być skorym
Phrase
Be apt to
Tend to, likely to, prone to
English 5.0
Of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else.
His discovery played a pivotal role in the research.
kluczowy, centralny, zasadniczy, decydujący
Adjective
Pivotal
Crucial, central, key
English 5.0
The feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one’s consideration or respect.
She looked at him with disdain.
pogarda, lekceważenie, niechęć, wzgarda
Noun
Disdain
Contempt, scorn, disrespect
English 5.0
A sound made to express doubt or displeasure.
He gave a harrumph when he heard the news.
hę, hmpf, ochrypłe mruknięcie, niezadowolone chrząknięcie
Noun
Harrumph
Grumble, mutter, mumble
English 5.0
The flexible cord that connects a fetus to the placenta, conveying oxygen and nutrients.
The doctor cut the baby’s umbilical cord.
pępowina, sznur pępowinowy, łącznik, przewód
Noun
Umbilical cord
Birth cord, navel string, lifeline
English 5.0
Feeling or showing annoyance or anger.
She was cross about the cancelled plans.
zły, rozgniewany, rozdrażniony, poirytowany
Adjective (informal)
Cross
Angry, irritated, annoyed
English 4.0
A legal agreement by which a bank lends money at interest in exchange for taking title of the debtor’s property, with the condition that the conveyance of title becomes void upon the payment of the debt.
They took out a mortgage to buy a house.
hipoteka, kredyt hipoteczny, zastaw, pożyczka pod zastaw
Noun
Mortgage
Loan, home loan, deed of trust
English 5.0
To make something concrete or specific.
Her plans began to concretize.
skonkretyzować, ucieleśnić, zmaterializować, urzeczywistnić
Verb
Concretize
Materialize, solidify, realize
English 5.0
To walk with short steps and a swaying motion.
The duck waddled up to the pond.
chwalić się, dreptać, wlec się, kuśtykać
Verb (informal)
Waddled up
Shuffled, toddled, lumbered
English 5.0
To make sure or take steps to ensure that something happens or is the case.
Take care to lock the door when you leave.
dbać, upewnić się, zatroszczyć się, być ostrożnym
Phrase
Take care that/to
Ensure, make certain, be cautious
English 5.0
Large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy.
The package was cumbersome and hard to carry.
nieporęczny, uciążliwy, ciężki, zawadliwy
Adjective
Cumbersome
Burdensome, unwieldy, awkward
English 5.0
Hills of sand formed by the wind near the ocean or in a desert.
The dunes shifted with the wind.
wydmy, piaski, pagórki, wzgórza
Noun
Dunes
Sand hills, mounds, ridges
English 5.0
Expressed clearly; easy to understand.
His explanation was lucid and to the point.
jasny, klarowny, zrozumiały, przystępny
Adjective
Lucid
Clear, coherent, understandable
English 5.0
A tight grip or hold.
She had a firm clutch on her purse.
chwyt, uścisk, zacisk, uchwyt
Noun
Clutch
Grip, grasp, hold
English 5.0
To twist and turn with quick writhing movements.
The baby wriggled in her arms.
wić się, wiercić, skręcać się, wywijać
Verb
Wriggle
Squirm, twist, wriggle
English 5.0
To move or cause to move slowly and heavily, typically in a noisy or uneven way.
The cart trundled down the street.
toczyć się, wlec się, turlać, stukotać
Verb
Trundle
Roll, wheel, lumber
English 5.0
In a way that is impossible to stop or prevent.
The days moved inexorably forward.
nieuchronnie, nieubłaganie, nieodwołalnie, niezmiennie
Adverb
Inexorably
Unstoppably, relentlessly, inevitably
English 5.0
- To walk through water or another liquid or soft substance.
- or to read, learn obfuscated material
Children were wading in the shallow water.
brodzić,ale też przebrnąć
Verb
Wade
Paddling, walking in water, fording
English 5.0
To strike or bite something with a beak or similar pointed object.
The bird pecked at the window.
dziobać, skubać, kłuć, bicie
Verb
Peck
Nip, pick, bite
English 5.0
In a continuous or forward direction.
They marched onwards towards the city.
dalej, naprzód, do przodu, w przód
Adverb
Onwards
Forward, ahead, forth
English 5.0
To form or shape wrongly or badly.
The statue was misformed during the casting process.
zniekształcić, zepsuć, źle uformować, pokrzywić
Verb
Misform
Deform, misshape, distort
English 5.0
To express complete disapproval of; censure.
The court condemned his actions.
potępić, skazać, krytykować, zganąć
Verb
Condemn
Denounce, censure, criticize
English 5.0
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
The cessation of hostilities was a relief.
przerwanie, zaprzestanie, ustanie, zawieszenie
Noun
Cessation
End, halt, stop
English 5.0
The hard, pointed mouthpart of birds, some insects, and certain other animals.
The eagle’s beak was sharp and strong.
dziób, ptasi dziób, szczyt, nos
Noun
Beak
Bill, snout, rostrum
English 5.0
The process of reducing tension or dispersing something.
The defusion of the situation was her top priority.
rozproszenie, złagodzenie, rozładowanie, rozdzielenie
Noun (specialized)
Defusion
De-escalation, dispersion, dissipation
English 5.0
To make a sharp, harsh, grating, or squeaking sound.
The old door creaked as it opened.
Verb
Creak
Squeak, groan, screech
English 5.0
A mix or hybrid of two different things, qualities, or types.
X
She’s a cross between a scientist and an artist.
mieszanka, hybryda, połączenie, krzyżówka
Phrase
Cross between
Mixture, hybrid, combination
English 5.0
A long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree or diploma.
His dissertation was on medieval literature.
praca, rozprawa, dysertacja, esej
Noun
Dissertation
Thesis, treatise, essay
English 5.0
A combination of different things in which the components retain their individual characteristics.
The recipe called for a mixture of spices.
mieszanka, połączenie, kompozycja, mix
Phrase
Mixture of
Combination, blend, assortment
English 5.0
To use power or ability to affect or sway someone or something.
The media exerts influence on public opinion.
wywierać wpływ, oddziaływać, wpłynąć, działać
Phrase
Exerts influence
Wields power, impacts, affects
English 5.0
To use or apply power, control, or influence.
She knows how to exercise authority effectively.
stosować władzę, używać wpływu, egzekwować autorytet, wpływać
Phrase
Exercise authority/influence
Wield power, assert control, exert influence
English 5.0
Drunk or intoxicated.
After the party, he was completely soused.
pijany, nawalony, podchmielony, zalany
Adjective (informal)
Soused
Drunk, intoxicated, inebriated
English 5.0
A financial support paid to a spouse after separation or divorce.
He was required to pay alimony each month.
alimenty, utrzymanie, wsparcie finansowe, zasiłek
Noun
Alimony
Spousal support, maintenance, financial support
English 5.0
Beginning to develop or flourish.
Her talent in music is really blossoming.
kwitnący, rozkwitający, rozwijający się, pączkujący
Adjective
Blossoming
Flowering, blooming, developing
English 5.0
To make a beverage by steeping, boiling, and fermenting certain ingredients.
She brewed a fresh pot of coffee.
warzyć, zaparzać, przyrządzać, fermentować
Verb
Brew
Infuse, steep, concoct
English 5.0
Given, felt, or done in return; bearing on or binding each of two parties equally.
They had a reciprocal agreement to help each other.
wzajemny, obustronny, rewanżowy, odpowiedni
Adjective
Reciprocal
Mutual, corresponding, complementary
English 5.0
Complete and total.
He won the race outright.
bezpośredni, całkowity, absolutny, jednoznaczny
Adjective
Outright
Complete, total, absolute
English 5.0
Relating to, based on, or expressing a person’s attitude or personal stance.
Attitudinal changes are necessary for progress.
związany z postawą, behawioralny, dotyczący nastawienia, psychologiczny
Adjective
Attitudinal
Behavioral, psychological, mindset-related
English 5.0
A large, heavy-bodied snake that kills its prey by constriction.
The boa constrictor wrapped itself around its prey.
boa dusiciel, wąż dusiciel, boa, dusiciel
Noun
Boa constrictor
Large snake, constrictor, serpent
English 5.0
To fall back into a previous condition or mode of behavior.
She relapsed into her old habits.
wznowienie, nawrót, powrót do stanu, regres
``Verb
Relapse
Regress, backslide, deteriorate
English 5.0
To restore someone or something to their former position or condition.
The coach was reinstated after the investigation.
przywrócić, powrócić, odnowić, reinstalować
Verb
Reinstate
Restore, return, reestablish
English 5.0
A period of paid leave granted to a university teacher or other worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
She’s on a sabbatical to research her book.
urlop naukowy, sabatyczny, przerwa, wakacje
Noun
Sabbatical
Leave of absence, break, hiatus
English 5.0
-Disease
-A problem within a system or organization
A disease or ailment.
An unknown malady afflicted the village.
Noun
Malady
Disease, ailment, illness
English 5.0
Seeking to impose a doctrine in all circumstances without regard to practical considerations.
His doctrinaire approach to management caused issues.
doktrynalny, sztywny, dogmatyczny, nieelastyczny
Adjective
Doctrinaire
Dogmatic, inflexible, rigid
English 5.0
Relating to or denoting an operant condition or behavior.
Operant conditioning is a key concept in psychology.
działający, operacyjny, skuteczny, funkcjonujący
Adjective (specialized)
Operant
Effective, functioning, working
English 5.0
Intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it.
The conflict was resolved through mediation.
mediacja, pośrednictwo, negocjacja, interwencja
Noun
Mediation
Intervention, arbitration, negotiation
English 5.0
A place or situation where one expects to find great happiness or success.
They saw America as the promised land.
ziemia obiecana, raj, miejsce szczęścia, wymarzony kraj
Phrase
Promise land
Utopia, ideal place, land of opportunity
English 5.0
To arrange or assemble (a group of people, especially troops) in order.
The general marshaled his forces for the attack.
zorganizować, ustawić, zgromadzić, rozmieścić
Verb
Marshal
Organize, arrange, assemble
English 5.0
Tending to be different or develop in different directions.
Their opinions were divergent on many topics.
różny, odmienny, rozbieżny, zbieżny
Adjective
Divergent
Different, varying, deviating
English 5.0
To change or cause to change in character or composition.
Plans had to be altered at the last minute.
zmieniać, modyfikować, przekształcać, dostosować
Verb
Alter
Change, modify, adjust
English 5.0
To enroll or be enrolled in the armed services.
He enlisted in the navy.
zaciągnąć się, zwerbować, zarekrutować, wstąpić
Verb
Enlist
Join, sign up, recruit
English 5.0
To officially arrange to join a course, school, or group.
She enrolled in the university.
zapisać się, zarejestrować, wstąpić, dołączyć
Verb
Enroll
Register, sign up, matriculate
English 5.0
To increase the range of activities or areas that something affects or covers.
The company is looking to expand its scope into new markets.
poszerzyć zakres, rozszerzyć działalność, zwiększyć zasięg, rozwinąć obszar
Phrase
Expand scope
Broaden range, extend coverage, widen reach
English 5.0
A particular position, point, or place.
The locus of the meeting was the boardroom.
miejsce, punkt, lokalizacja, centrum
Noun
Locus
Location, place, site
English 5.0
To move or cause to move from one place to another, especially over a small distance.
She shifted her gaze to the window.
zmienić, przesunąć, przestawić, przekierować
Verb
Shift
Move, change, transfer
English 5.0
To apply oil to something, especially to make it work smoothly.
He greased the wheels of the bicycle.
smarować, natłuścić, oliwić, posmarować
Verb
Grease
Lubricate, oil, smear
English 5.0
To make less severe, serious, or painful.
Measures were taken to mitigate the effects of the disaster.
łagodzić, zmniejszać, osłabić, zredukować
Verb
Mitigate
Lessen, alleviate, reduce
English 5.0
To support or strengthen something.
She bolstered his confidence with her encouragement.
wzmocnić, podpierać, poprzeć, umocnić
Verb
Bolster
Support, strengthen, reinforce
English 5.0
In a manner that expresses great happiness or triumph.
The team celebrated jubilantly after their victory.
radosny, triumfalny, z entuzjazmem, uroczyście
Adverb
Jubilantly
Joyfully, exultantly, triumphantly
English 5.0
An instance of overflowing or spreading into another area.
The spillover effect of the crisis affected neighboring countries.
rozlew, przelew, skutek uboczny, rozprzestrzenianie się
Noun
Spillover
Overflow, repercussion, extension
English 5.0
Having a stale, moldy, or damp smell.
The old house had a musty odor.
stęchły, zapleśniały, przestarzały, zatęchły
Adjective
Musty
Moldy, stale, damp-smelling
English 5.0
Having eyes that look very tired and watery.
He was bleary-eyed after studying all night.
z zaczerwienionymi oczami, śpiący, zaspany, zmęczony
Adjective
Bleary-eyed
Sleepy, tired, groggy
English 5.0
(Of vision) blurred; not clear.
His vision was bleary from lack of sleep.
zamglony, rozmazany, niewyraźny, zaczerwieniony
Adjective
Bleary
Blurry, unclear, indistinct
English 5.0
(Fruit or grain) developed to the point of readiness for harvesting and eating.
The apples were ripe and juicy.
dojrzały, gotowy, pełny, soczysty
Adjective
Ripe
Mature, ready, full-grown
English 5.0
The force or energy with which something moves.
The grant gave a new impetus to the project.
impuls, bodziec, zachęta, motywacja
Noun
Impetus
Motivation, stimulus, incentive
English 5.0
A mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside.
The avalanche buried the mountain village.
lawina, zsuwanie się, osuwisko, potok
Noun
Avalanche
Landslide, snowslide, cascade
English 5.0
Spread or branched out into many sections.
The organization’s influence has ramified over the years.
rozgałęziony, rozprzestrzeniony, skomplikowany, rozszerzony
Adjective
Ramified
Branched, spread out, complex
English 5.0
A theoretical model that explains how something is spread or communicated over time among the members of a social system.
The diffusion model helped explain the adoption of new technologies.
model dyfuzji, wzór rozprzestrzeniania, schemat rozprzestrzeniania, model rozszerzania
Noun (specialized)
Diffusion model
Spread theory, dissemination pattern, expansion blueprint
English 5.0
Secured in the possession of or assigned to a person.
She had a vested interest in the company’s success.
nabyty, ustalony, zagwarantowany, przypisany
Adjective
Vested
Established, conferred, endowed
English 5.0
It is not surprising or unusual.
It’s little wonder that he’s tired after the long journey.
nic dziwnego, że, zrozumiałe, że, spodziewane, że, oczywiste, że
Phrase
Small/little wonder that
Not surprising, understandable, expected
English 5.0
To cause or bring about an action or feeling.
His remarks prompted a heated discussion.
pobudzać, wywoływać, skłonić, zachęcać
Verb
Prompt
Encourage, stimulate, provoke
English 5.0
Most extreme; greatest.
She tried her utmost to complete the task on time.
największy, maksymalny, najwyższy, skrajny
Adjective
Utmost
Greatest, maximum, supreme
English 5.0
To make something appear in a negative or unfavorable way.
His behavior reflects bad on the entire team.
źle świadczy o, rzucać złe światło, wskazywać negatywnie, odzwierciedlać źle
Phrase
Reflects bad on something
Shows negatively, casts in poor light, indicates poorly
English 5.0
To imitate or try to emulate someone, typically a role model.
He modelled himself on his favorite basketball player.
naśladować, wzorować się na, emulować, kopiować
Phrase
(Someone) modelled himself on (someone)
Imitated, followed, emulated
English 5.0
To lose interest or become bored with something or someone.
She quickly tired of the repetitive work.
zmęczyć się, znudzić się, stracić zainteresowanie, mieć dość
Verb
Tire of
Become bored with, grow weary of, lose interest in
English 5.0
Unwilling or reluctant to do something.
She was loath to admit her mistakes.
niechętny, oporny, ociągający się, niechcący
Phrase
Loath to do something
Unwilling, reluctant, hesitant
English 5.0
Feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems.
He was wary of strangers.
ostrożny, przezorny, nieufny, czujny
Adjective
Wary of
Cautious, suspicious, careful
English 5.0
A change to an opposite direction, position, or course of action.
The court ordered a reversal of the previous decision.
odwrócenie, zmiana, cofnięcie, rewizja
Noun
Reversal
Change, turnaround, flip
English 5.0
A practice or trial performance of a play or other work for later public performance.
The actors were busy with rehearsal.
próba, ćwiczenie, przygotowanie, repetycja
Noun
Rehearsal
Practice, run-through, preparation
English 5.0
To calculate or conclude after consideration.
I reckon we’ll arrive by 6 PM.
liczyć, sądzić, przewidywać, szacować
Verb
Reckon
Calculate, estimate, consider
English 5.0
Not thorough or detailed.
The details he gave were rather sketchy.
pobieżny, szkicowy, niepełny, ogólnikowy
Adjective
Sketchy
Incomplete, rough, superficial
English 5.0
The essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community.
The mores of the society were strict and traditional.
obyczaje, normy, zwyczaje, tradycje
Noun
Mores
Customs, traditions, norms
English 5.0
- claim to be true
- compete to win
- (with) have to deal with a difficult situation or person
She had to contend with numerous obstacles.
rywalizować, twierdzić, zmagać się, utrzymywać
Verb
Contend
Compete, argue, assert
English 5.0
To claim or assert that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically without proof.
He alleged that the company had defrauded him.
twierdzić, zarzucać, oskarżać, utrzymywać
Verb
Allege
Claim, assert, accuse
English 5.0
Unfortunate accidents or bad luck.
Several mishaps occurred during the trip.
nieszczęścia, wypadki, niepowodzenia, wpadki
Noun
Mishaps
Accidents, misfortunes, incidents
English 5.0
A statement or idea that forms the basis for a reasonable line of argument.
The research was based on the premise that language shapes thought.
założenie, przesłanka, podstawa, hipoteza
Noun
Premise
Assumption, basis, proposition
English 5.0
In a manner not likely to irritate or offend; harmlessly.
He made an innocuous joke to lighten the mood.
nieszkodliwie, niewinnie, łagodnie, bezpiecznie
Adverb
Innocuously
Harmlessly, safely, benignly
English 5.0
The area near or surrounding a particular place.
Several hotels are located in the vicinity of the airport.
okolica, sąsiedztwo, pobliże, bliskość
Noun
Vicinity
Proximity, neighborhood, area
English 5.0
Direct descent from an ancestor; ancestry or pedigree.
She traced her lineage back to royalty.
rodowód, pochodzenie, linia rodowa, przodek
Noun
Lineage
Ancestry, heritage, descent
English 5.0
Away from the appropriate, planned, or expected course; amiss.
His plans went awry.
na opak, nie tak, krzywo, niepożądany
Adjective
Awry
Amiss, wrong, askew
English 5.0
To keep (a thought or feeling, typically a negative one) in one’s mind, especially secretly.
She harbored resentment for years.
ukrywać, żywić, schronić, przechowywać
Verb
Harbor
Shelter, hold, conceal
English 5.0
To satisfy (thirst) by drinking; to extinguish (fire, flames, or thirst).
Water helped to quench his thirst.
ugaszać, zaspokoić, stłumić, zadusić
Verb
Quench
Extinguish, satisfy, douse
English 5.0
Having a solid, almost unyielding surface or structure.
He was a firm believer in traditional values.
twardy, pewny, stanowczy, nieugięty
Adjective
Firm
Steadfast, resolute, strong
English 5.0
Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.
The journey was arduous and exhausting.
trudny, mozolny, wyczerpujący, ciężki
Adjective
Arduous
Difficult, hard, strenuous
English 5.0
To annoy or irritate (a person) with persistent fault-finding or continuous urging.
She nagged him to clean his room.
dręczyć, zrzędzić, narzekać, dokuczać
Verb
Nag
Pester, badger, harass
English 5.0
A principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy.
Non-violence is a central tenet of their faith.
zasada, doktryna, dogmat, przekonanie
Noun
Tenet
Principle, belief, doctrine
English 5.0
Severe mental or physical pain or suffering.
She felt anguish at the news of the tragedy.
cierpienie, ból, udręka, rozpacz
Noun
Anguish
Pain, agony, distress
English 5.0
A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts.
There’s a discrepancy between your account and his.
rozbieżność, niezgodność, różnica, sprzeczność
Noun
Discrepancy
Inconsistency, difference, divergence
English 5.0
The act of assessing someone or something.
Her performance received a positive appraisal.
ocena, wycena, oszacowanie, analiza
Noun
Appraisal
Assessment, evaluation, estimation
English 5.0
To shake or tremble in speaking, typically through nervousness or emotion.
Her voice quavered with fear.
drżeć, trząść się, dygotać, falować
Verb
Quaver
Tremble, shake, quiver
English 5.0
Each of the two sides of the head between the forehead and the ear.
He rubbed his temples to ease the headache.
skronie, boki głowy, czoło, przestrzeń
Noun
Temples
Sides of the head, forehead sides, head flanks
English 5.0
In an initial stage; beginning to happen or develop.
He could feel incipient anger building up.
początkujący, rozwijający się, kiełkujący, zaczynający
(of ideas, facts,Adjective
Incipient
Beginning, developing, emerging
English 5.0
(of ideas, facts, or statements) representing findings or points of view that are so different from each other that they cannot be made compatible.
Their differences were irreconcilable.
nie do pogodzenia, sprzeczny, niezgodny, konfliktowy
Adjective
Irreconcilable
Incompatible, conflicting, at odds
English 5.0
To hit or strike heavily, especially with the fist or a blunt implement.
He thumped the desk in frustration.
uderzać, walić, pukać, łomotać
Verb
Thump
Bang, hit, pound
English 5.0
Awkwardly solid, heavy, and outdated.
He wore some clunky old boots.
nieporęczny, ciężki, toporny, niezdarny
Adjective
Clunky
Awkward, heavy, cumbersome
English 5.0
To take or move (someone or something) somewhere suddenly and quickly.
She whisked the children off to bed.
zamieszać, zmiatać, szybko poruszać, przemieszczać
Verb
Whisk
Sweep, brush, stir rapidly
English 5.0
In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.
Her taste in music is impeccable.
nienaganny, bez zarzutu, doskonały, idealny
Adjective
Impeccable
Flawless, perfect, faultless
English 5.0
To kill (someone) by covering their nose and mouth so that they suffocate.
He tried to smother the flames with a blanket.
dusić, tłumić, zasłaniać, przytłaczać
Verb
Smother
Suffocate, stifle, suppress
English 5.0
A receptacle for ash from cigarettes or cigars.
He flicked his ash into the ashtray.
popielniczka, naczynie na popiół, pojemnik, tacka
Noun
Ashtray
Receptacle, container, tray for ashes
English 5.0
A formally concluded and ratified agreement between states.
The two countries signed a peace treaty.
traktat, umowa, porozumienie, pakt
Noun
Treaty
Agreement, pact, accord
English 5.0
To seek to obtain (something, typically food or money) at the expense or through the generosity of others or by stealth.
He scrounged a meal from his friend.
żebrać, szukać, wygrzebywać, zdobywać
Verb
Scrounge
Beg, forage, search
English 5.0
Done consciously and intentionally.
It was a deliberate act of kindness.
umyślny, celowy, przemyślany, rozważny
Adjective
Deliberate
Intentional, calculated, planned
English 5.0
Animal dung used for fertilizing land.
He spread manure over the fields.
nawóz, obornik, gnojówka, kompost
Noun
Manure
Fertilizer, compost, dung
English 5.0
A sudden attack or incursion into enemy territory, especially to obtain something; a raid.
The company made a foray into the smartphone market.
wypad, najazd, wyprawa, incydent
Noun
Foray
Raid, incursion, venture
English 5.0
Characterized by behavior that confronts fear instead of avoiding it.
His counterphobic actions were surprisingly bold.
kontrfobiczny, przeciwdziałający fobii, stawiający czoła lękom, przeciwstrachowy
Adjective (specialized)
Counterphobic
Defiant of fear, confronting fear, against fear
English 5.0
(Of a person or their behavior) brave; heroic.
He made a gallant effort to save her life.
dzielny, odważny, waleczny, szarmancki
Adjective
Gallant
Brave, courageous, valiant
English 5.0
To categorise
She felt pigeon-holed by her job title.
zszufladkować, skategoryzować, podzielić, ująć w ramy
Verb (past participle)
Pigeon-holed
Categorized, classified, compartmentalized
English 5.0
An arrangement of flowers, leaves, or stems fastened in a ring and used for decoration or for laying on a grave.
A wreath was laid at the memorial.
wieniec, girlanda, wianek, przewiązka
Noun
Wreath
Garland, circlet, lei
English 5.0
(of ideas, facts, or statements) representing findings or points of view that are so different from each other that they cannot be made compatible.
z braku lepszego określenia, z braku lepszego słowa,*Their differences w
nie do pogodzenia, sprzeczny, niezgodny, konfliktowy
Adjective
Irreconcilable
Incompatible, conflicting, at odds
English 5.0
When there is no fully accurate description and you use a less accurate one
He called it a “thingamajig,” for want of a better term.
z braku lepszego określenia, z braku lepszego słowa, dla braku lepszej nazwy, z braku lepszego terminu
Phrase
For want of a term
Lacking a better word, for lack of a better expression
English 5.0
