English

Question 1

Compensation

Entschädigung[sleistung]
Schadenersatz

Answer 1

noun - compensation

noun
1 something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering.

seeking compensation for injuries suffered at work

synonyms: recompense , repayment , reimbursement , remuneration , requital , indemnification , indemnity , redress , damages , comp

جبران: compensation, relief, recovery, amends, restitution, recompense

غرامت: compensation, reparation, restitution, dues, indemnification, recompense

پاداش: reward, remuneration, compensation, fee, gratuity, meed

عوض: change, exchange, substitute, compensation, shift, quid pro quo

تلافی: retaliation, revenge, reprisal, retort, retribution, compensation

تاوان: penalty, compensation, reparation, indemnity, fine, mulct

مزد: wages, wage, reward, hire, fee, compensation
جبران کردن: compensation, quittance, retrieve

Question 2

cultivate

etw entwickeln
kultivieren
anbauen

Answer 2

cultivate [ˈkaltiveit]

verb

1 prepare and use (land) for crops or gardening.
Traditionally, producers begin cultivating the land to prepare for planting in the early spring.

synonyms: till , plow , dig , hoe , farm , work , fertilize , mulch , weed

2 try to acquire or develop (a quality, sentiment, or skill).
he cultivated an air of indifference

♦ verb

1 to prepare (land) for crops.
کشت کردن؛ آماده کردن زمین برای کاشت
2 to grow (a crop in a garden, field etc ): He cultivates mushrooms in the cellar.
پرورش دادن
ˈcultivated

♦ adjective

1 (of fields etc ) prepared for crops; used for growing crops: cultivated land.
کشت شده
2 grown in a garden etc ; not wild: a cultivated variety of raspberries.
کاشتنی؛ گلخانه ای
3 having good manners; educated: a cultivated young lady; He has cultivated tastes in music.
تحصیل کرده؛ با فرهنگ
ˌcultiˈvation

♦ noun
.
کشت و کار
ˈcultivator

♦ noun

a tool or machine for breaking up ground and removing weeds.
ماشین شخم زنی

کاشتن و غیره)،کشت و زرع کردن،کشت و کار کردن
to cultivate the soil
خاک را زیر کشت بردن
rice is cultivated in Gillan

● به عمل آوردن (گیاه یا میوه یا جانور)،پروردن

to cultivate yeasts
مخمر کشت کردن
to cultivate pearls
مروارید پروردن

● (انسان - با آموزش یا ممارست و غیره) بهتر کردن،بهسازی کردن

to cultivate one’s mind
افکار خود را بهسازی کردن،نیروی دماغی خود را پروردن

● کسب کردن و توسعه دادن،(در درون خود) پروردن

to cultivate an interest in music
علاقه به موسیقی را در خود تقویت کردن

he cultivated the friendship of the rich and powerful
او پی دوستی پولداران و قدرتمندان رفت.

Synonym:

verb

till, plow, dig, hoe, farm, work, fertilize, mulch, weed

grow, raise, rear, plant, sow
win someone’s friendship, woo, court, curry favor with, ingratiate oneself with, get in good with someone, butter up, suck up to

improve, better, refine, elevate, educate, train, develop, enrich

naturalise, tame, domesticate, naturalize
civilise, civilize, educate, school, train
work, crop

Question 3

colleague

Answer 3

colleague [ˈkoliːg]
♦ noun

a person with whom one is associated in a profession or occupation: He gets on well with his colleagues.
همکار

noun
1 a person with whom one works, especially in a profession or business.

Spent part of today writing a couple of spoof company memos for a select group of colleagues .

synonyms: coworker , fellow worker , workmate , teammate , associate , partner , collaborator , ally , confederate

● همکار،همقطار،همال،همپایه،همگن،هم پیشه
one of my colleagues got married
یکی از همکاران من ازدواج کرد.

Question 4

Precious adj

wertvoll

Answer 4

I . pre·cious [ˈpreʃəs] ADJ

1. precious (of great value):
   precious : wertvoll

precious: kostbar

to be precious to sb: jdm viel bedeuten

precious commodity: kostbarer [o. wertvoller] Rohstoff

precious memory/moment: kostbare Erinnerung/kostbarer Moment

a precious possession: ein wertvoller Besitz

to waste precious time: wertvolle Zeit verschwenden

2. precious abw (affected):

precious manner, style : manieriert geh

precious manner, style: geziert

precious person: affektiert geh

to be precious about sth: viel Aufhebens [o. großes Getue] um etw Akk machen

3. precious attr, inv iron ugs (with annoyance):

precious: heiß geliebt iron

if it weren’t for your precious short cut, … : wenn wir nicht deine heiß geliebte Abkürzung genommen hätten, … iron

a precious lot he cares about it!: es kümmert ihn herzlich wenig [o. ugs einen Dreck] !

II . pre·cious [ˈpreʃəs] ADV ugs

precious little: herzlich wenig

there’s precious little chance of that happening: die Chance, dass so etwas passiert, ist wohl minimal

to be precious little help: wohl kaum eine große Hilfe sein

precious few: nur eine Hand voll

precious [ˈpreʃəs]

♦ adjective

of great value: precious jewels.
گرانبها

precious metal
a valuable metal such as gold, silver or platinum.
فلزات قیمتی

precious stone
a jewel; a gem: diamonds, emeralds and other precious stones.
سنگ قیمتی

precious few/little
very few/little: I’ve precious little money left.
بسیار کم

/presh´ǝs/
adj., adv.

● گرانبها،گران‌قیمت،گران،پرقیمت،قیمتی
a precious jewel
گوهر گرانبها
precious metals
فلزات قیمتی

● پرقدر،ارزنده،باارزش،ارزشمند
our precious civil rights
حقوق مدنی ارزشمند ما
his delay caused the loss of a precious opportunity
تاخیر او موجب از دست رفتن یک فرصت پرارزش شد.

● گرامی،عزیز،گرانمایه
Mehri and Julie are very precious to me
مهری و جولی برایم خیلی عزیز هستند.
alas for the precious life that has flown by …
افسوس بر آن عمر گرانمایه که بگذشت …

● (به ویژه در رفتار یا بیان) وسواسی،پرتکلف،(زیاده) مبادی آداب،پرتصنع
at times his poetry tends to become precious
گهگاه شعر او پرتصنع می‌شود.

● (تداعی منفی) چیره،قهار،مفرط
a precious liar
دروغگوی قهار

● (عامیانه) خیلی،بسیار
she said precious little
خیلی کم حرف زد.

adjective - precious
گرانبها: precious, valuable, rich, inestimable
قیمتی: precious, valuable
نفیس: exquisite, precious, valuable, rich
پر ارزش: precious, dear
عزیز: dear, darling, precious
فوق العاده: extraordinary, terrific, phenomenal, supernatural, singular, precious
محبوب: popular, beloved, favorite, loved, cherished, precious
چیز گرانبها: precious
سنگین قیمت: precious
لطیف: subtle, delicate, soft, soft, fine, precious
تصنعی گرامی: precious
adverb - precious
بسیار: many, very, much, lot, far, precious

Question 5

cause (N/V)

he’s delay caused the loss of a precious opportunity.

Verb: etw verursachen [o. hervorrufen]
Noun: Ursache

Answer 5

I . cause [kɔ:z, Am esp kɑ:z] SUBST

1. cause (reason):
   cause : Grund m

cause: Ursache f

cause of action: Klagegrund m

challenge for cause: Ablehnung f unter Angabe von Gründen

challenge without cause: Ablehnung f ohne Angabe von Gründen

cause of death: Todesursache f

cause and effect: Ursache und Wirkung

contributory causes: mitverursachende Umstände

to show cause: Gründe vorlegen

2. cause no pl (understandable grounds):

cause: Anlass m

you’ve got good cause for complaint/concern: Sie haben allen Grund, sich zu beschweren/besorgt zu sein

to give cause for concern: Anlass zur Sorge geben

don’t worry, there’s no cause for concern: keine Sorge, es besteht kein Grund zur Beunruhigung

a just cause: ein triftiger Grund

to be cause to celebrate: Grund zum Feiern sein

with/without [good] cause: aus triftigem/ohne [triftigen] Grund

to be the cause of sth: der Grund für etw Akk sein

3. cause (purpose):

cause: Sache f

in the cause of freedom: im Namen der Freiheit

a rebel without a cause: jd, der sich gegen jegliche Autorität widersetzt

to make common cause with sb: mit jdm gemeinsame Sache machen

a good [or worthy] cause: eine gute Sache

a good [or worthy] cause: ein guter Zweck

to be for a good cause: für einen guten Zweck sein

a lost cause: eine verlorene Sache

to defend [or further] a cause: für eine Sache eintreten

to do sth in the cause of sth: etw im Namen einer S. Gen tun

4. cause (court case):

cause: Fall m

to plead a cause: einen Fall vertreten

5. cause JUR (legal proceedings):

cause: Verhandlung f

cause list: Verhandlungsliste f

cause list: Terminkalender m

matrimonial causes: Ehesachen pl

II . cause [kɔ:z, Am esp kɑ:z] VERB trans

to cause sth: etw verursachen [o. hervorrufen]

this medicine may cause dizziness and nausea : die Einnahme dieses
Medikaments kann zu Schwindelgefühl und Übelkeit führen

to cause a disturbance: die öffentliche [Sicherheit und] Ordnung stören

to cause sb harm: jdm schaden [o. Schaden zufügen]

to cause mischief [or trouble]: Unruhe stiften

to cause sb to do sth: jdn veranlassen, etw zu tun

the strict teacher caused the boy to burst into tears: der strenge Lehrer brachte den Jungen zum Weinen

the bright light caused her to blink: das helle Licht ließ sie blinzeln

lost ˈcause SUBST
lost cause: aussichtslose Sache

prob·able ˈcause SUBST no pl Am JUR
probable cause: hinreichender [Tat]verdacht
to arrest sb on probable cause: jdn aufgrund eines hinreichenden Tatverdachts verhaften

root ˈcause SUBST
root cause: Grundursache f
root cause: Wurzel f übtr

profitability cause SUBST INV-FIN
profitability cause: Rentabilitätsgrund m

cause [koːz]

♦ noun

1 something or someone that produces an effect or result: Having no money is the cause of all my misery.
علت

2 a reason for an action; a motive: You had no cause to treat your wife so badly.
دلیل

3 an aim or concern for which an individual or group works: cancer research and other deserving causes; in the cause of peace.
انگیزه

♦ verb

to make (something) happen; to bring about; to be the means of: What caused the accident?; He caused me to drop my suitcase.
سبب شدن؛ موجب شدن

Slight inattention can cause a great disaster.
کوچک ترین بی توجهی ممکنه به فاجعه ختم بشه

• In many countries, being gay is a cause for imprisonment.
در خیلی از کشورها، همجنس باز بودن دلیلی است برای زندانی کردن.

• Road traffic injuries are a major public health problem and a leading cause of death.
صدمات ناشی از آمد وشد جاده ای یکی از مشکلات عمده ی سلامت عمومی است و منجر به مرگ ومیر می شود.

• The capable detective was assigned to investigate the cause of the tragedy.
کارگاه کاردان مأموریت یافته تا علت تراژدی را تحقیق کند.

● علت،سبب،انگیزاننده،انگیزان،کیود،انگیزه،موجب،دلیل،پیش آور،انگیز،مایه
the cause of his illness
علت بیماری او
I have no cause to go back
انگیزه‌ای برای بازگشت ندارم.
give her as little a cause as possible to dislike you
تا آنجا که ممکن است کاری نکن که از تو بدش بیاید.
what was the cause of their objection?
دلیل مخالفت آنها چه بود؟
cause of trouble
مایه‌ی درد سر

● سبب شدن،علت بودن،انگیزاندن،موجب شدن،پیش آوردن،به بار آوردن
what caused you to be so late?
چه سبب شد که این قدر دیر بیایی‌؟
the death of her husband caused Turan Khanum much sorrow
مرگ شوهر موجب اندوه فراوان برای توران خانم شد.
the war caused us many problems
جنگ برایمان مشکلات زیادی به بار آورد.
cigarets cause cancer
سیگار موجب سرطان می‌شود.
causing sorrow
غم انگیز،موجب حزن
damages caused by the flood
خسارات ناشی از سیل

● هدف (سیاسی یا اجتماعی)،آرمان
Jahangir is sympathetic to our cause
جهانگیر با آرمان ما موافق است.
we will do everything for the cause of world peace
ما در راه پیشبرد آرمان صلح جهانی از هیچ کاری فرو گذار نخواهیم کرد.

● (حقوق) مرافعه،شکایت،دعوی
* cause and effect
علت و معلول،انگیزه و انگیخته،پیش آور و پیایند
* in (or for) a good cause
بخاطر آرمانی نیکو،در راه کار خیر
* make common cause with
متحد شدن با،دارای منافع یا آرمان‌های مشترک شدن یا کردن

noun - cause
علت: cause, reason, disease, drawback, motive, shortcoming
موجب: cause, inducement, reason, motive
سبب: cause, reason, occasion, account, ground, motive
جنبش: movement, move, motion, cause, action, jiggle
هدف: target, aim, goal, purpose, objective, cause
انگیزه: motivation, stimulant, motive, incentive, impetus, cause
نهضت: movement, crusade, cause
مرافعه: lawsuit, quarrel, cause, spat, case, contestation
باعی: cause
جهت: direction, orientation, sense, aim, sake, cause
عنوان: title, caption, heading, headline, way, cause
موضوع منازع فیه: cause
موری: devisor, cause, legator
منبع: source, original, fount, provenance, fountainhead, cause
سرمایه: capital, fund, wealth, money, stock, cause

verb - cause
موجب شدن: cause, afford, bring, entail, evince, inure
ایجاد کردن: create, make, beget, construct, develop, cause
باعی شدن: cause, draw on, make, occasion
سبب شدن: cause, occasion
واداشتن: cause, wrest, stand, appoint, put through

Question 6

afford v

sich Dat etw leisten

Answer 6

1. afford (have money for):
   to afford sth sich Dat etw leistenn
   to be able to afford sth sich Dat etw leisten können
2. afford (allow oneself):
   to afford sth : I simply can’t afford the time to come
   ich habe einfach nicht die Zeit zu kommen
3. afford form (provide):
   to afford [sb] sth [jdm] etw bieten [o. gewähren]
   to afford little protection kaum Schutz bieten

to afford little protection: kaum Schutz bieten

to afford a view: einen Blick [o. eine Aussicht] bieten

to afford self-indulgence : es sich Dat gutgehen lassen

he can ill afford to …: er kann es sich kaum leisten, …

to be able to afford sth: sich Dat etw leisten können

at that price, I can’t afford it : zu diesem Preis kann ich es mir nicht leisten

to afford sth I simply can’t afford the time to come: ich habe einfach nicht die Zeit zu kommen

she can scarcely afford to pay the rent: sie kann das Geld für die Miete kaum aufbringen

afford [əˈfoːd]

♦ verb
1 (usually with can, ~could ) to be able to spend money, time etc on or for something: I can’t afford (to buy) a new car.

بضاعت داشتن

2 (usually with can, ~could ) to be able to do (something) without causing oneself trouble, difficulty etc : She can’t afford to be rude to her employer no matter how rude he is to her.
انجام کاری بدون عواقب ناخوشایند

əˈfôrd]
verb - afford
دادن: give, give, grant, admit, impute, afford
حاصل کردن: obtain, acquire, afford, generate, get
تهیه کردن: cater, provide, furnish, process, purvey, afford
موجب شدن: cause, afford, bring, entail, evince, inure
از عهده برامدن: cope, tackle, acquit, afford, answer
استطاعت داشتن: afford

● (معمولا با can یا be able) استطاعت داشتن،بضاعت داشتن،وسع مالی داشتن،قدرت مالی (برای خرید یا خرج) داشتن
can you afford to buy this mansion?
آیا قدرت خرید این کاخ را دارید؟
this trip is not affordable for me
استطاعت این مسافرت را ندارم.
I can’t afford the time
وقتش را ندارم.

● (معمولا با can) انجام کاری بدون عواقب ناخوشایند
I can afford to tell you bluntly that …
می‌توانم رک به شما بگویم که …
I can’t afford to wait any longer
به صلاحم نیست (نمی‌توانم) دیگر صبر کنم.

● دادن،موجب شدن
the window afforded a view of the garden
پنجره منظره‌ای از باغ را نشان می‌داد.
these meetings always afforded me pleasure
این دیدارها همیشه مرا محظوظ می‌کرد.
music affords her pleasure
موسیقی به او لذت می‌دهد.

Question 7

insist

bestehen auf +Dat

Answer 7

1. insist (demand):
   insist on/upon: bestehen auf +Dat

please go first, I insist!: geh bitte vor, ich bestehe darauf!

all right, if you insist: also gut, wenn du darauf bestehst

she insisted on seeing her lawyer: sie bestand darauf, ihren Anwalt zu sprechen

2. insist (continue annoyingly):

to insist on [or upon] doing sth: sich Akk nicht von etw Dat abbringen lassen

she will insist on parking right in front of our garage door: sie parkt einfach immer stur vor unserer Garagentür

3. insist (maintain forcefully):

to insist on [or upon] sth: auf etw Dat beharren

II . in·sist [ɪnˈsɪst] VERB trans

Verbtabelle anzeigen

1. insist (state forcefully):to insist that …: fest behaupten, dass …

Greg still insists he did nothing wrong : Greg behauptet immer noch fest, dass er nichts Falsches getan hat

“but I’ve already paid what I owe”, she insisted: „aber ich habe doch schon gezahlt“, sagte sie bestimmt

2. insist (demand forcefully):

to insist that …: darauf bestehen, dass …

verb
1 demand something forcefully, not accepting refusal.
she insisted on carrying her own bag
synonyms: demand , command , require , dictate , urge , exhort

insist [inˈsist]
♦ verb
1 (with that or on ) to state, emphasize, or hold firmly to (an opinion, plan etc ): He insists that I was to blame for the accident; I insisted on driving him home.
اصرار کردن

2 (often with on or that ) to demand or urge: He insists on punctuality/obedience; She insisted on coming with me; He insisted that I should go.
پافشاری کردن

inˈsistence
♦ noun
(the act of) insisting: She went to see the doctor at her husband’s insistence.
اصرار

inˈsistent
♦ adjective
.
مصر؛ سمج

/in sist´/
vi., vt.

● اصرار کردن،دوپا را در یک کفش کردن،پافشاری کردن،لج کردن،(روی چیزی) پیله کردن،واسرنگیدن،کشتیار شدن
he insisted on going
او اصرار به رفتن کرد.
I said “no” but he insisted
گفتم ((نه)) ولی او پافشاری کرد.
she insisted upon the truth of his words
او روی صحت گفته‌های خود پافشاری کرد.

● (شدیدا) درخواست کردن،خواستار شدن
the workers may insist that he be fired
ممکن است کارگران اخراج او را خواستار شوند.

● (مصرانه) ادعا کردن،اعلام کردن
he insisted that he was completely innocent
او مصرانه ادعا می‌کرد که کاملا بی‌گناه است.

Question 8

demand

etw [von jdm] verlangen [o. fordern]

Answer 8

I . de·mand [dɪˈmɑ:nd, Am -ˈmænd] VERB trans

1. demand (insist upon):

to demand sth [from sb]: etw [von jdm] verlangen [o. fordern]

I demand to see the person in charge: ich will mit dem Verantwortlichen/der Verantwortlichen sprechen

to demand that …: verlangen, dass …

to demand discipline from sb: Disziplin von jdm fordern

to demand an explanation: eine Erklärung verlangen

2. demand (insist in being told):

to demand sth: etw unbedingt wissen wollen

3. demand (need):

to demand sth: etw erfordern

to demand a lot of concentration: ein hohes Maß an Konzentration erfordern

II . de·mand [dɪˈmɑ:nd, Am -ˈmænd] SUBST

1. demand (insistent request):

demand for: Forderung f nach +Dat

demand for independence: Forderung nach Unabhängigkeit

to do sth on demand: etw auf Verlangen tun

to make a demand that …: die Forderung stellen, dass …

2. demand HANDEL:

demand (requirement): Bedarf m

demand (for a product): Nachfrage f

supply and demand: Angebot und Nachfrage

demand for finance: Finanzierungsnachfrage f

demand for money FIN: Geldnachfrage f

to be in demand: gefragt sein

3. demand Brit (for payment):

demand: Mahnung f

demand: Zahlungsaufforderung f

to receive a [final] demand for sth: eine Mahnung für etw Akk erhalten

4. demand (expectations):

to make demands on sb: Anforderungen an jdn stellen

she’s got many demands on her time: sie ist zeitlich sehr beansprucht

demand, requirement SUBST

Synonym : request , call , command , order , dictate , ultimatum , stipulation
verb
1 ask authoritatively or brusquely.
“Where is she?” he demanded
synonyms: order , command , enjoin , urge , bid , ask , inquire , question , interrogate , challenge

We demand justice.
ما درخواست عدالت داریم.

demand [diˈmaːnd]

♦ verb
1 to ask or ask for firmly and sharply: I demanded an explanation.
خواستن؛ مطالبه کردن
2 to require or need: This demands careful thought.
نیاز داشتن؛ مستلزم بودن

♦ noun
1 a request made so that it sounds like a command: They refused to meet the workers’ demands for more money.
درخواست؛ خواسته
2 an urgent claim: The children make demands on my time.
درخواست مصرانه
3 willingness or desire to buy or obtain (certain goods etc ); a need for (certain goods etc ): There’s no demand for books of this kind.
تقاضا
deˈmanding

♦ adjective
requiring a lot of effort, ability etc : a demanding job.
سخت؛ پرزحمت
on demand
when asked for: I’m expected to supply meals on demand.
هنگام درخواست؛ عندالمطالبه

● خواستن،طلبیدن،(به عنوان حق خود) ادعا کردن،خواستار شدن،تحکم کردن،مطالبه کردن،واخواستن
this work demands patience
این کار صبر می‌خواهد.
the people demanded his resignation
مردم استعفای او را خواستار شدند.
don’t make too many demands!
خواسته‌های بیش از حد را عنوان نکن‌!،خیلی تحکم نکن‌!
he demanded his money
او پول خود را مطالبه می‌کرد.
the police demanded my licence
پاسبان از من گواهینامه خواست.
demand the cause of her sorrow!
علت غم او را جویا شو!

● احضار کردن

● (حقوق) حق مسلم،ادعای به حق،(در دادگاه) درخواست احقاق حق کردن،دادخواهی کردن

● خواسته
a list of the workers’ demands
فهرستی از خواسته‌های کارگران
his demands are not reasonable
خواسته‌های او معقول نیست.

● تحکم،فشار

● نیاز،ضرورت،الزام
the body’s fuel demands
نیازهای بدن به سوخت
the demands of city life
الزامات زندگی شهری

● (اقتصاد) تقاضا
the law of supply and demand
قانون عرضه و تقاضا
there is no demand for this product
این فراورده بازار ندارد.
* in demand
مورد درخواست،(کالا) دارای خواهان فراوان،مورد نیاز،(بازار) گرم
his books are greatly in demand
بازار کتاب‌های او بسیار داغ است.
* make demands on somebody (or something)
کسی (یا چیزی را) سخت به کار گرفتن،تحت فشار قرار دادن
the war made heavy demands on the industry
جنگ صنایع را تحت فشار شدید قرار داد.
* on demand
عندالمطالبه،هنگام درخواست،هنگام ارائه

demand (dɪˈmɑːnd)
vb (tr; may take a clause as object or an infinitive)

1. to request peremptorily or urgently
2. to require or need as just, urgent, etc:

the situation demands attention.

3. to claim as a right; exact:

his parents demanded obedience of him.

4. (Law) law to make a formal legal claim to (property, esp realty)
   n
5. an urgent or peremptory requirement or request
6. something that requires special effort or sacrifice:

a demand on one’s time.

7. the act of demanding something or the thing demanded:

the kidnappers’ demand was a million pounds.

8. an insistent question or query
9. (Economics) economics
   a. willingness and ability to purchase goods and services
   b. the amount of a commodity that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a specified price. Compare supply19
10. (Law) law a formal legal claim, esp to real property
11. in demand

sought after; popular

12. on demand

as soon as requested: a draft payable on demand.

noun
request, call, command, order, dictate, ultimatum, stipulation
requirement, need, desire, wish, want, claim, imposition
market, call, appetite, desire
requirement
need

verb
call for, order, ask, require, insist on, exact
call for, ask for, request, push for, hold out for, insist on, claim
order, command, enjoin, urge, bid
ask, inquire, question, interrogate, challenge
require, need, necessitate, call for, involve, entail
insist on, stipulate, make a condition of, expect, look for
call for, require, take, necessitate, postulate, ask, involve, need
exact

Question 9

Improvise / extemporize

Deutsch: improvisieren, extemporieren

Answer 9

im·pro·vise (ĭm′prə-vīz′)
v. im·pro·vised, im·pro·vis·ing, im·pro·vis·es
v.tr.

1. To make, compose, or perform with little or no preparation:

improvise a solution to the problem; improvise variations on a melody.

2. To make or provide from available materials:

improvised a dinner from what I found in the refrigerator.
v.intr.

1. To make, compose, or perform something extemporaneously.
2. To make do with whatever materials are at hand:

There isn’t much in the cabin. We’ll just have to improvise.

improvise [ˈimprəvaiz]
♦ verb

1 to compose and perform (a poem, tune etc ) without preparation:

The pianist forgot his music and had to improvise.
فی البداهه آماده کردن

2 to make (something) from materials that happen to be available, often materials that are not normally used for that purpose:

They improvised a shelter from branches and blankets.
سر هم بندی کردن؛ ساختن
ˌimproviˈsation

♦ noun
.
بداهه گویی؛ سرهم بندی

● بداهه‌گویی (نویسی یا سرایی) کردن،بی‌آماد نویسی (گویی یا سرایی) کردن،فی‌البداهه گفتن (نوشتن یا سرودن)

he lost the text of his speech and had to improvise
او متن سخنرانی خود را گم کرد و مجبور به بداهه گویی شد.

● سرهم بندی کردن،بی‌آماد انجام دادن،چاره‌ی موقت پیدا کردن

to improvise a solution to a problem
برای مسئله‌ای راه حل ابداع کردن
to improvise a bed out of leaves and branches
از شاخ و برگ بستر خواب ساختن

verb

extemporize, ad lib, speak impromptu, speak off the cuff, speak off the top of one’s head, wing it, jam, scat

contrive, devise, throw together, cobble together, rig up, whip up, rustle up

ad-lib, extemporise, extemporize, improvize
extemporize

Question 10

implicit

explicit

Deutsch: impliziert / explicit

Answer 10

implicit

implied rather than expressly stated: an implicit agreement; absolute:
implicit trust; inherent

explicit – clearly expressed; leaving nothing implied; unequivocal:

explicit instructions; outspoken, precise

implicit (ɪmˈplɪsɪt)
adj

1. not explicit; implied; indirect:

there was implicit criticism in his voice.

2. absolute and unreserved; unquestioning:

you have implicit trust in him.

3. (when postpositive, usually foll by in) contained or inherent:

to bring out the anger implicit in the argument.

imˈplicitly adv
imˈplicitness, imˈplicity n

implicit [imˈplisit]
♦ adjective

1 unquestioning; complete: implicit obedience.
قطعی

2 implied (not explicitly stated); understood indirectly: The diplomat’s statement contained implicit criticism of the government.
تلویحی

imˈplicitly
♦ adverb
.
بطور ضمنی؛ بی چون و چرا

adj.

● ضمنی،تلویحی (در برابر: صریح یا رک explicit)،سربسته،غیرصریح
an implicit threat
تهدید سربسته
the obligations that are implicit in marriage and child-rearing
وظایفی که ازدواج و بچه‌داری دربر دارد.
her silence was an implicit rejection of our proposal
سکوت او به منزله رد کردن پیشنهاد ما بود.

● بی‌چون و چرا،قطعی،مطلق،محض
I have implicit trust in her
نسبت به او اعتماد بی‌چون و چرا دارم.

● (مهجور) درگیر،مورد اتهام

adjective - implicit
ضمنی: implicit, implied, tacit, incidental, circumstantial, oblique
مجازی: virtual, figurative, implicit, allegorical, figural, tropologic
مطلق: absolute, utter, sheer, total, abstract, implicit
التزامی: implicit
اشاره شده: implicit
تلویحا فهمانده شده: implicit ☀️
بی شرط: unconditional, categoric, categorical, implicit

🌖 explicit

ex·plic·it (ĭk-splĭs′ĭt)
adj.

1.
a. Fully and clearly expressed; leaving nothing implied:

explicit approval.

b. Fully developed or formulated:

has an explicit idea of what to say in the paper.

2. Forthright and unreserved in expression:

They were explicit in their criticism.

3.
a. Readily observable:

an explicit sign of trouble.

b. Describing or portraying nudity or sexual activity in graphic detail.

ex·plic′it·ly adv.
ex·plic′it·ness n.

Synonyms: explicit, definite, express, specific
These adjectives mean entirely clear and

unambiguous: explicit statements; a definite answer; my express wishes; a specific purpose.

explicit [ikˈsplisit]
♦ adjective
stated, or stating, fully and clearly:

explicit instructions; Can you be more explicit?
صریح؛ بی پرده

exˈplicitly
♦ adverb
.
صراحتاً؛ بی پرده

exˈplicitness
♦ noun
.
صراحت

adjective - explicit
صریح: explicit, clear, express, frank, unequivocal, precise
روشن: bright, light, on, explicit, vivid, unequivocal
واضح: obvious, clear, explicit, vivid, distinct, plain
اشکار: clear, manifest, obvious, plain, apparent, explicit
صاف: smooth, clear, flat, plain, slick, explicit

adj.
● روشن،صریح،عیان،آشکار،بی پرده (در برابر: ناآشکار،مضمر implicit)
an officer’s explicit orders to the soldier
دستورات صریح افسر به سربازان

● رک،رک و روباز،بی رودربایستی،بی شیله پیله
let’s be explicit about our expectations
بیا درباره‌ی توقعات خود رک و روباز باشیم.

● آشکار،آسان دید،چشمگیر،نمایان

Question 11

autarchy

ger: Autarkie

Answer 11

autarchy (ˈɔːtɑːkɪ)
n, pl -chies

1. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) unlimited rule; autocracy
2. (Government, Politics & Diplomacy) self-government; self-rule
   [C17: from Greek autarkhia, from autarkhos autocratic; see auto-, -archy]
   auˈtarchic, auˈtarchical adj

autarchy
noun
[au·tar·chy || ‘ɔːtɑːkɪ]
political self-rule; economic independence and self-sufficiency in which the government controls a nation’s economy and isolates it from the rest of the world

noun - autarchy
حکومت استبدادی: dictatorship, tyranny, autarchy, autarky
استبداد: despotism, autarchy, autarky
کفایت: adequacy, sufficiency, competence, efficiency, plenty, autarchy
لیاقت: merit, competence, competency, capability, ability, autarchy
حاکم مطلق: despot, autocrat, autarchy, autarky
جبار مطلق: autarchy, autarky
خودبسندگی: autarchy, autarky

Question 12

Doubt

Self-doubt : selbstzweifel

German: Zweifel

Answer 12

doubt [daut]

♦ verb

1 to feel uncertain about, but inclined not to believe:

I doubt if he’ll come now; He might have a screwdriver, but I doubt it.
شک داشتن

2 not to be sure of the reliability of:

Sometimes I doubt your intelligence!
تردید داشتن

♦ noun

a feeling of not being sure and sometimes of being suspicious:

There is some doubt as to what happened;

I have doubts about that place.
شک؛ تردید
ˈdoubtful

♦ adjective

1 feeling doubt; uncertain what to think, expect etc :

He is doubtful about the future of the school.
مشکوک؛ مردد

2 able to be doubted; not clear:

The outcome is doubtful; a doubtful result.
مبهم

3 uncertain but rather unlikely, unhopeful etc :

It is doubtful whether this will work; a doubtful improvement.
مورد تردید؛ غیر قطعی

4 suspicious:

He’s rather a doubtful character.
بد گمان؛ شکاک
ˈdoubtfully

♦ adverb
.
با شک و تردید
ˈdoubtfulness

♦ noun
.
تردید
ˈdoubtless

♦ adverb
probably: John has doubtless told you about me.
احتمالاً

beyond doubt
certain(ly): Beyond doubt, they will arrive tomorrow; His honesty is beyond doubt.
بی شک؛ مطمئناً

in doubt
uncertain: The result of the dispute is still in doubt.
مورد تردید؛ نامعلوم

no doubt
surely; probably: No doubt you would like to see your bedroom; He will come back again tomorrow, no doubt.
بی شک

/dout/
vi., vt., n.

● شک داشتن،تردید داشتن،دودل بودن
I doubt whether he will come today
شک دارم که امروز بیاید (فکر نمی‌کنم امروز بیاید).
I don’t doubt the truth of what he says
در صدق گفتارش شک ندارم.

● شک،گمان،تردید،اندید،شبهه،دودلی
there is no room for doubt
جای شک نیست.
I have serious doubts about her honesty
در صداقت او جدا شک دارم.
doubt makes one think
شک انسان را به فکر می‌اندازد.

● باور نکردن،مطمئن نبودن،اطمینان نداشتن،بدبین بودن به
do you doubt his predictions?
آیا پیش‌بینی‌های او را باور ندارید؟

● (قدیمی) ظنین بودن،نگرانی داشتن از،سوظن،نگرانی

● اشکال،گرفتاری
* (be) in doubt
مورد شک بودن،معلوم نبودن،نامعلوم بودن
the outcome of their contest is still in doubt
نتیجه‌ی نبرد آنها هنوز روشن نیست.
* beyond (or without) doubt
بدون شک،بی‌شک،مطمئنا
* beyond the shadow of a doubt
بدون هیچ‌گونه شک و تردید
* cast doubt on
مورد شک قرار دادن
* no doubt
1- بی‌شک،بی‌گمان 2- به احتمال زیاد

noun - doubt
شک: doubt, skepticism, uncertainty, dubiety, self-doubt
تردید: doubt, uncertainty, skepticism, suspicion, hesitancy, indecision
شبهه: doubt, misgiving
گمان: doubt, thought, guess, opinion, conjecture, impression
دو دلی: hesitance, indecision, vacillation, doubt, hesitancy, acatalepsy
نا معلومی: indeterminacy, doubt, ambiguity, incertitude, indefiniteness, uncertainty
verb - doubt
شک داشتن: doubt, suspect
تردید کردن: doubt, stick, totter
مظنون بودن: be suspected, doubt

Question 13

Certain

Answer 13

1. certain:

certain (sure): sicher

certain (unavoidable): gewiss

certain (unavoidable) : bestimmt

one thing is certain: eines ist sicher

that was certain to happen: das musste ja so kommen

2. certain attr, inv (limited):

certain gewiss:

to a certain extent: in gewissem Maße

up to a certain point: bis zu einem gewissen Grad

at a certain age : in einem bestimmten Alter

a certain Steve Rukus :ein gewisser Steve Rukus

in certain circumstances: unter gewissen Umständen

to seem certain [that …] : davon ausgehen[, dass …]

to make certain [that …] (ensure): darauf achten[, dass …]

II . cer·tain
certain of his works/the candidates : einige seiner Arbeiten/einige Kandidaten

certain [ˈsəːtn]

♦ adjective
1 true or without doubt: It’s certain that the world is round.
مسلم؛ بی تردید

2 sure: I’m certain he’ll come; He is certain to forget; Being late is a certain way of losing one’s job.
مطمئن

3 one or some, not definitely named: certain doctors; a certain Mrs Smith; (also pronoun) certain of his friends.
یکی از؛ برخی از

4 slight; some: a certain hostility in his manner; a certain amount.
کم؛ اندک
ˈcertainly

♦ adverb
1 definitely: I can’t come today, but I’ll certainly come tomorrow.
حتماً؛ یقیناً
2 of course: You may certainly have a chocolate.
مسلماً

♦ interjection
of course: May I borrow your typewriter?' Certainly!’; `Certainly not!’
البته
ˈcertainty– plural ˈcertainties –

♦ noun

1 something which cannot be doubted: It’s a certainty that he will win.
یقین؛ اطمینان

2 freedom from doubt: Is there any certainty of success?
قطعیت
for certain
definitely: She may come but she can’t say for certain.
بدون شک؛ قطعاً
make certain
to act so that, or check that, something is sure: Make certain you arrive early; I think he’s dead but you’d better make certain.
مطمئن شدن؛ اطمینان به عمل آوردن

● مطمئن،مسلم،حتمی،حتما،یقین،بی‌شک،بی‌تردید،محقق،واثق
to be certain
مطمئن بودن،اطمینان داشتن
I am quite certain that they will not come
من کاملا مطمئن هستم که آنها نخواهند آمد.
the growth in demand is certain to drive up prices
رشد تقاضا حتما قیمت‌ها را بالا خواهد برد.
he predicted the enemy’s certain defeat
او شکست حتمی دشمن را پیش‌بینی کرد.
we must separate superstition from certain knowledge
ما باید خرافات را از دانش مسلم جدا کنیم.

● بدون برو و برگرد،بی چون و چرا،قطعی
his certain aim
نشانه‌گیری بی خطای او
a certain cure
علاج قطعی

● (در مواردی که ذکر نام مقتضی نیست) به خصوص
a certain person is interested in buying that house
فرد به خصوصی مایل به خرید آن خانه است.
a certain friend of mine
یکی از دوستان من

● (در مورد اشخاصی که نمی‌شناسیم)
a certain Mr. Akbary wants you
آقایی به نام اکبری شما را کار دارد.
* for certain
بدون شک،حتمی،مسلم،محقق
I don’t know for certain if he is going to come or not
درست نمی‌دانم که او خواهد آمد یا نه.
* make certain
اطمینان به عمل آوردن،مطمئن شدن
make certain all the doors are locked
اطمینان حاصل کن که همه‌ی درها قفل‌اند.
* to a certain extent (or degree)
تا اندازه‌ای،به مقدار معینی

adjective

1 known for sure; established beyond doubt.
it’s certain that more changes are in the offing
synonyms: unquestionable , sure , definite , beyond question , not in doubt , indubitable , undeniable , irrefutable , indisputable , obvious , evident , recognized , confirmed , accepted , acknowledged , undisputed , undoubted , unquestioned , sure , very likely , bound , destined , inevitable , assured , destined , predestined , unavoidable , inescapable , inexorable , ineluctable , in the bag , reliable , dependable , trustworthy , foolproof , tried and tested , effective , guaranteed , sure , unfailing , infallible , sure-fire , idiot-proof , goof-proof

2 specific but not explicitly named or stated.

he raised certain personal problems with me
synonyms: determined , definite , fixed , established , precise , particular , specific , individual , special
pronoun

1 some but not all.
certain of his works have been edited

Question 14

ambivalence / ambivalent

Deutsch : Ambivalenz / ambivalent

Answer 14

ambivalent feelings: gemischte Gefühle

ambivalent attitude: ambivalente Haltung

to be ambivalent about [or toward[s]] sth: zwiespältige [o. gemischte] Gefühle gegenüber etw Dat haben

I feel pretty ambivalent about whether …: ich bin mir etwas unsicher, ob …

to have an ambivalent relationship to sth : zu etw ein gespaltenes Verhältnis haben

noun - ambivalence
دمدمی مزاجی: freak, ambivalence, pliancy

n.
● (در مورد احساس و فکر) ضد و نقیض (بودن)،دوسوگرایی،تردید،دوگنجایشی،دوظرفیتی (ambivalency هم می‌گویند)
she was in a state of ambivalence about having children
او در مورد بچه‌دار شدن دارای دو احساس متضاد بود.
* ambivalent, adj.
(در مورد احساس و فکر) ضد و نقیض،دوسویه،مردد،دارای دو احساس یا فکر متضاد،دوسوگرای
she was ambivalent about getting married
او در مورد ازدواج دو دل بود.

Question 15

Concern

Answer 15

II . con·cern [kənˈsɜ:n, Am -ˈsɜ:rn] VERB trans

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1. concern (apply to):

to concern sb: jdn angehen [o. betreffen]

to concern sb (affect): jdn betreffen

as far as I’m concerned : was mich anbelangt [o. betrifft]

2. concern (be sb’s business):

to concern sb: jdn angehen

to whom it may concern (certificate): Bescheinigung

to whom it may concern (reference): Zeugnis (formelhafte Anrede bei amtlichen Verlautbarungen, die keinen konkreten Adressaten haben)

3. concern (take an interest in):

to concern oneself with sth: sich Akk mit etw Dat befassen

you don’t need to concern yourself with this matter: Sie brauchen sich um diese Angelegenheit nicht zu kümmern

4. concern (be about):
   to concern sb/sth : von jdm/etw Dat handeln

to be concerned with sth: von etw Dat handeln

to be concerned with sth :etw [thematisch] behandeln

5. concern (worry):

to concern sb : jdn beunruhigen

to concern oneself : sich Dat Sorgen machen

family concern
Familienunternehmen nt

industrial concern
Industriekonzern m

public concern
öffentliche Angelegenheit

primary concern
Hauptanliegen nt

main concern
wichtigstes Anliegen

going concern
gut gehendes Unternehmen

to share sb’s concern
jds Besorgnis teilen

a going concern
ein florierendes Unternehmen

major [or key]concern
Hauptanliegen nt

to arouse concern
Bedenken hervorrufen

to whom it may concern (reference)
Zeugnis (formelhafte Anrede bei amtlichen Verlautbarungen, die keinen konkreten Adressaten haben)

that’s none of your concern
das geht dich nichts an

there’s no cause for concern
es besteht kein Grund zur Sorge

to give rise to concern
Besorgnis erregend sein

a question of common concern
eine Frage von allgemeinem Interesse

to give cause for concern
Anlass zur Sorge geben

it’s no concern of mine!
das ist nicht meine Angelegenheit!

we view the situation with concern
wir betrachten die Lage mit Besorgnis

to be of concern to sb
für jdn von Bedeutung sein

concern [kənˈsəːn]
♦ verb
1 to have to do with:

This order doesn’t concern us; So far as I’m concerned, you can do what you like.
مربوط بودن به

2 (with for or about ) to make (usually oneself) uneasy:

Don’t concern yourself about her.
نگران کردن

3 (with with or in ) to interest (oneself) in:

He doesn’t concern himself with unimportant details.
علاقه نشان دادن

♦ noun

1 something that concerns or belongs to one: His problems are not my concern.
موضوع مرتبط با؛ موضوع مورد علاقه

2 anxiety: The condition of the patient is giving rise to concern.
نگرانی؛ دلواپسی

3 a business: a shoe-manufacturing concern.
شرکت؛ موسسه بازرگانی

conˈcerning
♦ preposition
about: He wrote to me concerning a business arrangement.
در مورد

noun

1 anxiety; worry.
such unsatisfactory work gives cause for concern

synonyms: anxiety , worry , disquiet , apprehensiveness , unease , consternation , solicitude , consideration , care , sympathy , regard

2 a matter of interest or importance to someone.
oil reserves are the concern of the Energy Department

synonyms: responsibility , business , affair , charge , duty , job , province , preserve , problem , worry , bag , bailiwick , interest , importance , relevance , significance

3 a business; a firm.
a small, debt-ridden concern

synonyms: company , business , firm , organization , operation , corporation , establishment , house , office , agency , outfit

4 a complicated or awkward object or structure.
verb

1 relate to; be about.
the story concerns a friend of mine

synonyms: be about , deal with , have to do with , cover , discuss , go into , examine , study , review , analyze , relate to , pertain to
2 worry (someone); make anxious.
the roof of the barn concerns me because eventually it will fall in
synonyms: worry , disturb , trouble , bother , perturb , unsettle , make anxious

Question 16

dizzy

DE: Schwindlig

Answer 16

diz·zy (dĭz′ē)
adj. diz·zi·er, diz·zi·est

1. Having a whirling sensation and a tendency to fall.

2.
a. Bewildered or confused: “I was dizzy with anger and shame” (Amy Benson).
b. Slang Scatterbrained or silly.

3. Producing or tending to produce giddiness: a dizzy height.
4. Characterized by impulsive haste; very rapid: “There he sat … gabbing at his usual dizzy pace” (H.L. Mencken).
   tr.v. diz·zied, diz·zy·ing, diz·zies
5. To cause to have a whirling sensation.
6. To confuse or bewilder.

dizzy [ˈdizi]

♦ adjective
1 giddy or confused: If you spin round and round like that, you’ll make yourself dizzy.
دچار سرگیجه
2 causing dizziness: dizzy heights.
سرگیجه آور
ˈdizzily

♦ adverb
.
با گیجی؛ بطور منگ
ˈdizziness

♦ noun
.
گیجش؛ منگی

adjective - dizzy
گیج: dizzy, staggering, astounding, confounded, hazy, giddy
دچار دوران سر: dizzy
verb - dizzy
گیج شدن: dizzy

adj.

● گیج،منگ،دچار سرگیجه
if you spin around yourself, you will become dizzy
اگر دور خود بچرخی گیج خواهی شد.
to make dizzy
گیج کردن

● گیج کننده،سرگیجه‌آور،منگ کننده
he was looking down from those dizzy heights
او داشت از آن ارتفاعات سرگیجه‌آور به پایین نگاه می‌کرد.
a dizzy speed
سرعت سرسام آور

● سردرگم،حیران،سرگشته،هاژه،کاتوره

● (عامیانه) بی‌فکر،الکی خوش،بی‌ملاحظه

● گیج کردن،منگ کردن،گیجیدن
we were dizzied by the strong wind and rain
باد و باران شدید ما را گیج کرده بود.
the disaster dizzied her brain and paralyzed her will
آن فاجعه (مغز) او را منگ و اراده‌ی او را فلج کرده بود.
* dizzying, adj.
گیج کننده
a dizzying network of tunnels and under- ground passageways
شبکه‌ی گیج کننده‌ای از تونل‌ها و راهروهای زیرزمینی
* dizziness, n.
گیجی،گیجش،منگی

Question 17

Nausea

D: Üblichkeit

Answer 17

nausea [ˈnoːziə, (American) -ʃə]
♦ noun
a feeling of sickness.
حالت تهوع
nauseate [ˈnoːzieit, (American) -ʒi-]

♦ verb
to make (someone) feel nausea.
حالت تهوع دست دادن

n.
● تهوع،وامیدگی،وامش،حالت تهوع و استفراغ،دل آشوبه،دل به هم خوردگی
after eating raw fish, I was overcome by nausea
پس از خوردن ماهی خام دچار تهوع شدم.
● تنفر،چندش،بیزاری
heir cruelty to animals filled me with nausea
ظلم آنها به حیوانات مرا منزجر کرد.

noun
1 a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit.
Only a few patients experienced postoperative nausea , so any statistical evaluation would be meaningless.

synonyms: sickness , biliousness , queasiness , vomiting , retching , gagging , upset stomach , travel-sickness , seasickness , carsickness , airsickness

Question 18

capable

Answer 18

1. capable (competent):

capable: fähig

capable judge: kompetent

capable worker: tüchtig

to leave sth in sb’s capable hands also scherzh: etw vertrauensvoll in jds Hände legen
capable motherg: gute Mutter

2. capable (able):
   capable: fähig

capable: befähigt

your plan is capable of being improved :deinen Plan könnte man noch besser machen

to be capable of doing sth: in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

to be capable of self-destruction : sich Akk selbst zerstören können

your plan is capable of being improved: deinen Plan könnte man noch besser machen

she’s eager for a chance to show that she’s a capable worker: sie möchte gerne beweisen, dass sie eine fähige Mitarbeiterin ist

capable [ˈkeipəbl]

♦ adjective
1 clever especially in practical ways: She’ll manage somehow – she’s so capable!
توانا؛ مستعد
2 (with of ) clever enough to; likely to; able to: He is capable of doing better; He is quite capable of cheating us.
توانا؛ زیرک
ˈcapably

♦ adverb
.
با کاردانی؛ با لیاقت
ˌcapaˈbility

♦ noun
.
توانایی؛ لیاقت

The capable detective was assigned to investigate the cause of the tragedy.
کارگاه کاردان مأموریت یافته تا علت تراژدی را تحقیق کند.

• The little girl is not capable of riding a bicycle.
آن دختر کوچولو قادر به سوار شدن به دوچرخه نیست.

/kā´pǝ bǝl/
adj.
● توانا،قادر،کار آمد،وشکول
he was not capable of killing the president
او توانایی کشتن رییس جمهور را نداشت.
● ( با of و to be) توانستن،قدرت داشتن،استعداد کاری را داشتن،واجد شرایط بودن
the poison was capable of killing an elephant in five minutes
زهر می‌توانست در پنج دقیقه فیلی را بکشد.
he is capable of telling a lie
از او بر می‌آید که دروغ بگوید.
he is not capable of this
این کار از او بر نمی‌آید.
● لایق،زبردست،ماهر،با عرضه و با جربزه
a capable teacher
معلمی لایق
he performed his duties most capably
او وظایف خود را با کمال لیاقت انجام داد.
● آماده،مستعد،دارای امکان چیزی
the sentence is capable of being misinterpreted
امکان دارد که این جمله سو تعبیر شود.
an order capable of execution
دستور قابل اجرا

adjective

1 having the ability, fitness, or quality necessary to do or achieve a specified thing.
I’m quite capable of taking care of myself

2 able to achieve efficiently whatever one has to do; competent.
she looked enthusiastic and capable
synonyms: competent , able , efficient , effective , proficient , accomplished , adept , handy , experienced , skillful , skilled , talented , gifted , useful

Question 19

bluntly/ blunt

unverblümt/ stumpf

Answer 19

blunt [blant]

♦ adjective
1 (of objects) having no point or sharp edge: a blunt knife.
کند

2 (of people) (sometimes unpleasantly) straightforward or frank in speech: She was very blunt, and said that she did not like him.
رک

♦ verb
to make less sharp: This knife has been blunted by years of use.
کند شدن
ˈbluntly

♦ adverb
.
رک و راست
ˈbluntness

♦ noun
.
رک و راستی؛ بی پردگی

/blunt/
adj., vt., vi.

● (لبه‌ی چاقو و تیغ و غیره) کند (درمقابل تیز: sharp)
a blunt razor blade
تیغ ریش تراش کند

● کند کردن یا شدن
cutting cardboard will blunt the edge of this knife
بریدن مقوا لبه‌ی این چاقو را کند می‌کند.
the wound had been inflicted with a blunt object
زخم توسط آلت سرپهنی وارد آورده شده بود.

● کند ذهن،کودن،دیرآموز،پخمه،کم هوش

● رک،ناپوشیده،بی‌شیله پیله
he told them bluntly that they are not welcome
رک به آنها گفت که مقدمشان خوشایند نیست.
let me ask you bluntly
بگذارید بی‌رودربایستی از شما بپرسم.

● (از شدت یا درد و غیره) کاستن،(اثر چیزی را) کم کردن
alcohol blunts pain and thought
الکل درد و تفکر را کند می‌کند.

adjective

1 (of a knife, pencil, etc.) having a worn-down edge or point; not sharp.
a blunt knife
synonyms: unsharpened , dull , worn , edgeless

2 (of a person or remark) uncompromisingly forthright.
he is as blunt as a kick in the shins
synonyms: straightforward , frank , plain-spoken , candid , direct , bluff , forthright , unequivocal , brusque , abrupt , curt , terse , bald , brutal , harsh , stark , unadorned , undisguised , unvarnished , upfront
verb
1 make or become less sharp.
wood can blunt your ax
synonyms: dull , make less sharp
noun
1 a hollowed-out cigar filled with marijuana.
Consequently, marijuana use in blunts may persist longer into adulthood for a larger proportion of the general population than marijuana use in joints and pipes had in the past.

Question 20

enthusiasm/ enthusiast / enthusiastic

D: Enthusiasmus

Answer 20

enthusiasm [inˈθjuːziӕzəm]

♦ noun
strong or passionate interest: He has a great enthusiasm for travelling; He did not show any enthusiasm for our new plans.
اشتیاق
enˈthusiast

♦ noun
a person filled with enthusiasm: a computer enthusiast.
آدم پرشور و شوق
enˌthusiˈastic

♦ adjective
(negative unenthusiastic ) full of enthusiasm or approval: an enthusiastic mountaineer.
پر اشتیاق
enˌthusiˈastically

♦ adverb
.
با شوق و ذوق

• I can’t say I share your enthusiasm for the idea.
نمی توانم بگویم که در شور و اشتیاقت برای این ایده سهیم هستم.
• She played the piano with enthusiasm.
او با اشتیاق پیانو می زد.

n.
● (در اصل) الهام الهی،راهنمایی یا تلقین آسمانی،خلسه‌ی شاعرانه یا پیامبرانه
● (قدیمی) تعصب مذهبی

● شورنمایی،شورمندی،شوق‌مندی،شوق‌نمایی،اشتیاق،شور و شوق
her enthusiasm made everyone else interested
شور و شوق او دیگران را جملگی به شوق آورد.
the play aroused his enthusiasm
نمایش او را سرشوق آورد.
they supported the party’s candidate with enthusiasm
آنان با اشتیاق از نامزد حزب حمایت کردند.
● مایه‌ی دلخوشی،مایه‌ی ذوق و شوق،شور انگیز،اشتیاق انگیز
music is Iraj’s greatest enthusiasm
موسیقی بزرگترین مایه‌ی شوق ایرج است.
* show enthusiasm for something
شورنمایی کردن برای چیزی،ذوق و شوق نشان دادن برای چیزی،اشتیاق نشان دادن

noun
1 intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval.
her energy and enthusiasm for life
synonyms: eagerness , keenness , ardor , fervor , passion , zeal , zest , gusto , energy , verve , vigor , vehemence , fire , spirit , avidity , wholeheartedness , commitment , willingness , devotion , earnestness , get-up-and-go

2 religious fervor supposedly resulting directly from divine inspiration, typically involving speaking in tongues and wild, uncoordinated movements of the body.

Question 21

Inhibition

Answer 21

in·hi·bi·tion [ˌɪn(h)ɪˈbɪʃən] SUBST

1. inhibition usu pl (self-consciousness):

inhibition: Hemmung f

to have inhibitions [about doing sth]: Hemmungen haben[, etw zu tun]

to lose one’s inhibitions: alle Hemmungen verlieren

[ˌin(h)iˈbiSHən]

noun - inhibition
بازداری: inhibition, deterrence, blockage, dissuasion
منع: prohibition, ban, forbidding, prevention, inhibition, withholding
جلوگیری از بروز احساسات: inhibition

/in´hi bish´ǝn, in´i-/
n.

● بازداری،جلوگیری،خویشتن‌داری،پابندشدگی،کمرویی
oil plays an important role in the inhibition of rust
روغن در جلوگیری از زنگ زدگی نقش مهمی دارد.
the inhibition of the heartbeat by nerve stimulation
بازداری ضربان قلب از راه تحریک عصبی
Alcohol weakens one’s inhibitions
الکل خویشتن‌داری آدم را ضعیف می‌کند.

● (هرچیزی که جلو سخن یا عمل معمولی و آسوده را بگیرد یا انجام
آن را مشکل کند) پایبند،قید،بازدارنده،جلوگیر،بازدار،شرم،حیا،حجب

noun

1 a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way.

the children, at first shy, soon lost their inhibitions
synonyms: shyness , reticence , self-consciousness , reserve , diffidence , wariness , hesitancy , hesitation , insecurity , timidity , repression , reservation , psychological block , hang-up

noun

shyness, reticence, self-consciousness, reserve, diffidence, wariness, hesitancy, hesitation, insecurity, timidity, repression, reservation, psychological block, hang-up

hindrance, hampering, discouragement, obstruction, impediment, suppression, repression, restriction, restraint, constraint, cramping, stifling, prevention, curb, check, bar, barrier
suppression
forbiddance, prohibition

Question 22

brag / bragging / braggy

Answer 22

I . brag <-gg-> [bræg] VERB intr

to brag [about sth] : [mit etw Dat ] prahlen [o. angeben]

II . brag <-gg-> [bræg] VERB trans

to brag that … : damit prahlen [o. angeben] , dass …

braggy : angeberisch

braggy: großspurig

brag [brӕg]– past tense, past participle bragged –
♦ verb
to boast.
لاف زدن؛ بالیدن

verb - brag
لاف زدن: brag, boast, yelp, gammon, brave, hector
با تکبر راه رفتن: brag, swagger, prance
بالیدن: flaunt, glory, grow, pride, boast, preen
باد کردن: perk, inflate, bloat, distend, fluff, heave
رجز خواندن: brag, boast
قپی کردن: boast, brag

say in a boastful manner.
“I found them,” she bragged
synonyms: boast , crow , swagger , swank , bluster , gloat , show off , blow one’s own horn , sing one’s own praises , talk big , bloviate , lay it on thick

Question 23

Intentional

Answer 23

intentional: absichtlich

intentional: vorsätzlich

sorry, it wasn’t intentional: tut mir leid, das war keine Absicht

adjective - intentional
عمدی: deliberate, intentional, purposeful, premeditated, aforethought, designed
قصدی: intentional, prepense, witting

adj.

● عمدی،خودخواسته،آهنگانه،دستی،دانسته،از روی قصد،تعمدی
an intentional insult
توهین عمدی
an intentional mistake
اشتباه دانسته
he intentionally hit his car against our tree
او عمدا ماشین خود را به درخت ما زد.

● وابسته به قصد و منظور،یازشی

Question 24

subside

Answer 24

1. subside (abate):
   subside: nachlassen

subside: sich Akk legen

subside: abklingen

the pain in my foot subsided: der Schmerz in meinem Fuß ließ nach

the fever has subsided: das Fieber ist gesunken

the commotion will soon subside: der Aufruhr wird sich bald legen

the flooding has begun to subside: die Flut geht allmählich zurück

the storm is subsiding: der Sturm flaut ab

the commotion will soon subside: der Aufruhr wird sich bald legen

the flooding has begun to subside: die Flut geht allmählich zurück

subside [səbˈsaid]

♦ verb
1 (of land, streets, buildings etc ) to sink lower: When a building starts to subside, cracks usually appear in the walls.
نشست كردن
2 (of floods) to become lower and withdraw: Gradually the water subsided.
فروكش كردن
3 (of a storm, noise or other disturbance) to become quieter: They stayed anchored in harbour till the wind subsided.
آرام شدن
subsidence [ˈsabsidəns, (American) səbˈsaidəns]

♦ noun
the process of subsiding: The road has had to be closed because of subsidence.
فرونشيني

səbˈsīd]
verb - subside
فروکش کردن: subside, ebb, come down, flow down, alight, descend
واگذاشتن: subside, set up
فرو نشستن: subside, be quenched, abate, founder, be quelled, settle
نشست کردن: extravasate, settle, sink, subside
سست شدن: weaken, flag, grow feeble, grow weak, subside

Question 25

issue

Answer 25

issue (topic) : Thema nt

issue (question): Frage f

issue (dispute): Streitfrage f

issue (affair): Angelegenheit f

issue (problem): Problem nt

she has changed her mind on many issues: sie hat ihre Einstellung in vielen Punkten geändert

they had prepared a report on the issues of management and staff: sie hatten einen Bericht über Management- und Personalfragen vorbereitet

what is the issue?: worum geht es [hier]?

that’s not the issue!: darum geht es doch gar nicht!

what I want isn’t the issue: es geht hier nicht darum, was ich will

the main issue is how/whether …: die zentrale Frage ist, wie/ob …

familiy issues: Familienangelegenheiten pl

the point at issue: der strittige Punkt

side issue: Nebensache f

don’t worry, that’s just a side issue: keine Sorge, das ist nur nebensächlich

the issue at stake: der springende Punkt

a burning issue: eine brennende Frage

ethical issue: ethische Frage

the real issues: die Kernprobleme pl

to address an issue: ein Thema ansprechen

to avoid the issue: [dem Thema] ausweichen

to [not] be at [or an] issue: [nicht] zur Debatte stehen

to confuse an issue: etwas durcheinanderbringen

to make an issue of sth: etw aufbauschen

to make an issue of sth: um etw Akk Aufsehen machen

to raise an issue : eine Frage aufwerfen

to take issue with sb [over sth] form: sich Akk mit jdm auf eine Diskussion [über etw Akk ] einlassen

at issue: strittig

issue [ˈiʃuː]

♦ verb

1 to give or send out, or to distribute, especially officially:
The police issued a description of the criminal; Rifles were issued to the troops.
بیرون دادن؛ پخش کردن
2 to flow or come out (from something): A strange noise issued from the room.
درآمدن؛ بیرون آمدن

♦ noun

1 the act of issuing or process of being issued:

Stamp collectors like to buy new stamps on the day of issue.
توزیع؛ انتشار

2 one number in the series of a newspaper, magazine etc :

Have you seen the latest issue of that magazine?
چاپ

3 a subject for discussion and argument:

The question of pay is not an important issue at the moment.
موضوع

• Sorry, I know you’ve been sidetracked for the issue many times, but I have a question.
ببخشید می دونم زیاد حواست رو پرت کردم ولی یک سوال دارم.

• This is not an emergency issue.
این مسئله اورژانس نیست.

/ish´ōō, is´yōō/
n., vt., vi.

● برون ریزی،در روی،خروج،برون رفت،برونش
the issue of water from a broken pipe
برون ریزی آب از لوله‌ی شکسته
the entrance and issue of customers
ورود و خروج مشتریان

● راه خروج،خروجی،برونریز،در رو،دهانه،مخرج،برونگاه،برونجای
the sewage’s place of issue
برونگاه فاضلاب
a dark cavern that had no issue
دخمه‌ی تاریکی که راه خروج نداشت

● نتیجه،پیامد،عاقبت،پایان،برایند
we hope this project will have a successful issue
امیدواریم این طرح عاقبت موفقیت‌آمیزی داشته باشد.
no chance at all of a prosperous issue
هیچگونه امکان پایان همراه با کامیابی

● درآمد (از ملک یا مالیات یا جریمه)،دریافتی(ها)،مداخل،(به صورت مداخل) حاصل شدن،به دست آمدن،تعلق گرفتن به،ارزیافت،عواید،عاید شدن
rents, profits and issues
اجاره،سود و دریافتی‌ها
profits issuing out of the sale of stocks
سودی که از فروش سهام عاید می‌شود

● (موضوع یا سوال و غیره) مورد بحث،مطلب،قضیه،مسئله،موضوع،باره،جستار،سخن مایه،درونمایه
the issue of new taxes caused a lot of strife
موضوع مالیات‌های جدید موجب کشمکش‌های زیادی شد.
the burning issue of the day
مسئله‌ی حاد روز
● برون فرستی،صدور،توزیع،نشر،انتشار،پخش،روانش،فرستش،پراکنش،پخشش
an issue of smoke from a chimney
خروج دود از دودکش
hallucinations and other issues of a diseased mind
توهمات و سایر تراوشات مغز بیمار

● (آنچه که در هر وهله منتشر شود) چاپ،شماره،سری
the issue of the second printing of this book
انتشار دومین چاپ این کتاب
the latest issue of this magazine
آخرین شماره‌ی این مجله
a new issue of government bonds
صدور جدید اوراق قرضه‌ی دولتی

● (پزشکی - بیرونریزی یا آمدن خون یا چرک و غیره،بریدگی یا شکاف برای خارج سازی چرک و غیره) ریزش،خون‌ریزش،(جای) نیشتر
she suffered from an issue of blood
او از خونریزی رنج می‌برد.

● بیرون آمدن (یا ریختن یا تراویدن و غیره)،جریان یافتن،درآمدن
from the dining room issued the sound of a trumpet
صدای شیپور از اتاق نهارخوری به گوش می‌رسید.
enmities issuing from fear
دشمنی‌های ناشی از ترس

● زاده شدن،(از نژاد یا خانواده و غیره‌ی بخصوصی) تبار داشتن،(حقوق) اولاد،بازماندگان
he died without issue
او بدون اولاد مرد.
children issuing from this marriage
فرزندان حاصل از این ازدواج

● (با: from) منتج شدن از،پیامد (چیزی) بودن،ناشی شدن،منشا گرفتن،بن گرفتن از
deeds issuing from such thoughts
اعمالی که از این اندیشه‌ها ناشی می‌شود
smoke issuing from the window
دودی که از پنجره بیرون می‌رفت

● (معمولا با: in) به نتیجه رسیدن،سرزدن
actions issuing in dire results
اعمالی که به نتایج بدی می‌رسد

● چاپ کردن یا شدن،منتشر کردن یا شدن،نشر کردن یا شدن،پراکندن،پخشیدن
a flood of paper money has been issued
سیلی از اسکناس چاپ شده است.
to issue commemorative stamps
تمبر یاد بود منتشر کردن
they have issued many books
آنان کتاب‌های زیادی منتشر کرده‌اند.

● توزیع کردن،(جیره و سهمیه و غیره) دادن،بیرون دادن
they issued each soldier’s ration promptly
جیره‌ی هر یک از سربازان را بی‌معطلی دادند.
issuing an order
صدور حکم (دستور)
he issued a decree
او حکمی صادر کرد.
a volcano issuing smoke and fire
آتشفشانی در حال پخش دود و آتش
issuing rifles and rations
دادن تفنگ و جیره
* at issue (or in issue)
مورد بحث،هنوز حل و فصل نشده،مورد اختلاف
the questions at issue are frontiers and trade
موضوعات مورد بحث عبارتند از: سرحدات و بازرگانی.
* bring to an issue
به مرحله‌ی حل و فصل رساندن،به مرحله‌ی تصمیم گیری رساندن
* issue forth
(ادبی) بیرون رفتن یا آمدن،برون شدن
* join issue
جر و بحث کردن،وارد مشاجره یا کشمکش شدن
* make an issue of
مورد بحث و بررسی قرار دادن
he made an issue of my divorce
او طلاق مرا مورد بحث و بررسی قرار داد.
* put to the issue
مورد آزمایش قرار دادن،در محک تجربه سنجیدن
* take issue (with)
مخالفت کردن با،موافق نبودن،قبول نداشتن
I take issue with your conclusions
برداشت‌های شما را نمی‌پذیرم.

Question 26

delegate

Ger: delegieren

Answer 26

to send a delegate: einen Delegierten/eine Delegierte entsenden

to delegate sb: jdn als Vertreter/Vertreterin [aus]wählen

to delegate sb to do sth : jdn dazu bestimmen, etw zu tun

he was delegated to meet new arrivals: man wählte ihn zur Begrüßung der Neuankömmlinge aus

delegate (assign task):

to delegate sth to sb power, authority, responsibility : etw auf jdn übertragen

delegate [ˈdeləgeit]

♦ verb
to give (a piece of work, power etc ) to someone else: He delegates a great deal of work to his assistant.
سپردن؛ اختیار دادن

[-gət, (American) -geit]noun
an elected representative (to a conference, Parliament, committee etc ): The delegates met in the conference room.
نماینده

ˌdeleˈgation
♦ noun
a body of delegates.
هیئت نمایندگی؛ گروه نمایندگان

● نماینده
one of the delegates to the nineth world conference on health
یکی از نمایندگان نهمین همایش بهداشت جهانی
● (سابقا) نماینده‌ی سرزمین‌های امریکا که هنوز به صورت ایالت درنیامده بودند
● نماینده کردن،به نمایندگی گزیدن
the union will delegate three people to the annual congress
اتحادیه سه نفر را برای شرکت در کنگره‌ی سالیانه به نمایندگی گسیل خواهد داشت.
● وکالت دادن به،نمایندگی دادن به،(حق یا مسئولیت و غیره) سپردن،اختیار دادن،سپاردن
he delegated his authority to his assistant
او اختیارات خود را به معاونش تفویض کرد.
he is delegated to hire or fire whomever he wishes
او اختیار دارد هرکس را بخواهد استخدام یا اخراج کند.

noun
1 a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference.
First, about 27 districts sent two delegates (double representation) to this congress.

synonyms: representative , envoy , emissary , commissioner , agent , deputy , commissary , spokesperson , spokesman , spokeswoman , ambassador , plenipotentiary
verb

1 entrust (a task or responsibility) to another person, typically one who is less senior than oneself.
he delegates routine tasks

synonyms: assign , entrust , pass on , hand on/over , turn over , devolve , depute , transfer

Question 27

consistent/ inconsistent

Ger : Konsequent/ inkonsequent

Answer 27

consistent (compatible):

to be consistent with sth: mit etw Dat vereinbar sein

to be consistent with sth (in correspondence): mit etw Dat übereinstimmen

to be consistent with sth (in correspondence): etw Dat entsprechen

consistent (steady) : beständig

Consistent way of doing sth: gleich bleibend

consistent improvement : stetig

consistent improvement: ständig

consistent (in uniform manner): einheitlich

3. consistent (logical):

consistent: folgerichtig

a consistent explanation: eine logische Erklärung

consistent (in agreement with principles, aims) :schlüssig

consistent (logical) : widerspruchsfrei

consistent (coherent) : stimmig

consistent [kənˈsistənt]
♦ adjective
1 (often with with ) in agreement (with): The two statements are not consistent; The second statement is not consistent with the first.
سازگار؛ جور
2 always (acting, thinking or happening) according to the same rules or principles; the same or regular: He was consistent in his attitude; a consistent style of writing.
ثابت؛ بدون تغییر

conˈsistency2
♦ noun
the consistency of his work.
انسجام؛ استحکام

conˈsistently
♦ adverb
His work is consistently good.
دائماً؛ بطور مداوم

adj.

● همساز،سازگار،بی‌تناقض،دارای ثبات رای،پیگر،جور،متداوم،یکجور
his deeds were not consistent with his words
کردار او با گفتارش جور در نمی‌آمد (تناقض داشت).
a consistent style in painting
سبک نقاشی عاری از بی‌قاعدگی یا تناقض
● استوار،محکم
● با هندام،یکپارچه،یکدست
● (نادر) منسجم،به هم چسبیده،سفت و قلمبه
consistent soil
خاک سفت و به هم چسبیده،کلوخ

adjective
1 (of a person, behavior, or process) unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time.
manufacturing processes require a consistent approach
synonyms: constant , regular , uniform , steady , stable , even , unchanging , undeviating , unfluctuating , dependable , reliable , predictable

inconsistent: widersprüchlich

inconsistent: inkonsequent

her argument is very inconsistent: ihre Argumentation ist völlig widersprüchlich

to be inconsistent with sth: im Widerspruch zu etw Dat stehen

inconsistent (unsteady):

inconsistent : unbeständig

inconsistent : unstet

inconsistent [inkənˈsistənt]

♦ adjective
1 (often with with ) contradictory in some way; not in agreement: What you’re saying today is quite inconsistent with the statement you made yesterday.
ناسازگار؛ مغایر
2 changeable, eg in standard: His work is inconsistent.
متغییر؛ دمدمی

ˌinconˈsistency
♦ noun
(plural inconˈsistencies ).
تناقض؛ تضاد

adj.

● ناسازگار،ناهمساز،ناهماهنگ،ناهمجور
acts which were inconsistent with his promises
اعمالی که با قول‌های او ناسازگار بود
inconsistent with truth
ناسازگار با واقعیت

● (دارای جزئیات متناقض) ناهندام
the accused man’s inconsistent statements
اظهارات ضد و نقیض متهم

● (از عقیده و ایمان) متلون،دمدمی

Question 28

deed

Ger: Tat

Answer 28

1. deed (action):

deed: Tat f

to do an evil deed : eine Untat begehen

to do the dirty deeds for sb : für jdn die Drecksarbeit machen

in word and deed : mit Wort und Tat

to do a good deed: eine gute Tat vollbringen

2. deed usu pl JUR:

deed: Urkunde f

deed: Dokument nt

title deeds: Grundeigentumsurkunde f

title deeds ≈ Grundbucheintrag m

Deed [diːd]
♦ noun
something done; an act: a good deed.
عمل؛ کردار

noun - deed
سند: document, instrument, deed, evidence, title deed, script
عمل: action, practice, act, operation, function, doing
کردار: deed, action, act, karma, issue, exploit
کار: work, job, labor, task, function, thing
فعل: verb, act, action, deed, work
verb - deed
باقباله واگذار کردن: deed

noun

1 an action that is performed intentionally or consciously.
doing good deeds

synonyms: act , action , feat , exploit , achievement , accomplishment , endeavor , undertaking , enterprise

2 a legal document that is signed and delivered, especially one regarding the ownership of property or legal rights.
Minors can’t sign deeds or other legal documents, and they aren’t allowed to receive money once the property is sold.

synonyms: legal document , contract , indenture , instrument
verb
1 convey or transfer (property or rights) by legal deed.
they deeded their property to their children

Question 29

Particular

Answer 29

particular attr (individual):

particular : bestimmt

a particular instance : ein bestimmter Moment

2. particular attr (special):

particular: besondere(r, s)

Particular : speziell

to be of particular concern to sb: jdn besonders interessieren

no particular reason: kein bestimmter Grund

3. particular präd:

particular (fussy): eigen

particular (demanding) about: anspruchsvoll hinsichtlich +Gen

to be particular about one’s appearance: sehr auf sein Äußeres achten

1. particular (detail):
   particular: Einzelheit f

particular: Detail nt

in every particular :bis ins Detail

in particular: insbesondere

nothing in particular: nichts Besonderes

the particular: das Besondere

on this particular occasion: dieses eine Mal

no particular reason: kein bestimmter Grund

in every particular: bis ins Detail

nothing in particular: nichts Besonderes

a particular instance : ein bestimmter Moment

to take down sb’s particular: jds Personalien aufnehmen

with particular reference to sth: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung einer S. Gen

for no obvious/particular reason: aus keinem ersichtlichen/besonderen Grund

the use of force/a particular method: die Anwendung von Gewalt/einer bestimmten Methode

to be of particular concern to sb: jdn besonders interessieren

Particular [pəˈtikjulə]
♦ adjective
1 of a single definite person, thing etc thought of separately from all others: this particular man/problem.
خاص
2 more than ordinary: Please take particular care of this letter.
ویژه
3 difficult to please: He is very particular about his food.
سختگیر

parˈticularly
♦ adverb
more than usually: He was particularly pleased to see his brother.
بطور فوق العاده

parˈticulars
♦ noun plural
facts or details: You must give them all the particulars about the accident.
مشخصات؛ ویژگی ها
in particular
more than others: I liked this book in particular.
بخصوص

• I don’t adhere to any particular political tendency.
من از هیچ گونه گرایش سیاسی خاص تبعیت نمی کنم.

adj., n.

● ویژه،مختص،خاص،اخص،بخصوص (در برابر: اعم یا کلی general)
claims of France or any other particular state
ادعاهای فرانسه یا هرکشور بخصوص دیگر
I don’t mean any particular book
منظورم کتاب بخصوصی نیست.
a particular problem
مسئله‌ای ویژه
my very particular friend
دوست بسیار ویژه‌ی من
this subject is of particular importance
این موضوع از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است.
is there a particular reason why they haven’t invited me?
آیا دلیل خاصی وجود دارد که مرا دعوت نکرده‌اند؟
this particular case is exceptional
این قضیه‌ی بخصوص استثنایی است.

● دقیق،جز به جز
a particular account of the day’s events
شرح جز به جز رویدادهای آن روز

● (قدیمی) خصوصی،شخصی،فردی
these domestic and particular broils
(شکسپیر) این محاربات خانوادگی و خصوصی

● دیر پسند،سختگیر،پایبند
I am not particular about formalities
من پابند تشریفات نیستم.
he is very particular about food
او در مورد خوراک خیلی دیر پسند است.
she is not particular about punctuality
او در مورد وقت‌شناسی سختگیر نیست.
● (منطق) گزاره‌ی جزئی

● تک،جداگانه،منفرد
he counted each particular grain of wheat
او دانه‌های گندم را تک‌تک شمرد.
* in particular
بخصوص،علی‌الخصوص،به ویژه،مخصوصا
I want to thank all of you, in particular Iraj and Naheed
می‌خواهم از همه‌ی شما سپاسگزاری کنم به ویژه از ایرج و ناهید
in particular, the expatriates…
علی الخصوص غریبان خاک …

adjective

1 used to single out an individual member of a specified group or class.
the action seems to discriminate against a particular group of companies
synonyms: specific , certain , distinct , separate , discrete , definite , precise , single , individual

2 especially great or intense.
when handling or checking cash the cashier should exercise particular care
synonyms: (extra) special , especial , exceptional , unusual , singular , uncommon , notable , noteworthy , remarkable , unique , peculiar

3 insisting that something should be correct or suitable in every detail; fastidious.
she is very particular about cleanliness
synonyms: fussy , fastidious , finicky , meticulous , punctilious , discriminating , selective , painstaking , exacting , demanding , persnickety , choosy , picky
noun

1 an individual item, as contrasted with a universal quality.
In Chapter 19, I examine various accounts of the first of these distinctions and raise the question of whether we really need to include both universals and particulars in our ontology.

2 a detail.
he is wrong in every particular
synonyms: detail , item , point , specific , element , aspect , respect , regard , particularity , fact , feature

Question 30

Obvious

Answer 30

obvious [ˈobviəs]
♦ adjective
easily seen or understood; evident: It was obvious that she was ill; an obvious improvement.
واضح؛ بدیهی

ˈobviously
♦ adverb
it is clear (that something is the case): Obviously, I’ll need some help.
بدیهی است که؛ بطور واضح

adj.
● آشکار،واضح،هویدا،روشن،بدیهی،مشهود،گویا
his yawning made it obvious that he was not interested
دهان دره‌ی او آشکار کرد که علاقمند نیست.
his jealousy was obvious
حسادت او آشکار بود.
she is obviously tired
او به طور آشکاری خسته است.

● (مهجور) سد معبر،جلو راه،مزاحم

Question 31

Strip

Ger: streichen

Answer 31

coastal strip: Küstenstreifen m

Gaza Strip: Gaza-Streifen m

thin strip: schmaler Streifen

magnetic strip : Magnetstreifen m

to strip a tree: einen Baum entrinden

narrow strip of land: schmales Stück Land

to strip a bed: die Bettlaken [o. ein Bett] abziehen

to strip sth bare: etw kahl fressen

to strip a wire: ein Kabel abisolieren

to strip naked: sich Akk nackt ausziehen

strip of metal: Metallstreifen m

strip of cloth: Stoffstreifen m

to strip out ⇆ a room: ein Zimmer ausräumen [o. leer räumen]

to strip off the paint: die Farbe abbeizen

to strip off the bark: die Rinde abschälen [o. abziehen]

to strip away the paint: die Farbe abbeizen

to strip away the wallpaper: die Tapete abziehen

to strip to the skin: sich Akk nackt ausziehen

to undergo a strip-search: sich Akk zu einer Durchsuchung ausziehen müssen

strip [strip]– past tense, past participle stripped –
♦ verb
1 to remove the covering from something: He stripped the old varnish off the wall; He stripped the branch (of its bark) with his knife.
كندن
2 to undress: She stripped the child (naked) and put him in the bath; He stripped and dived into the water; They were told to strip to the waist.
درآوردن
3 to remove the contents of (a house etc ): The house/room was stripped bare / stripped of its furnishings; They stripped the house of all its furnishings.
تهي كردن
4 to deprive (a person) of something: The officer was stripped of his rank for misconduct.
محروم كردن

♦ noun
1 a long narrow piece of (eg cloth, ground etc ): a strip of paper.
رشته
2 a strip cartoon.
باريكه
3 a footballer’s shirt, shorts, socks etc : The team has a red and white strip.
لباس ورزشي
strip cartoon
a row of drawings, eg in a newspaper or comic paper, telling a story.
داستان فكاهي مصور
ˈstrip-lighting
♦ noun
lighting by long tubes rather than bulbs.
نور مهتابي يا آفتابي
ˌstrip-ˈtease
♦ noun
the act, by a woman, of removing her clothes one by one as a theatrical entertainment.
استريپ تيز

♦ adjective
a strip-tease show.
نمايش استريپ تيز
strip off
to remove clothes or a covering from a thing or person: He stripped (his clothes) off and had a shower; The doctor stripped his bandage off.
در آوردن لباس

noun

1 an act of undressing, especially in a striptease.
she got drunk and did a strip on top of the piano

2 a long, narrow piece of cloth, paper, plastic, or some other material.
a strip of linen
synonyms: (narrow) piece , bit , band , belt , ribbon , slip , shred

3 a Comic strip.
Steve also brings us our weekly strip cartoon Back Yard, which you can read on Page 20.

verb

1 remove all coverings from.
they stripped the bed

2 leave bare of accessories or fittings.
thieves stripped the room of luggage
synonyms: empty , clear , clean out , plunder , rob , burgle , burglarize , loot , pillage , ransack , despoil , sack

3 deprive someone of (rank, power, or property).
the lieutenant was stripped of his rank
synonyms: take away from someone , dispossess someone of , deprive someone of , confiscate , divest someone of , relieve someone of

4 sell off (the assets of a company) for profit.
One is that the CEOs in question will be powerful enough to strip assets from their companies for their own gain - and get away with it.

5 tear the thread or teeth from (a screw, gearwheel, etc.).
Getting the screw out can strip the bushing threads in the frame.

6 (of a bullet) be fired from a rifled gun without spin owing to a loss of surface.

Question 32

deprive

Ger: berauben/ entziehen

Answer 32

to deprive sb of sth: jdm etw entziehen [o. vorenthalten]

to deprive sb of his/her dignity: jdn seiner Würde
berauben geh

to deprive sb of freedom: jdn der Freiheit berauben geh

to deprive sb of sleep: jdm den Schlaf entziehen

to deprive sb of freedom: jdn der Freiheit berauben geh

to deprive sb of sleep: jdm den Schlaf entziehen

to deprive sb of his/her dignity: jdn seiner Würde berauben geh

deprive [diˈpraiv]
♦ verb
(with of ) to take something away from: They deprived him of food and drink.
محروم کردن؛ سلب کردن

deprivation [depriˈveiʃən]
♦ noun
1 (a condition of) loss, hardship etc .
فقدان؛ از دست رفتگی
2 (an) act of depriving.
محرومیت؛ بی بهره سازی

deˈprived
♦ adjective
suffering from hardship etc , under-privileged: deprived areas of the city.
محروم؛ فقیر

vt.
● محروم کردن،به زور گرفتن،بی‌نصیب کردن،بی‌بهره کردن،ناکام کردن،سلب کردن
to deprive someone of his property
کسی را از ملک خود محروم کردن
he was deprived of his civil rights
حقوق مدنی او را سلب کرده بودند.
I was deprived of my friend’s companionship
از مصاحبت دوست خود محروم شدم.
● (از شغل به ویژه مشاغل روحانی) برکنار کردن

verb
1 deny (a person or place) the possession or use of something.
the city was deprived of its water supplies
synonyms: dispossess of , strip of , divest of , relieve of , deny , rob of , cheat out of , do out of

Question 33

anxiety

anxious.

Ger: Angst/ beängstigt sein/ erschrocken sein

Answer 33

anxious: besorgt

she always gets anxious if we don’t arrive when we say we will: sie macht sich immer Sorgen, wenn wir nicht zur angegebenen Zeit zurückkommen

anxious look: besorgter Blick

anxious look (more serious): sorgenvoller Blick

to be anxious about sth: sich Dat um etw Akk Sorgen machen

to be anxious about sth: um etw Akk besorgt sein

to be anxious about sth (more serious): um etw Akk Angst haben

2. anxious (eager):

anxious: bestrebt

I’m anxious that we get there on time: ich hoffe [sehr], dass wir rechtzeitig dort ankommen

to be anxious to do sth: [eifrig] darauf bedacht sein, etw zu tun

to be anxious for sth: ungeduldig auf etw Akk warten

● نگرانی،دلواپسی،اضطراب،تشویش
Pari’s anxiety about the examinations
نگرانی پری درباره‌ی امتحانات
signs of anxiety appeared on the mother’s face
نشانه‌های دلواپسی در صورت مادر هویدا شد.
● سرآسیمگی،تلواسه،تاسه (احساس بیم و نگرانی شدید همراه با لرزه و عرق‌ریزی)،آسیمگی،تاسگی،دلهره،دلشوره
acute anxiety
آسیمگی حاد
to have anxiety
دلهره داشتن
● مایه‌ی نگرانی
her only anxiety is the health of her baby
یگانه (مایه‌ی) نگرانی او عبارت است از سلامتی نوزادش.
● اشتیاق (توام با نگرانی)
we are anxiously awaiting your response
با اشتیاق آمیخته با نگرانی در انتظار پاسخ شما هستیم.

anxious [ˈӕŋkʃəs]

♦ adjective
1 worried about what may happen or have happened:

She is anxious about her father’s health.
نگران؛ دلواپس

2 causing worry, fear or uncertainty:

an anxious moment.
نگران کننده

3 wanting very much (to do etc something):

He’s very anxious to please.
مشتاق؛ مایل

ˈanxiously
♦ adverb
.
با نگرانی

anxiety [aŋˈzaiəti]
♦ noun
His health is a great anxiety to me; filled with anxiety about her child’s health.
نگرانی؛ دلواپسی

She was anxious about her job.
او نگران شغل خود بود.
• I am anxious about the results of the examination.
خیلی دوست دارم نتیجه امتحان رو بدونم.
• We are anxious for their safety.
ما برای امنیت آنها نگرانیم.
• We are anxious for world peace.
ما به شدت خواهان صلح جهانی هستیم.

aŋk´shǝs/
adj.

● نگران،دلواپس،تاسه،تلواس،مضطرب،مشوش،آسیمه،سرآسیمه
Ali was anxious about the health of his son
علی نگران سلامتی پسرش بود.
if you don’t call your mother, she will become anxious
اگر به مادرت تلفن نکنی دلواپس خواهد شد.
the symptoms of that ailment are irritation, anxiousness, and restlessness
علائم آن بیماری زودرنجی،اضطراب و بی‌قراری است.

● نگران کننده،دلواپس کننده،آسیمگر،تشویش انگیز
she spent an anxious night by the sick child
او شب پر اضطرابی را کنار کودک بیمار گذراند.

● مشتاق،خواهان،مایل
I was very anxious to see the beauty queen
بسیار مشتاق دیدار ملکه‌ی زیبایی بودم.

Question 34

Scratch

Answer 34

1. scratch (cut on skin):

scratch: Kratzer m

scratch: Schramme f

to be covered in scratches: völlig zerkratzt [o. verschrammt] sein

3. scratch no pl (to relieve itching):

scratch: Kratzen nt

to have [or give oneself] a scratch : sich Akk kratzen

4. scratch no pl (acceptable standard):

to not be up to scratch: zu wünschen übrig lassen

to bring sth/sb up to scratch: etw/jdn auf Vordermann [o. sl Zack] bringen ugs

to come up to scratch: den Anforderungen
entsprechen

to come up to scratch: nichts zu wünschen übrig lassen

5. scratch (beginning state):

to learn sth from scratch: etw von Grund auf lernen

to start [sth] from scratch: [mit etw Dat ] bei null anfangen

to start [sth] from scratch: ganz von vorne anfangen

II . scratch [skrætʃ] ADJ attr, inv
1. scratch (hastily got together):

scratch: improvisiert

a scratch team: eine zusammengewürfelte Mannschaft

2. scratch (without handicap):

scratch: ohne Vorgabe nach Subst

4. scratch (exclude from competition):

to scratch sb from a list: jdn aus einer [Starter]liste streichen

to scratch a horse from a race: ein Pferd aus dem Rennen nehmen

to scratch sb from a team [or side]: jdn aus der Mannschaft nehmen

5. scratch (erase, remove):

to scratch sth: etw streichen

you can scratch that idea: diese Idee kannst du vergessen

to scratch sb’s name off a list: jdn Namen aus einer Liste streichen

6. scratch Am ugs (cancel):

to scratch sth: etw aufgeben [o. ugs abblasen]

7. scratch (write hastily):

to scratch sth: etw [hin]kritzeln

to scratch sth on sth: etw auf etw Akk kritzeln

Wendungen:

you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours: eine Hand wäscht die andere Sprichw

scratch a … and you’ll find a … [underneath]: in jedem/jeder … steckt ein/eine …

scratch a … and you’ll find a … [underneath]: hinter jedem/jeder … verbirgt sich ein/eine …

scratch a rabid nationalist and you’re likely to find a racist underneath: in jedem fanatischen Nationalisten steckt mit ziemlicher Sicherheit ein Rassist

Beispiele aus dem PONS Wörterbuch (redaktionell geprüft)

to scratch one’s arm: sich Akk am Arm kratzen

to scratch one’s head: sich Akk am Kopf kratzen

a scratch team: eine zusammengewürfelte Mannschaft

to learn sth from scratch: etw von Grund auf lernen

you can scratch that idea: diese Idee kannst du vergessen

to come up to scratch: den Anforderungen entsprechen

to start [sth] from scratch: [mit etw Dat ] bei null anfangen

to scratch sb’s eyes out: jdm die Augen auskratzen ugs

to scratch out a line: eine Zeile durchstreichen

to scratch out a word: ein Wort ausstreichen [o. CH wegstreichen]

you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours: eine Hand wäscht die andere Sprichw

to not be up to scratch: zu wünschen übrig lassen

to scratch sb from a list: jdn aus einer [Starter]liste streichen

to bring sth/sb up to scratch: etw/jdn auf Vordermann [o. sl Zack] bringen ugs

to have [or give oneself] a scratch: sich Akk kratzen

to scratch about [or around] for sth: nach etw Dat suchen ugs

scratch [skrӕtʃ]
♦ verb
1 to mark or hurt by drawing a sharp point across: The cat scratched my hand; How did you scratch your leg?; I scratched myself on a rose bush.
حراشيدن؛چنگ زدن
2 to rub to relieve itching: You should try not to scratch insect bites.
خاراندن
3 to make by scratching: He scratched his name on the rock with a sharp stone.
خراشيدن
4 to remove by scratching: She threatened to scratch his eyes out.
زدودن
5 to withdraw from a game, race etc : That horse has been scratched.
حذف كردن

♦ noun
1 a mark, injury or sound made by scratching: covered in scratches; a scratch at the door.
خراشيدگي
2 a slight wound: I hurt myself, but it’s only a scratch.
خراش
3 in certain races or competitions, the starting point for people with no handicap or advantage.
از ابتداي كار

ˈscratchy
♦ adjective
.
خط حطي

ˈscratchiness
♦ noun
.
خط افتادگي

scratch the surface
to deal too slightly with a subject: We started to discuss the matter, but only had time to scratch the surface.
به مقدمات مطلبي پرداختن

start from scratch
to start (an activity etc ) from nothing, from the very beginning, or without preparation: He now has a very successful business but he started from scratch.
از صفر

up to scratch
at or to the required or satisfactory standard: Your work does not come up to scratch.
پول بخور و نميري در آوردن

vt., vi., n., adj.

● (با آلت تیز یا زبر) خراشاندن،خراشیدن،(گربه و غیره) چنگ زدن،خراش انداختن،خط انداختن،شخاییدن،پنجول زدن،پنجه کشیدن
a cat that scratches
گربه‌ای که چنگ می‌زند
the dog was scratching the door
سگ داشت در را با پنجه می‌خراشید.
he scratched the table with a knife
میز را با چاقو خراش انداخت.
don’t go close to the rose bush, you’ll scratch yourself
نزدیک بته‌ی گل نرو،خراشیده خواهی شد.
a scratched record
صفحه‌ی (گرامافون) خط افتاده

● (با چاقو و غیره) کندن
with a nail he scratched his name on a tree
نام خودش را با میخ بر درخت کند.

● خاراندن،خارش دادن
she asked her mother to scratch her back
از مادرش خواهش کرد که پشت او را بخاراند.
he scratched his sore so much that it bled
آنقدر زخمش را خاراند که خون آمد.

● (در اثر مالش) آزرده کردن،خراشیده کردن (chafe هم می‌گویند)

● (با صدا) مالیدن،کشیدن
to scratch a match on a wall
کبریت را به دیوار کشیدن

● (با شتاب یا بی‌دقتی) نوشتن،رسم کردن،نیش قلم،نوشته‌ی ناخوانا

● (نوشته را) پاک کردن،حذف کردن،باطل کردن
his name was scratched from the list
نام او از فهرست حذف شد.

● (با اشکال) گرداوری کردن،فراهم کردن،گذران کردن (scrape هم می‌گویند)
● (به ویژه اسبدوانی) در مسابقه شرکت ندادن یا نکردن
● (با پنجه یا چنگال یا ناخن) کاویدن
● (با خراشاندن) صدا ایجاد کردن،خش‌خش کردن،خش‌خش
● (بیلیارد و غیره) اسکراچ کردن

● خراشیدگی،پوست رفتگی،زخم،خراش
scratch marks on the child’s knees
نشانه‌های خراشیدگی بر زانوهای بچه

● خط افتادگی،شخال
the record is full of scratches
(گرامافون) صفحه پر از خط افتادگی است.

● (مسابقه) خط شروع
● (امریکا - خودمانی) پول
● چرکنویس،پیش‌نویس،سوده،یادداشت
scratch paper
کاغذ چرکنویس

● (بدون آمادگی یا با شتاب) گردآوری شده،جور شده
a scratch football team
تیم فوتبال با عجله تشکیل شده
* escape without a scratch
اصلا صدمه نخوردن،بی‌آسیب جان به در بردن
* from scratch
1- از آغاز،از اول 2- از هیچ،بدون پول یا منابع
* scratch about (for something)
(با کاویدن و غیره) دنبال چیزی گشتن
* scratch one’s head
از شدت تعجب یا گیجی یا ندانم‌کاری سر خود را خاراندن
* scratch (something) away (or off)
(با ساییدن) زدودن
to scratch the rust off the pipe
لوله را ساییدن و زنگ زدگی آن را زدودن
* scratch something out of something
(با مداد پاک کن یا خراشاندن) حذف کردن،پاک کردن،زدن
his name was scratched out of the list
اسم او را از فهرست حذف کرده بودند.
* scratch something up
کاویدن و درآوردن
the dog scratched the bone up
سگ کاوید و استخوان را درآورد.
* scratch the surface
به طور سطحی انجام دادن
* up to scratch
1- آماده‌ی آغاز کردن 2- در حد مورد قبول
* you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours
اگر تو به من کمک کنی من هم به تو کمک خواهم کرد

Question 35

sophomore

Answer 35

[ˈsäf(ə)ˌmôr]
noun - sophomore
دانشجوی سال دوم: sophomore

/säf´ǝ môr´/
n., adj.
● (دانشگاه) دانشجوی سال دوم،سال دومی
● (آمریکا - دبیرستان) دانش‌آموز کلاس دهم،کلاس دهمی
● (برخی پیشه‌ها یا کارها) سال دومی،کسی که سال دوم کاری را می‌گذراند
● وابسته به یا ویژه‌ی سال دومی‌ها

Question 36

provide

Answer 36

I . pro·vide [prə(ʊ)ˈvaɪd, Am prəˈ-] VERB trans

to provide sth
etw zur Verfügung stellen [o. bereitstellen]

we will not be able to provide the same standard of teaching if there are funding cuts
wir werden dieses Unterrichtsniveau nicht aufrechterhalten können, wenn der Etat gekürzt wird

to provide employment
Arbeitsplätze schaffen

to provide evidence/an explanation
Beweise/eine Erklärung liefern

to provide information about sb/sth
Informationen über jdn/etw geben

to provide inspiration
inspirieren

to provide proof
einen Nachweis erbringen

to provide a thrill
für Nervenkitzel sorgen

to provide sb/sth with sth [or sth for sb/sth] (supply)
jdn/etw mit etw Dat versorgen

to provide a household with power
einen Haushalt mit Strom versorgen

to provide sb/sth with sth [or sth for sb/sth] (offer)
jdm/etw etw bieten [o. geben]

II . pro·vide [prə(ʊ)ˈvaɪd, Am prəˈ-] VERB intr

1. provide form (anticipate):

to provide for sth
für etw Akk vorsorgen [o. Vorsorge treffen]

to provide against sth
Vorkehrungen gegen etw Akk treffen

to provide against sth
sich Akk vor etw Dat schützen

2. provide (look after):

to provide for sb/oneself
für jdn/sich selbst sorgen

3. provide form (enable):

to provide for sth
etw ermöglichen

to provide for sth law
etw erlauben

current legislation provides for the detention of suspects
die gegenwärtige Gesetzgebung erlaubt die Inhaftierung von Verdächtigen

to provide a thrill
für Nervenkitzel sorgen

to provide emergency cover
eine Notfallversorgung gewährleisten

to provide some entertainment
für ein wenig Unterhaltung sorgen

freedom to provide services
Dienstleistungsfreiheit f

to provide employment
Arbeitsplätze schaffen

to provide self-help
Selbsthilfe vermitteln

to provide commentary
Bericht erstatten

to provide inspiration
inspirieren

to provide proof
einen Nachweis erbringen

to provide surety
Sicherheit leisten

to provide transportation
ein Beförderungsmittel zur Verfügung stellen

to give [or provide] help
Hilfe leisten

to provide cover for sb
jdn vertreten

to provide documentation for sth
den Nachweis für etw Akk liefern

to provide evidence/an explanation
Beweise/eine Erklärung liefern

to provide/take a specimen
eine Probe abliefern/nehmen

to provide a household with power
einen Haushalt mit Strom versorgen

to provide a backdrop for sth
den Hintergrund für etw Akk liefern

provide [prəˈvaid]
♦ verb
1 to give or supply: He provided the wine for the meal; He provided them with a bed for the night.
تهیه کردن

2 (with for ) to have enough money to supply what is necessary: He is unable to provide for his family.
تامین کردن

proˈvided, *proˈviding
conjuction if; on condition (that): We can buy it provided/providing (that) we have enough money.
به شرط آنکه

/prō vīd´, prǝ-/
vt., vi.

● تهیه کردن،تامین کردن،(روزی) رساندن
he works to provide for his wife and children
او کار می‌کند تا زندگی زن و بچه‌ی خود را تامین کند.
the lord will provide
خدا روزی‌رسان است.
the class is free but you have to provide your own books
کلاس رایگان است ولی باید خودتان کتاب‌ها را تهیه کنید.
the hotel provides transportation to and from the airport
رفت و آمد از فرودگاه به عهده‌ی هتل است.
to provide military aid for our allies
تامین کمک نظامی جهت متحدان ما

● (با: with) در اختیار گذاشتن،در دسترس گذاشتن
passengers will be provided with free food and drink
خوراک و نوشابه‌ی مجانی در اختیار مسافران گذاشته خواهد شد.
we have to provide our farmers with financial aid
بایستی کمک مالی در اختیار کشاورزانمان بگذاریم.

● (با: for یا against) تدارک دیدن،فراهم کردن،آماده کردن،آمادن،پیش آماد کردن
we have to provide for our day of need now
باید هم اکنون برای روز مبادا آماده شویم.
the government is providing against a probable famine
دولت دارد برای مقابله با قحطی احتمالی تدارک می‌بیند.

● (قانون و غیره) تصریح کردن،قید کردن،فرنمود کردن،پیش بینی کردن
the contract provides that the work be finished in five days
در قرارداد قید شده است که کار پنج روزه تمام شود.

Question 37

desperation

Answer 37

1. desperation (hopelessness):

desperation
Verzweiflung f

an act of desperation
eine Verzweiflungstat

to drive sb to desperation
jdn zur Verzweiflung treiben

in desperation
aus Verzweiflung

out of desperation
aus Verzweiflung

2. desperation (state of being desperate):

desperation for
Verlangen nt nach +Dat

in desperation
aus Verzweiflung

an act of desperation
eine Verzweiflungstat

out of desperation
aus Verzweiflung

to drive sb to desperation
jdn zur Verzweiflung treiben

ˌdespəˈrāSHən]
noun - desperation
نومیدی: despair, desperation, disappointment
بیچارگی: misery, desperation, misfortune, calamity
لاعلاجی: desperation
نومیدی زیاد: desperation
خلی: absurdity, desperation, impertinence

n.

● نومیدی،یاس
a deep desperation began to possess him
نومیدی ژرفی بر او مستولی شد.

● ناگریزی،استیصال،ناچاری،درماندگی
he was hungry and stole bread out of desperation
او گرسنه بود و از زور ناچاری نان دزدید.
… in (a time of) distress and desperation
… در پریشان حالی و درماندگی

● وخامت،شدت،حدت

● بی‌پروایی (در اثر یاس)،از جان گذشتگی،قبول خطر
he attacked the bigger boy with the desperation of a cornered cat
با بی‌پروایی گربه‌ای که در بن‌بست گیر کرده باشد به پسر بزرگتر از خودش حمله‌ور شد.

Question 38

gap

Answer 38

gap [gæp] SUBST
1. gap (empty space):
gap
Lücke f

to leave some gaps
etwas Platz [frei]lassen

2. gap übtr:

gap (something missing)
Lücke f übtr

gap (inconsistency)
Ungereimtheit f

credibility gap
mangelnde Glaubwürdigkeit

gap in knowledge
Wissenslücke f

market gap
Marktlücke f

to fill a gap
eine Lücke schließen [o. füllen] übtr

3. gap (in time):

gap
Pause f

gap
Unterbrechung f

4. gap:

gap (difference)
Unterschied m

gap (in attitude)
Kluft f

age gap
Altersunterschied m

generation gap
Generationsunterschied m

to bridge/close the gap
die Kluft überbrücken/überwinden

he must close the gap between his income and his expenditures
er muss die Lücke zwischen seinem Einkommen und seinen Ausgaben schließen

5. gap COMPUT (space between recorded data):

gap
Spalt m

gap
Zwischenraum m

6. gap COMPUT (method):

gap
Funkübertragungssystem nt

electrode gap
Elektrodenabstand m

miscibility gap
Mischungslücke f

communication gap
Informationslücke f

age gap
Altersunterschied m

generation gap
Generationsunterschied m

market gap
Marktlücke f

credibility gap
mangelnde Glaubwürdigkeit

to bridge a gap
eine Kluft überwinden

to fill a gap
eine Lücke schließen [o. füllen] übtr

gap in knowledge
Wissenslücke f

dollar gap/reserves
Dollarlücke f /-reserven pl

gap-toothed grin
schiefes Lächeln

to slip through a gap
durch ein Loch schlüpfen

to bridge/close the gap
die Kluft überbrücken/überwinden

to bridge [or cross] the generation gap
die Kluft zwischen den Generationen überbrücken

look, the gap was about so wide
schau mal, die Lücke war ungefähr so groß

to have a gap in one’s education
eine Bildungslücke haben

there’s a wide gap between … and …
zwischen … und … herrscht eine große Kluft

to close the gap between x and y
die Kluft zwischen x und y überwinden

to fill a gap [or need] in the market
in eine Marktlücke stoßen

gap [gӕp]
♦ noun
a break or open space: a gap between his teeth.
شکاف

gap [gӕp]
♦ noun
a break or open space: a gap between his teeth.
شکاف

gap/
n., vi., vt.
● (در نرده یا دیوار) شکاف،رخنه،بریدگی،سوراخ عبور،دهانه

● (از نظر زمان یا بعد) وقفه،انقطاع،جای خالی،از قلم افتادگی،فاصله
there is a gap between the two words
بین دو لغت جای خالی وجود دارد.
the generation gap
شکاف بین نسل‌ها
a gap appeared in the ranks of the enemy’s army
در صفوف قشون دشمن شکاف پیدا شد.
the gap between his two front teeth
فاصله‌ی میان دو دندان جلو او

● فرق فاحش،تفاوت،کمیابی
the gap between exports and imports
تفاوت (یا عدم توازن) بین صادرات و واردات

● رجوع شود به: spark gap
● (در دیوار یا نرده) سوراخ ایجاد کردن،راه عبور باز کردن،(دیوار را) شکافتن،(از وسط دیوار) نقب زدن
● از هم باز شدن،وا رفتن،گشوده شدن
● (مکانیک) فاصله‌ی پلاتین اتومبیل
● (زمین شناسی) تنگ

Question 39

disgust

Answer 39

I . dis·gust [dɪsˈgʌst] SUBST no pl
1. disgust (revulsion):

disgust
Abscheu m

disgust
Ekel m

to be filled with disgust at sth
von etw Dat angewidert sein

sth fills sb with disgust
etw ekelt jdn an

to step back in disgust [from sth]
angeekelt [o. angewidert] [von etw Dat ] zurückweichen

to turn away [from sth] in disgust
sich Akk angeekelt [o. angewidert] [von etw Dat ] abwenden

2. disgust (indignation):

disgust
Empörung f

disgust at
Entrüstung f über +Akk

[much] to sb’s disgust
[sehr] zu jds Entrüstung

to express one’s disgust [at sth]
seine Entrüstung [o. Empörung] [über etw Akk ] zum Ausdruck bringen

to hide one’s disgust at sth
seine Empörung über etw Akk verbergen

in disgust
entrüstet

in disgust
empört

to do sth in disgust
etw tun aus Empörung darüber, dass …

disgust [disˈgast]
♦ verb
to cause feelings of dislike or sickness in: The smell of that soup disgusts me; She was disgusted by your behaviour.
بیزار کردن؛ مشمئز کردن

♦ noun
the state or feeling of being disgusted: She left the room in disgust.
انزجار؛ بیزاری

disˈgusting
♦ adjective
What a disgusting smell!; Her house is in a disgusting mess.
بیزار کننده؛ تنفر انگیز

disˈgustingly
♦ adverb
.
بطور مشمئز کننده

/dis gust´/
n., vt., vi.

● (بیزاری و تنفر تهوع‌آور) انزجار،بیزاری،تنفر،نفرت،آریغ،چندش،دل سیری
their cruelty excited our disgust
سنگدلی آنان انزجار ما را برانگیخت.
he could not tolerate the smell of garlic without a feeling of disgust
بدون احساس بیزاری نمی‌توانست بوی سیر را تحمل کند.

● بیزار کردن یا شدن،آریغ کردن،متنفر کردن یا شدن،دچار چندش شدن،حالت تهوع پیدا کردن،مشمئز کردن یا شدن
your answers disgust me
پاسخ‌های شما مرا بیزار می‌کند.
food that is too oily disgusts one easily
غذای خیلی چرب آدم را زود زده می‌کند.
her behavior at the party disgusted me
رفتار او در مهمانی مرا منزجر کرد.
* disgusted, adj.
بیزار،منزجر،آریغمند،متنفر
* disgusting, adj.
بیزار کننده،آریغ انگیز،تنفرانگیز،هراش‌انگیز
this food has a disgusting smell
این خوراک بوی مشمئز کننده‌ای دارد.

Question 40

Awe

Answer 40

awe [ɔ:, Am ɑ:] SUBST no pl

awe
Ehrfurcht f

to fill sb with awe
jdn mit Ehrfurcht erfüllen

to hold sb in awe
großen Respekt vor jdm haben

to hold sb in awe
jdn sehr bewundern

to stand in awe of sb
vor jdm gewaltigen Respekt haben

II . awe [ɔ:, Am ɑ:] VERB trans

to awe sb
jdm Ehrfurcht einflößen

to awe sb (intimidate)
jdn einschüchtern

to be awed into silence
beeindruckt schweigen

awe-in·spir·ing ADJ

awe-inspiring
Ehrfurcht gebietend

an awe-inspiring sight
ein erhabener Anblick

noun
1 a feeling of reverential respect mixed with fear or wonder.
they gazed in awe at the small mountain of diamonds
synonyms: wonder , wonderment , admiration , reverence , respect , esteem , dread , fear
verb
1 inspire with awe.
they were both awed by the vastness of the forest

♦ noun
wonder and fear: The child looked in awe at the king.
حیرت؛ آمیزه ای از ترس و احترام

♦ verb
to fill with awe: He was awed by his new school.
دچار ترس و احترام کردن

ˈawe-inspiring, *ˈawesome
♦ adjective
causing awe: The waterfall was awe-inspiring; an awesome sight.
با ابهت؛ اعجاب انگیز

ˈawestruck
♦ adjective
filled with awe: awestruck by the mountains.
بهت زده؛ حیران

n., vt.

● (آمیزه‌ای از ترس و احترام و شگفتی) حیرت،هیبت
the child looked with awe at the statue of the prophet
کودک با ترس و احترام به مجسمه‌ی پیامبر نگاه کرد.
his learning filled everyone with awe
دانش او همه را غرق در احترام و شگفتی کرد.

● دچار ترس و احترام کردن،به ابهت چیزی پی بردن
the high ceiling of the hall and the silence awed him
تاق بلند و سکوت تالار او را مجذوب و مرعوب کرد.

● (قدیمی) قدرت ایجاد ترس توام با احترام

● (مهجور) وحشت،هراس
* awe-inspiring
موجب ترس و احترام،پر ابهت،اعجاب انگیز
* to stand (or be) in awe of
احساس بیم و احترام کردن (نسبت به)
I stand in awe of God
نسبت به ابهت خداوند احساس بیم و احترام می‌کنم.

Question 41

relevant

Answer 41

relevant documents
zweckdienliche Unterlagen

relevant evidence
sachdienliches Beweismaterial

highly relevant
höchst bedeutungsvoll

relevant question
angebrachte Frage

to give relevant items
wichtige Details [o. Einzelheiten] nennen

the relevant documentation
die nötigen Ausweispapiere

to remain relevant
seine Aktualität bewahren

to be [hardly] relevant to sth
für etw Akk [kaum] von Bedeutung [o. Belang] sein

please bring all the relevant documents
bitte bringen Sie die nötigen Papiere mit

that’s not relevant to the present matter
das ist für diese Sache nicht von Bedeutung

subject to permission from the relevant government department (conditional upon)
vorbehaltlich behördlicher Genehmigung geh

the question is not relevant to the case
die Frage gehört nicht zur Sache

for further information please refer to the relevant leaflet
weitere Informationen entnehmen Sie bitte der entsprechenden Broschüre

adjective
1 closely connected or appropriate to the matter at hand.
the candidate’s experience is relevant to the job
synonyms: pertinent , applicable , apposite , material , apropos , to the point , germane , connected , related , linked , on-topic

relevant [ˈreləvənt]
♦ adjective
connected with or saying something important about what is being spoken about or discussed: I don’t think his remarks are relevant (to our discussion); Any relevant information should be given to the police.
مربوط؛ وابسته

ˈrelevance
♦ noun
.
ارتباط

adj.
● مربوط،وابسته،مطرح،وارد
your statements are not relevant to the topic of our discussions
اظهارات شما ربطی به موضوع مذاکرات ما ندارد.

all the information relevant to his new responsibilities
همه‌ی اطلاعات مربوط به وظایف جدید او

your objection is not relevant
اعتراض شما وارد نیست.
relevant and irrelevant
با مورد و بی مورد
* relevance (or relevancy) n.
ربط،وابستگی،ارتباط
research must have relevance to the person’s work
پژوهش باید با کار شخص ارتباط داشته باشد

Question 42

permit

Answer 42

work permit
Arbeitserlaubnis f

residence permit
Aufenthaltsgenehmigung f

hunting permit
Jagdschein m

export permit
Exporterlaubnis f

to hold a permit
über eine Genehmigung verfügen

application for a permit
Bewilligungsgesuch m

to get [or obtain] a permit
eine Genehmigung erhalten

form permit me to help you
darf ich Ihnen helfen?

to permit sb to do sth
jdm ermöglichen, etw zu tun

to permit sb/oneself to do sth
jdm/sich erlauben [o. gestatten] , etw zu tun

to be able to fish here you must be a permit-holder
um hier angeln zu dürfen, brauchen Sie einen Angelschein

the building went ahead as soon as the building permit was issued
sobald die Baugenehmigung vorlag, wurde mit dem Bau begonnen

noun
1 an official document giving someone authorization to do something.
he is only in Britain on a work permit
synonyms: authorization , license , pass , ticket , warrant , document , certification , passport , visa

2 a deep-bodied fish of the jack family, found in warm waters of the western Atlantic and Caribbean and caught for food and sport.
He told me that there were snook and tarpon (as I already knew) and there were large bonefish and
permit to fish for.

verb
1 give authorization or consent to (someone) to do something.
the law permits councils to monitor any factory emitting smoke
synonyms: allow , authorize , give someone permission , sanction , grant , give someone the right , license , empower , enable , entitle , qualify , give one’s blessing to , give the nod to , consent to , assent to , acquiesce in , agree to , tolerate , countenance , legalize , legitimate , give the go-ahead to , give the thumbs up to , OK , give the OK to , give the green light to , accede to , suffer , let

permit [pəˈmit]– past tense, past participle perˈmitted –
♦ verb
1 to agree to (another person’s action); to allow or let (someone do something): Permit me to answer your question; Smoking is not permitted.
اجازه دادن
2 to make possible: My aunt’s legacy permitted me to go to America.
ممکن ساختن
[ˈpəːmit]noun
a written order allowing a person to do something: We have a permit to export our product.
اجازه؛ مجوز

permission [pəˈmiʃən]
♦ noun
a written, spoken etc agreement that someone may do something: She gave me permission to leave.
اجازه؛ رخصت

Question 43

Valid

Answer 43

valid reason
triftiger Grund

valid precaution
sinnvolle Vorsichtsmaßnahme

valid claim
berechtigter Anspruch

substantial/valid grounds
erhebliche/stichhaltige Gründe

adjective
1 (of an argument or point) having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable or cogent.
a valid criticism

synonyms: well-founded , sound , reasonable , rational , logical , justifiable , defensible , viable , bona fide , cogent , effective , powerful , potent , convincing , credible , forceful , strong , solid , weighty

valid [ˈvӕlid]
♦ adjective
1 (of reasons, arguments etc ) true; reasonable or acceptable: That is not a valid excuse.
معتبر؛ موجه
2 legally effective; having legal force: He has a valid passport.
قانونی

ˈvalidly
♦ adverb
.
بطور معتبر

adj.

● معتبر،ارزشمند،ارزمند،موثق،ارزا
a valid deed
قباله‌ی معتبر
pre-revolutionary passports are no longer valid
پاسپورت‌های پیش از انقلاب دیگر معتبر نیست.
some moral principles are valid in every age and country
برخی اصول اخلاقی در تمام ادوار و کشورها ارزشمند است.

● (استدلال و غیره) صادق،پذیرفتنی،درست،مسموع،محکم،موجه،وارد،مستدل،پروهان،روا
Jaffar’s argument was valid
استدلال جعفر درست بود.
your criticism is valid
انتقاد شما وارد است.

● موثر،کارا،کاری
each science has its own valid methods
هر علمی روش‌های موثر خودش را دارا است.
if writing is no longer a valid medium, the film may replace it
اگر نگارش دیگر وسیله‌ی موثری نباشد فیلم جای آن را خواهد گرفت.

● (نادر) سالم،تندرست
● قانونی

Question 44

Legitimate

Ger: legitim

Answer 44

to legitimate a child
ein Kind rechtlich anerkennen

of illegitimate/legitimate birth
unehelicher/ehelicher Abstammung

a legitimate child
ein eheliches Kind

a legitimate government
eine gesetzmäßige Regierung

this is a legitimate question
das ist eine berechtigte Frage

I’m not sure his business is entirely legitimate
ich habe meine Bedenken, ob seine Geschäfte ganz sauber sind ugs

legitimate [liˈdʒitimət]
♦ adjective
1 lawful: Is this procedure perfectly legitimate?
مشروع
2 (of a child) born to parents who are married to each other.
حلال زاده
leˈgitimately
♦ adverb
.
بطور مشروع و صحیح
leˈgitimacy
♦ noun
.
مشروعیت

adj., vt.
● حلال‌زاده
he claimed to be the legitimate son of the king
او ادعا می‌کرد که پسر مشروع پادشاه است.
two legitimate daughters and one illegitimate son
دو دختر حلال‌زاده و یک پسر حرامزاده
● قانونی،مشروع،دادیکی،پذیرفتنی
a legitimate claim
ادعای قانونی
a legitimate business
کاسبی مشروع

● به‌حق،بر حق،محق،(پادشاه و غیره) وارث قانونی،روا

● معقول،پذیرفتنی،منطقی،درست
a legitimate conclusion
نتیجه‌گیری درست
● توجیه‌پذیر،توجیه کردنی،موجه،به‌جا

● طبق مقررات و اصول و غیره

● (تئاتر) نمایش روی صحنه و زنده (در برابر نمایش روی فیلم یا تلویزیون و غیره)

● رجوع شود به: legitimize

Question 45

Reserve

Ger: reservieren

Answer 45

reserve [rəˈzəːv]
♦ verb
1 to ask for or order to be kept for the use of a particular person, often oneself: The restaurant is busy on Saturdays, so I’ll phone up today and reserve a table.
رزرو کردن
2 to keep for the use of a particular person or group of people, or for a particular use: These seats are reserved for the committee members.
انوختن؛ ذخیره کردن

♦ noun
1 something which is kept for later use or for use when needed: The farmer kept a reserve of food in case he was cut off by floods.
ذخیره
2 a piece of land used for a special purpose eg for the protection of animals: a wild-life reserve; a nature reserve.
منطقه حفاظت شده
3 the habit of not saying very much, not showing what one is feeling, thinking etc ; shyness.
توداری؛ خوددراری
4 (often in plural ) soldiers, sailors etc who do not belong to the regular full-time army, navy etc but who are called into action when needed eg during a war.
سربازان ذخیره

ˌreserˈvation [rezə-]
♦ noun
1 the act of reserving: the reservation of a room.
جا رزرو کردن
2 something (eg a table in a restaurant) which has been reserved: Have you a reservation, Sir?
تعیین جا از پیش
3 a doubt.
تردید
4 a piece of land set aside for a particular purpose: an Indian reservation in the United States.
قطعه زمین اختصاصی

reˈserved
♦ adjective
not saying very much; not showing what one is feeling, thinking etc : a reserved manner.
محتاط
have, *keep etc in reserve
to have or keep (something) in case or until it is needed: If you go to America please keep some money in reserve for your fare home.
پس انداز

/ri zu_rv´/
n., adj., vt.

● ویژه(ی کاری) بودن،مختص بودن،منحصر بودن،مخصوص بودن،کنار گذاشتن
these seats are reserved for the elderly and the handicapped
این صندلی‌ها مختص سالمندان و معلولان است.
this garden is reserved for the members of the club
این باغ ویژه‌ی اعضای باشگاه است.

● ذخیره کردن،اندوختن،پس‌انداز کردن،پسداشت کردن،پسگذاشت کردن
money reserved for emergencies
پولی که برای ناگه آیندها (موارد اضطراری) پس انداز شده است
she reserved her criticism for a later occasion
او انتقاد خود را به یک فرصت بعدی موکول کرد.

● (هتل و تئاتر و هواپیما و غیره) جا ذخیره کردن،از پیش جا گرفتن،پیشگرفت کردن،رزرو کردن
for Norooz we must reserve rooms now
از حالا باید برای نوروز اتاق پیشگرفت (رزرو) کنیم.

● (ارتش - جمع) نیروی ذخیره،سربازان احتیاط
reserve mobilization
بسیج نیروهای احتیاط
reserves are not permanently ready for action but can be used in emergencies
قوای ذخیره دایما آماده‌ی عمل نیستند ولی می‌توان در موارد ناگه اضطراری از آنها استفاده کرد.
a detachment of naval reserves
گروهی از افراد ذخیره‌ی نیروی دریایی

● منبع،ذخیره،پسگذاشت،اندوخته،پسداشت
a reserve supply
آماد ذخیره،ذخیره احتیاطی
Iran’s huge oil and gas reserves
منابع عظیم نفت و گاز ایران
the country’s foreign exchange reserves
ذخایر ارزی کشور
our cash reserves are dwindling fast
اندوخته‌ی نقدی ما در حال نقصان است.
reserve funds
اندوخته‌های احتیاطی

● (ورزش) بازیکن ذخیره،ورزشکار علی‌البدل،یار ذخیره،پسدار

● منطقه‌ی حفاظت شده (نظامی یا برای ایمنی حیوانات و غیره)،پارک طبیعی،قرارگاه،کوچگاه،داشتگاه
a forest reserve
پارک جنگلی
a wild animal reserve
منطقه‌ی جانوران وحشی

● خودداری،شکیبایی،وقار،توداری،متانت
his behavior has lost its former reserve
رفتار او وقار پیشین خود را از دست داده است.
a woman who lacks all reserve and judgement
زنی که از خودداری و قضاوت بویی نبرده است

● (انگلیس - در حراج‌های رسمی) حداقل قیمت (که فروشنده قبول می‌کند)،بهای تعیین شده
the painting sold for twice the reserve price
نقاشی به دو برابر بهای تعیین شده به فروش رفت.

● (نقاشی و ادبیات و غیره) میانه‌روی در بیان،خودداری از غلو و زیاده‌روی،سنگینی

● حفظ کردن،پاسداشت کردن،محفوظ کردن
all rights reserved
کلیه‌ی حقوق (وابسته به این کتاب) محفوظ است.
* in reserve
در ذخیره،در پسداشت،در احتیاط
* reserve the right (to do something)
حق خود را (برای انجام کاری) محفوظ نگهداشتن
* without reserve
1- (به طور) نامحدود 2- بی‌تردید،بدون دودلی 3- (حراج) بدون بهای
حداقل

noun

1 a supply of a commodity not needed for immediate use but available if required.
Australia has major coal, gas, and uranium reserves
synonyms: stock , store , supply , stockpile , pool , hoard , cache

2 a place set aside for special use, in particular.
There are areas where land has been put aside for reserves but are now being used for different things.

3 a lack of warmth or openness in manner or expression.
she smiled and some of her natural reserve melted

synonyms: reticence , detachment , distance , remoteness , coolness , aloofness , constraint , formality , shyness , diffidence , timidity , taciturnity , inhibition , standoffishness

4 (in the decoration of ceramics or textiles) an area that still has the original color of the material or the color of the background.
Penwork decoration, with designs in reserves on a black background, may itself have first developed within the Tunbridge ware industry.
verb
1 refrain from using or disposing of (something); retain for future use.
roll out half the dough and reserve the other half
synonyms: put to one side , put aside , set aside , keep , keep back , save , hold , put on hold , keep in reserve , earmark
verb
1 (in various sports) serve again.
She re-served the ball back into the penalty box and found Vanessa, who headed it home.

Question 46

Occasion

Ger: Gelegenheit, Anlass ….

• be equal to the occasion
• if the occasion arises
• on occasion
• on the occasion of
  on the occasion of his daughter’s wedding
• rise to the occasion
• take the occasion

Answer 46

on occasion
gelegentlich

historic occasion
historisches Ereignis

solemn occasion
feierlicher Anlass

happy occasion
gelungenes Fest

sociable occasion
gesellschaftliches Ereignis

auspicious occasion
feierlicher Anlass

😝 should the occasion arise
sollte es nötig sein [o. werden]

to occasion a visit
einen Besuch nach sich ziehen

on this particular occasion
dieses eine Mal

to dignify an occasion
einem festlichen Ereignis Glanz verleihen

appropriate to the occasion
dem Anlass entsprechend

dressy affair [or occasion]
besonderer Anlass

a fitting occasion
eine günstige Gelegenheit

on one occasion
einmal

on another occasion
bei einer anderen Gelegenheit

gala affair/occasion
festliche Angelegenheit/Gelegenheit

an occasion for general rejoicing
ein Anlass zu allgemeinem Jubel

to dress to suit the occasion
sich Akk dem Anlass entsprechend kleiden

occasion [əˈkeiʒən]

♦ noun
1 a particular time: I’ve heard him speak on several occasions.
زمان؛ وقت بخصوص
2 a special event: The wedding was a great occasion.
اتفاق

ocˈcasional
♦ adjective
happening, done etc now and then: I take an occasional trip to London.
گهگاهی؛ چند وقت یکبار

ocˈcasionally
♦ adverb
now and then: I occasionally go to the theatre.
گهگاه

/ǝ kā´zhǝn, ō kā´-/
n., vt.

● فرصت،اکازیون،یارا،وایست
I never had the occasion to meet him
هرگز فرصت ملاقات او دست نداد.
on the next occasion
در فرصت بعدی
if the occasion arises
اگر فرصتی دست بدهد
he used the occasion to express his criticisms
او از فرصت استفاده کرد و انتقادات خود را بیان نمود.

● علت،موجب،دلیل،باعث،سبب
a chance meeting was the occasion of the renewal of their friendship
یک ملاقات تصادفی موجب تجدید دوستی آنها شد.
what’s the occasion for this banquet?
این سور برای چه داده می‌شود؟
an inspiring teacher was the occasion for her great achievements in science
یک معلم الهام گر سبب دستیابی‌های عظیم او در علوم شد.

● رویداد،رخداد،اتفاق،واقعه
he wears a tie only on special occasions
او فقط در مواقع بخصوصی کراوات می‌زند.
a happy occasion
رویداد مسرت انگیز

● وقت بخصوص،هنگام رویداد،زمان رخداد چیزی،زمان،وقت،هنگام
this is not an occasion for joking
حالا وقت شوخی نیست.

● (مهجور - جمع) نیازها،الزامات،بایسته‌ها،ضرورت‌ها
● (قدیمی) کار و بار،کار و زندگی،کاسبی

● موجب شدن،باعث شدن،سبب شدن
the storm occasioned another delay in our plans
طوفان موجب تاخیر دیگری در برنامه‌های ما شد.
* be equal to the occasion
از فرصت استفاده کردن،از عهده بر آمدن
* if the occasion arises
اگر فرصت دست بدهد
* on occasion
گاه و بی‌گاه،گهگاه،بعضی اوقات،چند وقت یک‌بار
* on the occasion of
به مناسبت،به خاطر،در هنگام (روی دادن چیزی)
on the occasion of his daughter’s wedding
به مناسبت ازدواج دخترش
* rise to the occasion
از فرصت استفاده کردن،حق چیزی را ادا کردن،خوب از عهده برآمدن
* take the occasion
از فرصت استفاده کردن
I would like to take the occasion to thank my kind hosts
می‌خواهم از فرصت استفاده کرده و از میزبانان مهربانم سپاسگزاری کنم.

noun
1 a particular time or instance of an event.
on one occasion I stayed up until two in the morning
synonyms: time , instance , moment , juncture , point , event , occurrence , affair , incident , episode , experience , situation , case , circumstance
2 reason; cause.
it’s the first time that I’ve had occasion to complain
synonyms: reason , cause , call , grounds , justification , need , motive , inducement

verb
1 cause (something).
something vital must have occasioned this visit
synonyms: cause , give rise to , bring about , result in , lead to , prompt , elicit , call forth , evoke , make for , produce , create , arouse , generate , engender , precipitate , provoke , stir up , inspire , spark (off) , trigger , beget

Question 47

Strict

strictly viewed
seen strictly

Ger: strikt

Answer 47

strict vegetarian
strenger Vegetarier/strenge Vegetarierin

strict criteria
rigorose Kriterien

strict upbringing
strenge Erziehung

strict curfew
strenge Ausgangssperre

strict conventions
strenge Konventionen

strict controls
strikte Kontrollen

strict laws
strenge Gesetze

strict guidelines
strenge Richtlinien

strict neutrality
strikte Neutralität

strict Catholics
strenggläubige Katholiken

strict diet
strenge Diät

strict penalty
harte Strafe

strict deadline
unbedingt einzuhaltender Termin

strict censorship
strenge Zensur

to give strict orders
strenge Anweisungen geben

in strict privacy
streng vertraulich

in strict secrecy
unter strenger Geheimhaltung

strict time limit
festgesetzte Frist

they are under strict orders
sie haben strenge Anweisungen

strict [strikt]
♦ adjective
1 severe, stern, and compelling obedience: This class needs a strict teacher; His parents were very strict with him; The school rules are too strict; strict orders.
خشك
2 exact or precise: If the strict truth were known, he was drunk, not ill.
دقيق
ˈstrictness
♦ noun
.
سخت گيري
ˈstrictly
♦ adverb
.
دقيقا
strictly speaking
if we must be completely accurate, act according to rules etc : Strictly speaking, he should be punished for this.
به معناي دقيق

● دقیق،مشخص،روشن
in the strict sense of the word
در معنی دقیق آن واژه
a strict interpretation of this poem
یک برداشت دقیق از این شعر
a strict translation
ترجمه‌ی دقیق

● سختگیر،سخت،جدی،سختگیرانه،فرسخت،فرسختانه
a strict father
یک پدر سختگیر
strict regulations concerning alcoholic drinks
مقررات سخت در مورد نوشابه‌های الکلی

● کامل،درست،بسمند،بی‌چون و چرا،مطلق
strict secrecy
راز پوشی کامل
the strict observance of the law
پیروی بی‌چون و چرا از قانون
the strict truth
واقعیت درست

● شدید،ستهم
strict discipline
انضباط شدید

● اکید،صریح،موکد،سپارده،سختار
the officer’s strict orders to the guards
دستورات اکید افسر به نگهبانان
● (قدیمی) تنگ،باریک

● (گیاه شناسی) شق،راست
a strict stem
ساقه‌ی راست
* strictly, adj.
دقیقا،سختگیرانه،کاملا،اکیدا،شدیدا،مطلقا
smoking is strictly prohibited
سیگار کشیدن مطلقا ممنوع است.

adjective

1 demanding that rules concerning behavior are obeyed and observed.
my father was very strict

synonyms: stern , severe , harsh , uncompromising , authoritarian , governessy , firm , austere

Question 48

prohibit

Gef: prohibition

Answer 48

to prohibit sth expressly
etw ausdrücklich untersagen

to specifically mention/prohibit sth
etw ausdrücklich erwähnen/verbieten

to prohibit sb from doing sth
jdm verbieten [o. untersagen] , etw zu tun

legislation against [or to prohibit] smoking in public places
Gesetze, die das Rauchen in der Öffentlichkeit verbieten

prohibit [prəˈhibit]
♦ verb
to forbid: Smoking is prohibited.
ممنوع کردن

prohibition [prəuiˈbiʃən]
♦ noun
1 the act of prohibiting: We demand the prohibition by the government of the sale of this drug.
ممنوعیت
2 a rule, law etc forbidding something: The headmaster issued a prohibition against bringing knives into school.
منع

● ممنوع کردن،قدغن کردن،منع کردن،نهی کردن،بازمان کردن،بژکم کردن
smoking is prohibited
سیگار کشیدن ممنوع است.
parking is prohibited
پارک کردن (در اینجا) ممنوع است.
people are prohibited from gathering in streets
مردم حق ندارند در خیابان‌ها اجتماع کنند.
● جلوگیری کردن،ممانعت به‌عمل آوردن،مانع شدن،باز داری کردن
lack of money prohibits the completion of the project
فقدان پول مانع اتمام طرح است.

[prō-,prəˈhibit]
verb - prohibit
ممنوع ساختن: ban, prohibit, forbid
منع کردن: prevent, ban, forbid, prohibit, withhold, inhibit
ممانعت کردن: prevent, prohibit, check, curb, forbid, impede
اجازه ندادن: ban, forbid, interdict, prohibit
تحریم کردن: boycott, ban, blackball, lock out, prohibit, proscribe

Question 49

lack

Ger: Mangel

• be lacking in (something)

Answer 49

for lack of sth
aus Mangel an etw Dat

her paintings lack soul
ihre Bilder wirken [kalt und] seelenlos

a lack of ambition
mangelnder Ehrgeiz

lack of willingness
mangelnde Bereitschaft

lack of money/supplies
Geld-/Vorratsmangel m

lack of repentance
Mangel m an Reue

lack of funds
fehlende Geldmittel

lack of sleep/time
Schlaf-/Zeitmangel m

lack of confidence/judgement
mangelndes Selbstvertrauen/Urteilsvermögen

to lack punch
keinen Schwung [o. Pep] haben

to lack practicality
in der Praxis kaum durchführbar sein

to lack legs ugs
sich Akk nicht halten können

to lack coordination
Koordinationsschwierigkeiten haben

lack of character
fehlende Originalität

lack of purpose
mangelnde Entschlossenheit

to lack motivation
nicht genügend motiviert [o. antriebsschwach] sein

lack of fairness
Mangel m an Gerechtigkeit

lack of manpower
Arbeitskräftemangel m

lack [lӕk]
♦ verb
to have too little or none of: He lacked the courage to join the army.
نداشتن؛ کم داشتن

♦ noun
the state of not having any or enough: our lack of money.
کمبود؛ فقدان
be lacking(with in)
1 to be without or not to have enough: He is lacking in intelligence.
کم داشتن
2 to be absent; to be present in too little an amount: Money for the project is not lacking but enthusiasm is.
نیاز داشتن؛ کم داشتن

• Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition.
زنانی که می خواهند با مردان برابر شوند، بلند همت نیستند.
• For the lack of something better to do, Tom started cleaning his room.
تام به خاطر نداشتن کاری بهتر برای انجام دادن، شروع به تمیز کردن اتاقش کرد. تام شروع به تمیز کردن اناقش کرد. زیرا کار بهتری برای انجام دادن نداشت.
Arianpur-OpenDictionary
/lak/
n.

● کمبود،کمداشت،کمداشتن،کمبود داشتن،کسرداشتن
lack of experience
کمداشت تجربه
what the company lacks is sufficient money to invest in modern machinery
آنچه که شرکت کم دارد عبارتست از پول کافی برای سرمایه‌گذاری در ماشین آلات نوین
lack of oxygen
کمداشت اکسیژن
lack of rain
کمبود باران
we lack space
ما جا کم داریم.
they lacked nothing but water
آنها هیچ چیزی کم نداشتند بجز آب
lacking two grams of being a kilo
دو گرم مانده که یک کیلو بشود.

● نداشتن،فقدان،ناداشت،نایابی
faith was the only thing lacking amongst them
یگانه چیزی که در میان آنان وجود نداشت ایمان بود.
there is a total lack of democracy in that country
در آن کشور اصلا دموکراسی وجود ندارد.
some communities still lack electricity and indoor plumbing
برخی از جوامع هنوز برق و آب لوله‌کشی ندارند.

● (با: in یا for یا of) نیاز داشتن،بی بهره بودن
they have mastered old learning but are lacking in modern sciences
آنها علوم قدیم را یاد گرفته‌اند ولی از علوم جدید بی‌بهره‌اند.
we are lacking for nothing right now
هم اکنون به هیچ چیزی نیاز نداریم.
* be lacking in (something)
کمبود داشتن،(چیزی را) کسر داشتن

[lak]
noun - lack
عدم: lack, absence, loss, deficiency, shortage, naught
فقدان: lack, loss, absence, privation, forfeiture, bereavement
نبودن: lack, absence
کسری: shortage, lack, leakage
احتیاج: need, requirement, necessity, lack, penury, requisite
verb - lack
نداشتن: lack, miss, want
ناقص بودن: lack
فاقد بودن: lack, miss, want
کم داشتن: lack, want

Question 50

Accuse

Answer 50

to accuse sb of perjury
jdn des Meineids beschuldigen

to accuse sb of bias
jdm Befangenheit vorwerfen

to accuse sb of wrongdoing
jdm Fehlverhalten vorwerfen

to accuse sb of cruelty
jdn der Grausamkeit bezichtigen [o. beschuldigen]

to accuse sb of self-seeking
jdm Selbstsucht vorwerfen

accuse [əˈkjuːz]
♦ verb
(with of ) to charge (someone) with having done something wrong: They accused him of stealing the car.
متهم کردن

ˌaccuˈsation [ӕ-]
♦ noun
.
اتهام
the accused
the person(s) accused in a court of law: The accused was found not guilty.
متهم

/ǝ kyōōz´/
vt.
● متهم کردن،اتهام وارد کردن،نسبت دادن،ملامت کردن،سرزنش کردن،مقصر دانستن
accused of armed robbery
متهم به دزدی مسلحانه
● تهمت زدن،بهتان زدن،نسبت دادن
they accused her of laziness
به او تهمت تنبلی زدند.
the English accuse the Scottish of being stingy
انگلیسی‌ها اسکاتلندی‌ها را خسیس می‌دانند.
* the accused
(حقوق) متهم،مدعی علیه،متهمان
* to stand accused
متهم بودن

[əˈkyo͞oz]
verb - accuse
متهم کردن: accuse, incriminate, indict, denounce, impute, criminate
متهم ساختن: accuse, charge
تهمت زدن: slander, accuse, scandal, task, trump up

Question 51

attitude

Ger: Attitüde

Answer 51

casual attitude
gleichgültige Haltung

xenophobic attitude
fremdenfeindliche Haltung

antiquated attitude
altmodische Einstellung

Austere attitude
unbeugsame Haltung

positive attitude
optimistische [o. positive] Einstellung

ambivalent attitude
ambivalente Haltung

nonconformist attitude
nonkonformistische Einstellung

despairing attitude
hoffnungslose Einstellung

provincial attitude
provinzielle Einstellung

cavalier attitude
Unbekümmertheit f

scornful attitude
verächtliche Einstellung

to adopt an attitude
eine Haltung annehmen

to strike an attitude abw
sich Akk in Szene setzen abw

gotta-have-it attitude
muss-haben-Einstellung f

self-complacent attitude
Laisser-faire-Haltung f

easy-going attitude
Gelassenheit f

can-do attitude
Zuversicht f

wait-and-see attitude
abwartende Haltung

prejudiced attitude/opinion
vorgefasste Einstellung/Meinung

attitude [ˈӕtitjuːd]
♦ noun
1 a way of thinking or acting etc : What is your attitude to politics?
رویکرد؛ نگرش
2 a position of the body: The artist painted the model in various attitudes.
حالت؛ طرز قرارگیری

at´ǝ tōōd´/
n.

● حالت،ایستار،طرز قرارگیری،نهش
to kneel in an attitude of prayer
به حالت دعا زانو زدن

● (طرز) برخورد،(فکر یا احساس یا عمل) روش،گرایش،رویکرد،نگرش،خلق
he had a friendly attitude
برخوردی دوستانه داشت.

● (هواپیمایی) موقعیت هواپیما (و غیره) نسبت به خط یا سطح بخصوصی (مثلا افق)
* strike an attitude
رل بازی کردن،تو بازی رفتن،(مصنوعی) رفتار کردن،بازی درآوردن

[ˈatiˌt(y)o͞od]
noun - attitude
گرایش: trend, tendency, orientation, propensity, attitude, tropism
طرز برخورد: attitude, relation
حالت: state, case, condition, situation, mood, attitude
روش و رفتار: attitude
هیئت: panel, commission, staff, attitude, format

Question 52

Prevalent

ger: verbreitet, vorherrschend

Answer 52

preva·lent [ˈprevələnt, Am -vəl-] ADJ

prevalent (common)
vorherrschend attr

prevalent disease
weit verbreitet

prevalent opinion
geläufig

prevalent opinion
weit verbreitet

prevalent (frequent)
besonders häufig

to be prevalent
besonders häufig vorkommen

adj.
● رایج،متداول،باب،مرسوم،رواج دار
the beliefs prevalent among these tribes
عقاید رایج در میان این طوایف
illiteracy is still prevalent in this area
بیسوادی هنوز در این ناحیه گسترده است.

● (بیماری) شایع
malaria used to be prevalent in Gillan
در گیلان مالاریا شایع بود.

● (نادر) موثرتر،پرزورتر،قوی،غالب
* prevalence, n.
1- شیوع 2- گستردگی،رواج،عمومیت

adjective - prevalent
شایع: prevalent, rampant, widespread, rife, publicized, current
رایج: current, prevalent, going, ruling, brisk
متداول: common, popular, usual, current, prevalent, ordinary
مرسوم: traditional, common, customary, usual, standard, prevalent
فائق: surmounting, dominant, superior, predominant, excellent, prevalent
برتر: superior, better, premier, preferable, higher, prevalent

Question 53

Gratitude

ger: Dankbarkeit

Answer 53

everlasting gratitude
ewige Dankbarkeit

a debt of gratitude
eine Dankesschuld geh

expansive gratitude/speech
überschwängliche Dankbarkeit/Ausdrucksweise

undying love/gratitude
ewige Liebe/Dankbarkeit

to show [sb] one’s gratitude
sich Akk [jdm gegenüber] dankbar erweisen [o. zeigen]

an expression of gratitude/sympathy
ein Ausdruck m [o. Zeichen nt ] der Dankbarkeit/Sympathie

as a token of my/our gratitude
als [ein] Zeichen meiner/unserer Dankbarkeit

to show/express deep/sincere/everlasting gratitude
tiefe/aufrichtige/ewige Dankbarkeit zeigen/zum Ausdruck bringen

to owe sb thanks/gratitude [or to owe thanks/gratitude to sb] form
jdm zu Dank verpflichtet sein

that’s/there’s sth for you abw there’s gratitude for you!
und so was nennt sich Dankbarkeit! ugs

he gave her a gift to betoken his gratitude
er gab ihr ein Geschenk als Zeichen seiner Dankbarkeit

AU gratitude [ˈgrӕtitjuːd]
♦ noun
the state of feeling grateful: I wish there was some way of showing my gratitude for all you have done for me.
قدردانی

The brightest student expressed gratitude on behalf of his classmates.
با هوش‌ترین دانش‌آموز از طرف همکلاسی‌هایش ابراز تشکر کرد.

● امتنان،حق شناسی،سپاسگزاری،سپاس،قدردانی
he expressed his gratitude for Iran’s help
مراتب حق شناسی خود را نسبت به کمک‌های ایران ابراز کرد.

[ˈgratəˌt(y)o͞od]
noun - gratitude
حق شناسی: gratitude
تشکر: thank, gratitude, acknowledgment
سپاسگزاری: thank, gratitude, acknowledgment, thanksgiving, gratuity
نمک شناسی: gratitude

Question 54

Exclusive

ger: exklusiv

Answer 54

Exklusivinterview nt

exclusive occupation

einzige Beschäftigung

exclusive license
Alleinlizenz f

exclusive right
Exklusivrecht nt

exclusive privilege
alleiniges Privileg

to be mutually exclusive
einander ausschließen

in exclusive circles
in besseren Kreisen

exclusive clientele/membership
exklusive Kundschaft/Mitgliedschaft

is the total exclusive of service charge?
ist das Bedienungsgeld nicht im Gesamtpreis enthalten?

singing is not her exclusive interest outside work
außerhalb ihrer Arbeit interessiert sie sich nicht nur fürs Singen

these items are exclusive to the outlets we own
diese Waren sind nur an unseren Verkaufsstellen zu erhalten

this room is for the exclusive use of our guests
dieser Raum ist nur für unsere Gäste bestimmt

our exclusive designs are not intended for the mass market
unsere exklusiven Designs sind nicht für die breite Masse gedacht

exclusive [ikˈskluːsiv]
♦ adjective
1 tending to exclude.
انحصاری؛ دربستی
2 (of a group etc ) not easily or readily mixing with others or allowing others in: a very exclusive club.
اختصاصی؛ ویژه
3 given to only one individual or group etc : The story is exclusive to this newspaper.
انحصاری؛ خاص
4 fashionable and expensive: exclusive shops/restaurants.
اعیانی؛ دارای مشتریان ویژه
exˈclusively
♦ adverb
.
منحصراً؛ صرفاً
exˈclusiveness
♦ noun
.
انحصاری بودن
exclusive of
excluding: That is the price of the meal exclusive of service charge.
بدون در نظر گرفتن؛ جدا از

adj., n.

● انحصاری،دربستی،دربستگرانه،دربست،منحصر،مانعه‌الجمع
we have the exclusive right to distribute this product
ما حق انحصاری توزیع این کالا را دارا هستیم.
the exclusive rights and privileges of the citizens
حقوق و امتیازات منحصر به شهروندان
these bears live exclusively on fish
این خرس‌ها فقط ماهی می‌خورند (با ماهی زنده‌اند).

● اختصاصی،خصوصی،خاص،ویژه،ویژگانه،ویژگانی،ویژه‌ای،بخصوص
an exclusive interest in sports
علاقه‌ی ویژه به ورزش

● (باشگاه و غیره) بروندار،ویژه‌ی خواص،دربسته،جلوگیر،محروم ساز،طردگر
an exclusive club that does not admit Blacks and Jews
باشگاهی ویژه‌ی خواص که سیاهان و یهودیان را نمی‌پذیرد
exclusive regulations
مقررات ویژه

● (مغازه و غیره) اعیانی،دارای مشتریان ویژه
an exclusive shop
مغازه‌ی اعیانی
an exclusive hotel
هتل پولدارها

● صرف،تنها،تک،محض،یگانه
an exclusive agent
نماینده‌ی منحصر به فرد
having an exclusive jurisdiction
دارای قلمرو حقوقی یگانه
● گزیده،دستچین،منتخب
● (رسانه‌ها) گزارش ویژه
● کالای اختصاصی،کالای ویژه

● (دستور زبان) ضمیر انحصاری،واژه‌ی جدادار (مانند: only)
* exclusive of
بدون در نظر گرفتن،سوای،جدا از،به غیر از
costs exclusive of taxes
هزینه بدون احتساب مالیات

adjective - exclusive
انحصاری: exclusive, monopolized, pre-emptive
منحصر: exclusive, limited, confined, restricted, limitary
منحصر بفرد: individual, exclusive, sole, particular, monopolized
تنها: only, alone, single, lonely, lone, exclusive
دربست: exclusive, en bloc, lump
انتصاری: exclusive
گران: expensive, costly, dear, prohibitive, heavy, exclusive

Question 55

proselytise/ proselytize

ger: jdn bekehren

Answer 55

verb proselytise (Brit.)
convert someone to another religion or opinion; convert to another religion or faith; enlist someone to one’s cause (also proselytize)

proselytize
[ pros-uh-li-tahyz ]SHOW IPA

See synonyms for: proselytize / proselytized on Thesaurus.com
verb (used with or without object), pros·e·lyt·ized, pros·e·lyt·iz·ing.
to convert or attempt to convert as a proselyte; recruit to a religion or other belief system.

I . pros·elyt·ize [ˈprɒsəlɪtaɪz, Am ˈprɑ:sə-] VERB trans

Verbtabelle anzeigen

to proselytize sb
jdn bekehren

Question 56

whatnot

Answer 56

n.
● و غیره،هر چیز دیگر،متفرقه
radio, television or whatnot
رادیو و تلویزیون یا هر چیز دیگر
● تاقچه‌ی چوبی،جا کتابی

what·not [ˈ(h)wɒtnɒt, Am ˈ(h)wʌtnɑ:t] SUBST no pl
1. whatnot ugs:
and whatnot
und was weiß ich noch alles ugs

2. whatnot (piece of furniture):
   whatnot
   Etagere f

Question 57

consider

ger: betrachten

Considerably fewer people came than I expected.

Answer 57

to consider an appeal
sich Akk mit einem Einspruch befassen

consider yourself at home
fühlen Sie sich wie zu Hause

well, I’ll consider it
ich lasse es mir durch den Kopf gehen

to consider sth sacrilege
etw als ein Sakrileg betrachten

consider yourself sacked!
betrachten Sie sich als entlassen!

consider it done!
schon erledigt! ugs

to consider oneself lucky that …
sich Akk glücklich schätzen können, dass …

do you consider her trustworthy?
denkst du, man kann ihr vertrauen?

to consider sb a genius
jdn für ein Genie halten

to consider/examine the possibilities
alle Möglichkeiten durchdenken

to deserve [or need] [or require] consideration
der Überlegung bedürfen geh

let us consider all the possibilities
wollen wir einmal alle Möglichkeiten ins Auge fassen

to consider the slate wiped clean
etw als erledigt betrachten

to consider the possibility of sth
etw in Erwägung ziehen

to consider sth from all angles
etw von allen Seiten betrachten

to consider sth in its totality
etw im Ganzen [o. als Ganzes] betrachten

he declined even to consider the idea
er lehnte es schon ab, die Idee überhaupt in Erwägung zu ziehen

you’ve got to consider the time factor
Sie dürfen den Zeitfaktor nicht aus dem Auge verlieren

JUR the jury retired to consider the verdict
die Jury zog sich zur Urteilsfindung zurück

consider it in terms of an instrument
betrachten Sie es als Instrument

consider [kənˈsidə]
♦ verb
1 to think about (carefully): He considered their comments.
در نظر گرفتن؛ فکر کردن
2 to feel inclined towards: I’m considering leaving this job.
در نظر داشتن
3 to take into account: You must consider other people’s feelings.
مورد ملاحظه قرار دادن
4 to regard as being: They consider him unfit for that job.
به حساب آوردن
conˈsiderable
♦ adjective
great: considerable wealth; a considerable number of people.
قابل ملاحظه؛ عظیم
conˈsiderably
♦ adverb
Considerably fewer people came than I expected.
بطور قابل ملاحظه

/kǝn sid´ǝr/
vt., vi.
● (در اصل) بررسی کردن،با دقت نگریستن،وارسیدن،وارسی کردن،بازبینی کردن
● موردملاحظه قرار دادن،غور کردن،مورد مطالعه قرار دادن،سگالیدن،مداقه کردن
to consider the different aspects of a problem
جنبه‌های گوناگون مسئله‌ای را مورد ملاحظه قرار دادن
● به حساب آوردن،در نظر گرفتن،در خاطر داشتن،انگاشتن،فکر کردن
her health is very good if you consider her age
با در نظر گرفتن سنش سلامتی او خیلی خوب است.
I consider him a good person
فکر می‌کنم (یا از نظر من) او آدم خوبی است.
● رعایت (دیگران را) کردن،ملاحظه کردن،برآوردن
he considered her every wish
همه‌ی خواسته‌های او را برآورده کرد.
● (پس از تفکر و بررسی) نظر دادن،معتقد بودن
we consider that the defendant is not guilty
نظر ما این است که خوانده (مدعی علیه) گناهکار نیست.
* all things considered
رویهمرفته،با در نظر گرفتن همه چیز

• I don’t suppose you’d consider helping Tom.
فکر نکنم شما کمک به تام را مدنظر قرار دهید.
• If you really need a job, why don’t you consider working for Tom?
اگر واقعا به یک شغل نیاز داری، چرا به کارکردن برای تام فکر نمی کنی؟

English to Persian and Thesaurus
[kənˈsidər]
verb - consider
مطرح کردن: bring up, discuss, consider, moot, table, propound
رسیدگی کردن: consider, attend, check, inspect, investigate, investigate
ملاحظه کردن: consider, remark, heed, note, notice, observe
سنجیدن: measure, evaluate, figure out, weigh, compare, consider
تفکر کردن: meditate, contemplate, consider, ponder, chew, imagine
فرض کردن: assume, presume, adjudge, consider, suppose, deem
تعمق کردن: ponder, consider, deliberate, perpend, think over, turn over

Question 58

instinctiv, instinct :

Ger: instinktiv

Answer 58

instinct [ˈinstiŋkt]
♦ noun
a natural tendency to behave or react in a particular way, without thinking and without having been taught: As winter approaches, swallows fly south from Britain by instinct; He has an instinct for saying the right thing.
غریزه
inˈstinctive [-tiv]
♦ adjective
arising from instinct or from a natural ability: Blinking our eyes is an instinctive reaction when something suddenly comes close to them; I couldn’t help putting my foot on the brake when I saw the other car coming towards me – it was instinctive.
غریزی
inˈstinctively
♦ adverb
.
بطور غریزی

in´stiŋkt´, ins tiŋkt´/
n., adj.
● غریزه،درون‌راند،سرشت،اقتضای طبیعت
suckling is an instinct in mammals
شیر خوردن از پستان (مادر) غریزه‌ی جانوران پستاندار است.
birds have the instinct to fly
پرندگان غریزه‌ی پرواز دارند.
… it is its instinct
… اقتضای طبیعتش این است.
● شم،استعداد،آما
the religious instinct of primitive peoples
شم مذهبی انسان‌های آغازین
he has an instinct for politics
او شم سیاسی دارد.
● (روانکاوی فروید: انگیزان آغازین روانی مانند ترس یا عشق یا خشم،انگیزان زندگی Eros یا انگیزان مرگ Thanatos) در انگیزان
● مملو(از)،آکنده،پر،سرشار
a look instinct with pity
نگاهی که ترحم از آن می‌بارد
adjective - instinctive
غریزی: instinctive, innate, inbred, natural

adj.
● غریزی،درون‌راندی،سرشتی،جبلی،درانگیز،ناآموخته
instinctive abilities are different from acquired ones
توانایی‌های غریزی با توانایی‌های اکتسابی فرق دارد.
an instinctive dread of mice
ترس فطری از موش
I instinctively blinked to avoid the bright light
برای احتراز از نور شدید به طور غریزی چشم برهم زدم.

• At the moment she saw a tall man with a gun standing in the doorway, she instinctively backed away.
در آن لحظه که مردی بلندقد ایستاده با تفنگی را در راهرو دید به طور ناخودآگاه عقب عقب رفت.

Question 59

spontaneous

Answer 59

spontaneous buying
Spontankauf m
spontaneous miscarriage
Spontanabort m fachspr
will we ever be able to recreate the spontaneous enthusiasm for this cause?
werden wir jemals in der Lage sein, die spontane Begeisterung für diese Angelegenheit wiederzuerlangen?

spontaneous [spənˈteiniəs]
♦ adjective
1 said, done etc of one’s own free will without pressure from others: His offer was quite spontaneous.
خود به خود
2 natural; not forced: spontaneous behaviour.
خود جوش
sponˈtaneously
♦ adverb
.
sponˈtaneousness
♦ noun
.
spontaneity [spontəˈneiəti, spontəˈniːəti]
♦ noun
.
خود به خودي

adj.
● خودانگیخته،خودبخود،خودجوش،خودآیند،بلامقدمه،خودانگیز،فی‌البدیهه
his reaction was spontaneous rather than premeditated
واکنش او خودبه خود بود نه از پیش تعیین شده.
spontaneous abortion
سقط جنین خودآیند
spontaneous nosebleed
خون دماغ خودبه خود
spontaneous laughter
خنده‌ی خودآیند
spontaneous recovery from a disease
بهبودیابی خودانگیخته از بیماری
● فوری،بی‌چون و چرا،آنی،بی شائبه
a spontaneous expression of affection
اظهار محبت بی‌شایبه
spontaneous obedience
اطاعت بی‌چون و چرا
● (گیاه) خودرو
[spänˈtānēəs]
adjective - spontaneous
خود بخود: spontaneous, automatical, automatic
خود انگیز: spontaneous
بی اختیار: involuntary, spontaneous

Question 60

proposal

Answer 60

oun - proposal
پیشنهاد: proposal, offer, suggestion, bid, proposition, motion
طرح پیشنهادی: proposal
اظهار: statement, declaration, say, saying, testimony, proposal
ابراز: expression, manifestation, proposal

a marriage proposal [or a proposal of marriage]
ein Heiratsantrag m

an indecent proposal [or suggestion]
ein unsittlicher Antrag

to present a proposal
einen Vorschlag unterbreiten

to defeat a proposal
einen Vorschlag ablehnen

to ditch a proposal
einen Plan aufgeben

to block a proposal
einen Vorschlag blockieren

to draft a proposal
einen Vorschlag ausarbeiten

a fallback proposal
ein Kompromissvorschlag m

to toss a proposal around übtr
einen Vorschlag zur Debatte stellen

to slam dunk a proposal
einen Vorschlag niederschmettern

to put up a proposal
etwas vorschlagen

an outburst against a proposal
eine Attacke gegen einen Vorschlag

to vote on a proposal
über einen Vorschlag abstimmen

to put forward a proposal
einen Vorschlag unterbreiten

to accede to a proposal
in einen Vorschlag einwilligen

to bring forward a proposal
einen Vorschlag machen

to table a plan/proposal
einen Plan/Vorschlag zurückstellen

übtr this proposal still needs some tweaking
an diesem Vorschlag muss noch etwas herumgefeilt werden

a watered-down version of the proposal
eine abgemilderte Version des Vorschlags

to speak against a motion/proposal
einen Antrag/Vorschlag ablehnen

• From time to time, a proposal to pull down a much-loved old building to make room for a new block of flats, raises a storm of angry protest.
در مقاطعی از زمان، درخواست تخریب یک ساختمان قدیمی محبوب به منظور ساختن یک بلوک از خانه ها، طوفانی از خشم ومخالفت را برمی انگیزد.
• I agree to your proposal.
من تقاضایت را می پذیرم.
• I cannot but object to his proposal.
مجبورم به پیشنهادش اعتراض کنم.

/prō pōz´ǝl, prǝ-/
n.
● پیشنهاد،طرح
a proposal for mutual disarmament
پیشنهاد خلع سلاح متقابل
the proposal to build a new bridge
طرح ساختن پل جدید
legislative proposals
لوایح پارلمانی
his proposal was rejected
پیشنهاد او رد شد.
● خواستگاری،خواستاری
proposal of marriage
خواستگاری برای ازدواج
a sincere proposal of friendship
دعوت صمیمانه به دوستی

Question 61

audience

Ger: das Publikum

Answer 61

audience [ˈoːdiəns]
♦ noun
1 a group of people watching or listening to a performance etc : The audience at the concert; a television audience.
حضار؛ شنوندگان
2 a formal interview with someone important eg a king: an audience with the Pope.
شرفیابی؛ مصاحبه با مقامات بالا
audience ends in -ence (not -ance ).

live audience
Live-Publikum nt

appreciative audience
dankbares Publikum

private audience
Privataudienz f

captive audience
unfreiwilliges Publikum

passive audience
lahmes Publikum

to face the audience
sich dem Publikum zuwenden Akk

to reach an audience
ein Publikum erreichen

/ô´dē ǝns/
n.
● حضار،گردآمدگان،پیام‌گیران،(رادیو و غیره) شنوندگان،(فیلم و نمایش و غیره) تماشاگران،تماشاچیان،بینندگان،(کتاب و روزنامه و غیره) خوانندگان
the audience liked his speech
حضار از نطق او خوششان آمد.
a writer should always consider his audience
نویسنده باید همیشه خواننده‌ی خود را مد نظر داشته باشد.
● (مهجور) استماع،شنیدن،شنودپذیری
● فرصت بیان عقاید
● شرفیابی،باریابی،بارعام،به حضور رسیدن
he finally had an audience with the prime minister
بالاخره نزد نخست وزیر شرفیاب شد.

• Everybody in the audience sang along.
همه حضار همراه با خواننده می خوندند
• She had to speak before a large audience.
می‌بایست در مقابل حاضر زیادی سخنرانی کند.

[ˈôdēəns]
noun - audience
حضار: audience, attendance, grandstand
مستمعین: audience
ملاقات رسمی: audience
شنودگان: audience
بار: load, bar, burden, charge, cargo, audience

Question 62

uppercase

lowercase

Answer 62

großbuchstaben

kleinbuchstaben

Question 63

Standardize

ger: standardisieren, vereinheitlichen
capital A is standardized as number 65

Answer 63

to standardize sth
etw standardisieren [o. norm[ier]en]

2. standardize (compare):
   to standardize sth

etw vereinheitlichen

to standardize on sth
etw zum Vorbild nehmen

[ˈstandərˌdīz]
verb - standardize
متعارف کردن: standardize
مطابق درجه معینی دراوردن: standardize
همگون کردن: standardize
مرسوم کردن: introduce, standardize

/stan´dǝr dīz´/
vt.
● استانده کردن،همگون کردن،یکجور کردن،میزان دار کردن
a standardized program for all of our schools
برنامه‌ی استانده شده برای همه‌ی مدارس ما
● (با معیار یا ضابطه‌ی معین) سنجیدن،برسنجیدن

Question 64

indicate

erkennen lassen

Answer 64

US UK AU indicate [ˈindikeit]
♦ verb
to point out or show: We can paint an arrow here to indicate the right path.
نشان دادن
ˌindiˈcation
♦ noun
There are clear indications that the war will soon be over; He had given no indication that he was intending to resign.
نشانه؛ اشاره
indicative [inˈdikətiv]
♦ adjective,
♦ noun
describing verbs which occur as parts of statements and questions: In I ran home' and Are you going?’ ran' and are going’ are indicative (verbs).
خبری
ˈindicator
♦ noun
a pointer, sign, instrument etc which indicates something or gives information about something: the indicator on the petrol gauge of a car.
نشانگر

initial results indicate that …
die ersten Hochrechnungen deuten darauf hin, dass …

to indicate left/right
links/rechts blinken

to indicate ingredients
Inhaltsstoffe aufführen

to indicate [to sb] that …
[jdm] zu verstehen geben, dass …

to indicate one’s displeasure at sth
sein Missfallen über etw Akk zum Ausdruck bringen [o. geben]

/in´di kāt´/
vt.
● نشان دادن،اشاره کردن
the students’ laughter indicated their happiness
خنده‌ی شاگردان شادی آنها را نشان می‌داد.
the map indicates the location of his tomb
نقشه،محل قبر او را نشان می‌دهد.
● حاکی بودن از،نشانه بودن،دلالت کردن بر،مشعر بودن،بیان کردن
his silence indicates consent
سکوت او علامت رضایت است.
fever indicates illness
تب نشانه‌ی بیماری است.
● ایجاب کردن،ضروری ساختن
the scientists’ conflicting findings indicate further research
یافته‌های متغایر دانشمندان،ضرورت پژوهش بیشتر را نشان می‌دهد.
a fabric for which dry cleaning is indicated
پارچه‌ای که باید خشک شویی شود.
● (پزشکی) تجویز کردن
bed rest is indicated
استراحت در بستر تجویز می‌شود.
● به طور مجمل بیان کردن،خاطر نشان کردن
to indicate guidlines for action
رهنمودهای کار را بیان کردن

[ˈindiˌkāt]
verb - indicate
نشان دادن: show, demonstrate, display, illustrate, represent, indicate
نمایان ساختن: detect, indicate
حاکی بودن: indicate, portend
اشاره کردن بر: indicate, infer, suggest

Question 65

distinguish

how might a computer distinguish numbers from letters
ger: distinguieren

Answer 65

distinguish [diˈstiŋgwiʃ]
♦ verb
1 (often with from ) to mark as different: What distinguishes this café from all the others?
مشخص کردن
2 to identify or make out: He could just distinguish the figure of a man running away.
تشخیص دادن؛ دریافتن
3 (sometimes with between ) to recognize a difference: I can’t distinguish (between) the two types – they both look the same to me.
فرق گذاشتن؛ از هم تشخیص دادن
4 to make (oneself) noticed through one’s achievements: He distinguished himself at school by winning a prize in every subject.
ممتاز کردن؛ برجسته کردن
diˈstinguishable
♦ adjective
.
قابل تشخیص
diˈstinguished
♦ adjective
famous or outstanding: a distinguished scientist.
مشهور؛ برجسته

to distinguish a case JUR
den Unterschied zu einem Präzedenzfall herausstellen

to distinguish between sth and sth
zwischen etw Dat und etw Dat unterscheiden

to be able to distinguish good from evil
Gut von Böse voneinander unterscheiden können

it’s often difficult to distinguish one from the other
es ist oft schwierig, sie auseinanderzuhalten

they look very similar and it’s difficult to distinguish one from the other
sie sehen sich sehr ähnlich, und es ist oft schwer sie auseinanderzuhalten

/di stiŋ´gwish/
vt., vi.
● تمیز دادن،فرق گذاشتن،بازشناختن،نیمادن،تشخیص دادن
he cannot distinguish between colors
او رنگ‌ها را تشخیص نمی‌دهد.
he doesn’t distinguish good from evil
او خوب و بد را از هم تمیز نمی‌دهد.
● مشخص کردن،ویژگی (چیزی) بودن
reason distinguishes man from beasts
عقل انسان را از حیوان مشخص می‌کند.
● (با هریک از حواس پنجگانه) دریافتن،پی‌بردن،درک کردن
the fog made it difficult to distinguish their shapes
مه،پی‌بردن به شکل‌های آنها را مشکل می‌کرد.
● جدا کردن و طبقه‌بندی کردن
he could not distinguish musical notes into anything other than high or low
او نمی‌توانست نت‌های موسیقی را به چیزی جز زیر و بم طبقه‌بندی کند.
● (برجسته و مفتخر کردن) ممتاز کردن،برتر نمودن
he distinguished himself in battle
او در نبرد برتری خود را نشان داد.

[disˈtiNGgwiSH]
verb - distinguish
تمیز دادن: distinguish, discern, identify, individualize, individuate
تشخیص دادن: distinguish, recognize, diagnose, discern, assess, descry
مشخص کردن: specify, determine, characterize, define, distinguish
وجه تمایز قائل شدن: distinguish
تمبز دادن: distinguish
دیفرانسیل گرفتن: distinguish
مشهور کردن: distinguish, fame, glorify
فرو نشاندن: quench, quell, suppress, tranquilize, curb, distinguish
دیدن: see, view, sight, vision, look, distinguish

Question 66

bias

Answer 66

bias [ˈbaiəs]
♦ noun
1 favouring of one or other (side in an argument etc ) rather than remaining neutral: a bias against people of other religions.
گرایش؛ تمایل
2 a weight on or in an object (eg a bowl for playing bowls) making it move in a particular direction.
نیروی محرک؛ جهت دهنده

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈbias(s)ed –
to influence (usually unfairly): He was biased by the report in the newspapers.
غرض ورزی کردن؛ دارای گرایش کردن
ˈbias(s)ed
♦ adjective
(negative unbias(s)ed ) favouring one side rather than another: a biased judgement.
مغرض

● (خط یا سجاف یا نواره‌ی) اریب،درز اریبی،اریبی،مورب
● گرایش،تمایل،انحراف،خمش،سوگیری،کژگرایی،کژی
a chronic bias toward inflation
گرایش گهگیر به تورم اقتصادی
a bias toward a certain type of personality
تمایل نسبت به گونه‌ی ویژه‌ای از شخصیت
the university is more biased towards the sciences
دانشگاه نسبت به علوم تمایل بیشتری دارد.
● دارای گرایش کردن،کژگرای کردن،دارای انحراف کردن
their policy had no educational bias
سیاست آنها گرایش آموزشی نداشت.
● تبعیض،سوداری،غرض،غرضمندی،مغرض بودن
the bias against women
تبعیض نسبت به زنان
they were biased against Hindus
نسبت به هندوها غرض داشتند.
in her husband’s biased eyes she is the most beautiful woman on earth
از دید شوهر شیفته‌اش،او خوشگل‌ترین زن روی زمین است.
● (رادیو) نیروی محرک ورودی،پیش قدر،بایاس
● (آمار) خطا،تورش
biased sampling
نمونه‌برداری غیر تصادفی (سوگیرانه)
● (مهجور) کج،یک وری
* on the bias
اریب،مورب،میانبر

[ˈbīəs]
noun - bias
تعصب: prejudice, bias, bigotry, fanaticism, zeal, intolerance
پیشقدر: bias
تمایل بیک طرف: bias
سینه کش: escarpment, downhill, hillside, bias, declivity
adjective - bias
مورب: diagonal, oblique, bevel, skew, bias, askew
verb - bias
تحت تاثیر قرار دادن: impress, bias
بیک طرف متمایل کردن: bias
تبعیض کردن: bias, prejudice

electrode bias
Elektrodenvorspannung f

upward bias
positive Verzerrung

bias-cutting
Schrägschnitt m

bias-cut
schräg geschnitten

to exhibit bias
voreingenommen sein

strong bias [or prejudice]
unüberwindliches Vorurteil

on the bias
diagonal [o. schräg] zum Fadenlauf

likelihood of bias JUR
Besorgnis f der Befangenheit

to accuse sb of bias
jdm Befangenheit vorwerfen

to reinforce sb’s prejudices [or bias]
jds Vorurteile bestätigen

to show a bias/enthusiasm for sth
eine Vorliebe/Begeisterung für etw Akk zeigen

to have a bias against sth
gegen etw Akk eine Abneigung haben

to challenge a judge on grounds of bias Am
einen Richter wegen Besorgnis der Befangenheit ablehnen

Question 67

toward

thats ehy actually a little biased toward A´s through Z´s

ger:
zu

gegenüber
in Richtung
unter

Answer 67

[t(ə)ˈwôrd,tôrd]
preposition - toward
نسبت به: than, toward, into
بسوی: to, toward, unto, into, against, at
بطرف: toward, to, into, at, unto, on
در راه: toward
نزدیک به: toward
در باره: about, on, concerning, of, toward, re
روی: on, over, in, upon, aboard, toward
برای: for, to, on, for the sake, in order that, toward
adjective - toward
اینده: next, forthcoming, oncoming, incoming, toward, to-be
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he leaned toward her
er lehnte sich zu ihr hinüber

she walked toward him
sie ging auf ihn zu

plants turn toward the light
Pflanzen wenden sich dem Licht zu

to work toward a solution
auf eine Lösung hinarbeiten

a trend toward healthier eating
ein Trend [hin] zu gesünderer Ernährung

to feel sth toward sb
jdm gegenüber etw empfinden [o. fühlen]

sb’s indulgent attitude toward sth
jds tolerante Einstellung gegenüber etw Dat

to push the nation toward recovery
die Nation auf den Weg des wirtschaftlichen Aufschwungs bringen

to take a step toward sb
einen Schritt auf jdn zu machen

they are working toward a degree
sie arbeiten auf einen Abschluss hin

our seats were toward the back
unsere Plätze waren recht weit hinten

toward midnight/the end of the year
gegen Mitternacht/Ende des Jahres

she kept glancing toward the telephone
sie sah immerzu in Richtung Telefon

they’ve always been friendly toward me
mir gegenüber waren sie immer freundlich

she has a tendency toward dramatization
sie neigt dazu, alles zu dramatisieren

toward Easter/the first of June
um Ostern/den ersten Juni herum

that’s part of her attitude toward life
das ist Teil ihrer Lebenseinstellung

he ran towards [or toward] the light
er rannte dem Licht entgegen

to gear oneself to [or toward] [or towards] sth
sich Akk auf etw Akk einstellen

we’re well toward the front of the queue
wir sind ziemlich weit vorne in der Schlange

/tôrd; tō´ǝrd; tō ǝrd, tôrd/
prep., adj.
● به سوی،در جهت،به طرف (towards هم می‌نویسند)
her back was toward me
پشت او به طرف من بود.
he was driving toward town
به طرف شهر رانندگی می‌کرد.
troops heading toward the front
سربازانی که به طرف جبهه می‌رفتند
he pulled the plate of rice toward himself
بشقاب پلو را به سوی خودش کشید.
Parviz came towards me
پرویز به سوی من آمد.
we are all striving towards a common goal
ما همگی در جهت هدف مشترکی کوشا هستیم.
steps toward peace
گام‌هایی به سوی صلح
● به،برای،نسبت به،به خاطر
a tendency toward mischief
تمایل به شیطنت
pressure toward conformity
فشار برای هم نواسازی
a tendency toward socialism
گرایش به سوسیالیسم
her attitude towards life is not good
نگرش او نسبت به زندگی خوب نیست.
with malice toward none
با بداندیشی نسبت به هیچ کس
sensitive towards this medication
دارای حساسیت نسبت به این دارو
● نزدیک (به)،مجاور،(در) حدود،در حوالی
there were toward five hundred persons
نزدیک به پانصد نفر آنجا بودند.
toward the dinner hour
حدود وقت شام
toward the end of the winter
در حدود آخر زمستان
one afternoon toward sundown
یک روز بعدازظهر در حوالی غروب آفتاب
● در شرف وقوع
the government was privy to what was toward
دولت از آنچه که در حال وقوع بود اطلاع داشت.
● (نادر) خوش یمن،آمددار،نیک فرجام
● (نادر) مطیع،رام،فرمان بردار

Question 68

punctuation

Answer 68

noun
[punc·tu·a·tion || ‚pʌŋ(k)tʃʊ’eɪʃn]
system of symbols used to divide or clarify text (such as !, ?, “, etc.); act of placing punctuation marks within text; vocalization; act of emphasizing

Question 69

suppose

supposedly: angeblich

Answer 69

US UK AU suppose [səˈpəuz]
♦ verb
1 to think probable; to believe or guess: Who do you suppose telephoned today?; I suppose you'll be going to the meeting?' Yes, I suppose so / No, I don’t suppose so.’; Do you suppose she’ll win?; Surely her statement can't be correct?' No, I suppose not’.
فرض كردن
2 to accept as true for the sake of argument; to consider as a possibility: (Let’s) suppose we each had $100 to spend; Suppose the train’s late – what shall we do?
قرار است
3 used to make a suggestion or give an order in a polite way: Suppose we have lunch now!; Suppose you make us a cup of tea!
چه مي شود اگر
supˈposing
if: Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do?
فرض كنيم كه
be supposed to (be/doetc )
1 to have the reputation of (being etc ): He’s supposed to be the best doctor in the town.
بايد
2 to be expected or obliged to (do something etc ): You’re supposed to make your own bed every morning.

I suppose/don’t suppose
wohl/wohl kaum

suppose he was there …
angenommen er war hier …

no, I suppose not
nein, ich denke [wohl] nicht

I suppose so
wahrscheinlich

to little suppose/think [that] …
nicht annehmen/denken, [dass] …

suppose A was B’s sister
angenommen A wäre die Schwester von B

suppose we leave right away?
wie wär’s, wenn wir jetzt gleich fahren würden?

I’m very popular, I suppose
ich bin sehr beliebt, nehm’ ich mal an

I suppose you couldn’t … [or I don’t suppose you could …]
Sie könnten mir nicht zufällig …

to suppose sb/sth to be sth
jdn/etw für etw Akk halten

I suppose you think that’s funny
du hältst das wohl auch noch für komisch

can I watch television? — I suppose so
darf ich fernsehen? — na gut, meinetwegen [o. von mir aus]

what time do you suppose he’ll be arriving?
wann, glaubst du, wird er ankommen?

I suppose muggins here will have to clear up!
ich schätze, dass ich wieder der Dumme bin und aufräumen muss

it is a fallacy to suppose [or think] that …
es ist ein Irrtum anzunehmen, dass …

I suppose we’re stuck with each other for the duration
sieht so aus, als müssten wir es bis auf weiteres miteinander aushalten

is this that the correct answer? — I suppose so
ist das die richtige Antwort? — ich glaube schon [o. ja]

I suppose all the tickets will be sold by now
die Tickets werden wohl inzwischen ausverkauft sein

I suppose we’ll just have to wait for the inevitable
ich vermute, wir müssen einfach auf das Unvermeidliche warten

• I suppose it makes sense to go ahead and pay the bill right now.
به نظرم عاقلانه ست همین الان بری و قبض رو پرداخت کنی
• I suppose that behind each thing we have to do, there’s something we want to do…
به نظر من، در ورای هر چیزی که مجبور به انجام دادنش هستیم، چیزی هست که مایل به انجام آن هستیم…
• I don’t suppose you know anything about Tom, do you?
فکر نکنم شما چیزی راجع به تام بدانید. می دانید؟
• I don’t suppose you’d consider helping Tom.
فکر نکنم شما کمک به تام را مدنظر قرار دهید.
• Imagine a problem such as this: Suppose your brother has a car accident.
مشکلی نظیر این را تصور کنید: فرض کنید اتومبیل برادرتان تصادف کرده است

● فرض کردن،گرفتن،انگاشتن،پنداشتن،گمان کردن
suppose your father were learned …
گیرم پدر تو بود فاضل …
I suppose many are weaker than you are …
گرفتم زتو ناتوان تر بسی‌ست …
let’s suppose you are wealthy
فرض کنیم که تو پولدار هستی.
everyone supposes him to be cruel but he is really a kind man
همه می‌پندارند که او ظالم است ولی واقعا مرد مهربانی است.
● حدس زدن،(حدسا) فکر کردن
I suppose you are right
فکر می‌کنم که حق با شماست.
why do you suppose she came?
حدس می‌زنی به چه منظوری آمد؟
● رجوع شود به: presuppose
● اگر … چی‌؟
suppose they don’t come!
اگر نیایند چی‌!
suppose he dies!
اگر بمیرد چی‌!
● قرار است که …،باید،وظیفه‌ی تو است که …
he is supposed to telephone
قرار است که تلفن بزند.
children are not supposed to be sent to war
بچه‌ها نباید به جنگ فرستاده شوند.

verb - suppose
پنداشتن: deem, suppose, count, assume, take, fancy
فرض کردن: assume, presume, adjudge, consider, suppose, deem
خیال کردن: deem, guess, reckon, suppose, think
انگاشتن: imagine, assume, suppose
گمان کردن: reckon, suppose, suspect, think

Question 70

aid

Answer 70

aid [eid]
♦ noun
help: Rich countries give aid to developing countries; The teacher uses visual aids; He came to my aid when my car broke down.
کمک

♦ verb
to help: I was aided in my search by the library staff.
کمک کردن
in aid of
as a financial help to (a charity etc ): The collection is in aid of the blind.
برای کمک به

aid organization
Hilfsorganisation f
slimming aid
Schlankmacher m ugs
emergency aid
Soforthilfe f
hearing aid
Hörgerät nt
financial aid
finanzielle Hilfe [o. Unterstützung]
foreign aid
Entwicklungshilfe f
walking aid
Gehhilfe f
to render aid [or assistance]
Hilfe leisten
government aid [or support]
staatliche Unterstützung

● کمک،یاری،همدستی،همیاری،مساعدت،معاضدت
financial and technical aid to African countries
کمک‌های مالی و فنی به کشورهای افریقا
with the aid of friends
به یاری دوستان
● کمک کردن،یاری کردن
he aided me in my hour of need
او به هنگام نیاز مرا یاری کرد.
● ور دست،یاور،کمک،یار،معاون،دستیار،مددکار،پیشکار
the physician and his aid(e) came
پزشک و دستیارش آمدند.
an engineer’s aid
کمک مهندس
● وسیله‌ی کمک
audiovisual aids
تسهیلات سمعی ـ بصری
first aids
کمک‌های اولیه
● (تاریخ انگلیس) خراج،باجی که رعیت به لرد می‌داد،کمک هزینه‌ای که در مواقع ویژه به شاه داده می‌شد

noun - aid
کمک: help, aid, assistance, helping, support, relief
مساعدت: assistance, aid, help, favor, backstop, favour
یاری: help, helping, aid, succor, adjutancy, companionship
حمایت: protection, patronage, aid, aegis, shelter, vindication
یاور: adjuvant, helper, collaborator, assistant, aid, adjutant
مدد کار: aid
معونت: aid
هم دست: accomplice, collaborator, complice, adjoint, aid, associate
verb - aid
کمک کردن: help, assist, aid, facilitate, boost, bestead
یاری کردن: assist, succor, help, aid, bestead, succour
مساعدت کردن: help, aid, assist
حمایت کردن: support, protect, defend, aid, assert, stead
پشتیبانی کردن: support, backup, aid, champion, prop, rally

Question 71

tend

But frankly, bits are so tiny, literally and mathematically,
that we don’t tend to think or talk, generally, in terms of bits.

Answer 71

tend1 [tend]
♦ verb
to take care of; to look after: A shepherd tends his sheep.
مراقبت کردن
ˈtender
♦ noun
1 a person who looks after something: a bartender.
مراقب
2 a small boat which carries stores or passengers to and from a larger boat.
قایق ویژه حمل مسافر و بار از کشتی به ساحل

● گرایش داشتن،متمایل بودن،میل داشتن
modern designs tend to simplicity
طرح‌های جدید به سادگی تمایل دارند.
he tends towards extreme views
او نسبت به عقاید افراطی گرایش دارد.
● رو به سویی داشتن،به طرفی متوجه بودن (یا رفتن)
this road tends south
این جاده رو به جنوب است (به جنوب می‌رود).
the ideals toward which the revolution continually tended
آرمان‌هایی که انقلاب دایما به سوی آنها می‌رفت
● آمادگی داشتن،احتمال داشتن
women tend to live longer than men
احتمال طول عمر زن‌ها از مردها بیشتر است.
it tends to snow here a lot in winter
هنگام زمستان در اینجا احتمال برف زیاد است.
this motor tends to overheat
این موتور زود داغ می‌شود.
● انجامیدن،رسیدن به،منتج شدن
this kind of attitude tends to defeat
اینگونه طرز برخورد به شکست خواهد انجامید.

/tend/
vt., vi.
● پرستاری کردن،پروردن،تیمار کردن،پرورش دادن
to tend plants
گیاه پرورش دادن
to tend the sick
از بیماران پرستاری کردن
● مراقبت کردن،پاییدن،نگهداری کردن،مواظبت کردن
who is tending the store in your absence?
در غیاب تو،کی از مغازه مراقبت می‌کند؟
● (کشتیرانی) آماده بودن،هشیار بودن،مواظب بودن
● توجه کردن (به)،رسیدگی کردن،پرداختن به
you mind your own business and I’ll tend to mine
تو سرت به کار خودت باشد و من هم به کارهای خودم می‌رسم (در کار من دخالت نکن).
* tend on
خدمت کردن،دست به سینه جلوی کسی ایستادن،تیمار کردن

/tend/
vt., vi.
● پرستاری کردن،پروردن،تیمار کردن،پرورش دادن
to tend plants
گیاه پرورش دادن
to tend the sick
از بیماران پرستاری کردن
● مراقبت کردن،پاییدن،نگهداری کردن،مواظبت کردن
who is tending the store in your absence?
در غیاب تو،کی از مغازه مراقبت می‌کند؟
● (کشتیرانی) آماده بودن،هشیار بودن،مواظب بودن
● توجه کردن (به)،رسیدگی کردن،پرداختن به
you mind your own business and I’ll tend to mine
تو سرت به کار خودت باشد و من هم به کارهای خودم می‌رسم (در کار من دخالت نکن).
* tend on
خدمت کردن،دست به سینه جلوی کسی ایستادن،تیمار کردن

Question 72

incresing,increasingly

We have a vocabulary for these increasingly large quantities of data.

steigern

Answer 72

increase [inˈkriːs]
♦ verb
to (cause to) grow in size, number etc : The number of children in this school has increased greatly in recent years.
افزایش یافتن
[ˈinkriːs]noun
(the amount, number etc added by) growth: There has been some increase in business; The increase in the population over the last ten years was 40,000.
افزایش؛ رشد
inˈcreasingly
♦ adverb
more and more: It became increasingly difficult to find helpers.
بطور فزاینده
on the increase
becoming more frequent or becoming greater: Acts of violence are on the increase.
رو به افزایش

increasing prices
steigende Preise
increasing efforts
verstärkte Anstrengungen
with increasing frequency
immer öfter
ever-increasing demand for sth
ständig wachsende Nachfrage nach etw Dat
the sophistication of computers is increasing
Computer werden technisch immer ausgefeilter
the stridency of the demands is increasing
die Forderungen werden mit vergrößerter Schärfe gestellt
the number of unfilled teaching posts is increasing
die Zahl der offenen Stellen in Lehrberufen steigt an
pressure to abandon the new motorway is increasing
die Forderungen, die neuen Autobahnpläne zu verwerfen, werden lauter
this has the effect of increasing the temperature
dies bewirkt eine Steigerung der Temperatur

verb - increase
زیاد شدن: increase, augment, grow, gain, mount, proliferate
افزودن: add, increase, enhance, augment, append, eke
زیاد کردن: increase, augment, raise, propagate, add, boost
توسعه دادن: develop, expand, extend, enlarge, increase, outstretch
توانگر کردن: enrich, increase
ترفیع دادن: elevate, pedestal, increase, promote
تکثیر کردن: multiply, reproduce, duplicate, increase, mimeograph, propagate

adjective
becoming greater, expanding, growing
noun
enlarging, expanding, growing

increase
noun
[in·crease || ɪn’krɪːs]
growth, expansion; addition; enlargement; escalation; reproduction
verb
[in·crease || ɪn’krɪːs]
enlarge, add to, augment; multiply; raise, heighten, intensify

Question 73

capture

not only can we represent all human languages in written form,
as well as some emotions along the way, we
can capture the latter with these things called emojis.

Answer 73

[ˈkapCHər]
verb - capture
گرفتن: take, catch, grab, capture, obtain, receive
اسیر کردن: capture, enthrall, captivate, enthral
مبتلا کردن: capture, seize
noun - capture
تسخیر: capture, conquest, winning
دستگیری: capture, apprehension, charity

/-chǝr/
n., vt.
● (با زور یا مهارت یا غافلگیری) گرفتن،ستاندن،استاندن،دستگیر کردن،اسیر کردن
in order to capture the imagination of youth
به منظور جلب تخیل جوانان
the Russians captured Berlin
روس‌ها برلن را گرفتند.
a captured thief
دزد دستگیر شده
they captured two German soldiers
آنها دو سرباز آلمانی را اسیر کردند.
the Japanese captured thirty percent of the country’s market
ژاپنی‌ها سی درصد بازار کشور را به دست آوردند.
● دستگیری،اسارت،تسخیر،تسخیر کردن،به دست آوردن
the capture of Majnoon island
گرفتن جزیره‌ی مجنون
the capture of the escaped prisoners
دستگیری زندانیان فراری
● غنیمت،یغما
● (از راه نقاشی یا نگارش یا عکس و غیره) ضبط کردن،مجسم کردن
in his paintings, he masterfully captures the beauty of spring
او در نقاشی‌های خود زیبایی بهار را استادانه مجسم می‌کند.
● (فیزیک) جذب ذره‌ی بنیادی اتم توسط هسته‌ی اتم (به ویژه جذب نوترون یا الکترون که موجب برون تابی اشعه گردد)،این فعل و انفعال را ایجاد کردن،گیرش

to capture sb’s sympathy
jds Sympathie gewinnen
to capture a city
eine Stadt einnehmen [o. erobern]
to capture a ship
ein Schiff kapern [o. aufbringen]
to capture the market
den Markt erobern
to capture a treasure
einen Schatz erobern
to elude capture
der Gefangennahme entgehen
to capture sb’s attention/interest
jds Aufmerksamkeit/Interesse erregen
to capture sth in a painting/on film
etw in einem Bild/auf Film festhalten

Question 74

trivia

So, in fact, just as a little bit of trivia,
has anyone ever received this decimal number, or if you prefer binary now,

ger: trivial, banal

Answer 74

trivia [ˈtriviə]
♦ noun plural
unimportant matters or details: I haven’t time to worry about such trivia.
چیزهای کم اهمیت و پیش پا افتاده
ˈtrivial
♦ adjective
1 of very little importance: trivial details.
کم اهمیت
2 (especially of people) only interested in unimportant things; not at all serious: She’s a very trivial person.
کم مایه؛ سطحی نگر
ˈtrivially
♦ adverb
.
بطور پیش پا افتاده
ˌtriviˈality [-ˈa-]
♦ noun
1 the state of being trivial.
پیش پا افتادگی
2 (plural triviˈalities ) something which is trivial: He is always worrying about some triviality or other.
امر پیش پا افتاده

n.pl.
● چیزهای کم اهمیت و پیش پا افتاده
● داده‌های کم اهمیت یا کم شناخته
a trivia contest
مسابقه‌ی پرسش و پاسخ (درباره‌ی داده‌های کم شناخته)

noun
[triv·i·a || ‘trɪvɪə]
inconsequential things or facts, trivial details, trifles

trivium
noun
(during the Middle Ages) three lowest of the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, and logic)

Question 75

esoteric

esoteric taste übtr scherzh
exotischer Geschmack

Well, if you actually look this up, this esoteric sequence of zeros and ones

Answer 75

[ˌesəˈterik]
adjective - esoteric
رمزی: coded, symbolic, secret, encoded, cryptic, esoteric
محرمانه: confidential, secret, private, arcane, closed, esoteric
مبهم: vague, ambiguous, obscure, enigmatic, opaque, esoteric
سری: classified, secretive, esoteric, undercover, mysterious, occult
درونی: internal, inner, innermost, inward, interior, esoteric
مشکوک: suspicious, doubtful, fishy, dubious, questionable, esoteric
داخلی: internal, interior, inner, indoor, inward, esoteric

/es´ǝ ter´ik/
adj.
● (در مورد فکر و نوشته و غیره - قابل درک توسط عده‌ی معدودی از خواص) رمزگونه،پرخیده،پر ایما و اشاره،غامض
some of his predictions are so esoteric that only a few of his followers understand their meaning
برخی از پیشگویی‌های او آنقدر غامض است که فقط معدودی از پیروانش معنی آن را می‌فهمند.
● دشوار،مشکل (از نظر فهم)
● خودمانی،محرمانه،مستور،پوشیده،(در برابر: ناپرخیده،عمومی exoteric)
an esoteric plan
نقشه‌ی محرمانه

Question 76

sequence

Reinfolge

Answer 76

US UK AU sequence [ˈsiːkwəns]
♦ noun
a series of events etc following one another in a particular order: He described the sequence of events leading to his dismissal from the firm; a sequence of numbers; a dance sequence.
زنجيره

/sē´kwǝns/
n., vt.
● ترتیب،تسلسل،توالی،دهناد،زنجیرواری،پشت همی
the sequence of events
تسلسل رویدادها
their names are listed in a chronological sequence
نام آنها به ترتیب تاریخی فهرست شده است.
● رشته،سلسله،زنجیره،سیری،ریسه
a sequence of historical plays by Shakespeare
یک زنجیره نمایش‌های تاریخی از شکسپیر
a sequence of terrible accidents
یک سلسله حوادث ناگوار
a sonnet sequence
یک رشته غزلیات
● (بازی با ورق) سه یا چند ورق پشت سرهم (run هم می‌گویند)
● رجوع شود به: sequel
● (ریاضی) دنباله
sequence of functions
دنباله‌ی تابع‌ها
● (موسیقی) تکرار ملودی
● (به ویژه فیلم سینما) صحنه،فصل،سکانس
in the next sequence, the hero marries the girl
در صحنه‌ی بعدی قهرمان با آن دختر ازدواج می کند.
● (کلیسای کاتولیک) سرود پیش از قرائت انجیل
● (به روش خاصی) مرتب کردن،پشت سر هم قرار دادن،دهنادن،قطار کردن
* in sequence
به ترتیب (ترتیب خاص)،پشت سر هم

Question 77

consortium

Answer 77

US UK AU consortium [kənˈsoːtiəm, (American) -ʃiəm]
♦ noun
an association, union, especially of bankers or businessmen.
کنسرسیوم

n., pl.
● (بازرگانی) کنسرسیوم (ائتلاف چند شرکت یا بانک برای انجام کار بخصوص)،انبازه،مشارکت،شرکت،انباز گروه
a number of oil companies formed a consortium to explore and refine oil
چند شرکت به منظور اکتشاف و پالایش نفت کنسرسیوم تشکیل دادند.
● (حقوق - در ازدواج) تمکین و مجالست،همیاری

A consortium (plural: consortia) is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. Consortium is a Latin word meaning “partnership”, “association” or “society”, and derives from consors (“shared in property”), itself from con- (“together”) and sors (“fate”).

underwriting consortium + Sg/pl Verb
Emissionskonsortium nt
to form a consortium
ein Konsortium bilden
consortium of banks
Bankenkonsortium nt
consortium of companies
Firmenkonsortium nt fachspr

Question 78

Dichotomy

And so it’s an interesting dichotomy between what information we all
want to represent and how we choose, ultimately, to represent it.

ger: dichotomie

Answer 78

[dīˈkätəmē]
noun - dichotomy
دوگانگی: dichotomy
تقسیم به دو بخش: dichotomy
دورستگی: dichotomy
انشعاب به دو شعبه: dichotomy
دو حالتی: dichotomy

/-mē/
n., pl.
● (بخش کردن به دو شاخه یا قسمت) دو شاخگی،دو گانگی،دورستگی،دو بخش سازی،تفاوت (میان دو چیز مخالف)،دگرسانی
the dichotomy between truth and falsehood
تفاوت میان راستی و نادرستی
a dichotomy into good and evil
دو شاخگی خوبی و بدی
● (نجوم) تربیع،نیم‌تابی
● (گیاه‌شناسی) دوشاخگی،دوشاخه شدگی
● (منطق) تقسیم ثنایی،بخش دوگانه

dichotomy
Zweiteilung f
dichotomy
Dichotomie f geh

2. dichotomy BOT:
   dichotomy
   Aufspaltung f
   dichotomy
   Gabelung f
   dichotomy
   Dichotomie f fachspr

A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets). In other words, this couple of parts must be jointly exhaustive: everything must belong to one part or the other, and mutually exclusive: nothing can belong simultaneously to both parts.If there is a concept A, and it is split into parts B and not-B, then the parts form a dichotomy: they are mutually exclusive, since no part of B is contained in not-B and vice versa, and they are jointly exhaustive, since they cover all of A, and together again give A. Such a partition is also frequently called a bipartition. The two parts thus formed are complements. In logic, the partitions are opposites if there exists a proposition such that it holds over one and not the other. Treating continuous variables or multicategorical variables as binary variables is called dichotomization. The discretization error inherent in dichotomization is temporarily ignored for modeling purposes.

Question 79

compel, compelling

We’ll see in a few weeks why this is compelling.

Answer 79

AU compel [kəmˈpel]– past tense past participle comˈpelled –
♦ verb
to force: They compelled me to betray my country.
مجبور کردن

/käm pǝl´iŋ/
adj.
● وادار کننده،تحمیلگر،الزام آور
compelling circumstances
شرایط الزام آور
● (بیشتر در مورد رمان و نمایش و غیره) گیرا،بسیار جالب،آنچه که سخت تحت تاثیر قرار دهد
a compelling story
داستانی گیرا
● (در مورد استدلال و غیره) مجاب کننده،قانع کننده
compelling reasons
دلایل قانع کننده

compelling circumstances, evidence, reason
zwingend
compelling film, painting, performance
fesselnd
compelling desire
unwiderstehliches Verlangen

1. compel (force):
   to compel sb to do sth
   jdn [dazu] zwingen, etw zu tun
   to feel compelled [to do sth]
   sich Akk gezwungen [o. genötigt] sehen[, etw zu tun]
2. compel form (cause to happen):
   to compel sth person
   etw erzwingen
   to compel sth circumstances
   etw erforderlich machen
   to compel attention
   Aufmerksamkeit erregen

kəmˈpeliNG]
verb - compel
وادار کردن: induce, persuade, compel, impel, enforce, oblige
مجبور کردن: force, compel, enforce, oblige, bludgeon, necessitate

Question 80

convenient

Answer 80

convenient [kənˈviːnjənt]
♦ adjective
1 suitable; not causing trouble or difficulty: When would it be convenient for me to come?
راحت؛ بی دردسر
2 easy to use, run etc : a convenient size of house.
مناسب؛ راحت
3 easy to reach etc ; accessible: Keep this in a convenient place.
در دسترس
conˈveniently
♦ adverb
.
بطور آسان
conˈvenience
♦ noun
1 the state or quality of being convenient; freedom from trouble or difficulty: the convenience of living near the office.
راحتی؛ آسودگی
2 any means of giving ease or comfort: the conveniences of modern life.
وسیلۀ رفاه؛ تسهیلات
3 (also public convenience ) a public lavatory.
مستراح همگانی

adj.
● راحت،آسودبخش
airplanes have made travelling more convenient
هواپیما سفر را راحت‌تر کرده است.
● در دسترس،نزدیک
● آسان،سهل،مناسب،بی‌دردسر
come whenever it is convenient for you
هر وقت برایتان مناسب است تشریف بیاورید.
● (مهجور) برازنده،درخور

convenient location
günstige Lage

convenient excuse
passende Entschuldigung

very convenient opening hours
sehr günstige Öffnungszeiten

a convenient moment [or time]
ein günstiger [o. passender] Zeitpunkt

if it’s convenient
wenn es Ihnen passt

it is [very] convenient that …
es ist [sehr] praktisch, dass …

to be convenient for sb
jdm gelegen kommen

is Saturday convenient for you
passt es Ihnen am Samstag?

if it’s convenient for you
wenn es Ihnen passt

to find it convenient to do sth
es praktisch finden, etw zu tun

it is convenient for sb to do sth
es macht jdm keine Umstände, etw zu tun

his competitor’s injury was most convenient for him
die Verletzung seines Konkurrenten kam ihm sehr gelegen

the new flat is very convenient for the kids’ school
die neue Wohnung liegt sehr günstig, ganz in der Nähe der Schule der Kinder

[kənˈvēnyənt]
adjective - convenient
راحت: comfortable, convenient, well, comfy, straight, cozy
مناسب: suitable, appropriate, proper, convenient, adequate, fit
راه دست: convenient

Question 81

convention, conventional

ger: Konvention, konventionell

Answer 81

US UK AU convention [kənˈvenʃən]
♦ noun
1 a way of behaving that has become usual; (an) established custom: Shaking hands when meeting people is a normal convention in many countries; He does not care about convention.
رسم؛ سنت
2 in the United States a meeting of delegates from a political party for nominating a presidential candidate.
همایش رسمی نمایندگان
3 an assembly of people of a particular profession etc .
اجلاس؛ کنگره
conˈventional
♦ adjective
(negative unconventional ) according to the accepted standards etc ; not outrageous or eccentric: conventional dress; the more conventional forms of art.
معمول؛ قراردادی
conˌventioˈnality [-ˈnӕ-]
♦ noun
.
سنتی یا عرفی بودن

/kǝn ven´shǝn/
n.
● اجلاس،کنگره،گردهمایی،همایش،نشست،چپیره،جلسه
the annual convention of pediatricians
کنگره‌ی سالیانه‌ی ویژه‌گران بیماری‌های کودکان
● (امریکا) همایش رسمی نمایندگان حزب (دمکرات یا جمهوریخواه)
● میثاق،پیمان،توافقنامه
the Geneva Convention
میثاق ژنو،کنوانسیون ژنو
● سنت،عرف،رسم،(جمع) آداب و رسوم
a blind observance of convention
پیروی کورکورانه از عرف
according to convention, the oldest member is chosen to preside
طبق رسم،مسن‌ترین فرد به ریاست جلسه انتخاب می‌شود.
● رسم هنری،قاعده‌ی ادبی
one of the conventions of Elizabethan drama
یکی از رسوم تئاتر دوران الیزابت

kənˈvenCHən]
noun - convention
قرارداد: contract, agreement, convention, treaty, indenture, bond
مجمع: meeting, convention, society, club, convent
پیمان نامه: treaty, convention
هم ایش: congress, convention, meeting
هم ایی: convention
انجمن: association, community, society, assembly, council, convention

Question 82

advance

in advance : im voraus

Answer 82

US UK AU advance [ədˈvaːns]
♦ verb
1 to move forward: The army advanced towards the town; Our plans are advancing well; He married the boss’s daughter to advance (= improve) his chances of promotion.
پیش رفتن؛ پیشرفت کردن
2 to supply (someone) with (money) on credit: The bank will advance you $500.
مساعده دادن

♦ noun
1 moving forward or progressing: We’ve halted the enemy’s advance; Great advances in medicine have been made in this century.
پیشرفت
2 a payment made before the normal time: Can I have an advance on my salary?
مساعده
3 (usually in plural ) an attempt at (especially sexual) seduction.
ایجاد رابطه با جنس مخالف

♦ adjective
1 made etc before the necessary or agreed time: an advance payment.
زودتر از موعد
2 made beforehand: an advance booking.
آماده
3 sent ahead of the main group or force: the advance guard.
پیشرو
advanced
♦ adjective
having made a lot of progress; at a high level: an advanced computer course; in the advanced stages of the illness.
پیشرفته
in advance
1 before(hand): Can you pay me in advance?
از قبل؛ جلوتر
2 in front: I’ve been sent on in advance (of the main force).
جلوتر از دیگران؛ پیشرو

in advance
im Voraus

advance payment
Vorauszahlung f

advance copy
Vorausexemplar nt

cash advance
Barvorschuss m

bank advance
Bankdarlehen nt

advance billing
Reklame f

advance bookings
Vorreservierung[en] f

to advance a price
einen Preis erhöhen

two months’ advance notice
Ankündigung f zwei Monate im Voraus

advance payment bond
Anzahlungsgarantie f

Advance Corporation Tax
Körperschaftssteuervorauszahlung f

advance on goods HANDEL
Warenlombard m

advance on account
Überziehungskredit m

advance corporation tax
Körperschaftssteuervorauszahlung f

advance in prices
Preissteigerung f

interest on advance
Vorauszahlungszins m

advance on collateral FIN
Beleihungskredit m

/ad vans´/
n., adj., vi., vt.
● جلو بردن،پیش بردن
to advance the pawn
(در شطرنج) پیاده را جلو بردن
● جلو رفتن،پیش رفتن،پیشروی کردن،پیشرفت کردن
Napoleon’s army advanced toward Moscow
قشون ناپلئون به سوی مسکو پیش رفت.
South Korea has advanced a lot
کره‌ی جنوبی بسیار پیشرفت کرده است.
● ترفیع یافتن یا دادن،مهم کردن یا شدن
● ارائه دادن
scientists advanced new theories
دانشمندان نظریه‌های جدیدی را ارائه دادند.
● (تاریخ یا وقت چیزی را) جلو آوردن،جلو انداختن
he advanced the date of his trip by one week
تاریخ سفر خود را یک هفته جلو انداخت.
● (قیمت را) بالا بردن،بالا رفتن
the advance in prices
بالا رفتن قیمت‌ها
● قبل از موعد پرداخت کردن،مساعده دادن،پیشکی دادن
● پول پیشکی،پیش پرداخت،وام،پیش قسط،مساعده
his boss gave him an advance of ten thousand tumans
رییسش به او ده هزار تومان مساعده داد.
● پیشرفت،جلو روی،پیشروی،پیش روند
recent advances in science
پیشرفت‌های اخیر در علم
* to make advances (to)
(با اشاره و کنایه) در ایجاد رابطه با جنس مخالف کوشیدن
* in advance
از قبل،از پیش
we had made reservations in advance
از قبل جا گرفته بودیم.
* in advance of
جلوتر از،پیشرفته‌تر از
their technology is in advance of ours
تکنولوژی آنها از ما جلوتر است.

ˈvans]
noun - advance
پیشرفت: progress, advance, improvement, development, progression, advancement
مساعده: imprest, advance, advance money, accommodation
پیش روی: advance, progress, precession, onrush, march, antecedence
جلو بردن: advance
پیش پرداخت: prepayment, advance, payment in advance
پیش قسط: prepayment, advance, down payment, cash down, handsel
سبقت: overtaking, overtake, precession, lead, precedence, advance
ربون: advance
verb - advance
پیش بردن: advance, carry out, further, encourage, expedite, hustle
جلو بردن: advance, feed, boost, further
اقامه کردن: advance, pose, allege
جلو رفتن: advance, bring on, come along, forge
ترقی دادن: promote, boost, advance, meliorate, raise
ترفیع رتبه دادن: advance
تسریع کردن: accelerate, precipitate, advance, catalyze, hotfoot, speed up
مساعده دادن: advance
پیش رفتن: go forward, jut, proceed, precess, advance, antecede
adjective - advance
از پیش فرستاده شده: advance

Question 83

circumstance

Umstände

Answer 83

by force of circumstance
durch die Umstände bedingt

with pomp and circumstance
mit Glanz und Gloria

nothing of circumstance
nichts von Bedeutung

regardless of circumstance
ohne Rücksicht auf die Umstände

/su_r´kǝm stans´/
n., vt.
● وضعیت (جمع: اوضاع)،(جمع) شرایط،کیفیت،مقتضیات،حال،موقعیت،پیشایند،حیث
due to changing circumstances
به خاطر تغییر وضع
because of unforeseen circumstances
به واسطه‌ی شرایط پیش بینی نشده
● پیشامد،رویداد،واقعه،واقعیت،ماوقع
● وضع مالی
in comfortable circumstances
در وضع مالی خوب،در رفاه مالی
● بخت،شانس
circumstances would have it so
سرنوشت چنین بود،وضع چنین اقتضا می‌کرد.
● چگونگی،(جمع) جزئیات
the circumstances surrounding Kennedy’s assassination
جزئیات قتل کندی
● در شرایط خاصی قرار دادن
as far as money was concerned she was comfortably circumstanced
از نظر مالی در رفاه بود.
* pomp and circumstance
جلال و جبروت،مراسم و تشریفات با شکوه
* under no circumstances
تحت هیچ شرایطی،به هیچ وجه
* under the circumstances
تحت شرایط موجود،فعلا

stəns,ˈsərkəmˌstans]
noun - circumstance
چگونگی: how, manner, quality, state, condition, circumstance
امر: matter, affair, circumstance, job, behest, ploy
حال: mood, situation, condition, state, status, circumstance
شرایط محیط: circumstance
شرح: description, explanation, account, exposition, statement, circumstance
تفصیل: detail, circumstance, gloss
اهمیت: importance, matter, significance, emphasis, magnitude, circumstance
پیش امد: happening, accidence, accident, circumstance, event, exigence
روی داد: happening, event, circumstance, incident, occasion, occurrence

Question 84

due

Answer 84

due [djuː]
♦ adjective
1 owed: I think I’m still due some pay; Our thanks are due to the doctor.
بدهکار؛ مدیون
2 expected according to timetable, promise etc : The bus is due in three minutes.
مطابق برنامه
3 proper: Take due care.
مناسب

♦ adverb
directly South: sailing due east.
به سوی

♦ noun
1 what is owed, especially what one has a right to: I’m only taking what is my due.
بدهی
2 (in plural ) charge, fee or toll: He paid the dues on the cargo.
عوارض
ˈduly
♦ adverb
properly; as expected: The bus duly arrived.
به موقع؛ طبق انتظار
ˈdue to
brought about by: His success was due to hard work.
بواسطۀ
give (someone) his due
to be fair to someone.
از کسی قدردانی کردن
see also owe .

adj., adv., n.
● پرداختنی،قابل پرداخت
the amounts due to the bank
مبالغ قابل پرداخت به بانک
the next installment is due on the first of the month
سررسید قسط بعدی اول ماه است.
● سررسید،موعد پرداخت
the rent is due today
موعد پرداخت کرایه امروز است.
● در خور،مناسب
with all due respect
با کمال احترام
the body was laid to rest with due military ceremonies
جسد را طی مراسم نظامی شایسته به خاک سپردند.
● به اندازه‌ی نیاز،کافی،بسنده
in due time
در وقت مناسب
due care
توجه لازم
I don’t think my project was given due attention
فکر می‌کنم که طرح من مورد توجه کافی قرار نگرفت.
● (ورود و خروج و انجام کار و غیره - معمولا با: be) آمدن،رفتن،شدن (و غیره)
the plane is due at 6 P.M.
هواپیما ساعت شش بعدازظهر می‌رسد.
the train is due to leave any minute
قرار است ترن تا چند لحظه‌ی دیگر حرکت کند.
● به سوی،(درست) درجهت
due west
در جهت غرب،در سوی باختر
● (امور غیرمالی مانند افتخار و سهم در انجام کار و غیره) سپاسگزاری،افتخار،سرفرازی
give a man his due
سپاسگزاری لازم را از کسی کردن،قدرشناسی کردن
● (جمع) وجوه،حق عضویت،هزینه (و مالیات و غیره)
membership dues
حق عضویت
if you haven’t paid your dues you can’t get in!
اگر حق عضویت نداده باشی اجازه‌ی ورود نداری‌!
* become (or fall) due
به موعد رسیدن (طبق قرار قبلی یا قرارداد)،به سر رسید رسیدن
the rent will fall due every two weeks
موعد پرداخت کرایه هر دو هفته یک بار است.
* due date
موعد،تاریخ مقرر
* due to
به واسطه‌ی،به دلیل،به خاطر
due to Ameh’s death, our trip was postponed
به واسطه‌ی فوت عمه سفر ما عقب افتاد.
an ommission due to oversight
از قلم افتادگی به خاطر کم‌حواسی
* give someone his due
از کسی قدردانی کردن،خدمات کسی را تقدیر کردن (ارج نهادن)
* in due course
در موقع مقتضی،سرموعد،در هنگام شایسته
* pay one’s dues
(خودمانی) در اثر کوشش و رنجبری مقام یا امتیاز به دست آوردن،وظیفه‌ی خود را ادا کرد

due diligence JUR
Sorgfaltspflicht f
due date of debt
Fälligkeitstermin m
due bills (debts owing)
Schuldanerkenntnis nt
due west
direkt nach Westen
amount due
Forderung f
due north
genau [o. direkt] nach Norden
payment due
Fälligkeitstag m
due south
direkt [o. genau] nach Süden
due bill FIN
fälliger Wechsel
with all due respect, …
bei allem Respekt, …
redemption before due date
Rückzahlung vor Fälligkeit

adjective - due
ناشی از: due
مقتضی: appropriate, due, expedient, suitable, advisable, just
قابل پرداخت: payable, due, exigible, liable, solvable, solvent
سر رسد: due
noun - due
بدهی: debt, liability, debit, due
حق: right, law, due, title
ذمه: obligation, due
موعد پرداخت: due, pay day
پرداختنی: due, solvency
حقوق: law, salary, pension, stipend, due, emolument

Question 85

acronym

Answer 85

/ak´rǝ nim´/
n.
● تارک نام،سرینام (واژه‌ای که از حروف اول چند واژه‌ی دیگر ساخته شده باشد مثل radar که از حروف اول radio detecting and ranging گرفته شده است)

oidar ساخته‌ شده‌).

باشد(مانند radar که‌ از کلمات‌gnignar dna gnitceted

سر نام‌.

کلمه‌ایکه‌ از حرف‌ اول‌ کلمات‌ دیگری‌ ترکیب‌ شده‌

[ˈakrəˌnim]
noun - acronym
سر نام: acronym

acronym
Akronym nt

acronym SUBST
Benutzereintrag
acronym
Kurzwort nt

Wikipedia (EN)
Acronym
An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), but sometimes use syllables, as in Benelux (short for Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg). They can also be a mixture, as in radar (Radio Detection And Ranging). Acronyms can be pronounced as words, like NASA and UNESCO; as individual letters, like FBI, TNT, and ATM; or as both letters and words, like JPEG (pronounced JAY-peg) and IUPAC. Some are not universally pronounced one way or the other and it depends on the speaker’s preference or the context in which it is being used, such as ‘SQL’ (either “sequel” or “ess-cue-el”). The broader sense of acronym—the meaning of which includes terms pronounced as letters—is sometimes criticized, but it is the term’s original meaning and is in common use. Dictionary and style-guide editors are not in universal agreement on the naming for such abbreviations, and it is a matter of some dispute whether the term acronym can be legitimately applied to abbreviations which are not pronounced “as words”, nor do these language authorities agree on the correct use of spacing, casing, and punctuation. Abbreviations formed from a string of initials and usually pronounced as individual letters are sometimes more specifically called initialisms or alphabetisms; examples are FBI from Federal Bureau of Investigation, and e.g. from Latin exempli gratia.

Question 86

extend

Answer 86

extend [ikˈstend]
♦ verb
1 to make longer or larger: He extended his vegetable garden.
بزرگ کردن؛ گسترش دادن
2 to reach or stretch: The school grounds extend as far as this fence.
وسعت یافتن؛ امتداد داشتن
3 to hold out or stretch out (a limb etc ): He extended his hand to her.
دراز کردن؛ کش دادن
4 to offer: May I extend a welcome to you all?
تقدیم کردن؛ ارائه دادن
exˈtension [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 an added part: He built an extension to his house; a two-day extension to the holiday; He has telephone extensions (= telephones) in every bedroom.
ضمیمه؛ تمدید
2 (a program by which) part of a university located somewhere else offers courses to people who are not fulltime students.
دوره غیر تمام وقت؛ دوره شبانه
3 the process of extending.
توسعه؛ تمدید
4 a telephone that operates on the same line as another: They have a phone in the living-room and an extension in the bedroom.
خط فرعی؛ خط داخلی
exˈtensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
large in area or amount: extensive plantations; He suffered extensive injuries in the accident.
پهناور؛ زیاد

/ek stend´, ik-/
vt., vi.
● بزرگ کردن یا شدن،گسترش دادن،گسترده کردن پهناندن،گستردن،پهن کردن،دراز کردن،توسعه دادن،وسعت یافتن،تمدید کردن یا شدن،طولانی (تر) کردن،(لوله و کابل و غیره) کشیدن،از هم باز کردن،درازاندن،کش دادن
the Iranian Empire extended over a large area
امپراطوری ایران نواحی بزرگی را در بر می گرفت.
the street now extends three kilometers beyond the station
خیابان اکنون تا سه کیلومتر فراتر از ایستگاه ادامه دارد.
he extended his arm toward me
او دست خود را به سوی من دراز کرد.
corruption had extended into every aspect of their lives
فساد به کلیه‌ی جنبه‌های زندگی آنها رخنه کرده بود.
they are going to extend the airport’s runways
خیال دارند باندهای فرودگاه را طولانی‌تر کنند.
her visa was extended
ویزای او تمدید شد.
exercise can extend one’s life
ورزش می تواند عمر را طولانی کند.
Darius extended the country’s frontiers
داریوش مرزهای کشور را بسط داد.
the Congress extended the law to cover all states
کنگره آن قانون را به کلیه‌ی ایالات تعمیم داد.
● (دعوت و غیره) کردن
the invitation she had extended was accepted
دعوتی که کرده بود مورد پذیرش قرار گرفت.
● بیرون زدن
chalk boulders extending from the cliffs
سنگ‌های گچی که از میان صخره‌ها سر برافراشته بود
● ارزانی داشتن،دادن
the tradition of extending asylum to refugees
سنت دادن پناه به آوارگان
the government decided to extend aid to those in need
دولت بر آن شد که به نیازمندان کمک کند.
● (قدیمی) به زور مهار کردن،تحت انقیاد درآوردن
● به خود فشار آوردن،سخت کوشیدن
team members were asked to extend themselves
از بازیکنان تیم خواسته شد که بیشترین سعی خود را بکنند.
● (بازرگانی) مبلغ کل را روی فاکتور نوشتن (ضرب کردن بهای هر چیز در تعداد آن)

to extend one’s commitment
sich Akk stärker engagieren
to extend one’s fingers
seine Finger ausstrecken
to extend for miles
sich Akk meilenweit hinziehen
to extend one’s house
sein Haus ausbauen
to extend one’s unbeaten streak
seinen Erfolgskurs fortsetzen
to extend money to sb FIN
jdm Geld zur Verfügung stellen
to extend a road/track
eine Straße/Fahrspur ausbauen
to extend a line/rope
eine Leine/ein Seil spannen
to extend public awareness of sth
die Öffentlichkeit für etw Akk sensibilisieren
to extend one’s hand to sb
jdm die Hand entgegenstrecken [o. geh reichen]
the fields extend into the distance
die Felder dehnen sich bis in die Ferne aus
to extend a welcome to sb
jdn willkommen heißen
to extend one’s thanks to sb
jdm seinen Dank aussprechen
to extend [or offer] one’s congratulations to sb
jdm gratulieren
his concern doesn’t extend as far as actually doing something
seine Besorgnis geht nicht so weit, dass er tatsächlich etwas unternimmt
the situation has worsened to the extend that we are calling in an independent expert
die Situation hat sich dermaßen verschlimmert, dass wir einen unabhängigen Fachmann hinzuziehen
rain is expected to extend to all parts of the country by this evening
bis heute Abend soll der Regen alle Landesteile erreicht haben

[ikˈstend]
verb - extend
توسعه دادن: develop, expand, extend, enlarge, increase, outstretch
طولانی کردن: lengthen, prolong, extend, stretch out, draw out, elongate
رساندن: convey, supply, transmit, extend, give, broadcast
دراز کردن: lengthen, extend, elongate, protract, porrect, prolong
تمدید کردن: extend, prorogate
ادامه دادن: continue, hang on, keep, carry on, maintain, extend
طول دادن: draw out, extend, prolong, protract
منبسط کردن: expand, stretch, amplify, broaden, dilate, extend
بزرگ کردن: enlarge, magnify, maximize, heave, aggrandize, extend

Question 87

initial

ger: initial

Answer 87

initial [iˈniʃəl]
♦ adjective
of, or at, the beginning: There were difficulties during the initial stages of building the house.
آولیه

♦ noun
the letter that begins a word, especially a name: The picture was signed with the initials JJB, standing for John James Brown.
حرف اول اسم

♦ verb– past tense, past participle iˈnitialled –
to mark or sign with initials of one’s name: Any alteration on a cheque should be initialled.
حروف اول نام را نوشتن؛ پاراف کردن
iˈnitially
♦ adverb
at the beginning; at first: This project will cost a lot of money initially but will eventually make a profit.
در آغاز
iˈnitiate1 [-ʃieit]
♦ verb
1 to start (eg a plan, scheme, changes, reforms etc ): He initiated a scheme for helping old people with their shopping.
شروع کردن
2 to take (a person) into a society etc, especially with secret ceremonies: No-one who had been initiated into the society ever revealed the details of the ceremony.
وارد کردن
iˈnitiate2 [-ʃiət]
♦ noun
a person who has been initiated (into a society etc ).
عضو پذیرفته شده
iˌnitiˈation [-ʃiˈei-]
♦ noun
the act of initiating or process of being initiated.
شروع
iˈnitiative [-ʃətiv]
♦ noun
1 a first step or move that leads the way: He took the initiative in organizing a search party to look for the girl; A move to start peace talks is sometimes called a peace initiative.
پیشگامی
2 the ability to lead or make decisions for oneself: He is quite good at his job, but lacks initiative; My son actually went to the hairdresser’s on his own initiative!
ابتکار؛ اقتدار

initial margin (ursprünglicher Einschuss bei Futures)
Ersteinschuss m
initial margin (ursprünglicher Einschuss bei Futures)
Originaleinschuss m
initial margin (ursprünglicher Einschuss bei Futures)
Initial-Marge f
initial margin (ursprünglicher Einschuss bei Futures)
Initial Margin f

/i nish´ǝl/
adj., n., vt.
● آغازین،نخستین،اولین،اولیه،مقدماتی
the initial letter of your name
نخستین حرف نام شما
the initial stage of a disease
مرحله‌ی آغازین بیماری
what was his initial reaction?
واکنش نخستین او چه بود؟
● حرف اول اسم
he had carved his initials on the tree
او حروف اول نام خود را بر درخت کنده بود.
● (چاپ) حرف بزرگ (به ویژه در اول هر پاراگراف)
● (زیست‌شناسی) سرآغازی،سرآغازه،یاخته‌ی بخشینه‌ای
● پاراف کردن،حروف اول نام خود را نوشتن
to initial the minutes of a meeting
صورتجلسه را پاراف کردن
* initial conditions
(ری

iˈniSHəl]
adjective - initial
نخستین: initial, primary, prime, premier, premiere, incipient
ابتدایی: elementary, primary, initial, preliminary, rudimentary, abecedarian
اول: prime, initial
اولین: initial, initiatory, headmost
بدوی: primitive, initial, incipient, rudimentary, seminal, germinal
اغازی: initial, initiative
واقع در اغاز: initial
اصلی: main, original, principal, basic, primary, initial
noun - initial
اولین قسمت: initial
verb - initial
در اغاز قرار دادن: initial
پاراف کردن: initial, paraph, sign
اغاز کردن: inchoate, begin, commence, inaugurate, incept, initial

initial concentration CHEM
Anfangskonzentration f
initial resistance PHYS
Anfangswiderstand m
initial voltage ELEK
Anfangsspannung f
initial yields
anfängliche Gewinne
initial reports say that …
ersten Meldungen zufolge …
initial results indicate that …
die ersten Hochrechnungen deuten darauf hin, dass …
an initial letter
ein erster Brief
first [or initial] stage
Anfangsphase f
to sort out initial difficulties
Anfangsschwierigkeiten beheben
in the initial phases [or stages]
in der Anfangsphase
my initial surprise was soon replaced by delight
meine anfängliche Überraschung wandelte sich schnell in Freude
what does the initial, X, in your name stand for?
wofür steht das X in deinem Namen?

Question 88

scheme

Answer 88

scheme [skiːm]
♦ noun
1 a plan or arrangement; a way of doing something: a colour scheme for the room; There are various schemes for improving the roads.
نقشه؛طرح
2 a (usually secret) dishonest plan: His schemes to steal the money were discovered.
توطئه

♦ verb
to make (especially dishonest) schemes: He was punished for scheming against the President; They have all been scheming for my dismissal.
توطئه كردن
ˈschemer
♦ noun
He’s a dangerous schemer.
توطئه گر
ˈscheming
♦ adjective
having or making (usually secret) dishonest plans: a scheming woman.
مكار

harebrained scheme
verrückter Plan
pension scheme
Altersversorgung f
colour scheme
Farb[en]zusammenstellung f
madcap scheme
aberwitziger Plan
to rumble a scheme
einen Plan durchschauen
a wild plan [or scheme]
ein unausgegorener Plan
executive share option scheme
Optionen, die leitenden Angestellten auf Aktien ihrer Unternehmungen eingeräumt werden
sale and repurchase scheme FIN
Wertpapierpensionsgeschäft nt
company retirement scheme
betriebliche Altersvorsorge
non-contributory pension scheme
beitragsfreie Altersversorgung
scheme of arrangement
Vergleichsvorschlag m
staff pension scheme
betriebliche Rente
old-age pension scheme
Altersversorgung f
electronic money scheme
E-Geld-System nt
a hare-brained scheme
ein verrückter Plan
company pension scheme
betriebliche Altersversorgung
road scheme appraisal MODELL, BEURTEIL
Bewertung eines Strassenbauprojekts
road scheme evaluation
Planfeststellungsverfahren
occupational pension scheme WIRTSCH
Betriebsaltersversorgung f

/skēm/
n., vt., vi.
● تدبیر،تمهید،طرح،برنامه،نقشه‌ی عمل
a new scheme for rural electrification
طرحی تازه برای برق رسانی به روستاها
a government scheme for fighting illiteracy
تدبیر دولت برای پیکار با بیسوادی
a health insurance scheme
برنامه‌ی بیمه‌ی سلامتی
● دوز و کلک،کلک،حقه،ترفند،حیله،حقه،تبانی،سوسه،دسیسه
a scheme to get control of the government
ترفندی برای اعمال نفوذ در دستگاه دولت
another scheme to cheat old farmers
یک حقه‌ی دیگر برای گول زدن کشاورزان سالخورده
● آرایش،نظام،ترتیب
a color scheme
آرایش رنگ‌ها
the scheme of things in the material world
نظام چیزها در جهان مادی
● نمودار،نمایه،دیسنما،ترسیمه،جدول،طرح‌واره
● جدول ستاره خوانی،نمودار قرارگیری ستارگان
● تدبیر کردن،تمهید کردن،طرح کردن
● کلک زدن،تبانی کردن،حقه زدن،توطئه چیدن،سوسه آمدن،دسیسه کردن،نقشه چیدن
his enemies were scheming his expulsion
دشمنانش برای اخراج او نقشه می‌چیدند.
a scheming man
مرد حقه‌باز
they schemed against me
بر ضد من سوسه آمدند.

skēm]
noun - scheme
طرح: plan, design, layout, project, scheme, plot
برنامه: program, plan, schedule, scheme, code, syllabus
رویه: procedure, surface, scheme, tack, method, cover
نقشه: map, plan, plot, scheme, plat, chart
طرح کلی: outline, scheme
ترتیب: order, arrangement, sequence, ordering, serialization, scheme
تدبیر: measure, plan, contraption, gimmick, contrivance, scheme
تمهید: scheming, arrangement, preparation, scheme, intrigue, contrivance
verb - scheme
طرح کردن: design, plan, bring forth, draft, draw, scheme
نقشه طرح کردن: scheme
توطئه چیدن: collude, collogue, intrigue, plot, scheme

Question 89

resemble

And so ultimately when you combine that amount of red, that amount of green,
that amount of blue, it turns out it’s going to resemble the shade of yellow.

Answer 89

nglish to Persian for English Learners
US UK AU resemble [rəˈzembl]
♦ verb
to be like or look like: He doesn’t resemble either of his parents.
همانند بودن؛ شباهت داشتن
reˈsemblance
♦ noun
I can see some resemblance(s) between him and his father.
شباهت

/ri zem´bǝl/
vt.
● مانستن،همانند بودن (با)،شباهت داشتن،همدیس بودن
she resembles her father
به پدرش رفته است (می‌ماند).
the two brothers resemble each other
دو برادر با هم شباهت دارند.
● (قدیمی) تشبیه کردن،مقایسه کردن

[riˈzembəl]
verb - resemble
شباهت داشتن: resemble
مانستن: look like, be like, be similar to, resemble
تشبیه کردن: analogize, resemble, simulate
مانند بودن: resemble, simulate
همانند کردن یا بودن: resemble

Question 90

compose

ger: komponieren

Things get pixelated because what you’re seeing
is each of the individual dots that compose this particular image.

Answer 90

US UK AU compose [kəmˈpəuz]
♦ verb
1 to form by putting parts together: A word is composed of several letters.
ترکیب کردن
2 to write (eg music, poetry etc ): Mozart began to compose when he was six years old.
ساختن
3 to control (oneself) after being upset.
آرام کردن
comˈposed
♦ adjective
(of people) quiet and calm: She looked quite composed.
آرام؛ خوددار
comˈposer
♦ noun
a writer, especially of a piece of music.
آهنگساز
composition [kompəˈziʃən]
♦ noun
1 something composed, eg music: his latest composition.
ترکیب؛ آهنگ
2 the act of composing: the difficulties of composition.
ساخت؛ تنظیم
3 an essay written as a school exercise: The children had to write a composition about their holiday.
انشا
4 the parts of which a thing is made: Have you studied the composition of the chemical?
اجزای تشکیل دهنده
comˈposure [-ʒə]
♦ noun
calmness: I admired her composure.
خوشتن داری؛ آرامی

to compose a letter
einen Brief aufsetzen
to compose one’s thoughts
seine Gedanken ordnen [o. sammeln]
to compose differences form
Differenzen beilegen
to compose a play/poem
ein Theaterstück/Gedicht verfassen
she tried hard to compose her features into a smile
sie versuchte angestrengt, sich zu einem Lächeln zu zwingen

[kəmˈpōz]
verb - compose
سرودن: compose, sing
ساختن: build, make, create, construct, manufacture, compose
درست کردن: fix, make, right, devise, trim, compose
تصنیف کردن: compose, indite, make

/kǝm pōz´/
vt., vi.
● ترکیب کردن،همنهشتن،همنهش کردن،هم نهشته کردن یا شدن،تشکیل دادن،تنظیم کردن،انشا کردن،سرودن،گفتن،نگاشتن
this mortar is composed of lime, sand, and water
این ملات از آهک و شن و آب ترکیب شده است.
he composed this poem in one day
او این شعر را یک روزه نگاشت (سرود).
● (موسیقی) ساختن،تصنیف کردن،سراییدن
the tunes which he composed
آهنگ‌هایی که او تصنیف کرد
● تلفیق کردن،اصلاح و تعدیل کردن،(در مورد ارقام و غیره) آشتی دادن،حل و فصل کردن
to compose account differences
اختلاف حساب‌ها را برطرف کردن
● (خود را) آرام کردن،جمع و جور کردن
don’t cry! compose yourself
گریه نکن‌! خودت را جمع و جور کن‌!
● (چاپ) حروف چینی کردن،(با کامپیوتر یا عکسبرداری و غیره) چاپ کردن
* be composed of
متشکل بودن از

Question 91

apparent, apparently

And apparently each of these individual dots
are probably using 24 bits, eight bits for red, eight bits for green, eight
bits for blue, in some pattern.

Answer 91

apparent [əˈpӕrənt]
♦ adjective
1 easy to see; evident: It is quite apparent to all of us that you haven’t done your work properly.
آشکار
2 seeming but perhaps not real: his apparent unwillingness.
ظاهری؛ صوری
apˈparently
♦ adverb
it seems that; I hear that: Apparently he is not feeling well.
ظاهراً؛ از قرار معلوم

/ǝ per´ǝnt/
adj.
● آشکار،پیدا،هویدا،معلوم
his sorrow was apparent in everything he did
غم او از رفتارش پیدا بود.
it is apparent that you are not in favor of my proposal
معلوم است که با پیشنهاد من موافق نیستید.
for no apparent reason
بدون دلیل آشکار
● مبرهن،به آسانی قابل درک یا رویت،نمایان،واضح
● ظاهری،صوری،وانمودین
his apparent lack of a sense of responsibility
فقدان ظاهری حس مسئولیت در او
the answer to this question is apparent
جواب این سوال واضح است.
* apparently, adv.
ظاهرا،آشکارا،گویا،از قرار معلوم
apparently he is ill
ظاهرا مریض است.
Hossein is apparently planning to go on a trip
حسین ظاهرا قصد سفر دارد.

apparent contradiction
scheinbarer Widerspruch
apparent innocence
scheinbare Unschuld
apparent temperature
gefühlte Temperatur
for no apparent reason
aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund
heir apparent to the throne
rechtmäßiger Thronfolger/rechtmäßige Thronfolgerin a. übtr
the full meaning of his enquiry only became apparent later
was seine Nachforschungen wirklich erbrachten, wurde erst später in seiner ganzen Tragweite sichtbar

[əˈparənt,əˈpe(ə)r-]
adjective - apparent
ظاهر: apparent, outward, external, exterior, outside, manifest
معلوم: clear, given, apparent, certain, active, definite
مسلم: certain, sure, incontrovertible, definite, apparent, undoubted
اشکار: clear, manifest, obvious, plain, apparent, flagrant
پیدا: visible, evident, phenomenal, apparent, clear, transparent
واری مسلم: apparent

Question 91

apparent, apparently

And apparently each of these individual dots
are probably using 24 bits, eight bits for red, eight bits for green, eight
bits for blue, in some pattern.

Answer 91

apparent [əˈpӕrənt]
♦ adjective
1 easy to see; evident: It is quite apparent to all of us that you haven’t done your work properly.
آشکار
2 seeming but perhaps not real: his apparent unwillingness.
ظاهری؛ صوری
apˈparently
♦ adverb
it seems that; I hear that: Apparently he is not feeling well.
ظاهراً؛ از قرار معلوم

/ǝ per´ǝnt/
adj.
● آشکار،پیدا،هویدا،معلوم
his sorrow was apparent in everything he did
غم او از رفتارش پیدا بود.
it is apparent that you are not in favor of my proposal
معلوم است که با پیشنهاد من موافق نیستید.
for no apparent reason
بدون دلیل آشکار
● مبرهن،به آسانی قابل درک یا رویت،نمایان،واضح
● ظاهری،صوری،وانمودین
his apparent lack of a sense of responsibility
فقدان ظاهری حس مسئولیت در او
the answer to this question is apparent
جواب این سوال واضح است.
* apparently, adv.
ظاهرا،آشکارا،گویا،از قرار معلوم
apparently he is ill
ظاهرا مریض است.
Hossein is apparently planning to go on a trip
حسین ظاهرا قصد سفر دارد.

apparent contradiction
scheinbarer Widerspruch
apparent innocence
scheinbare Unschuld
apparent temperature
gefühlte Temperatur
for no apparent reason
aus keinem ersichtlichen Grund
heir apparent to the throne
rechtmäßiger Thronfolger/rechtmäßige Thronfolgerin a. übtr
the full meaning of his enquiry only became apparent later
was seine Nachforschungen wirklich erbrachten, wurde erst später in seiner ganzen Tragweite sichtbar

[əˈparənt,əˈpe(ə)r-]
adjective - apparent
ظاهر: apparent, outward, external, exterior, outside, manifest
معلوم: clear, given, apparent, certain, active, definite
مسلم: certain, sure, incontrovertible, definite, apparent, undoubted
اشکار: clear, manifest, obvious, plain, apparent, flagrant
پیدا: visible, evident, phenomenal, apparent, clear, transparent
واری مسلم: apparent

Question 92

awkward

So if you look sort of awkwardly, but up close to your phone or your laptop
or maybe your TV, you can see exactly this, too.

Answer 92

awkward [ˈoːkwəd]
♦ adjective
1 not graceful or elegant: an awkward movement.
بدقواره؛ ناجور
2 difficult or causing difficulty, embarrassment etc : an awkward question; an awkward silence; His cut is in an awkward place.
خجول و کمرو؛ ناجور
ˈawkwardly
♦ adverb
.
بطور زشت؛ ناشیانه
ˈawkwardness
♦ noun
.
زشتی؛ ناراحتی

awkward silence
betretenes Schweigen
awkward question
peinliche Frage
the awkward squad ugs abw
Querulantenriege f
an awkward customer
ein seltsamer Typ
to feel awkward
sich Akk unbehaglich fühlen
an awkward time
unpassende [o. ungünstige] Zeit
in a very awkward posture
in einer sehr merkwürdigen Haltung [o. Stellung]
to iron out an awkward matter
eine unangenehme Sache ausbügeln [o. bereinigen]
I feel quite awkward about that
das ist mir ziemlich unangenehm
to make things awkward for sb
es jdm schwermachen
to be at an awkward age
in einem schwierigen Alter sein
to put sb in an awkward position
jdn in eine unangenehme Lage bringen
he’s got a very awkward bowling action
er verfügt über einen eigenartigen Wurfstil
tomorrow morning is a bit awkward for me
morgen früh passt es mir nicht so gut

ôk´wǝrd/
adj.
● (در مورد حرکات و قیافه و هیکل) دست و پا چلفتی،چلفت،بی‌قواره،بدقواره،فرخج
he walks awkwardly
راه رفتنش بدقواره است.
● ناجور،حجب آفرین،خجول و کمرو،خجل کننده
an awkward joke
شوخی نامناسب و خجل کننده
awkward behavior
رفتار شرمنده کننده
● بدساخت،سخت کاربرد،اسبابی که به کاربردنش سخت و ناراحت کننده باشد
an awkward lawnmower
چمن زن بد قلق
● ناراحت کننده،ناخوشایند
I found myself in an awkward position
خود را در موقعیت ناراحت کننده‌ای یافتم.
my situation between the two mutually hostile brothers was very awkward
وضعیت من در میان آن دو برادری که به هم خصومت می‌ورزیدند بسیار حساس و مشکل بود.
● (مهجور) غیرطبیعی،منحرف،عجیب و غریب

[ˈôkwərd]
adjective - awkward
بی دست و پا: awkward, shiftless, maladroit
زشت: ugly, hideous, bad, obscene, bawdy, awkward
ناشی: emergent, awkward, amateurish, ill, dilettante, gauche
غیر استادانه: awkward
بی لطافت: awkward, arid, jejune
خامکار: awkward, unskilful
سرهم بند: tinkering, awkward, bad, careless
غیر ماهر: unhandy, awkward

Question 93

summarize

To summarize, what video really adds is just some notion of time.

none summary

Answer 93

[ˈsəməˌrīz]
verb - summarize
خلاصه کردن: sum up, summarize, brief, abridge, make an abstract, epitomize
خلاصه ساختن: summarize
بطور مختصر بیان کردن: summarize

to summarize sth
etw [kurz] zusammenfassen
to summarize sb
jdn [mit wenigen Worten] charakterisieren

/sum´ǝ rīz´/
vt.
● خلاصه کردن،کوته‌وار کردن،تلخیص کردن،ملخص کردن
a summarized story
داستان تلخیص شده
● خلاصه‌ی چیزی بودن

summary [ˈsaməri]– plural ˈsummaries –
♦ noun
a shortened form of a statement, story etc giving only the main points: A summary of his speech was printed in the newspaper.
خلاصه

a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something:
At the end of the news, they often give you a summary of the main stories.
In summary, they decided against the proposal.
More examples
I only asked for a summary of the main points but she’s making a real meal out of it.
He gave us a short summary of the meeting.
Our teacher asked us to write a summary of the story.
In summary, the whole affair was a fiasco.
This document gives a summary of the relevant items of law.

Question 94

Notion

To summarize, what video really adds is just some notion of time.

Answer 94

notion
noun [ C ]
US /ˈnoʊ·ʃən/

a belief or idea:
Nast helped form the American notion of Santa Claus.

notion [ˈnəuʃən]
♦ noun
1 understanding: I’ve no notion what he’s talking about.
انديشه
2 an uncertain belief; an idea: He has some very odd notions.
نظريه
3 a desire for something or to do something: He had a sudden notion to visit his aunt.
فکرى
/nō´shǝn/
n.

misconceived notion
falsche Vorstellung
a preconceived idea [or notion]
eine vorgefasste Meinung
to not have the foggiest [idea [or notion]] ugs
keine blasse [o. nicht die leiseste] Ahnung haben
to [not] buy into the notion that …
[nicht] die Ansicht teilen, dass …
to have [or take] a notion to do sth dated
ein Bedürfnis verspüren, etw zu tun
have you any notion how much the car costs?
hast du irgendeine Vorstellung davon, was das Auto kostet?
I haven’t the faintest notion [of] what you’re talking about
ich habe nicht die leiseste Ahnung, wovon du redest
I have a faint idea [or notion] that I’ve heard that name before
ich meine, [mich daran erinnern zu können], den Namen schon einmal gehört zu haben
● تصویر مغزی،عقیده‌ی کلی،تصور،انگاشت،پندار
I have no adequate notion of what the fifth dimension means
من تصور کافی درباره‌ی مفهوم بعد پنجم ندارم.
● اندیشه‌ی مبهم،خیال،وهم،هوس
she had the sudden notion to invite all her relatives
ناگهان هوس کرد که همه‌ی خویشاوندان خود را دعوت کند.
she took the notion of swimming in that stormy sea
او به سرش زد که در آن دریای طوفانی شنا کند.
● عقیده،نظر،باور،اعتقاد،برداشت
the old notion that the sun rotates around the earth
آن عقیده‌ی قدیمی مبنی براینکه خورشید دور زمین می‌گردد
● منظور،نقشه،چشم‌دید،مقصود،قصد،نیت
● (جمع) وسایل کوچک و مفید زندگی (که در فروشگاه‌ها به فروش می‌رسد - مانند سوزن و نخ) خرت و پرت

[ˈnōSHən]
noun - notion
مفهوم: concept, sense, notion, meaning, implication, significance
تصور: imagination, idea, conception, notion, image, vision
نظریه: theory, opinion, notion, view, viewpoint, outlook
اندیشه: thought, idea, notion, reflection, opinion, mentality
عقیده: opinion, belief, view, notion, thought, say
پندار: opinion, notion, thought, supposition
فکر: thought, idea, opinion, notion, concept, intention
ادراک: perception, understanding, savvy, conception, cognition, notion
خیال: imagination, phantom, illusion, thought, fiction, notion
خاطره: memory, recollection, reminiscence, memoir, impression, notion
خاطر: mind, memory, thought, remembrance, recollection, notion

Question 95

presumably

it’s presumably some kind of sequence because time is passing.

Answer 95

[priˈzo͞oməblē]
adverb - presumably
احتمالا: likely, presumably, maybe, haply, belike

presumably
vermutlich
presumably, they’re on their way here
ich nehme mal an, dass sie auf dem Weg hierher sind

adverb
[prɪ’zuːməblɪ /-‘zju-]
seemingly, supposedly; apparently; assumedly, through reasonable assumption

Question 96

synthesize

ger: synthetisieren

Answer 96

[ˈsinTHiˌsīz]
verb - synthesize
ترکیب کردن: combine, incorporate, synthesize, merge, agglutinate, compound
امیختن: mingle, mix, brew, incorporate, admix, synthesize
ترکیب شدن: polymerize, synthesize
هم گذاری کردن: synthesize

to synthesize sth
etw künstlich herstellen [o. fachspr synthetisieren]

[ˈsinTHiˌsīz]
verb - synthesize
ترکیب کردن: combine, incorporate, synthesize, merge, agglutinate, compound
امیختن: mingle, mix, brew, incorporate, admix, synthesize
ترکیب شدن: polymerize, synthesize
هم گذاری کردن: synthesize

English Dictionary
verb synthesize (Amer.)
[‘syn·the·size || ‘sɪnθəsaɪz]
combine separate elements into a single unit; create a compound by combining simpler components; produce a material or substance by biological or chemical synthesis (also synthesise)

Question 97

initiative

ger: initiative

Answer 97

US UK AU [iˈniSH(ē)ətiv]
noun - initiative
ابتکار: initiative, invention, originality, imagination, improvisation, contraption
قریحه: initiative
adjective - initiative
پیشقدمی: initiative
اغازی: initial, initiative

/i nish´ǝ tiv, -ē ǝ tiv/
adj., n.
● آغازگرانه،پیشقدمانه،مقدماتی،اولیه
● آغازگری،پیشقدمی،پیشگامی،ابتکار،تازه‌آوری،نوآوری
a new Russian initative must now be anticipated
اکنون باید در انتظار پیشگامی جدید روس‌ها بود.
through his initiative the project was put into effect
طرح به ابتکار او به اجرا درآمد.
● حق بردن لایحه به پارلمان

to lose the initiative
die Handlungsfähigkeit einbüßen
to use one’s initiative
eigenständig handeln
to show initiative
Eigeninitiative zeigen
private initiative/life
Privatinitiative f /-leben nt
to take the peace initiative
Friedensverhandlungen aufnehmen
to take the initiative [in sth]
[in etw Dat ] die Initiative ergreifen
to have the initiative in sth
in etw Dat die Oberhand haben
initiative is wanting in this situation
in dieser Situation fehlt es an Initiative
to respond to a peace initiative
auf eine Friedensinitiative reagieren
the initiative has across-the-board support
die Initiative findet breite Unterstützung
to seize the initiative/an opportunity
die Initiative/eine Gelegenheit ergreifen
to show courage/initiative/common sense
Mut/Unternehmungsgeist/gesunden Menschenverstand beweisen
she’s always been one to take [or who takes] initiative
es war schon immer ihre Art, die Initiative zu ergreifen
Joe has been chosen to spearhead our new marketing initiative
Joe wurde als Leiter unserer neuen Marketinginitiative gewählt
this initiative will bring new recruits into the fire service
diese Initiative wird der Feuerwehr neue Leute bringen
there is a serious wantage of initiative in industry at the moment
zurzeit mangelt es [in] der Industrie an Initiativeadjective

[in·i·ti·a·tive || ɪ’nɪʃɪətɪv]
beginning, introductory, initial
noun
[in·i·ti·a·tive || ɪ’nɪʃɪətɪv]
enterprise, drive, ambition; beginning move in a process, first step

Question 98

anticipate

Ger: antizipieren

Answer 98

anticipate [ӕnˈtisəpeit]
♦ verb
1 to expect (something): I’m not anticipating any trouble.
انتظار داشتن
2 to see what is going to be wanted, required etc in the future and do what is necessary: A businessman must try to anticipate what his customers will want.
پیش بینی کردن
anˌticiˈpation
♦ noun
I’m looking forward to the concert with anticipation (= expectancy, excitement).
انتظار؛ چشم به راهی

/an tis´ǝ pāt´/
vi., vt.
● پیش بینی کردن،انتظار داشتن
I anticipate a pleasant trip
سفر خوشی را پیش بینی می‌کنم.
anticipating her request, I prepared the tea in advance
خواسته‌ی او را پیش بینی نموده و چای را از پیش آماده کردم.
● (موعد چیزی را) پیش انداختن،تسریع کردن
● پیشگیری کردن،پیشدستی کردن
to anticipate an opponent’s blows
ضربه‌های حریف را پیشگیری کردن
● تقدم داشتن بر،جلو بودن
did the Vikings anticipate Columbus in discovering America?
آیا وایکینگ‌ها در کشف امریکا بر (کریستوف) کلمب تقدم داشتند؟
● (قبل از موعد) مورد استفاده قرار دادن،پیش خور کردن
they tried to anticipate the legacy
آنها کوشیدند ارث را پیشخور کنند.
● (قبل از موعد) پرداختن،(پیش از وقت درباره‌ی چیزی) حرف زدن یا اقدام کردن
● پیشگرایی،چشمداشت،پیش نگرش

to anticipate one’s inheritance
sein Erbe im Voraus verbrauchen
to anticipate the outcome of sth
das Ergebnis eines S. (gen) vorwegnehmen

verb - anticipate
پیش بینی کردن: foretaste, dope, anticipate, prognosticate, augur, foresee
پیشدستی کردن: outsmart, anticipate
سبقت جستن: take the lead, anticipate, outguess, forestall, get the better of, get the start
انتظار داشتن: expect, envisage, hold forth, anticipate, attend, await
جلوانداختن: antedate, anticipate, forward
پیش گرفتن بر: anticipate
سبقت جستن بر: anticipate
English Dictionary
adjective
expected, foreseen, predicted, envisioned

anticipate
verb
[an·tic·i·pate || æn’tɪsɪpeɪt]
expect, predict; precede; hurry and come before

Question 99

estimate

underestimate

overestimate

ger: schätzen, unterschätzen, überschätzen

Answer 99

estimate [ˈestimeit]
♦ verb
1 to judge size, amount, value etc , especially roughly or without measuring: He estimated that the journey would take two hours.
برآورد کردن؛ تخمین زدن
2 to form an idea or judgement of how good etc something is: I estimated my chances of escape as very good.
ارزیابی کردن؛ نظر دادن
[-mət]noun
a calculation (eg of the probable cost etc of something): He gave us an estimate of the cost of repairing the stonework; a rough estimate.
برآورد هزینه
ˌestiˈmation
♦ noun
judgement; opinion: In my estimation, he is the more gifted artist of the two.
ارزیابی؛ نظر

/es´tǝ māt´, -mit/
n., vt., vi.
● برآورد،تخمین،حدس
a rough estimate of the number of the killed
برآورد غیر دقیق تعداد کشته شدگان
according to my estimate
طبق برآورد من
● برآورد هزینه
the contractor submitted his estimate
کنتراتچی برآورد مخارج را فرستاد.
● داوری،برداشت،ارزیابی،اظهارنظر
what is your estimate of his qualifications?
نظر شما درباره‌ی صلاحیت او چیست‌؟
● داوری کردن،اظهار نظر کردن،ارزیابی کردن
how would you estimate his chances for success?
احتمال موفقیت او را چگونه ارزیابی می کنید؟
● برآورد کردن،تخمین زدن،حدس زدن،برانداز کردن
their loss is estimated at 30 million dollars
خسارت آنها سی میلیون دلار برآورد شده است.
the estimated number of the guests
تعداد تخمینی مهمانان

preliminary estimate
Kostenvoranschlag m
ballpark estimate
ungefähre Schätzung
conservative estimate
vorsichtige Einschätzung
safe estimate
vorsichtige Schätzung
at a rough estimate
grob geschätzt
estimate of expenditure
Voranschlag m der Ausgaben
short-range estimate
kurzfristige Prognose
rough calculation/estimate
grobe [o. ungefähre] Kalkulation/Schätzung
rough [or Am ballpark] estimate
grobe Schätzung
to reckon up ⇆ an estimate
einen Kostenvoranschlag [o. CH a. eine Offerte] erstellen
estimate of the market value
Verkehrswertschätzung f
her estimate was spot-on
sie lag mit ihrer Schätzung genau richtig [o. ugs goldrichtig]
their estimate of the likely cost was pretty wild
sie hatten wilde Vorstellungen von den voraussichtlichen Kosten
government sources estimate a long-term increase in rail fares
Regierungskreise rechnen langfristig mit einem Anstieg der Bahnpreise

noun - estimate
تخمین: estimate, estimation, approximation, assessment, guess, conjecture
ارزیابی: evaluation, assessment, appraisal, valuation, estimate, appraisement
براورد: estimate, estimation, survey, assessment, calculation
دیدزنی: estimate
اعتبار: credit, validity, reliability, credibility, reputation, estimate
تقویم: calendar, appraisal, assessment, valuation, estimate
قیمت: price, value, worth, bourse, estimate
verb - estimate
تخمین زدن: estimate, appraise, compute, guesstimate, account, foreshow
سنجیدن: measure, evaluate, figure out, weigh, compare, estimate
بر اورد کردن: assess, calculate, estimate, rate, size

Question 100

conclusion

Answer 100

the final part of something:
Be careful not to introduce new ideas in the conclusion of your essay.

finally:
In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker.

The conclusion of your essay is good, but the final sentence is too long and complicated.
If we carry this argument to its logical conclusion, we realize that further investment is not a good idea.
The result of the election seems to be a foregone conclusion.
The film has a boringly predictable conclusion.
By this time they had disagreed so fiercely that there was no hope of an amicable conclusion.

[kənˈklo͞oZHən]
noun - conclusion
استنتاج: inference, conclusion, deduction, derivation, induction, fruition
نتیجه: result, outcome, consequence, conclusion, effect, sequel
پایان: end, finish, ending, terminal, conclusion, termination
انعقاد: coagulation, conclusion, coalescence, ratification, gelation, ligation
خاتمه: end, conclusion, termination, finish, ending, close
فرجام: end, conclusion, ending, finish
ختم: end, termination, finish, conclusion, sealing, finis
اتمام: completion, end, conclusion, accomplishment, finalization
اختتام: conclusion
انجام: performance, implementation, implement, fulfillment, accomplishment, conclusion
سرانجام: end, conclusion, upshot, issue
ختام: end, conclusion
فروداشت: conclusion
عاقبت: sequel, end, outcome, consequence, finale, conclusion

Question 101

appropriate

inappropriate

Ger: geeignet/ anständig

Answer 101

appropriate [əˈprəupriət]

♦ adjective
suitable; proper: Her clothes were appropriate to the occasion; Complain to the appropriate authority.
شایسته؛ مناسب
apˈpropriateness
♦ noun
.
شایستگی؛ مناسبت
apˈpropriately
♦ adverb
suitably: appropriately dressed for the occasion.
بطور شایسته

please delete as appropriate
Nichtzutreffendes bitte streichen
appropriate to the occasion
dem Anlass entsprechend
to appropriate funds
einen Fonds zuteilen
it’s difficult to find the appropriate words
es ist schwierig, die richtigen Worte zu finden
to feel it appropriate/necessary/right to do sth
es für angebracht/notwendig/richtig halten, etw zu tun
please complete the appropriate part of this form
bitte füllen Sie den zutreffenden Teil des Formulars aus
it wouldn’t be appropriate for me to comment
es steht mir nicht zu, das zu kommentieren

vt., adj.
● به خود اختصاص دادن،برای خود برداشتن
● (بدون اجازه) برداشتن،تصاحب کردن،بالا کشیدن (اموال)،به جیب زدن
during their absence, he appropriated their share of the money
او در غیاب آنها سهم پول آنها را خورد.
● تخصیص دادن،اختصاص دادن
more money was appropriated for building schools
پول بیشتری برای ساختن مدرسه اختصاص داده شد.
not enough money has been appropriated for the construction of the new airport
پول کافی برای ساختن فرودگاه جدید کنار گذاشته نشده است.
● شایسته،درخور،مناسب،پسندیده،بجا،جایز
this suit is not appropriate for tonight’s party
این لباس برای مهمانی امشب مناسب نیست.
an English class appropriate for children
کلاس انگلیسی مناسب برای کودکان
they thanked him appropriately
به طور شایسته‌ای از او سپاسگزاری کردند.
this joke is not appropriate in front of ladies
این شوخی جلوی خانم‌ها جایز نیست.

adjective - appropriate
مناسب: suitable, appropriate, proper, convenient, adequate, fit
مقتضی: appropriate, due, expedient, suitable, advisable, just
در خور: appropriate, befitting, fit, meet, tailored, opportune
باب: a la mode, appropriate
verb - appropriate
اختصاص دادن: assign, allocate, devote, appropriate, earmark, dedicate
برای خود برداشتن: appropriate
منظورکردن: appropriate

Question 102

satisfy

satisfied

satisfying

Answer 102

♦ verb
1 to give (a person) enough of what is wanted or needed to take away hunger, curiosity etc : The apple didn’t satisfy my hunger; I told him enough to satisfy his curiosity.
خرسند كردن
2 to please: She is very difficult to satisfy.
راضي كردن
ˌsatisˈfaction [-ˈfӕkʃən]
♦ noun
1 the act of satisfying or state of being satisfied: the satisfaction of desires.
ارضا
2 pleasure or contentment: Your success gives me great satisfaction.
رضايت
ˌsatisˈfactory [-ˈfӕktəri]
♦ adjective
(negative unsatisfactory ) giving satisfaction; good enough to satisfy: Your work is not satisfactory; The condition of the sick man is satisfactory.
رضايت بخش
ˌsatisˈfactorily [-ˈfӕktə-]
♦ adverb
.
به طرزي رضايت بخش
ˈsatisfied
♦ adjective
(sometimes with with ) pleased: I’m satisfied with his progress; a satisfied customer.
رضايت آميز
ˈsatisfying
♦ adjective
pleasing: The story had a satisfying ending.
راضي كننده

/sat´is fī´/
vt., vi.
● راضی کردن،خشنود کردن،خرسند کردن
I am satisfied with your work
از کار شما راضی هستم.
nothing satisfied this student and he was always complaining
هیچ چیز این شاگرد را راضی نمی‌کرد و همیشه شکایت داشت.
she tried to satisfy the child by giving him a candy
کوشید با دادن یک آب نبات کودک را خشنود کند.
● (شرایط یا الزامات چیزی را) برآوردن،رفع کردن،ارضا کردن
to satisfy one’s natural urges
خواسته‌ی طبیعی خود را ارضا کردن
to get a diploma, you have to satisfy all of these course requirements
برای گرفتن پایان‌نامه باید تمام درس‌های لازم را بگذرانی.
to satisfy somebody’s curiosity
حس کنجکاوی کسی را فرونشاندن
● (قوانین و مقررات و تعمدات وغیره) تن دردادن،پیروی کردن،اجرا کردن
she has completely satisfied our graduation requirements
او تمام اقدامات برای فارغ‌التحصیل شدن ما را انجام داده است.
● از شک (یا واهمه یا وحشت و غیره) درآوردن،گره‌گشایی کردن،برطرف کردن،ادا کردن
to satisfy any doubts, he went to them unarmed
برای برطرف کردن هر گونه شک و تردید،او بدون اسلحه نزد آنها رفت.
if a consignment does not satisfy all the conditions agreed upon, it will be sent back
اگر محموله طبق همه‌ی شرایط مورد توافق نباشد پس فرستاده خواهد شد.
our factory is able to satisfy the country’s need for bicycles
کارخانه‌ی ما می‌تواند نیاز کشور به دوچرخه را پاسخگو باشد.
● (وام و منت و غیره) پس دادن،جبران کردن،تلافی کردن،بازپرداخت کردن،پاداش دادن
this property is not enough to satisfy his loans
این ملک برای بازپرداخت وام‌های او کافی نیست.
he had to sell his land to satisfy his creditors
مجبور شد برای راضی کردن طلبکاران زمین خود را بفروشد.
he has no expectation of being satisfied for the work he does at the orphanage
او انتظار ندارد که در برابر کاری که در یتیم‌خانه می‌کند پاداش دریافت کند.
● غرامت دادن،تاوان دادن
a treaty to satisfy Indians who had been deprived of their lands
قراردادی برای دادن غرامت به سرخپوستانی که از زمین‌های خود محروم شده بودند
● بسنده بودن،کافی بودن،رضایتبخش بودن،خشنودگر بودن
this amount will satisfy our needs for now
این مقدار فعلا برای رفع نیازهای ما کافی خواهد بود.
● قانع کردن،مجاب کردن،پذیراندن،قبولاندن
my reasons for the delay did not satisfy him
دلایل من درباره‌ی تاخیر او را قانع نکرد.
to satisfy the police that one is innocent
بی‌گناهی خود را به پلیس قبولاندن
* satisfy the examiners
(انگلیس) در امتحان قبول شدن

verb - satisfy
خوشنود کردن: gladden, satisfy
خشنود ساختن: please, satisfy, gladden
اقناع شدن: satisfy
خرسند کردن: content, gladden, satisfy
راضی کردن: satisfy, sate, assure, content
خشنود کردن: satisfy
قانع کردن: convince, satisfy, comply, content

to satisfy sb’s curiosity
jds Neugier[de] befriedigen
to satisfy one’s desire
seine Begierde befriedigen
to satisfy a debt
eine Schuld begleichen
to satisfy one’s lust
seine Lust befriedigen
to satisfy a loan
einen Kredit tilgen
to satisfy the examiners Brit SCHULE, UNIV form
eine Prüfung bestehen
to satisfy a demand WIRTSCH
eine Nachfrage befriedigen
to satisfy one’s creditors
seine Gläubiger/Gläubigerinnen befriedigen
to satisfy requirements
Anforderungen genügen
to identify/satisfy a need
ein Bedürfnis erkennen/befriedigen
to satisfy a need/passion/an urge
ein Bedürfnis/eine Leidenschaft/ein Verlangen befriedigen
to satisfy a condition/criteria/a demand/requirements
eine Bedingung/Kriterien/eine Forderung/Anforderungen erfüllen
they are trying to satisfy all shades of public opinion
man versucht, allen Spielarten der öffentlichen Meinung gerecht zu werden

Question 103

grant

granted

So granted that particular video is an actual video of a paper-based animation, but indeed, that’s really all you need,

Answer 103

grant [graːnt]
♦ verb
1 to agree to, to give: Would you grant me one favour; He granted the man permission to leave.
اهدا کردن؛ برآوردن
2 to agree or admit: I grant (you) that it was a stupid thing to do.
تصدیق کردن

♦ noun
money given for a particular purpose: He was awarded a grant for studying abroad.
بورس
ˈgranted, *ˈgranting
(even) if; assuming: Granted that you are right, we will have to move fast.
فرض کنیم که
take for granted
1 to assume without checking: I took it for granted that you had heard the story.
فرض کردن
2 to treat casually: People take electricity for granted until their supply is cut off.
قدر چیزی را ندانستن
grant [graːnt]
♦ verb
1 to agree to, to give: Would you grant me one favour; He granted the man permission to leave.
اهدا کردن؛ برآوردن
2 to agree or admit: I grant (you) that it was a stupid thing to do.
تصدیق کردن

♦ noun
money given for a particular purpose: He was awarded a grant for studying abroad.
بورس
ˈgranted, *ˈgranting
(even) if; assuming: Granted that you are right, we will have to move fast.
فرض کنیم که
take for granted
1 to assume without checking: I took it for granted that you had heard the story.
فرض کردن
2 to treat casually: People take electricity for granted until their supply is cut off.
قدر چیزی را ندانستن

government grant
staatliche Beihilfe
[government] grant
≈ Bafög nt BRD
student grant
Stipendium nt
overseas grant
Entwicklungshilfe f
maternity grant Brit
Mutterschaftsgeld nt
federal grant
Bundesbeihilfe f
research grant
Forschungsstipendium nt
to grant a divorce
in eine Scheidung einwilligen
research and development grant (for institutes, scientists)
A a. Subvention f
grant from local government
Zuschüsse mpl der Stadt
to grant compassionate leave
Sonderurlaub bewilligen
to grant sb probate
jdm einen Erbschein ausstellen
to grant bail
die Freilassung gegen Kaution gewähren
local authority grant
kommunaler Zuschuss

/grant, gränt/
vt., n.
● اهدا کردن،عطاکردن،اعطاکردن،دادن،بخشیدن به،برآوردن،واگذار کردن،هبه کردن،مستجاب کردن
he was granted a week’s leave of absence
به او یک هفته مرخصی دادند.
her wish was granted
آرزویش برآورده شد.
to grant a friend his wish
خواهش یک دوست را اجابت کردن
to grant a loan to an applicant
به درخواست کننده وام دادن
the granting of diplomas
اعطای دانشنامه‌ها
● اعطا،اهدا،بخشش،دهش،هدیه،دهشت
the hospital received a $ 5000 grant
بیمارستان 5 هزار دلار اهدایی را دریافت کرد.
● اذعان کردن،قبول کردن (در بحث)،پذیرفتن،تصدیق کردن
I grant your first point but not your second
نکته‌ی اول شما را قبول دارم ولی دومی را نه.
● ملک یا مبلغ یا چیز اهدا شده،عطیه،(به ویژه) بورس،کمک هزینه‌ی تحصیلی
student grant
کمک هزینه (پول اهدایی به دانشجو)
● (آمریکا - در ایالات مین و ورمانت و نیوهامپشایر) بخش،ناحیه
● (زمین) واگذاری
● اقطاع
* granted (that)
گیرم،فرض کنیم
* granting that
گیرم که،فرض کنیم که،حتی اگر
granting that you are right…
به فرض که حق با شما باشد. …
* to take for granted
اثبات شده،فرض کردن،پذیرفتن،عادی فرض کردن،مسلم پنداشتن،قدر چیزی را ندانستن،بی اهمیت پنداشتن
don’t take my friendship for granted!
دوستی مرا مسلم نپندار!

[grant]
noun - grant
عطا: grant, gift, granting, donation, present
کمک هزینه تحصیلی: fellowship, grant
امتیاز: score, concession, privilege, distinction, franchising, grant
اهداء: donation, dedication, grant, present
بخشش: forgiveness, bounty, gift, mercy, grant, pardon
اجازه واگذاری رسمی: grant
حقوق بگیر: annuitant, grant
verb - grant
دادن: give, give, grant, admit, impute, render
اعطا کردن: grant, award, vest, vouchsafe, patent
عطاء کردن: bestow, confer, give, grant
بخشیدن: give, forgive, donate, remit, give away, grant
تصدیق کردن: acknowledge, affirm, authenticate, establish, admit, grant
مسلم گرفتن: grant

Question 104

duration

Answer 104

US UK AU duration [djuˈreiʃən]
♦ noun
the length of time anything continues: We all had to stay indoors for the duration of the storm.
مدت

[d(y)o͝orˈāSHən]
noun - duration
مدت: term, time, period, duration, length, interval
طول: length, duration, longitude
استمرار: continuity, duration
طی: duration
بقاء: survival, survivorship, duration, durability, permanence, perpetuity

درازی (زمان)،مدت
his stay was of short duration
اقامت او کوتاه مدت بود.
of what duration?
در طول چه مدتی‌؟
for the duration of his life
برای همه‌ی عمرش
● (زبان‌شناسی) دیرش،تداوم،درنگ
* for the duration
1- (انگلیس - عامیانه) تا پایان

duration of a contract JUR
Vertragsdauer f
duration of present employment
Dauer f der gegenwärtigen Beschäftigung
for the duration (until this situation ends)
bis zum Ende
a stay of two years’ duration
ein zweijähriger Aufenthalt
I suppose we’re stuck with each other for the duration
sieht so aus, als müssten wir es bis auf weiteres miteinander aushalten

Question 105

discriminate

How does a file format like .mp4 discriminate between audio and video
within itself as a value?

Answer 105

discriminate [diˈskrimineit]
♦ verb
1 (with between ) to make or see a difference between: It is difficult to discriminate between real and pretended cases of poverty.
تشخیص دادن
2 (often with against ) to treat a certain kind of people differently: He was accused of discriminating against women employees.
فرق گذاشتن؛ تبعیض قائل شدن
disˌcrimiˈnation
♦ noun
.
شناخت؛ تبعیض

● تمیز دادن،تشخیص دادن،فرق قائل شدن (یا گذاشتن)،نیماد کردن،بازدانی کردن
he cannot discriminate between the tastes of these two kinds of tea
او نمی‌تواند فرق بین مزه‌ی این دو نوع چای را تشخیص بدهد.
colorblind people do not have the ability to discriminate colors
اشخاص کور رنگ قدرت تمیز دادن رنگ‌ها را ندارند.
● موجب تمایز و تشخیص بودن،صفت مشخصه بودن،نیماد نما بودن،نیمادگر بودن
red feathers are the discriminating marks of these birds
پرهای قرمز صفت مشخصه‌ی این پرندگان است.
● نکته سنج بودن،طبع ظریف و نکته بین داشتن،فرق شناس بودن
● تبعیض قائل شدن،بهزانی کردن
to discriminate on the basis of race, religion, or gender
برپایه‌ی نژاد یا مذهب یا جنسیت تبعیض قائل شدن
to discriminate against someone
برعلیه کسی تبعیض قایل شدن
to discriminate in favor of someone
به نفع (برله) کسی تبعیض قایل شدن
● نکته سنجانه،از روی طبع ظریف و نکته بین،فرور شناس،نکته‌سنج
discriminate customers who demand the best products
مشتریان فرورشناس که طالب بهترین کالاها هستند

[disˈkriməˌnāt]
verb - discriminate
تبعیض قائل شدن: discriminate, forejudge
با علاميمشخصه ممتاز کردن: discriminate

Question 106

allude

You allude to MP4 for video and more generally the use

Ger: auf etw Akk anspielen

Answer 106

allude [əˈluːd]
♦ verb
(with to ) to mention: He did not allude to the remarks made by the previous speaker.
اشاره کردن؛ ذکر کردن
alˈlusion [-ʒən]
♦ noun
(the act of making) a mention or reference: The prime minister made no allusion to the war in his speech.
اشاره

ǝ lōōd´/
vi.
● ذکر کردن،اشاره داشتن،اشاره کردن به،تلویحا گفتن،اظهار داشتن (به طور ضمنی)
he alluded to the rising prices
به قیمت‌های روزافزون اشاره کرد.

[əˈlo͞od]
verb - allude
اشاره کردن: point, nudge, insinuate, mention, imply, allude
مربوط بودن به: pertain to, allude, concern, treat
اظهار کردن: declare, express, affirm, allude, froth, import
گریز زدن به: allude

to allude to sth
auf etw Akk anspielen

Question 107

compression

ger: kompression

And they use what might be called compression.
If you’ve ever used a zip file or something else,
somehow your computer is using fewer zeros and ones
to represent the same amount of information,
ideally without losing any information.

Answer 107

noun - compression
فشرده سازی: compression, compaction
فشار: pressure, compression, press, push, stress, pressing
تراکم: density, compression, congestion, aggregate, agglomeration, aggregation
فشردگی: compression, compaction, jam, strangulation
متراکم سازی: compression
هم فشارش: compression
بهم فشردگی: compression, impaction
اختصار: abbreviation, brevity, clipping, compendium, contraction, compression
ضغطه: squeezing, bruise, compressing, compression, contusion, forcing

/kǝm presh´ǝn/
n.
● فشار،چلاندگی،تراکم،فشردگی،همفشردگی،همفشارش
the compression of air by the piston
فشرده شدن هوا توسط پیستون
● (موتورهای درونسوز) همفشردگی هوا و سوخت لحظه‌ای قبل از احتراق

COMPUT data compression
Datenverdichtung f
disk compression software
Festplattenkomprimierungssoftware f
high/low compression engine
hoch-/niedrigverdichteter Motor

Question 108

common

commonly

But more commonly as you’re alluding to one is lossy compression, L-O-S-S-Y,
where you’re actually throwing away some amount of quality.

Answer 108

common [ˈkomən]
♦ adjective
1 seen or happening often; quite normal or usual: a common occurrence; These birds are not so common nowadays.
معمول؛ عادی
2 belonging equally to, or shared by, more than one: This knowledge is common to all of us; We share a common language.
مشترک؛ همگانی
3 publicly owned: common property.
عمومی؛ همگانی
4 coarse or impolite: She uses some very common expressions.
بی ادبانه؛ رکیک
5 of ordinary, not high, social rank: the common people.
عادی؛ عامی
6 of a noun, not beginning with a capital letter (except at the beginning of a sentence): The house is empty.
اسم عام

♦ noun
(a piece of) public land for everyone to use, with few or no buildings: the village common.
محوطۀ عمومی
ˈcommoner
♦ noun
a person who is not of high rank: The royal princess married a commoner.
آدم عادی؛ جزو عوام
common knowledge
something known to everyone or to most people: Surely you know that already – it’s common knowledge.
عمومی؛ ابتدایی
common ˈlaw
♦ noun
a system of unwritten laws based on old customs and on judges’ earlier decisions.
قانون عرفی
ˈcommon-law
♦ adjective
referring to a relationship between two people who are not officially married, but have the same rights as husband and wife: a common-law marriage; a common-law wife/husband.
عرفی
ˈcommonplace
♦ adjective
very ordinary and uninteresting: commonplace remarks.
عادی؛ پیش پا افتاده
ˈcommon-room
♦ noun
in a college, school etc a sitting-room for the use of a group.
اتق اساتید؛ سالن دانشجویان
common sense
practical good sense: If he has any common sense he’ll change jobs.
درایت؛ شعور
the Common Market
(formerly) an association of certain European countries to establish free trade (without duty, tariffs etc ) among them, now replaced by the European Union.
بازار مشترک
the (House of) Commons
the lower house of the British parliament.
مجلس عوام
in common
(of interests, attitudes, characteristics etc ) shared or alike: They have nothing in common – I don’t know why they’re getting married.
مشترک؛ شبیه

• The police treated Tom like a common criminal.
پلیس با تام مانند یک مجرم معمولی رفتار می کرد.
• It is common for students to go to school without eating breakfast.
خیلی از اوقات دانش‌آموزان بدون خوردن صبحانه به مدرسه می‌روند.
• Peas and carrots are common ingredients in soups.
نخود و هویج از افزودنی‌های متداول سوپ هستند.
• They are bound together by common interests.
آنها بر اساس علایق مشترک با هم در ارتباط هستند.
Arianpur-OpenDictionary
/käm´ǝn/
adj., n.
● مشترک،همگانی،انبازین،اشتراکی
the common interests of the group
علایق مشترک گروه
common carriers
موسسات حمل و نقل،ترابران همگانی
● معمولی،عمومی،عام،عامیانه،همه،همگان
that is common knowledge
آن چیزی است که همه می‌دانند.
● رسوا
a common criminal
جانی رسوا
● عادی،هر روزی،رایج،روزمره
a common occurance
رویداد عادی
● ساده،ابتدایی،اولیه
observing common courtesy
رعایت اصول اولیه‌ی ادب
● (در مورد افراد) آدم عادی،غیر اشرافی،عامی،(جمع) عوام،(ارتش) بدون درجه
what the common man wants
آنچه که یک فرد عادی می‌خواهد
a common soldier
سرباز ساده
● پست،زیر حد معمول،دون،پیش پا افتاده،رذل،دنی،ناکس،پست فطرت،زمخت و بی ادب،(جمع) عوام الناس
common ware
کالا (یا اجناس) پست
● (گاهی جمع) پارک،زمین همگانی،محوطه‌ی عمومی
● (حقوق) مشاع،غیرمفروز،مالکیت مشترک،حق مشترک
● (کالبد شناسی) منشعب،چند شاخه،انشعابی
● (دستور زبان) اسم عام (مانند: book و apple در مقایسه با اسم خاص مانند: Tehran)،هم مذکر و هم مونث،(دارای جنسیت) مشترک
the word “child” is of common gender
واژه‌ی ((کودک)) هم به مذکر و هم به مونث اتلاق می‌شود.
● (ریاضی - عدد) مشترک،متعارفی،همدار
common divisor
مقسوم‌علیه مشترک
common fraction
کسر متعارفی
common principles
اصول عام
● (کلیسا) مراسم وابسته به هر یک از اعیاد
* common denominator
(ریاضی) مخرج مشترک،برخه نام مشترک،وجه مشترک
* common fraction
کسر متعارفی
* common ratio
قدرنسبت (تصاعد هندسی)
* common ground
وجه مشترک،جنبه‌ی مشابه،تفاهم
* the House of Commons
(انگلیسی) مجلس عوام

common equity
primäres Eigenkapital
common illness
Volkskrankheit f
common lore
[alte] Volksweisheit f
common carrier
öffentliches Transportunternehmen
common noun
Gattungsname f
common denominator
gemeinsamer Nenner
common property (known by most people)
Allgemeingut nt
common bathroom
Gemeinschaftsbad nt
common area
allgemeiner Bereich
common salt
Kochsalz nt
in common
gemeinsam
common parlance
allgemeiner Sprachgebrauch
common people
einfache Leute
common interests
gemeinsame Interessen
common debtor
Gemeinschuldner(in) m (f)
common ground JUR
Unstreitige(s) nt
it is common practice …
es ist allgemein üblich …
common precepts of decency
allgemeine Anstandsregeln

Question 109

distribute

Answer 109

distribute [diˈstribjut]
♦ verb
1 to divide (something) among several (people); to deal out: He distributed sweets to all the children in the class.
توزیع کردن؛ پخش کردن
2 to spread out widely: Our shops are distributed all over the city.
پراکنده بودن؛ پخش بودن
ˌdistriˈbution [-ˈbjuː-]
♦ noun
.
توزیع؛ پراکندگی

/di strib´yōōt, -yoot/
vt.
● توزیع کردن،پخش کردن
to distribute medicines among the poor
دارو بین مستمندان توزیع کردن
the company’s profits are distributed annually
سود شرکت به طور سالیانه پخش می‌شود.
● (روی سطح) پهن کردن،پخشاندن،گستردن
distributing the seed over the lawn
پاشیدن تخم بر روی چمن
distributing the paint evenly over the paper
پخش کردن یکنواخت رنگ بر روی کاغذ
● پراکنده بودن،پخش و پلا بودن،پخش بودن
the blood vessels distributed throughout the foot
رگ‌های خونی که در سرتاسر پا پراکنده‌اند
in all of the workshops distributed throughout the city
در تمام کارگاه‌هایی که در شهر پخش بودند
● دسته‌دسته کردن،طبقه‌بندی کردن،رده بندی کردن،کلاسه کردن
he spent a good deal of time distributing his specimens into their proper classes
او وقت زیادی را صرف طبقه‌بندی نمونه‌های خود در رده‌های مربوطه کرد.
● در جای خود قرار دادن،در محل مشخص گذاشتن،حروف چاپی را از فرم درآوردن و در جای خود گذاشتن
● (مهجور) سرپرستی کردن،تصدی کردن،دادن
to distribute justice
دادگستری کردن
● (حقوق - ارث کسی که بدون وصیت‌نامه مرده است را بین بازماندگان بخش کردن) مرده‌ریگ بخش کردن،ارث تقسیم کردن،حصه کردن
● (منطق) واژه‌ای را به معنی اعم به کار بردن،تعمیم دادن

to distribute a product
ein Produkt vertreiben
to distribute sth fairly
etw gerecht verteilen
to distribute sth evenly
etw gleichmäßig verteilen
to distribute food among the poor
Nahrung f an die Armen verteilen
to distribute sth with an even hand
etw gleich verteilen
to divide up/distribute sth among sb/sth
etw unter jdm/etw aufteilen/verteilen

[disˈtribyo͞ot]
verb - distribute
پخش کردن: spread, distribute, diffuse, broadcast, scatter, strew
توزیع کردن: distribute, administrate, dispense, administer, deal, give out
تعمیم دادن: generalize, distribute, popularize
تقسیم کردن: divide, distribute, apportion, intersect, partition, admeasure

Question 110

discretion

ger: Diskretion

And in the world of multimedia, you have containers like QuickTime
and other MPEG containers that can combine
different formats of video, different formats of audio in one file,
but there, too, do designers have discretion.

• at the discretion of
• discretion is the better part of valor
• the age (or years) of discretion

Answer 110

discretion noun [U] (CAREFUL BEHAVIOUR)

C2
the ability to behave without causing embarrassment or attracting too much attention, especially by keeping information secret:

“Can you trust him with this?” “Yes, he’s the soul of discretion (= he will not tell other people).”

discretion noun [U] (RIGHT TO CHOOSE)

formal
the right or ability to decide something:

Students can be expelled at the discretion of the principal (= if the principal decides it).

I leave the decision to your discretion (= for you to decide).

n.

[disˈkreSHən]

● اختیار،قدرت تصمیم‌گیری،آزادی عمل
you have been given the discretion to choose your own staff
به شما اختیار داده شده است که کارمندان خود را شخصا انتخاب کنید.
● (قدیمی) صواب دید،صلاح دید،داوری
it is a matter that I cannot leave to anyone else’s discretion
این چیزی است که من نمی‌توانم به داوری کسی دیگری واگذار کنم.
● احتیاط،دقت،پیرانگری،پرواگری
use care and discretion in your choice of an assistant!
در گزینش معاون خود دقت و احتیاط به کار ببر.
● بصیرت،درایت
* at the discretion of
به صلاحدید،به داوری،به اختیار،به میل
you can spend the money at your own discretion
شما می‌توانید پول را به صلاحدید خود خرج کنید.
* discretion is the better part of valor
بهترین بخش شجاعت احتیاط است،آدم دلیر باید محتاط باشد
* the age (or years) of discretion
سن کمال،سنین تجربه و پختگی

judicial discretion
richterliches Ermessen
a paragon of discretion
ein Muster nt an Verschwiegenheit
to use one’s discretion
nach eigenem Ermessen handeln
to exercise one’s discretion
nach eigenem Ermessen handeln
to use discretion/tact
diskret/taktvoll sein
age of discretion JUR
Strafmündigkeit f
at sb’s discretion
nach jds Ermessen
to be at the discretion of sb [or at sb’s discretion ]
in jds Ermessen stehen
to exercise discretion in a matter
eine Angelegenheit mit Diskretion behandeln
to be the soul of discretion/honesty
die Verschwiegenheit/die Ehrlichkeit in Person sein
to leave sth to sb’s discretion
etw jds Entscheidung überlassen
to reach the age of discretion
mündig werden
discretion is the better part of valour Sprichw
Vorsicht ist die Mutter der Porzellankiste Sprichw ugs
to be the [very] soul of discretion
die Diskretion in Person sein
it is within his discretion to leave the country
es steht ihm frei, das Land zu verlassen

Dis•kre•ti•on [-‘t ̮sjoːn] die; -; nur Sg; geschr; Takt und Verschwiegenheit, besonders bei Dingen, die geheim od. unangenehm sind ↔ Indiskretion <etwas mit absoluter, äußerster, strengster Diskretion behandeln; Diskretion wahren; auf/mit jemandes Diskretion rechnen (können)>

Bedeutungen:
[1] auf etwas Bestimmtes bezogene Verschwiegenheit, Geheimhaltung oder Vertraulichkeit
[2] Takt, Rücksichtnahme
[3] Zurückhaltung; die Eigenschaft, nicht aufdringlich zu sein
Herkunft:
Diskretion geht über das gleichbedeutende mittelfranzösische und französische discrétion → fr und das altfranzösische discrecion (Unterschied, Unterscheidungsvermögen) auf das spätlateinische discretio → la (Trennung, Unterscheidung) zurück, das ein Verbalabstraktum zum Verb discernere → la (absondern, unterscheiden) ist.[1]
Synonyme:
[3] Unaufdringlichkeit
Gegenwörter:
[1–3] Indiskretion
[3] Aufdringlichkeit
Beispiele:
[1] Bezüglich der Affäre meiner Frau mit Ihrem Geschäftsführer zähle ich auf die Diskretion Ihres Hauses.
[1] In dieser Angelegenheit wurden wir um äußerste Diskretion gebeten.
[2] Weil die Diskretion es gebot, wurde auf dem Empfang des Botschafters nach den Einzelheiten des neuesten Skandals im Königshause nicht gefragt.
[3] Unser Personal ist die Diskretion in Person. Es fiele niemals jemandem ein, an der Tür zu lauschen.
[3] Von der Diskretion, die die Butler im Beisein der Herrschaften an den Tag legten, war hinter verschlossenen Türen nichts mehr zu merken.

Question 111

antiquated

Answer 111

/-id/
adj.
● سالخورده،کهن
● مهجور،چیزی‌که دیگر به‌درد نمی‌خورد،قدیمی ماب،امل،از مد افتاده،مال عهد دقیانوس
the clatter of the antiquated automobile
تلق‌تلق کردن اتومبیل قراضه
an antiquated tax system
نظام مالیاتی فرسوده و دیروزین

• I prefer antiquated models.
من مدل‌های عتیقه را ترجیح می‌دهم.

[ˈantiˌkwātid]
adjective - antiquated
کهنه: old, stale, archaic, antiquated, obsolete, ancient
قدیمی: old, ancient, past, archaic, outdated, antiquated
منسوخ: obsolete, outdated, abolished, abrogated, antiquated, disused
متروک: abandoned, desolate, obsolete, derelict, lonely, antiquated

Question 112

despair

ger: Hoffnungslos, verzweiflung

Answer 112

Learners
US UK AU despair [diˈspeə]
♦ verb
to lose hope (of): I despair of ever teaching my son anything.
ناامید شدن؛ دلسرد شدن

♦ noun
1 the state of having given up hope: He was filled with despair at the news.
ناامیدی؛ سرخوردگی
2 (with the ) something which causes someone to despair: He is the despair of his mother.
مایه یأس و ناامیدی

• His failure in the examination drove him to despair.
شکست او درامتحان به او احساس نا امیدی را القا کرد.
Arianpur-OpenDictionary
/di sper´/
vi., vt., n.
● نومیدی،ناامیدی،یاس،سرخوردگی،دلسردی
there can be much hope (even) in despair …
در نومیدی بسی امید است …
the wrestling champion’s defeat filled everyone with despair
شکست قهرمان کشتی همه را غرق در نومیدی کرد.
despair is the enemy of hope
نومیدی دشمن امید است.
to make somebody despair
کسی را نومید کردن
● نومید کردن یا شدن،ناامید کردن یا شدن،مایوس کردن یا شدن،سرخورده کردن یا شدن،دلسرد کردن یا شدن
have faith in God and despair not!
به خدا توکل کن ونومید نشو!
she despaired of even seeing her son again
او امیدی نداشت که هرگز دوباره پسر خود را ببیند.
if you despair, you will fail
اگر نومید شوی موفق نخواهی شد.
● مایه‌ی نومیدی
that student’s illegible handwriting was my despair
خط ناخوانای آن شاگرد حس یاس مرا برمی‌انگیخت.
* be the despair of
موجب نومیدی بودن
* overcome by despair
غرق در نومیدی،کاملا نومید
after the war, some Germans were overcome by despair
بعد از جنگ نومیدی بر برخی از آلمان‌ها غلبه کرده بود.

diˈspe(ə)r]
noun - despair
یاس: despair, disappointment, discouragement, letdown
نومیدی: despair, desperation, disappointment
فروماندگی: despair, desperate situation, fatigue, inability, poverty
verb - despair
مایوس شدن: despair, despond

blank despair
schiere Verzweiflung
sheer despair
blanke [o. schiere] Verzweiflung
black despair
tiefste Verzweiflung
in utter despair
völlig verzweifelt
to drive sb to despair
jdn zur Verzweiflung treiben
to the despair of sb
zu jds Verzweiflung
to despair of doing sth
die Hoffnung aufgeben, etw zu tun
to be filled with despair
voller Verzweiflung sein
he sank into deep despair
er fiel in tiefe Verzweiflung
her cheerfulness alternated with despair
mal war sie ausgelassen, dann wieder verzweifelt
to be in deep despair
total verzweifelt sein
to be the despair of sb
jds Sorgenkind sein
to do sth out of despair
etw aus Verzweiflung tun
to be pitched [headlong] into despair
in [eine] tiefe Verzweiflung gestürzt werden
to spill out ⇆ one’s anger/despair/worries
seinem Ärger/seiner Verzweiflung/seinen Sorgen Luft machen
to vacillate between hope and despair
zwischen Hoffnung und Verzweiflung schwanken
to be in despair about [or over] sth
über etw Akk [o. wegen einer S. Gen ] verzweifelt sein
to be in the depths of despair
zutiefst verzweifelt sein

Question 113

scorn

scornful attitude
verächtliche Einstellung

Answer 113

scorn [skoːn]
♦ noun
contempt or disgust: He looked at my drawing with scorn.
تحقير

♦ verb
to show contempt for; to despise: They scorned my suggestion.
تحقير كردن
ˈscornful
♦ adjective
1 feeling or showing scorn: a scornful expression/remark.
خوار شمردن
2 making scornful remarks: He was rather scornful about your book.
مردود دانستن
ˈscornfully
♦ adverb
.
با تحقير و تمسخر
ˈscornfulness
♦ noun
.
حقارت

skôrn/
n., vt., vi.
● (شدید و معمولا همراه با خشم) تحقیر،خوارداشت،خوارشماری،پست شماری
the offer for unconditional surrender was rejected with scorn
پیشنهاد تسلیم بلاشرط را با تحقیر رد کردند.
their scorn for the traitor drove him to suicide
تحقیرهای آنان خائن را به خودکشی واداشت.
to heap scorn on somebody
کسی را کاملا مورد تحقیر قرار دادن
● شخص یا چیز مورد تحقیر
the unfair boxer became the scorn of the crowd
مشت‌زن بی‌انصاف مورد تحقیر جماعت قرار گرفت.
● تحقیر کردن،خوار کردن،پست شمردن،کوچک شمردن
he scorned to take bribes
رشوه گرفتن را خوار می‌شمرد.
they scorned him for he had no money
چون پول نداشت او را خوار می‌شمردند.
● (با خشم یا تحقیر) رد کردن،نپذیرفتن،عار داشتن
she scorned offers of reconciliation from her former husband
پیشنهاد آشتی از سوی شوهر سابقش را با تحقیر رد کرد.
● (مهجور) مورد تمسخر قرار دادن،مسخره‌کردن

to be the scorn of sb
von jdm verachtet werden
to pour scorn on sth/sb
etw/jdn mit Spott überhäufen
to feel [or have] scorn for sb
für jdn Verachtung empfinden
to be/become an object of pity/scorn
zum Gegenstand des Mitleids/Spotts sein/werden
to pour scorn on an idea/a theory
eine Idee/Theorie verreißen
why do you always pour scorn on my suggestions?
warum machst du meine Vorschläge immer lächerlich?

[skôrn]
noun - scorn
تمسخر: ridicule, derision, scorn, mock, scoff, irony
تحقیر: humiliation, contempt, disdain, scorn, humility, belittlement
مذمت: reproach, disapproval, blaming, disapprobation, scorn, blame
حقارت: humility, scorn, demission, paltriness
عار: disdain, disdain, shame, disgrace, scorn
بی اعتنایی: defiance, inattention, scorn, slight, insouciance, incaution
خردانگاری: scorn
verb - scorn
خوار شمردن: despise, disdain, scorn, contemn
خردانگاشتن: scorn
استهزاء کردن: jest, deride, flout, scorn, sneer, fleer
اهانت کردن: scorn

Question 114

admit

Answer 114

US UK AU admit [ədˈmit]– past tense, past participle adˈmitted –
♦ verb
1 to allow to enter: This ticket admits one person.
اجازه دخول دادن
2 to say that one accepts as true: He admitted (that) he was wrong.
اعتراف کردن
adˈmissible [-səbl]
♦ adjective
allowable: admissible evidence.
قابل قبول
adˈmission [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 being allowed to enter; entry: They charge a high price for admission.
ورودیه
2 (an) act of accepting the truth of (something): an admission of guilt.
پذیرش
adˈmittance
♦ noun
the right or permission to enter: The notice said `No admittance’.
پذیرش؛ ورود
adˈmittedly
♦ adverb
as is generally accepted: Admittedly, she is not well.
مسلماً

/ad mit´/
vt.
● اجازه‌ی دخول دادن،راه دادن،(بیمارستان) بستری کردن
no one is admitted in the operating room
هیچ کس را به اتاق جراحی راه نمی‌دهند.
this ticket admits two
با این بلیط دو نفر می‌توانند داخل شوند.
● روا داشتن
this problem admits of no delay
این مسئله تعلل‌پذیر نیست.
● جا داشتن،ظرفیت داشتن
this hall admits 500 people
این سالن گنجایش پانصد نفر را دارد.
● اعتراف کردن،قبول کردن،خستو شدن،معترف بودن
she admitted her fault
تقصیر خود را قبول کرد.
he admitted that we have rights too
او پذیرفت که ما هم حقوقی داریم.
● (در حرفه یا مدرسه و غیره) پذیرفته شدن
he was admitted to the bar
او را به وکالت دادگستری پذیرفتند.

to admit one’s guilt
seine Schuld zugeben
to freely admit sth
etw ohne Umschweife zugeben
to admit evidence JUR
ein Beweismittel zulassen
to admit defeat
seine Niederlage eingestehen
to admit [or concede]/suffer defeat
eine Niederlage eingestehen/erleiden
I admit that I was wrong
ich gebe zu, dass ich unrecht hatte
he’s too macho to admit that
dafür ist er ein viel zu großer Macho, als dass er das zugeben würde
to admit sb to hospital for observation
jdn zur Beobachtung ins Krankenhaus einweisen
I hate to admit/say it, but …
es fällt mir äußerst schwer, das zuzugeben/sagen zu müssen, aber …
to admit sb to [Am the] hospital
jdn ins Krankenhaus einliefern
to admit an error [or a mistake]/one’s guilt
einen Irrtum [o. Fehler] /seine Schuld zugeben [o. einräumen]
this line of reasoning defeats me, I must admit übtr
diesem Argument kann ich leider nicht folgen
much to my humiliation I must admit my mistake
sehr zu meiner Schande muss ich meinen Fehler eingestehen
he doesn’t have the humility to admit when he’s wrong
er ist zu stolz, zuzugeben, wenn er Unrecht hat
sometimes it takes more courage to admit you are wrong than to stand firmly
manchmal braucht man mehr Mut, einen Fehler einzugestehen, als auf etwas zu beharren
it takes guts to admit to so many people that you’ve made a mistake
man braucht Mut, um vor so vielen Leuten zuzugeben, dass man einen Fehler gemacht hat

[ədˈmit]
verb - admit
پذیرفتن: accept, embrace, admit, receive, allow, hear
دادن: give, give, grant, admit, impute, render
اقرار کردن: admit, avouch, confess, own
راه دادن: admit
بار دادن: admit
راضی شدن: acquiesce, consent, supple, admit
رضایت دادن: consent, assent, accede, acquiesce, admit
تصدیق کردن: acknowledge, affirm, authenticate, establish, admit, aver
زیر بار رفتن: admit
واگذار کردن: concede, cede, assign, relegate, give, admit
اعطاء کردن: admit, allow, confer

Question 115

charge

Answer 115

charge [tʃaːdʒ]
♦ verb
1 to ask as the price (for something): They charge 50 cents for a pint of milk, but they don’t charge for delivery.
مطالبه کردن هزینه
2 to make a note of (a sum of money) as being owed: Charge the bill to my account.
به حساب گذاشتن
3 (with with ) to accuse (of something illegal): He was charged with theft.
متهم کردن
4 to attack by moving quickly (towards): We charged (towards) the enemy on horseback.
یورش بردن
5 to rush: The children charged down the hill.
شتابان رفتن؛ تاختن
6 to make or become filled with electricity: Please charge my car battery.
شارژ کردن
7 to make (a person) responsible for (a task etc ): He was charged with seeing that everything went well.
مسئول کردن

♦ noun
1 a price or fee: What is the charge for a telephone call?
هزینه
2 something with which a person is accused: He faces three charges of murder.
اتهام
3 an attack made by moving quickly: the charge of the Light Brigade.
یورش
4 the electricity in something: a positive or negative charge.
بار
5 someone one takes care of: These children are my charges.
شخص تحت سرپرستی
6 a quantity of gunpowder: Put the charge in place and light the fuse.
خرج
ˈcharger
♦ noun
formerly, a horse used in battle.
اسب جنگی
in charge of
responsible for: I’m in charge of thirty men.
مسئول
in someone’s charge
in the care of someone: You can leave the children in his charge.
تحت مراقبت
take charge
1 (with of ) to begin to control, organize etc : The department was in chaos until he took charge (of it).
کاری را به عهده گرفتن
2 (with of ) to take into one’s care: The policeman took charge of the gun.
مسئولیت قبول کردن

/chärj/
n., vi., vt.
● (در مورد قیمت و مزد و غیره) خواستن،مطالبه کردن،محسوب کردن
how much do you charge?
چقدر می‌گیرید؟ (مزد یا قیمت) چند است‌؟
the bank charges me ten percent interest for the loan
بانک از من بابت وام ده درصد بهره می‌گیرد.
they charged fifty tumans for admission
آنها پنجاه تومان ورودیه می‌گرفتند.
charge it to me
پای من حساب کنید.
● به حساب (اعتبار یا نسیه‌ی کسی) واریز کردن
please charge the cost to my account
لطفا هزینه را به حسابم بگذارید.
I have a charge account with this shop
با این مغازه حساب (نسیه) دارم.
● هزینه،نرخ،خرج،اجرت،حق‌الزحمه،هزینه سرانه خدمات
is there a charge for this service?
آیا این خدمت مستلزم پرداخت حق‌الزحمه است‌؟
(postal) stamp and telephone charges
پول تمبر و تلفن
● اتهام
she was arrested on a charge of conspiracy to commit murder
به اتهام تبانی در ارتکاب قتل بازداشت شد.
what were the charges against him?
اتهامات علیه او چه بود؟
● متهم کردن
he was charged with murder
او را به آدم کشی متهم کردند.
● کسی که تحت سرپرستی یا تکفل دیگری باشد
he spoke to his two charges
با دو نفری که سرپرستی آنان را به عهده داشت صحبت کرد.
to become a public charge
(به خاطر فقر و غیره) تحت سرپرستی سازمان‌های دولتی یا خیریه قرار گرفتن
● یورش بردن،تازیدن،حمله کردن
suddenly the dog charged at me
ناگهان سگ پرید (حمله کرد) به من.
he slammed the door like a madman and charged into the room
مثل دیوانه‌ها در را برهم کوفت و بی‌محابا وارد اتاق شد.
● تاخت،تازش،تک،یورش،حمله
a cavalry charge
تک سواره نظام،حمله‌ی سواره نظام
the officer cried, “charge!”
افسر فریاد زد: ((حمله‌!))
the troops mounted one charge after another
قشون پشت سر هم یورش می‌برد.
● (در مورد باطری و برق) شارژ کردن،تازاندن،بار کردن،تاز کردن،بارمند کردن
I have to have my car battery charged
باید بدهم باطری اتومبیلم را شارژ کنند.
● شارژ،بار،تاز
positive charge
(برق) بار مثبت
● (در جنگ افزار) خرج (میزان مواد منفجره‌ی لازم برای گلوله یا بمب)،فشنگ،بمب،خرجگذاری
● (سلاح را) پر کردن،فشنگ گذاشتن
he charged his gun again and started shooting
دوباره تفنگ خود را پر کرد و شروع کرد به تیراندازی.
● برگماشتن،مامور کردن،مکلف کردن،تکلیف کردن،دستور دادن،محول کردن،گمارش،وظیفه،دستور
the judge’s charge to the jury
دستور قاضی به هیئت منصفه
he was charged with the duty of getting the supplies
وظیفه‌ی تهیه‌ی لوازم به او محول شده بود.
● (مهجور) پر کردن،بار روی چیزی گذاشتن
● (چیزی را با چیز دیگر) اشباع کردن
air charged with steam
هوای اشباع شده از بخار آب
● (به آب و غیره) دی اکسید کربن افزودن
● (امریکا - خودمانی) لذت و هیجان
he gets a charge out of anoying his younger brother
از اذیت کردن برادر کوچکتر خود لذت می‌برد.
* bring a charge against someone
کسی را رسما متهم کردن
* charge off
1- (حسابداری) سوخت شده محسوب کردن،به حساب زیانکار بردن 2- متعلق دانستن به،وابسته دانستن به
* free of charge
رایگان،مجانی،بدون مطالبه‌ی قیمت یا کارمزد
* give somebody in charge
(انگلیس) تحویل پلیس دادن
* have charge of (something)
مسئول (چیزی) بودن
* in charge
مسئول (کاری)،متصدی
who is in charge here?
در اینجا مسئول کیست‌؟
* in charge of
مسئول،متصدی
he is in charge of recruitment
او مسئول استخدام است.
* take charge (of something)
(کاری را) به عهده گرفتن،مسئولیت قبول کردن
* under the charge of
تحت سرپرستی یا تصدی،زیر نظر

charge! (battle cry)
vorwärts!
net charge PHYS
Gesamtladung f
cavalry charge
Reiterattacke f
floating charge
schwebende Belastung
finance charge
Finanzierungskosten pl
extra charge
CH a. Aufzahlung m
charge card
Kundenkreditkarte f
charge sheet
polizeiliches Anklageblatt
fixed charge
Fixbelastung f
pollution charge AUTO
Umweltmaut f
token charge
symbolische Gebühr
admission charge
Eintritt m
additional charge
Aufpreis m
felony charge
Anklage f wegen eines Schwerverbrechens
holding charge
Nebenbeschuldigung f
flat charge
Pauschale f fachspr

[CHärj]
noun - charge
اتهام: charge, accusation, indictment, impeachment, denunciation, delation
بار: load, bar, burden, charge, cargo, loading
هزینه: cost, expense, expenditure, charge, outlay, toll
عهده: duty, responsibility, charge, guarantee, obligation, engagement
خرج: cost, expense, charge, expenditure, outlay, input
مطالبه: demand, claim, charge, exaction
حمله: attack, assault, offensive, offense, onslaught, charge
مسئوليت: responsibility, liability, charge, accountability, burden, office
تصدی: tenure, incumbency, charge, chairmanship, authority, commission
مطالبه هزینه: charge
وزن: rhythm, burden, cadence, scale, avoirdupois, charge
عهده داری: charge, incumbency
verb - charge
گماشتن: appoint, assign, designate, charge, commission, instate
زیربار کشیدن: charge
متهم ساختن: accuse, charge
پرکردن: charge

Question 116

rarely, seldom, scarcely

she can scarcely afford to pay the rent

ger: kaum

Answer 116

[ˈske(ə)rslē]
adverb - scarcely
ندرتا: rarely, seldom, scarcely

adv.
● بسیار کم،اندکی،به سختی،تازه،کمی،به محض اینکه،چند لحظه‌ای نگذشته بود که
I had scarcely finished dinner when he arrived
تازه شام را تمام کرده بودم که او وارد شد.
scarcely more than two miles from my house
اندکی بیش از دو میل از خانه‌ی من
I scarcely noticed what was going on
به سختی متوجه شدم که چه چیزی دارد روی می‌دهد.
I had scarcely read the letter when they handed me another one
هنوز نامه را نخوانده بودم که یک نامه‌ی دیگر به دستم دادند.
● حتی،هنوز هم نه،فقط،کمتر از
she is scarcely fifteen years old
او حتی پانزده سال هم ندارد.
an English teacher who scarcely knows a word of English!
معلم انگلیسی که حتی یک کلمه انگلیسی بلد نیست‌!
scarcely two hours
کمتر از دو ساعت
● به ندرت،ندرتا،دیر به دیر
she scarcely comes here any more
او دیگر دیر به دیر اینجا می‌آید.
my mother scarcely wore red dresses
مادرم به ندرت لباس قرمز می‌پوشید.
● شاید نه،محتملا نه
there could scarcely have been found a leader better suited for the work
احتمال بسیار کمی وجود داشت که بتوان مدیر بهتری را برای آن کار پیدا کرد.
● حتما نه،محققا نه،اصلا نه
we could scarcely interfere between the man and his wife
ما اصلا نمی‌توانستیم در کار آن مرد با زنش مداخله کنیم.

I had scarcely sat down when …
ich hatte mich gerade hingesetzt, als …
she can scarcely afford to pay the rent
sie kann das Geld für die Miete kaum aufbringen
he would scarcely have said a thing like that
er hätte so etwas wohl kaum behauptet
even his critics could scarcely forbear from congratulating him
selbst seine Kritiker konnten kaum umhin, ihm zu gratulieren

Question 117

sincere

ger: aufrichtig, ehrlich

Answer 117

sincere [sinˈsiə]
♦ adjective
1 true; genuine: a sincere desire; sincere friends.
صادق
2 not trying to pretend or deceive: a sincere person.
بي ريا
sinˈcerely
♦ adverb
I sincerely hope that you will succeed.
صادقانه
sinˈcerity [-ˈse-]
♦ noun
the state of being sincere: The sincerity of his comments was obvious to all.
صداقت

/sin sir´/
adj.
● راد،صمیمی،بی‌ریا،صادق،پاکدل
he was sincere in what he said
از روی صداقت حرف زد.
● صادقانه،رادمنشانه،واقعی،بی‌غل و غش،راستین،صمیمانه
sincere grief
اندوه واقعی
sincere friendship
دوستی صمیمانه
● (قدیمی) ناب،اصیل،خالص
sincere wine
شراب ناب
● (مهجور) زخمی نشده،سالم،بی‌صدمه
* sincerely, adv.
1- رادمنشانه،صادقانه،صمیمانه،با صداقت 2- (در پایان برخی نامه‌ها - با: yours) ارادتمند
yours sincerely (or sincerely yours)
با تقدیم احترام

sincere believer
ernsthafter Gläubiger
she is sincere in her political beliefs
sie meint es ernst mit ihrer politischen Überzeugung
to show/express deep/sincere/everlasting gratitude
tiefe/aufrichtige/ewige Dankbarkeit zeigen/zum Ausdruck bringen

Question 118

intend

ger: etwas intendieren, beabsichtigen

Answer 118

intend [inˈtend]
♦ verb
1 to mean or plan (to do something or that someone else should do something): Do you still intend to go?; Do you intend them to go?; Do you intend that they should go too?
قصد داشتن
2 to mean (something) to be understood in a particular way: His remarks were intended to be a compliment.
معنی دادن
3 (with for ) to direct at: That letter/bullet was intended for me.
برای کسی بودن
inˈtent [-t]
♦ adjective
1 (with on ) meaning, planning or wanting to do (something): He’s intent on going; He’s intent on marrying the girl.
مصمم
2 (with on ) concentrating hard on: He was intent on the job he was doing.
متوجه

♦ noun
purpose; what a person means to do: He broke into the house with intent to steal.
نیت
inˈtention [-ʃən]
♦ noun
what a person plans or intends to do: He has no intention of leaving; He went to see the boss with the intention of asking for a pay rise; If I have offended you, it was quite without intention; good intentions.
قصد؛ منظور
inˈtentional [-ʃənl]
♦ adjective
(negative unintentional ) done, said etc deliberately and not by accident: I’m sorry I offended you – it wasn’t intentional; intentional cruelty.
عمدی
inˈtentionally
♦ adverb
.
بطور عمدی
inˈtently
♦ adverb
with great concentration: He was watching her intently.
با دقت؛ با اشتیاق

to intend no harm
nichts Böses wollen
to intend doing [or to do] sth
etw vorhaben
to intend sb to do sth
wollen, dass jd etw tut
to intend [or mean] no disrespect for sth
etw Dat gegenüber nicht respektlos sein wollen
I fully intend to see this project through
ich bin fest entschlossen dieses Projekt zu Ende zu bringen
what do you intend to do about it?
was willst du in der Sache unternehmen?

/in tend´/
vt., vi.
● قصد داشتن،در نظر داشتن،خواستن،آهنگ (کاری را) کردن،هنجیدن،یازیدن
he intends to buy a house
او قصد دارد یک خانه بخرد.
when do you intend to get married?
کی می‌خواهی ازدواج کنی‌؟
● اختصاص دادن،در نظر گرفتن،برای کسی (یا چیزی) بودن،نیت داشتن
a cake intended for the party
یک کیک که مختص مهمانی است
the bullet was intended for you
گلوله به سوی تو خالی شده بود.
● معنی دادن،رساندن،(جمع) منویات
what is really intended by this letter ?
منظور واقعی این نامه چیست‌؟
this is not what I intended
منظورم این نبود.
● (قدیمی) متوجه کردن (فکر یا نگاه)
● (حقوق) از نظر قانونی تفسیر کردن

[inˈtend]
verb - intend
خواستن: want, ask, desire, solicit, wish, intend
قصد داشتن: intend, aim, mean, purpose
خیال داشتن: intend, think
بر آن بودن: ween, intend

Question 119

resign

ger: zurücktreten, resignieren

He had given no indication that he was intending to resign

Answer 119

resign [rəˈzain]
♦ verb
1 to leave a job etc : If he criticizes my work again I’ll resign; He resigned (from) his post.
استعفا دادن؛ کناره گیری کردن
2 (with to ) to make (oneself) accept (a situation, fact etc ) with patience and calmness: He has resigned himself to the possibility that he may never walk again.
به خود قبولاندن
resignation [rezigˈneiʃən]
♦ noun
1 the act of resigning.
استعفا
2 a letter etc stating that one is resigning: You will receive my resignation tomorrow.
استعفانامه
3 (the state of having or showing) patient, calm acceptance (of a situation, fact etc ): He accepted his fate with resignation.
قبول؛ پذیرش
reˈsigned
♦ adjective
(often with to ) having or showing patient, calm acceptance (of a fact, situation etc ): He is resigned to his fate.
بردبار

ri zīn´/
vt., vi.
● استعفا دادن،مستعفی شدن،کناره‌گیری کردن
to resign one’s post
از مقام خود کناره‌گیری کردن
the minister of the interior resigned
وزیر کشور استعفا داد.
Ahmad was forced to resign
احمد را وادار به استعفا کردند.
● صرفنظر کردن،دست برداشتن،چشم پوشیدن،تفویض کردن
she resigned all her rights in that property
از کلیه‌ی حقوق خود نسبت به آن ملک چشم پوشید.
● سپردن،واگذار کردن
she resigned the child to my care
بچه رابه من سپرد.
● (معمولا با: -self) رضایت دادن،به خود قبولاندن،پذیرفتن
he is resigned to his fate
او سرنوشت خود را پذیرفته است.
she resigned herself to a life of poverty and solitude
او خود را با زندگی در فقر و تنهایی آشتی داد.

[riˈzīn]
verb - resign
مستعفی شدن: resign
کناره گرفتن: resign
تفویض کردن: abdicate, confer, devolve, resign, vouchsafe
استعفا دادن از: resign
دست کشیدن: cease, desist, resign, demit
to resign one’s commission
aus dem Offiziersdienst ausscheiden
to resign en masse
geschlossen zurücktreten
to depart/resign prematurely
vorzeitig abreisen/kündigen
to resign from a job
einen Job kündigen
to resign a hopeless position
das Spiel aufgeben
to resign from a company/an office
aus Dat einer Firma/einem Amt ausscheiden
to resign from an office/a post
von einem Amt/einem Posten zurücktreten
to resign one’s membership of sth
aus etw Dat austreten
to resign an office/a post
ein Amt/einen Posten niederlegen
to hold/resign from high office
ein hohes Amt innehaben/niederlegen
to resign oneself to a fact/one’s fate/the inevitable
sich Akk mit einer Tatsache/seinem Schicksal/dem Unvermeidlichen abfinden
is it true that you were asked to resign?
stimmt es, dass man dir nahegelegt hat, dein Amt niederzulegen?

Question 120

fog

ger: der Nebel

Answer 120

og [fog]
♦ noun
a thick cloud of moisture or water vapour in the air which makes it difficult to see: I had to drive very slowly because of the fog.
مه

♦ verb– past tense, past participle fogged –
(usually with up ) to cover with fog: Her glasses were fogged up with steam.
مه آلود شدن
ˈfoggy
♦ adjective
full of, or covered with, fog: It is very foggy tonight.
مه آلود
ˈfog-bound
♦ adjective
unable to move or function because of fog: The plane is fog-bound.
گرفتار در مه
ˈfog-horn
♦ noun
a horn used as a warning to or by ships in fog.
بوق مه

[fäg,fôg]
noun - fog
مه: May, fog, mist, haze, brume, pea souper
ابهام: ambiguity, obscurity, equivocation, haze, fog, mist
تیرگی: blur, darkness, gloom, turbidity, obscurity, fog
مه سفید: fog
verb - fog
مه گرفتن: fog, mist
تیره کردن: darken, blur, obscure, dim, fog, bedim
مه الود بودن: fog
English Persian Sentences
• The freight train was held up about half an hour because of a dense fog.
قطار برای نیم ساعت به علت مه غلیظ توقف کرد.

Question 121

Approach

So this week, I wanted to approach the Subject of small talk

he main aspects that led to London Bread’s new approach to combatting crime in san Francisco

Answer 121

to come nearer to something or someone:
[ I ] We could see the train approaching from a distance.

[ I/T ]
If you approach someone, you meet or communicate directly with that person:
[ T ] We approached the bank manager about a loan.
approach verb (DEAL WITH)

[ T ]
a way of dealing with something:

We need to adopt a different approach to the problem.

We should approach this problem logically.
approach رویکرد

noun [ C ] US

approach [əˈprəutʃ]
♦ verb
to come near (to): The car approached (the traffic lights) at top speed; Christmas is approaching.
نزدیک شدن

♦ noun
1 the act of coming near: The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.
نزدیکی
2 a road, path etc leading to a place: All the approaches to the village were blocked by fallen rock.
راه
3 an attempt to obtain or attract a person’s help, interest etc: They have made an approach to the government for help; That fellow makes approaches to (= he tries to become friendly with) every woman he meets.
مراجعه؛ توجه
apˈproachable
♦ adjective
1 friendly.
خوش برخورد؛ مهربان
2 that can be reached: The village is not approachable by road.
دست یافتنی؛ قابل حصول
apˈproaching
♦ adjective
the approaching dawn.
نزدیک

• Many on-line companies need to have a new approach to business to survive.
بسیاری از شرکت‌های آنلاین برای بقا نیازمند داشتن رویکردی جدید در کسب و کار هستند.
• I will show you a new approach to foreign language learning.
من شیوه ای نو برای یادگیری زبان نشانت می دهم.

[əˈprōCH]
verb - approach
نزدیک شدن: approach, near, come close, accost, accede, nigh
نزدیک امدن: approach, approximate

vi., vt., n.
● نزدیک کردن یا شدن
please approach the desk
لطفا جلوی میز بیایید.
we were approaching Nassrabad when it started to rain
داشتیم به نصرآباد نزدیک می‌شدیم که باران گرفت.
the time of departure is approaching
هنگام عزیمت نزدیک می‌شود.
● نزدیک شدگی،نزدیکی
the approach of spring
نزدیک شدن بهار
● پیشنهاد کردن،درخواست کردن،(به منظور بلند کردن جنس مخالف) بذل توجه کردن،مراجعه کردن
Ahmad approached five people but none of them agreed to help
احمد به پنج نفر مراجعه کرد ولی هیچکدام حاضر به کمک نشدند.
● پیشنهاد،درخواست،مراجعه،توجه (به جنس مقابل)
Fatemeh rejected all his approaches
فاطمه همه‌ی پیشنهادات (منظوردار) او را رد کرد.
● شبیه بودن،قرابت،تقرب
this room is the nearest approach to a hospital in the village of Fashin
در دهکده‌ی فشین این اتاق از همه بیشتر به یک بیمارستان شباهت دارد.
● شروع به اقدام کردن
to approach a task
به کاری پرداختن
● دسترسی،راه دخول،ورود،دستیابی،رسش،رهیافت،رویکرد،روش،راه،شیوه
the snow had closed all the approaches to the village
برف کلیه‌ی راه‌های دسترسی به دهکده را مسدود کرده بود.
● وسیله‌ی دستیابی،روش (حصول)
we must take a new approach to the problem
ما باید از راه دیگری به مسئله رسیدگی کنیم.
● (هواپیمایی - به منظور نشستن یا حمله) به حالت ویژه درآوردن هواپیما،نقطه‌ی شروع تقرب هواپیما
approach formation
نحوه‌ی نزدیک شدن به باند فرودگاه و یا دشمن
approach route
مسیر نزدیک شدن به باند فرودگاه
● (بازی گلف) ضربه‌ای که هدفش راندن توپ به داخل محوطه‌ی
سوراخ است

approach (come closer):

to approach sb/sth
sich Akk jdm/etw nähern
to approach sb/sth (come towards)
auf jdn/etw zukommen
you can only approach this area by air
dieses Gebiet kann man nur auf dem Luftweg erreichen

2. approach (of amount, time):

to approach sth the total amount is approaching $1000

die Gesamtsumme nähert sich der 1000-Dollar-Marke

my grandfather is approaching 80
mein Großvater wird bald 80

it’s approaching lunchtime
es geht auf Mittag zu

approach (of quality):
to approach sb/sth
an jdn/etw heranreichen
the service here doesn’t even approach a decent standard
der Service hier ist unter allem Standard

4. approach (ask):
   to approach sb
   an jdn herantreten
   she hasn’t approached him about it yet
   sie hat ihn noch nicht deswegen angesprochen
   to approach sb for sth
   jdn um etw Akk bitten

Question 122

Debate

Answer 122

debate [diˈbeit]
♦ noun
a discussion or argument, especially a formal one in front of an audience: a Parliamentary debate.
بحث؛ گفتمان

♦ verb
1 to hold a formal discussion (about): Parliament will debate the question tomorrow.
مورد بحث قرار دادن؛ گفتمان کردن
2 to think about or talk about something before coming to a decision: We debated whether to go by bus or train.
تأمل و تعمق کردن؛ سبک سنگین کردن
deˈbatable
♦ adjective
doubtful; able to be argued about: a debatable point.
قابل بحث؛ تردید پذیر

/dē bāt´, di-/
vi., vt.
● بحث،گفتمان (بیان یا مبادله‌ی عقاید یا استدلال‌های دو یا چند طرف مقابل هم)،مباحثه،بگومگو،جر و بحث
after a long debate
پس از بحث طولانی
his murder caused much political debate
قتل او منجر به جر و بحث سیاسی زیادی شد.
● بحث کردن،مورد بحث قرار دادن،گفتمان کردن،جر و بحث کردن،بگومگو کردن
the parliament debated the new bill
مجلس لایحه‌ی جدید را مورد بحث قرار داد.
nowadays, the morality of war is a much debated subject
اخلاقی بودن جنگ مطلبی است که این روزها سخت مورد بحث است.
● مناظره
I’ve taken a course in speech and debate
من کلاسی درباره‌ی سخنرانی و مناظره برداشته‌ام.
a debate team
تیم مناظره
● مناظره کردن
the two teams debated for and against capital punishment
دو گروه برله و علیه مجازات اعدام مناظره کردند.
● (آموزش) علم و هنر مناظره و سخنوری،در کاوش
● صلاحدید کردن (به ویژه با خود)،سبک و سنگین کردن،تامل و تعمق کردن
we are debating what to do next
ما داریم صلاحدید می‌کنیم که بعدا چکار کنیم.
they debated closing the shop
آنان بستن مغازه را مورد بحث قرار دادند.
I am debating which offer to accept
دارم سبک و سنگین می‌کنم که کدام پیشنهاد را بپذیرم.
he debated buying another car
او خرید اتومبیل دیگری را در ذهن خود مورد بررسی قرار داد.
● (مهجور) مجادله کردن،دعوا و مرافعه کردن
* debater
1- مناظره‌کننده،گفتمانگر،سخنور 2- اهل جر و بحث،بحث کننده

noun - debate
‎مناظره: debate, discussion, argument, disputation, dispute, argumentation
‎مباحثه: debate, discussion, discourse, argument, controversy, contention
‎مذاکره: negotiation, talk, discussion, debate, consultation, conference
‎مذاکرات پارلمانی: debate
‎بحی: discussion, quarrel, altercation, argument, argumentation, debate
verb - debate
‎مناظره کردن: debate
‎مطرح کردن: bring up, discuss, consider, moot, table, debate
‎مباحثه کردن: debate, dispute, dissert
‎سر و کله زدن: bicker, dispute, altercate, argue, argufy, debate

Question 123

slander

its a slander

Answer 123

slander [ˈslaːndə]
♦ noun
(the act of making) an untrue spoken, not written, statement about a person with the intention of damaging that person’s reputation: That story about her is nothing but a wicked slander!
تهمت

● (معمولا شفاهی: در برابر libel که کتبی است) افترا،تهمت،شاخچه،چفته،دروغ بندی
to bring an action against somebody for slander
به خاطر افترا کسی را مورد تعقیب قرار دادن
● افترا زدن،تهمت زدن،شاخچه بستن

♦ verb
to make such statements about (a person etc ).
تهمت زدن

to sue sb for slander
jdn wegen Verleumdung anzeigen
a campaign of slander against sth
eine Hetzkampagne gegen etw Akk
to bring a slander action against sb
einen Prozess wegen Verleumdung gegen jdn anstrengen

Question 124

sue

Answer 124

sue [suː]
♦ verb
1 to start a law case against.
تعقيب قانوني كردن
2 (with for : especially in law) to ask for (eg divorce).
درخواست دادن
sue [suː]
♦ verb
1 to start a law case against.
تعقيب قانوني كردن
2 (with for : especially in law) to ask for (eg divorce).
درخواست دادن

/sōō/
vi., vt.
● (حقوق) اقامه‌ی دعوی کردن،(از دست کسی) عارض شدن،(به دادگاه) شکایت کردن،به محاکمه کشاندن،به دادگاه مراجعه کردن
to sue for divorce
برای طلاق به دادگاه مراجعه کردن
he has sued his neighbor
از دست همسایه‌اش عارض شده است.
to sue for damages
برای خسارت به دادگاه شکایت کردن
● در خواست کردن،تمنا کردن،استدعا کردن،خواستار بودن
to sue for peace
درخواست صلح کردن
to sue for forgiveness
استدعای بخشش کردن
● (قدیمی) خواستگاری کردن
* sue out
از دادگاه حکم گرفتن

• Sue is an American student.
سو یک دانشجوی آمریکائی است.
• Sue will meet the Browns.
سو با خانواده برون ملاقات خواهد کرد.
• I will sue you.
ازت شکایت می کنم

[so͞o]
verb - sue
تعقیب کردن: pursue, chase, follow, chevy, sue, chivvy
تقاضا کردن: request, demand, adjure, beseech, bone, sue
تعقیب قانونی کردن: litigate, indict, law, prosecute, sue
دعوی کردن: pretend, quarrel, sue

Sue got clean away
Sue ist spurlos verschwunden
to sue for peace
um Frieden bitten
to sue sb for libel
jdn wegen Verleumdung verklagen
to sue sb for divorce
gegen jdn die Scheidung einreichen
to sue sb for slander
jdn wegen Verleumdung anzeigen
to sue sb for damages
jdn auf Schadenersatz verklagen
to file [or sue sb] for divorce
gegen jdn die Scheidung einreichen
the name Susan is often abbreviated to Sue
Susan wird oft mit Sue abgekürzt
she was forced to sue to get her property back
sie war gezwungen vor Gericht zu gehen, um ihr Eigentum zurückzubekommen
I wouldn’t put it past him to sue his own mother
ich würde es ihm durchaus zutrauen, seine eigene Mutter zu verklagen
I shared a flat with Sue when we were at university
als wir an der Uni waren, hatte ich mit Sue eine gemeinsame Wohnung

Question 125

suffocate

im suffocating

Answer 125

suffocate [ˈsafəkeit]
♦ verb
to kill, die, cause distress to or feel distress, through lack of air or the prevention of free breathing: A baby may suffocate if it sleeps with a pillow; The smoke was suffocating him; May I open the window? I’m suffocating.
خفه كردن
ˌsuffoˈcation
♦ noun
.
خفگي

suf´ǝ kāt´/
vi., vt.
● خفه کردن یا شدن،جلو دمزنی یا اکسیژن رسانی را گرفتن
children left in a box suffocated
بچه‌هایی که آنها را در جعبه گذاشته بودند خفه شدند.
● (در اثر گرما یا دود و غیره) دچار تنگی نفس شدن
the room was so crowded and hot that I was suffocating
اتاق آنقدر شلوغ و گرم بود که نمی‌توانستم نفس بکشم.
● (به ویژه رشد یا پیشرفت) جلوگیری ک

to suffocate sb
jdn ersticken
to feel suffocated übtr
das Gefühl haben zu ersticken

[ˈsəfəˌkāt]
verb - suffocate
خاموش کردن: silence, put out, extinguish, stifle, out, suffocate

Question 126

chore

Answer 126

chore [tʃoː]
♦ noun
a piece of housework or other hard or dull job.
کار ناخوشایند؛ کار پر زحمت

chore (tedious task)
langweilige Aufgabe
chore (unpleasant task)
lästige Aufgabe

noun - chore
کارهای عادی و روزمره: chore, donkey work
کار مشکل: chore
کار سخت و طاقت فرسا: chore

Question 127

Reconciliation

it leaves the door open for reconciliation

Answer 127

[ˌrekənˌsilēˈāSHən]
noun - reconciliation
مصالحه: compromise, reconciliation, conciliation, accord
اصلاح: repair, correction, modification, amendment, shaving, reconciliation
تلفیق: compilation, synthesis, incorporation, modulation, reconciliation, conflation
اشتی: reconciliation, peace, placation, conciliation, detente

bank reconciliation
[Konten]abstimmung f
reconciliation statement
Erklärung f von Kontenabstimmungsdifferenzen
the reconciliation of their differences was at this point no longer possible
die Beilegung ihrer Meinungsverschiedenheiten war zu diesem Zeitpunkt nicht mehr möglich
the reconciliation of the facts with the theory is not always easy
das Vereinbaren von Fakten mit der Theorie ist nicht immer einfach

Question 128

strive

striving

ger: anstreben, bemühen

Answer 128

strive [straiv]– past tense strove [strouv]: past participle striven [ˈstrivn] –
♦ verb
to try very hard or struggle: He always strives to please his teacher.
سعي كردن

/strīv/
vi.
● تکاپو کردن،تلاش کردن،جد و جهد کردن،(سخت) کوشیدن،چخیدن،تقلا کردن
each of us must strive to improve himself
هر یک از ما باید برای بهتر سازی خود جد و جهد کند.
to strive for success
برای موفقیت تکاپو کردن
● ستیزه کردن،ستیزیدن،پیکار کردن،مبارزه کردن،کشمکش کردن،جنگیدن
to strive against oppression
بر ضد بیدادگری ستیزه کردن
● (قدیمی) رقابت کردن،همچشمی کردن

to strive for statehood
eine eigene staatliche Souveränität anstreben
strive as we might [or may]
trotz all unserer Bemühungen

[strīv]
verb - strive
کوشیدن: strive, endeavor, try, tug, endeavour
کوشش کردن: try, labor, assay, attempt, bend, strive
گستردن: spread, lay on, propagate, streak, strive
سر و دست شکسن: beaver, strive, try, endeavour
جد و جهد کردن نزاع کردن: strive

Question 129

scruple

ger: Skrupel

Answer 129

to be [entirely] without scruple
[völlig] skrupellos sein
to not scruple to do sth
keine Bedenken [o. Skrupel] haben, etw zu tun

[ˈskro͞opəl]
noun - scruple
محظور اخلاقی: scruple
تردید: doubt, uncertainty, skepticism, suspicion, hesitancy, scruple
واحد سنجش چیز جزئی: scruple
اندک: paucity, modicum, pinch, whit, drib, scruple
ذره: particle, bit, whit, speck, grain, scruple
بیم: fear, dread, awe, apprehension, care, scruple
نهی اخلاقی: scruple
وسواس باک: scruple
verb - scruple
وسواس داشتن: scruple
دو دل بودن: waver, scruple, vacillate
تردید داشتن: scruple, stagger, vacillate

/skrōō´pǝl/
n., vt., vi.
● مقدار بسیار کم،اندک،قلیل،ناچیز،جزئی
● (روم باستان) واحد وزن برابر با یک بیست و چهارم اونس
● محذور اخلاقی،تردید (به ویژه درباره‌ی درستی عمل یا روش بخصوص)،ندای وجدان،دودلی،اندید،شک،ابا
moral scruples
محذورهای اخلاقی
without the slightest scruple, he ordered their execution
بدون کمترین تردید دستور اعدام آنها را داد.
she had no scruples about opening and reading others’ letters
از بازکردن و خواندن نامه‌های دیگران ابا نداشت.
● محذور اخلاقی داشتن،دودل بودن،اندیدن،شک داشتن،ابا داشتن
she does not scruple about lying
دروغ گفتن وجدانش را ناراحت نمی‌کند.

Question 130

Cynical

cynicism

ger: zynisch

Answer 130

cynical [ˈsinikəl]
♦ adjective
inclined to believe the worst, especially about people: a cynical attitude.
بدبین؛ منفی باف
ˈcynically
♦ adverb
.
با بدبینی
ˈcynic
♦ noun
a person who believes the worst about everyone: He is a cynic – he thinks no-one is really unselfish.
آدم منفی باف؛ آدم بدبین
ˈcynicism [-sizəm]
♦ noun
.
بدگمانی؛ بدبینی

adj.
● (C بزرگ - فلسفه) کلبی (Cynic)
● (کسی که معتقد است انسان‌ها خودخواه و آزمندند و زندگی ارزشی ندارد) بدبین،بدگمان،منفی باف،دژمان،سگ‌سان،سگ‌سار،دژآگاه
he is cynical about finding his watch
او امیدی به یافتن ساعت خود ندارد.
he was cynical about marriage
او نسبت به ازدواج بدبین بود.
don’t be so cynical!
اینقدر دژمان مباش‌!
bankruptcy made him cynical about everything and everyone
ورشکستگی او را نسبت به همه چیز و همه کس دژمان کرد.
● طعنه‌آمیز،نیشخند آمیز،تلخ

zynisch grinsen
to give a cynical grin a. abw

Question 131

charm

Ger: Der Charme

Answer 131

charm [tʃaːm]
♦ noun
1 (a) pleasant quality or attraction: Her charm made up for her lack of beauty.
جذابیت؛ گیرایی
2 a magical spell: The witch recited a charm.
سحر؛ جادو
3 something believed to have the power of magic or good luck: She wore a lucky charm.
طلسم
4 a small ornament that is worn on a chain or bracelet.
زیورآلات

♦ verb
1 to attract and delight: He can charm any woman.
شیفته کردن؛ محسور کردن
2 to influence by magic: He charmed the snake from its basket.
طلسم کردن
ˈcharming
♦ adjective
very attractive: a charming smile.
بسیار جذاب
ˈcharmingly
♦ adverb
.
با جذابیت

/chärm/
n., vt., vi.
● (در اصل - دعا یا شعری که می‌پنداشتند می‌تواند کمک کند یا صدمه بزند) ورد،دمدمه،سحر،جادو،افسون
● هرشی که دارای خاصیت جادویی باشد،طلسم،خرمهره
they hang charms around the necks of their children and cattle
آنان طلسم به گردن کودکان و چهار پایان خود می‌آویزند.
● جادو کردن،جادوگری کردن،طلسم کردن یا شدن (to cast a spell on هم می‌گویند)
his body was charmed and no sword could harm him
بدنش طلسم شده بود و هیچ شمشیری به او کارگر نبود.
● زیور آلات (گردنبند و دستبند و غیره)
● دلربایی،دلبری،گیرایی،شهوند،جذبه،جذابیت،طنازی،افسونگری
Parvin’s speech had charm as well as depth
سخنرانی پروین هم گیرایی و هم عمق داشت.
the narrow alleys of Isfahan have a unique charm
کوچه‌های باریک اصفهان جذابیت منحصر بفردی دارند.
● دل ربودن،شیفته کردن،طنازی کردن،افسونگری کردن،محسور کردن
the charming smile of Mona Lisa
لبخند افسون آمیز مونالیزا
the children’s behavior charmed the guests
رفتار بچه‌ها مهمانان را مسحور کرد.

[CHärm]
noun - charm
افسون: charm, spell, fascination, enchantment, glamor, incantation
طلسم: talisman, spell, fetish, mascot, charm, amulet
فریبندگی: charm, seduction, glamor, fascination, temptation, glamour
دلربایی: oomph, charm, mash
سحر: magic, dawn, witchcraft, enchantment, sorcery, charm
verb - charm
افسون کردن: bewitch, charm, enchant, fascinate, voodoo, witch
مسحور کردن: bewitch, bedazzle, charm, ravish, bedevil
فریفتن: seduce, entice, deceive, skunk, decoy, charm

Question 132

equivalent

Answer 132

equivalent [iˈkwivələnt]
♦ adjective
equal in value, power, meaning etc : A metre is not quite equivalent to a yard; Would you say that bravery' and courage’ are exactly equivalent?
برابر؛ هم معنی

♦ noun
something or someone that is equivalent to something or someone else: This word has no equivalent in French.
هم ارز؛ هم معنی

n., adj.
● برابر،هم‌معنی،هم ارز،هم سنگ،هم‌توان،هم‌چند
is there an equivalent word to “seegheh” in the English language?
آیا در انگلیسی واژه‌ای معادل ((صیغه)) وجود دارد؟
one hundred dollars or an equivalent amount in Rials
صد دلار یا مبلغ برابر آن به ریال
● (شیمی - دارای والانس برابر) هم ارزش،هم‌ظرفیت
● (هندسه - هم اندازه ولی نه هم‌شکل) هم ارز،هم اندازه،هم وسعت
● چیز برابر،نیروی هم‌توان (و غیره)
● (شیمی) حاصل تقسیم وزن اتمی بر والانس یا ارزش
● هم‌معنی،هم‌چم

this is equivalent to writing …
genauso gut könnte man schreiben, …
to be functionally equivalent to sth
dieselbe Funktion wie etw haben
to be equivalent to doing sth
genauso sein, als ob man etw tun würde
is $50 equivalent to about £30?
sind 50 Dollar ungefähr so viel wie 30 Pfund?
to be the closest equivalent to sth
etw Dat am nächsten kommen
to be the exact equivalent of sth
etw Dat genau entsprechen
there is no English equivalent for ‘bon appetit’
im Englischen gibt es keinen entsprechenden Ausdruck für ‚bon appetit‘
this was the nearest equivalent to cottage cheese I could find
von allem, was ich auftreiben konnte, ist das hier Hüttenkäse am ähnlichsten

Question 133

regard

ger: berücksichtigen, betrachten,….

Answer 133

regard [rəˈgaːd]
♦ verb
1 (with as ) to consider to be: I regard his conduct as totally unacceptable.
ملاحظه کردن
2 to think of as being very good, important etc ; to respect: He is very highly regarded by his friends.
احترام قائل شدن
3 to think of (with a particular emotion or feeling): I regard him with horror; He regards his wife’s behaviour with amusement.
به حساب آوردن
4 to look at: He regarded me over the top of his glasses.
نگاه کردن
5 to pay attention to (advice etc ).
توجه کردن

♦ noun
1 thought; attention: He ran into the burning house without regard for his safety.
توجه؛ ملاحظه
2 sympathy; care; consideration: He shows no regard for other people.
اهمیت
3 good opinion; respect: I hold him in high regard.
احترام
reˈgarding
♦ preposition
about; concerning: Have you any suggestions regarding this project?
مربوط
reˈgardless
♦ adjectiv,
♦ adverb
not thinking or caring about costs, problems, dangers etc : There may be difficulties but I shall carry on regardless.
صرف نظر از؛ علی رغم
reˈgards
♦ noun plural
greetings; good wishes: Give my regards to your mother; He sent her his regards.
سلام رسنی؛ ارادات
as regards
as far as (something) is concerned: As regards the meeting tomorrow, I hope as many people will attend as possible.
تا آن جا که به کسی مربوط می شود؛ درباره
with regard to
about; concerning: I have no complaints with regard to his work.
در مورد
with regards is sometimes used in ending a letter.
with regard to means `about’.

ri gärd´/
n., vt., vi.
● نگاه ثابت،نگاه خیره،(نگاه) زل زل،نگاه
she looked at me with a steady regard
زل زل به من نگاه می‌کرد.
● ملاحظه،توجه
to have regard for others’ feelings
ملاحظه‌ی احساسات دیگران را کردن
Hossein had no regard for his health
حسین به سلامتی خود توجهی نمی‌کرد.
without regard to race or religion
بدون در نظر گرفتن نژاد یا مذهب
● احترام،عزت
I have a high regard for my former teachers
من برای معلم‌های سابق خودم احترام زیادی قایلم.
a man of small regard
مرد کم احترام
● عطف،راجع (به)،در مورد،(در)باره
in regard to your plan
راجع به نقشه‌ی شما
● (جمع) سلام‌رسانی،ارادت
give my regards to your brother
سلام مرا به برادرت برسان.
● (مهجور) قیافه،ظاهر
● (به کسی یا چیزی) خیره شدن،زل زل نگاه کردن،(با دقت) نگاه کردن،نگریستن
he regarded me from the corner of his eye
از گوشه‌ی چشمش به من نگاه کرد.
● به حساب آوردن،به شمار آوردن
I regard you as my brother
به چشم برادری به تو نگاه می‌کنم.
● احترام قائل شدن
I regard your father highly
من برای پدر شما احترام زیادی قایل هستم.
● مورد ملاحظه قرار دادن،تلقی کردن
he regards taxes as a heavy burden
او مالیات‌ها را به عنوان باری سنگین تلقی می‌کند.
● مربوط بودن،سر و کار داشتن
that which regards our welfare
آنچه که با رفاه ما سروکار دارد
● توجه کردن
● (مهجور) اهمیت دادن
* as regards
درباره‌ی،تا آنجا که به … مربوط می‌شود
we are well-supplied as regards food
تا آنجا که مربوط به خوراک می‌شود کمبود نداریم.
* without regard to
بدون در نظر گرفتن

egard for self
Sorge f um das eigene Wohlergehen

to regard sb/sth
jdn/etw betrachten

to regard sb highly (be considerate of)
große Rücksicht auf jdn nehmen

in this [or that] regard
in dieser Hinsicht

with [or in] regard to …
in Bezug auf …

to regard sb with suspicion
jdm mit Misstrauen begegnen

with special regard to sth
unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von etw Dat

to regard sth with sth
etw mit etw Dat betrachten

to pay regard to sth
auf etw Akk Rücksicht nehmen

to hold sth in low regard
etw geringschätzen

I regard my car as an essential
mein Auto ist für mich absolut unverzichtbar

I regard telephones and televisions as inessentials
für mich sind Telefon und Fernseher etwas Unwesentliches

to regard/view sth with suspicion
etw mit Misstrauen betrachten

to pay no regard to a warning
eine Warnung in den Wind schlagen

she became aware of his regard
sie merkte, dass er sie anstarrte

to not regard sb’s needs/situation/wishes
jds Bedürfnisse/Situation/Wünsche nicht berücksichtigen

to regard sb/sth curiously/strangely
jdn/etw neugierig/befremdet betrachten

without [or with no] regard for sb/sth
ohne Rücksicht auf jdn/etw

without regard to race or colour
egal welcher [o. ungeachtet der] Rasse und Hautfarbe

[riˈgärd]
noun - regard
توجه: attention, consideration, regard, care, notice, heed
نظر: opinion, view, look, regard, viewpoint, sight
احترام: respect, honor, regard, tribute, reverence, respectability
باره: regard
ملاحظه: consideration, regard, observation, remark, prudence, reservation
رعایت: observance, observation, regard, heed
بابت: regard, behalf, concern
نگاه: look, glance, regard, gander, kenning
سلام: greeting, salute, salutation, salaam, hail, regard
مراعات: observance, consideration, regard, heed, assistance
درود: greeting, salute, hail, salutation, compliment, regard
verb - regard
نگریستن: look, regard, glance
ملاحظه کردن: consider, remark, heed, note, notice, regard
اعتناء کردن به: heed, mind, regard
نگاه کردن: look up, look, see, eye, regard

Question 134

seductive

seduction

ger: seduktive

Answer 134

adjective
1 tempting and attractive; enticing.
a seductive voice
synonyms: sexy , alluring , tempting , irresistible , exciting , provocative , sultry , slinky , coquettish , flirtatious , vampish , come-hither

the seduction of money
der Lockruf des Geldes
arts of seduction
Verführungskünste pl

seductive argument, offer
verführerisch
seductive argument, offer
verlockend geh

/si duk´shǝn/
n.
● گمراهی،اغوا،فریب،از راه به در شدگی،فریب خوردگی
the seduction of his daughter by the neighbor’s son
گمراهی دخترش توسط پسر همسایه
● عامل گمراهی،چیز گمراه کننده
siˈdəkSHən]

noun - seduction
فتنه: intrigue, sedition, seduction, temptation, insurrection, riot
اغوا: seduction, temptation, enticement, seducement, sophistication, allurement
فتنه انگیزی: seduction, instigation, incitement, provocation, abetment
فریبندگی: charm, seduction, glamor, fascination, temptation, glamour
گول زنی: seduction, dupery, humbuggery, sharp practice, trickery
گمراه سازی: seduction

adj.
● وسوسه انگیز،دلفریب،فریبنده،فریبا
her seductive smile
لبخند دلفریب او

adjective - seductive
اغوا کننده: seductive, tempting
گمراه کننده: illusory, deceptive, seductive, sinister, sinuous, illusive
فریبا: charming, deceiving, deceptive, seductive

Question 135

advertising

ger: inserieren

Answer 135

advertise [ˈӕdvətaiz]
♦ verb
to make (something) known to the public by any of various methods: I’ve advertised (my house) in the newspaper; They advertised on TV for volunteers.
آگهی کردن
advertisement [ədˈvəːtismənt, (American) ӕdvərˈtaizmənt]
♦ noun
(also ad [ӕd], advert [ˈadvəːt]) a film, newspaper announcement, poster etc making something known, especially in order to persuade people to buy it: an advertisement for toothpaste on television; She replied to my advertisement for a secretary.
آگهی
ˈadvertiser
♦ noun
a person who advertises.
آگهی کننده

● آگهی،اعلان
● تبلیغات بازرگانی،آگهی‌های تجاری
good advertising leads to good sales
تبلیغات خوب موجب فروش خوب می‌شود.

● آگهی کردن،اعلان کردن،آگهی دادن،تبلیغ کردن،تبلیغ تجاری کردن
she advertised for a servant
او برای مستخدم (در روزنامه) آگهی کرد.
a billboard advertising a fishing competition
تابلویی که مسابقه‌ی ماهیگیری را اعلان می‌کرد
● نشان دادن،گویا بودن
his features advertised his harsh and brutal nature
قیافه‌اش نهاد خشن و سبع او را بروز می‌داد.
● شناساندن،اعلام کردن
let us not advertise our differences
بیا اختلافات خود را بروز ندهیم.
● به رخ کشیدن
● تعریف کردن

verb - advertise
اگهی دادن: advertise, announce
اعلان کردن: proclaim, announce, advertise, declare, give out
انتشار دادن: issue, advertise, announce, promulgate, propagate

to advertise one’s willingness
seine Bereitschaft bekunden

to advertise one’s presence
sich Akk auffällig verhalten

to advertise over the air
im Fernsehen/Radio Werbung machen

to advertise sth as energy-saving
etw als Energie sparend anpreisen

if you’re applying for other jobs, I wouldn’t advertise
the fact at work

dass du dich für andere Stellen bewirbst, würde ich auf der Arbeit nicht herumposaunen

Question 136

convince

to convince sb [of sth]
jdn [von etw Dat ] überzeugen

to convince sb to do sth
jdn dazu bringen, etw zu tun

Answer 136

● (با استدلال) معتقد کردن،(با دلیل و برهان) قبولاندن،پذیراندن،پذیرفتار کردن،متقاعد کردن،مجاب کردن،قانع کردن

he failed to convince the jury
es ist ihm nicht gelungen, die Jury zu überzeugen
to convince sb to do sth
jdn dazu bringen, etw zu tun
it takes more than that to convince me
das überzeugt mich noch lange nicht

convince [kənˈvins]
♦ verb
to persuade (a person) that something is true: Her smile convinced me that she was happy; She is convinced of his innocence.
متقاعد کردن
conˈvincing
♦ adjective
(negative unconvincing ) having the power to convince: a convincing argument.
متقاعد کننده

he convinced me to buy that carpet
او مرا متقاعد کرد که آن قالی را بخرم.
● معتقد بودن،اعتقاد راسخ داشتن،باور داشتن
● عقیده‌مند کردن،هم‌اندیش کردن،هم‌رای کردن،راغب کردن
through advertising, they convince people to buy
با تبلیغ،مردم را راغب به خرید می‌کنند.
● مطمئن کردن
* be convinced
اطمینان داشتن،معتقد بودن،پذیرفتار بودن،پذیرا بودن،اعتقاد راسخ داشتن
I am convinced that he was not lying
اعتقاد راسخ دارم که دروغ نمی‌گفت.
* convinced, adj.
1- پر و پا قرص،دوآتشه 2- مطمئن 3- معتقد،مومن،پذیراگر
a convinced socialist
یک سوسیالیست پر و پا قرص

If anybody could convince Tom, it would be Mary.
اگر کسی می توانست تام را متقاعد کند، آن ماری بود

[kənˈvins]
verb - convince
متقاعد کردن: convince, ensure
قانع کردن: convince, satisfy, comply, content

Question 137

eventual / eventually

This project will cost a lot of money initially but will eventually make a profit.

Answer 137

eventual
schließlich

the eventual cost
die letztendlichen Kosten

we remain optimistic about an eventual agreement
wir bleiben optimistisch, dass wir am Ende [doch] noch eine Einigung erzielen werden

eventual [iˈventʃuəl]
♦ adjective
happening in the end: their quarrel and eventual reconciliation.
پایانی؛ نهایی
eˌventuˈality [-ˈӕ-]– plural eventuˈalities –
♦ noun
a possible happening: We are ready for all eventualities.
پیامد
eˈventually
♦ adverb
finally; at length: I thought he would never ask her to marry him, but he did eventually.
سرانجام؛ عاقبت

adj.
● (آنچه که در آخر یا در نتیجه‌ی یک سلسله رویداد بیاید) نهایی،پایانی،پیامدین،بعدی،متعاقب،پسین،پسایند
our eventual success
کامیابی نهایی ما

[iˈvenCHo͞oəl]
adjective - eventual
احتمالی: likely, probable, eventual, probabilistic, presumptive
مشروط: conditional, contingent, conditioned, qualified, provisional, eventual
شرطی: conditional, eventual, provisional, provisory
موکول بانجام شرطی: eventual
مشروط بشرایط معینی: eventual

Question 138

artifact

ger: Artefakt

Answer 138

[ˈärtəfakt]
noun - artifact
مصنوع: artifact, artefact, piece of art, work of art
محصول مصنوعی: artefact, artifact

noun
1 an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

gold and silver artifacts
synonyms: relic , article , handiwork

2 something observed in a scientific investigation or experiment that is not naturally present but occurs as a result of the preparative or investigative procedure.

widespread tissue infection may be a technical artifact

/ärt´ǝ fakt´/
n.
● چیزی که توسط انسان ساخته شده است (به ویژه ابزار و ظروف و جنگ افزارهای انسان اولیه)،دست ساخت،مصنوع،دست ساز
gold and silver artifacts found in a prehistoric tomb
ابزار زرین و سیمین یافته شده در یک قبر ماقبل تاریخ
● (بافت شناسی - مواد یا عوامل خارجی که تصادفا با چیزی که مورد پژوهش و بازبینی می‌باشد مخلوط شده است) ورساخته

Question 139

observe

Answer 139

US UK AU observe [əbˈzəːv]
♦ verb
1 to notice: I observed her late arrival.
متوجه شدن
2 to watch carefully: She observed his actions with interest.
با توجه نگریستن
3 to obey: We must observe the rules.
رعایت کردن
4 to make a remark: `It’s a lovely day’, he observed.
اظهار کردن
obˈservance
♦ noun
1 the act of obeying rules etc : the observance of the law.
رعایت
2 the act of observing (a tradition etc ): the observance of religious holidays.
برگزاری
obˈservant
♦ adjective
quick to notice: An observant boy remembered the car’s registration number.
تیز بین
ˌobserˈvation [ob-]
♦ noun
1 the act of noticing or watching: She is in hospital for observation.
مراقبت؛ توجه
2 a remark.
اظهار نظر
obˈservatory– plural obˈservatories –
♦ noun
a place for observing and studying the stars, weather etc .
رصدخانه
obˈserver
♦ noun
a person who observes.
ناظر؛ مراقب

vt., vi.
● (قانون یا وظیفه یا سنت و غیره) رعایت کردن،پیروی کردن،مراعات کردن
a good citizen observes laws
شهروند خوب قانون‌ها را رعایت می‌کند.
observing common decencies
مراعات اصول و نزاکت‌های معمول
● برگزار کردن،بزرگداشت کردن،جشن گرفتن
we always observed birthdays
ما همیشه زاد روزها را جشن می‌گرفتیم.
● نگریدن،متوجه شدن،مشاهده کردن،مورد مداقه قرار دادن،تحت توجه قرار دادن،پی بردن
I have observed that foreign students tend to isolate themselves
متوجه شده‌ام که شاگردان برون مرزی به انزوا گرایش دارند.
● (پس از پژوهش) به نتیجه رسیدن،نتیجه گیری کردن،بر نگری کردن
● گفتن،اظهار کردن
“this carpet”, she observed slowly, “has several flaws”
((این فرش)) او به آهستگی گفت: ((چندین عیب دارد)).
● مورد مطالعه‌ی علمی قرار دادن،پژوهیدن
for years he has been observing ant colonies
سال‌ها است که درباره‌ی دسته‌های مورچه پژوهش می‌کند.

to observe a ceasefire
einen Waffenstillstand einhalten
to observe an anniversary
einen Jahrestag begehen
do you observe Passover?
feiert ihr das Passahfest?
to observe the Sabbath
den Sabbat einhalten
to observe the decencies
den Anstand wahren
to observe the proprieties
die Regeln der Höflichkeit wahren
to observe silence
Stillschweigen bewahren
to observe neutrality
die Neutralität einhalten
to follow [or obey] [or form observe] a rule
eine Regel befolgen [o. einhalten]
to observe a minute of silence
eine Schweigeminute einlegen
to observe the law/an order
das Gesetz/eine Anordnung befolgen
to observe a rule/speed limit
sich Akk an eine Regel/Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung halten
to break/observe [or keep] the Sabbath
den Sabbat entheiligen/heiligen
I hate funerals, but you must observe the decencies
ich hasse Beerdigungen, aber man muss eben die Form wahren
now, observe the way the motor causes the little wheels to move up and down
verfolge jetzt genau, wie der Motor die kleinen Räder sich auf und ab bewegen lässt

Question 140

incarnate

ger: Inkarnation

An algorithm, which is just step-by-step instructions for solving some problem
incarnated in the world of computers by software.

Answer 140

evil incarnate
das personifizierte Böse
God incarnate
der menschgewordene Gott
the devil incarnate
der personifizierte Teufel

incarnate [inˈkaːnət]
♦ adjective
(of God, the devil etc ) having taken human form: a devil incarnate.
تندار؛ متجسم
incarnation [inkaːˈneiʃən]
♦ noun
(the) human form taken by a divine being etc : Most Christians believe that Christ was the incarnation of God.
انسان دیسی؛ مظهر

/in kär´nit, -nāt´/
adj., vt.
● (جسم به ویژه جسم انسانی دادن به) تن مند کردن،تناور کردن،متجسم کردن،گوشت مند کردن،مجسم کردن،حلول کردن
a man who incarnates our highest hopes
مردی که تجسمی از رفیع‌ترین امیدهای ما می‌باشد.
● دیسمند کردن،شکل دار کردن،واقعیت دادن به،عینیت دادن
to incarnate political ideas in governmental organizations
متجلی کردن اندیشه‌های سیاسی در قالب سازمان‌های دولتی
● مظهر (چیزی) بودن،نماد بودن
to incarnate the frontier spirit
نماد روح مرزنشینی بودن
● تن‌مند،تندار،گوشت مند
● نمونه‌ی چیزی،مظهر،پیدایه،تناور
an incarnate spirit
روح تناور
evil incarnate
بدی تن‌مند (متجسم)
● خون رنگ،گوشت فام،قرمز
incarnate clover
شبدر قرمز

Question 141

implement

ger: implementieren

When you write software aka programs, you
are implementing one or more algorithms, one or more sets of instructions

Answer 141

to implement a reform
eine Reform einführen
to implement a plan
ein Vorhaben in die Tat umsetzen
to implement a policy of casual Friday
einführen, dass im Büro freitags legere Kleidung getragen werden darf

etw [auf etw Dat] implementieren
to implement sth [on sth]
Branchensoftware auf PC implementieren
to implement software on PC

verb
1 put (a decision, plan, agreement, etc.) into effect.

the regulations implement a 1954 treaty
synonyms: execute , apply , put into effect , put into action , put into practice , carry out/through , perform , enact , fulfill , discharge , accomplish , bring about , achieve , realize , actualize , phase in , effectuate

noun
1 a tool, utensil, or other piece of equipment, especially as used for a particular purpose.

agricultural implements
synonyms: tool , utensil , instrument , device , apparatus , gadget , contraption , appliance , machine , contrivance , gizmo , equipment , kit , tackle , accoutrements , paraphernalia

noun
tool,

utensil, instrument, device, apparatus, gadget, contraption, appliance, machine, contrivance, gizmo, equipment, kit, tackle, accoutrements, paraphernalia
verb

execute,

apply, put into effect, put into action, put into practice, carry out/through, perform, enact, fulfill, discharge, accomplish, bring about, achieve, realize, actualize, phase in, effectuate

enforce,

apply

put through,

follow up, go through, follow out, carry out, follow through

Bedeutungen:

[1a] etwas ausführen oder vervollständigen, insbesondere um einen praktischen Effekt zu geben und die aktuelle Erfüllung anhand von konkreten Messungen sicherzustellen.
[1b] versehen, ausstatten oder erweitern von etwas mit Instrumenten (Werkzeugen), Meinungen oder Ausdrücken.
[2] EDV, Informatik: eine Erweiterung oder Unterprogramm in ein bestehendes Programm einfügen, insbesondere um den Funktionsumfang des übergeordneten Programms zu erweitern.
Herkunft:

von englisch: implement → en „bewerkstelligen, durchführen“ entlehnt1
Synonyme:

1 einführen, einsetzen, einbauen, einfügen, einbetten
[2] umsetzen
Beispiele:

Wortbildungen:

Implementierer, Implementierung

Question 142

correspond

In this physical book might be a whole bunch
of names alphabetically sorted from left to right
corresponding to a whole bunch of numbers.

Answer 142

to correspond closely/roughly to sth
etw Dat genau/ungefähr entsprechen
his story didn’t correspond with the witness’ version
seine Geschichte deckte sich nicht mit der Version des Zeugen

correspond [korəˈspond]
♦ verb
1 (with to ) to be similar; to match: A bird’s wing corresponds to the arm and hand in humans.
مطابق بودن؛ شباهت داشتن
2 (with with ) to be in agreement with; to match.
مطابقت داشتن؛ شبیه بودن
3 to communicate by letter (with): Do they often correspond (with each other)?
مکاتبه کردن
ˌcorreˈspondence
♦ noun
1 agreement; similarity or likeness.
مشابهت؛ مطابقت
2 (communication by) letters: I must deal with that (big pile of) correspondence.
نامه ها؛ مکاتبات
ˌcorreˈspondent
♦ noun
1 a person with whom one exchanges letters: He has correspondents all over the world.
مکاتبه کننده
2 a person who contributes news to a newspaper etc : He’s foreign correspondent for `The Times’.
گزارشگر؛ خبرنگار
ˌcorreˈsponding
♦ adjective
similar, matching: The rainfall this month is not as high as for the corresponding month last year.
مشابه
correspondence course
a course of lessons by post: a correspondence course in accountancy.
واحد مکاتبه ای

/kôr´ǝ spänd´, kär´-/
vi.
● (با: to یا with) همخوان بودن،همخوانی داشتن،مطابق بودن با،مطابقت داشتن،هم‌زینه بودن،مشابه بودن با
her views do not correspond with reality
نظریات او با واقعیت همخوانی ندارد.
the date of his death corresponds with my birthday
تاریخ مرگ او با زادروز من مقارن است.
the testimony of one of the witnesses did not correspond with the police report
گواهی یکی از شهود با گزارش پلیس همخوان نبود (مطابقت نداشت).
in birds, the wings correspond to arms
در پرندگان بال‌ها به مثابه دست هستند.
● مکاتبه کردن،نامه رد و بدل کردن،نامه نویسی کردن
the two lovers corresponded secretly
عاشق و معشوق،پنهانی با هم مکاتبه می‌کردند.
* corresponding, adj.
قرینه،همخوان

Question 143

efficient

ger: effizient

Answer 143

efficient [iˈfiʃənt]
♦ adjective
1 (of a person) capable; skilful: a very efficient secretary.
لایق؛ کارامد
2 (of an action, tool etc ) producing (quick and) satisfactory results: The new lawn mower is much more efficient than the old one.
موثر؛ ثمربخش
efˈficiently
♦ adverb
.
بطور موثر
efˈficiency
♦ noun
.
کارآیی؛ بازده

/e fish´ǝnt, i-; ē-, ǝ-/
adj.
● موثر،مفید،ثمربخش،مقرون به صرفه،سودبخش،اثربخش
larger projects are usually less efficient
طرح‌های بزرگتر معمولا اثربخشی کمتری دارد.
● پر بازده،بازده مند،دارای راندمان،کارا
the most efficient way of producing electricity
پر بازده ترین راه تولید برق
● لایق،باکفایت،کارآمد،چابک و پرکار
an efficient typist
ماشین‌نویس کارآمد

efficient
leistungsfähig
efficient
leistungsstark
efficient
effizient geh
efficient person
fähige [o. tüchtige] Person

Question 144

odd

AUDIENCE: So if you’re starting on page 1,
you’re only going odd number of pages, so if it’s on an even number page,
you’ll miss it.

Answer 144

odd [od]
♦ adjective
1 unusual; strange: He’s wearing very odd clothes; a very odd young man.
عجیب و غریب
2 (of a number) that cannot be divided exactly by 2: 5 and 7 are odd (numbers).
فرد
3 not one of a pair, set etc : an odd shoe.
لنگه
4 occasional; free: at odd moments.
گهگاهی؛ متفرقه
ˈoddity– plural ˈoddities –
♦ noun
a strange person or thing: He’s a bit of an oddity.
شخص یا چیز عجیب و غریب
ˈoddly
♦ adverb
strangely: He is behaving very oddly.
بطور عجیب و غریب
ˈoddment
♦ noun
a piece left over from something: an oddment of material.
باقیمانده
odds
♦ noun plural
1 chances; probability: The odds are that he will win.
احتمال
2 a difference in strength, in favour of one side: They are fighting against heavy odds.
نابرابری؛ تفاوت
odd jobs
(usually small) jobs of various kinds, often done for other people: He’s unemployed, but earns some money by doing odd jobs for old people.
پادویی؛ خرده کاری
odd job man
a person employed to do such jobs.
پادو؛ کسی که خرده کاری می کند
be at odds
to be quarrelling: He has been at odds with his brother for years.
با کسی اختلاف داشتن
make no odds
to be unimportant: We haven’t got much money, but that makes no odds.
مهم نبودن
oddly enough
it is strange or remarkable (that): I saw John this morning. Oddly enough, I was just thinking I hadn’t seen him for a long time.
عجیب است که؛ جالب اینکه
odd man out / odd one out
1 a person or thing that is different from others: In this test, you have to decide which of these three objects is the odd one out.
شخص یا چیز غیر معمول
2 a person or thing that is left over when teams etc are made up: When they chose the two teams, I was the odd man out.
شخص حذف شده
odds and ends
small objects etc of different kinds: There were various odds and ends lying about on the table.
خرت و پرت
what’s the odds?
it’s not important; it doesn’t matter: We didn’t win the competition but what’s the odds?
چه اهمیتی دارد

odd visitor
vereinzelter Besucher/vereinzelte Besucherin
the odd man out
der Außenseiter
what an odd coincidence!
was für ein sonderbarer Zufall!
to find sth odd
etw komisch [o. merkwürdig] finden
to look odd
komisch aussehen
even/odd parity
gerade/ungerade Parität
odd shoes/socks
einzelne Schuhe/Socken
odd [or rare] bird ugs
seltener Vogel ugs
an odd [or queer] fish
ein komischer Kauz
odd [or mismatched] socks
zwei verschiedene Socken
the odd one [or man] out
das fünfte Rad am Wagen
to score the odd goal
hin und wieder einen Treffer landen
road with odd number of lanes INFRASTR
Straße mit ungerader Zahl von Fahrspuren
she really is an odd customer
sie ist schon wirklich eine seltsame Person
these trains leave at odd times
diese Züge haben ausgefallene Abfahrtszeiten
I had the odd sensation that …
ich hatte das komische Gefühl, dass …
the odd thing about it is that …
das Komische daran ist, dass …

/äd/
adj.
● تا،تاق،لنگه
an odd glove
یک لنگه دستکش
we found two pairs of boots and an odd shoe
دو جفت پوتین و یک لنگه کفش پیدا کردیم.
an odd sock
یک لنگه جوراب (مردانه)
● ناقص (به ویژه یک سری کتاب یا مجله که چند جلد آن کم است)،نا جور
a few odd volumes of Dickens
چند جلد ناقص از سری کتاب‌های دیکنز
● فرد (در برابر: زوج)،تاق (در برابر: جفت)،تک،منفرد
“seven” is an odd number but “eight” is an even number
((هفت)) یک عدد فرد ولی ((هشت)) یک عدد زوج است.
the year’s odd months
ماه‌های فرد سال
he came without his wife and so turned out to be the odd guest at the party
او بدون زنش آمد و لذا در مهمانی وصله‌ی ناجوری شده بود.
● خرد،خرده،پول خرد،پول سیاه،اندی،خرده‌ای،کمی،چندی
twenty dollars and some odd change
بیست دلار و مقداری پول خرد
thirty odd
سی چهل تا،سی و چند،سی و اندی
twenty-odd children
بیست و چند تا بچه
odd pieces of metal
خرده ریزهای فلزی
a book of 400-odd pages
کتابی با چهار صد و خورده‌ای صفحه
● گهگاهی،اتفاقی،نا معین،گاه و بیگاه،جور واجور،متفرقه
at odd moments
در اوقات غیر معمولی،وقت و بی وقت
he does odd repair jobs
او کارهای مختلف تعمیراتی انجام می‌دهد.
● عجیب و غریب،غیر عادی،نا بهنجار،بیواره
odd behavior
رفتار عجیب و غریب
she always wears odd clothes
او همیشه لباس‌های غیرعادی می‌پوشد.
it is very odd that she sent her children but didn’t come herself
خیلی عجیب است که بچه‌هایش را فرستاد ولی خودش نیامد.
an odd collection of contemporary paintings
مجموعه‌ی عجیب و غریبی از نقاشی‌های معاصر
● دور افتاده،خارج از دسترس
in odd corners
در گوشه و کنار
● رجوع شود به: odds
* oddly enough
عجیب است که،جالب اینکه،از عجایب است که

Question 145

even

AUDIENCE: So if you’re starting on page 1,
you’re only going odd number of pages, so if it’s on an even number page,
you’ll miss it.

Answer 145

even1 [iːvən]
♦ adjective
1 level; the same in height, amount etc : Are the table-legs even?; an even temperature.
هموار؛ یکنواخت
2 smooth: Make the path more even.
صاف؛ مسطح
3 regular: He has a strong, even pulse.
یکنواخت
4 divisible by 2 with no remainder: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc are even numbers.
زوج
5 equal (in number, amount etc ): The teams have scored one goal each and so they are even now.
مساوی
6 (of temperament etc ) calm: She has a very even temper.
آرام

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈevened –
1 to make equal: Smith’s goal evened the score.
برابر کردن
2 to make smooth or level.
هموار کردن
ˈevenly
♦ adverb
.
بطور مساوی یا صاف
ˈevenness
♦ noun
.
مساوی بودن؛ همواری
be/get even with
to be revenged on: He tricked me, but I’ll get even with him.
تلافی کردن
an even chance see chance
even out
1 to become level or regular: The road rose steeply and then evened out; His pulse began to even out.
تخت شدن؛ یکنواخت شدن
2 to make smooth: He raked the soil to even it out.
هموار کردن
3 to make equal: If Jane would do some of Mary’s typing, that would even the work out.
بطور مساوی تقسیم شدن
even up
to make equal: John did better in the maths exam than Jim and that evened up their marks.
متعادل کردن؛ برابر کردن

• Even if I had wished to stop, I couldn’t.
حتی اگر می خواستم توقف کنم، نمی توانستم.
• Even though I really want to know his name, I don’t have enough courage, and I’m afraid to go ask.
حتی با وجود آنکه واقعاً می خواهم نام او را بدانم، اما جرات کافی ندارم و می ترسم از او سوال کنم.
• Even though it is raining, I don’t care at all.
هرچند بارونیه هوا ولی اصلا اهمیتی نمی دم.
• Even without makeup, she’s very cute.
حتی بدون آرایش او بسیار بانمک است.
• In reply, he didn’t say even a word.
او حتی یک کلمه هم پاسخ نداد.

even if …
selbst [o. CH auch] wenn …
even so …
trotzdem …
even though …
selbst [o. CH auch] wenn …
even worse, …
was noch schlimmer ist, …
even with …
selbst mit …
even if
selbst [dann,] wenn
to even the score
das Gleichgewicht wiederherstellen
to even out sth
etw ausgleichen
even Jim was there
selbst [o. sogar] Jim war da
she wasn’t even trying
sie hat sich überhaupt keine Mühe gegeben
not [even] faintly funny
überhaupt nicht komisch
an even row
eine gerade Reihe
an even bargain
ein Schnäppchen
an even contest
ein ebenbürtiger Wettkampf
an even page
eine Seite mit gerader Zahl
an even number
eine gerade Zahl
an even game
ein ausgeglichenes Spiel
honours are even Brit
es herrscht Gleichstand
an even surface
eine glatte Oberfläche
to break even
kostendeckend arbeiten

Question 146

presume

presumably

Answer 146

presume [prəˈzjuːm]
♦ verb
1 to believe that something is true without proof; to take for granted: When I found the room empty, I presumed that you had gone home; Has he gone?' I presume so.’
فرض کردن
2 to be bold enough (to act without the right, knowledge etc to do so): I wouldn’t presume to advise someone as clever as you.
جسارت کردن
preˈsumably
♦ adverb
I presume: She’s not in her office – presumably she went home early.
احتمالاً
preˈsumption [-ˈzamp-]
♦ noun
1 something presumed: She married again, on the presumption that her first husband was dead.
فرض
2 unsuitable boldness, eg in one’s behaviour towards another person.
پررویی
preˈsumptuous [-ˈzamptjuəs, (American) -ˈzamptʃuəs]
♦ adjective
impolitely bold.
گستاخ
preˈsumptuousness
♦ noun
.
گستاخی

/prē zōōm´/
vt., vi.
● به خود اجازه دادن،جسارت کردن،پررویی کردن
I did not presume to call her by her first name
به خود اجازه ندادم او را به اسم کوچک صدا بزنم.
why are you so late, if I may presume?
اگر جسارت نباشد چرا این قدر دیر کرده‌اید؟
how can you presume to give me orders!
چطور به خودت اجازه می‌دهی به من دستور بدهی‌!
● فرض کردن،انگاشتن،انگاردن،خیال کردن،تصور کردن،گمان کردن
a village which was presumed to be under Vietcong control
دهکده‌ای که تصور می‌شد تحت کنترل ویت‌کنگ‌ها باشد
the accused is missing and presumed dead
متهم مفقود شده است و احتمال می‌رود که مرده باشد.
an individual is presumed innocent unless the opposite is proven
هر فرد بی‌گناه فرض می‌شود مگر آنکه خلاف آن ثابت شود.
if he dosen’t show up, I’ll presume he is not interested in buying the house
اگر نیاید چنین خواهم انگاشت که به خرید خانه علاقه ندارد.
● دلالت کردن،حاکی بودن
a signed invoice presumes receipt of goods
بارنامه‌ی امضا شده نشانه‌ی دریافت کالا است.
● (با: on یا upon) محرز فرض کردن،(بیش از حد) روی چیزی حساب کردن
to presume on someone’s friendship
زیادی روی دوستی کسی حساب کردن

I presume so/not
ich denke [o. glaube] ja/nein
to presume to claim that …
sich Akk zu der Behauptung versteigen, dass …
to presume on sb’s time
jds Zeit in Anspruch nehmen
you are Dr Smith, I presume?
ich nehme an, Sie sind Dr. Smith?
to presume on sb’s good nature
jds Gutmütigkeit ausnutzen
she would never presume to question my authority
sie würde sich nie anmaßen, meine Autorität in Frage zu stellen
could I presume on your time for a moment?
hätten Sie wohl einen Moment Zeit für mich?
are we walking to the hotel? — I presume so
laufen wir zum Hotel? — ich denke schon
I don’t wish to presume, but shouldn’t you apologize to her?
ich will ja nicht aufdringlich sein, aber solltest du dich nicht bei ihr entschuldigen?

DAVID MALAN: OK, and presumably it is John Harvard
would be to the left of this.

Question 147

decrease

But I’ve now just decreased the size of this problem really in half.

ger: verringern

Answer 147

decrease [diˈkriːs]
♦ verb
to make or become less: Their numbers had decreased over the previous year.
تقلیل یافتن؛ کم شدن
[ˈdiːkriːs]noun
a growing less: a decrease of fifty per cent; a gradual decrease in unemployment.
کاهش؛ تقلیل

/dē krēs´, dē´krēs´/
vi., vt.
● کاستن،کم شدن،کم کردن،کاهیدن،نقصان یافتن،ویدا شدن،تقلیل دادن یا یافتن
his speed decreased
از سرعت او کاسته شد.
he decreased his speed
او سرعت خود را کاست (کم کرد).
prices have increased and incomes have decreased
قیمت‌ها بالا رفته‌اند و درآمدها پایین آمده‌اند.
● کاهش،نقصان،تقلیل،کم شدگی،میزان کاهش
a decrease in prices
کاهش قیمت‌ها
a population decrease
تقلیل جمعیت
* on the decrease
روبه کاهش،در حال تقلیل،در حال نقصان
is divorce on the decrease?
آیا طلاق رو به کاهش است‌؟

significant decrease
beachtlicher Rückgang
substantial decrease
deutlicher Rückgang
population decrease
Bevölkerungsschwund m
a decrease in weight of person
Gewichtsabnahme f
to decrease prices/spending
Ausgaben/Preise senken
to decrease costs
Kosten verringern [o. reduzieren]
decrease in births
Geburtenrückgang m
to decrease production
die Produktion drosseln
decrease in price
Preissenkung f
steady increase/decrease
stetige Zunahme/Abnahme
to increase/decrease in size
an Größe gewinnen/verlieren
to increase/decrease the dosage
die Dosis erhöhen/herabsetzen
to increase/decrease the odds esp Am
die Chancen erhöhen/verringern
the value could decrease with time
der Wert könnte mit der Zeit sinken

Question 148

swap/swop

Answer 148

swop, swap [swop]– past tense, past participle swopped, ~swapped –
♦ verb
to exchange one thing for another: He swopped his ball with another boy for a pistol; They swopped books with each other.
مبادله كردن

♦ noun
an exchange: a fair swop.
مبادله

[swäp]
verb - swap
عوض کردن: change, remodel, replace, swap, exchange, alter
مبادله کردن: exchange, swap, interchange, chaffer, dicker, intercommunicate
بیرون کردن: drive out, evict, eliminate, cashier, dispossess, swap
جانشین کردن: substitute, swap, fill in

swäp/
n., vt., vi.
● (عامیانه)
● تهاتر،پایاپای،تاخت زنی،معاوضه،چفته
a swap of two ties
معاوضه‌ی دو کراوات
● تاخت زدن،معاوضه کردن،پایاپای کردن،تهاتر کردن
would you like to swap places with me?
آیا میل داری جای خود را با جای من عوض کنی‌؟
we swapped (our) bicycles
دو چرخه‌هایمان را تاخت زدیم.

spy swap
Austausch m von Spionen/Spioninnen
exchange rate swap
Wechselkurstauschgeschäft nt
to swap stories
sich Dat gegenseitig Geschichten erzählen
to swap reminiscences
Erinnerungen austauschen
foreign exchange swap
Devisen-Swapgeschäft nt
to swap places with sb
mit jdm Platz tauschen
to do a swap [with sb]
[mit jdm] tauschen [o. einen Tausch machen]
to change [or swap] horses [in] midstream
einen anderen Kurs einschlagen
we both liked each other’s jumpers, so we did a straight swap
uns gefiel jeweils der Pullover des anderen und da haben wir einfach getauscht

Question 149

splash

ger: platschen

Answer 149

US UK AU splash [splӕʃ]
♦ verb
1 to make wet with drops of liquid, mud etc, especially suddenly and accidentally: A passing car splashed my coat (with water).
خيس كردن
2 to (cause to) fly about in drops: Water splashed everywhere.
پاشيدن
3 to fall or move with splashes: The children were splashing in the sea.
شلپ شلپ كردن
4 to display etc in a place, manner etc that will be noticed: Posters advertising the concert were splashed all over the wall.
نمايش دادن

♦ noun
1 a scattering of drops of liquid or the noise made by this: He fell in with a loud splash.
صداي شلپ شلپ
2 a mark made by splashing: There was a splash of mud on her dress.
لكه
3 a bright patch: a splash of colour.
لكه

splash
Platschen nt kein pl
splash
Platscher m
he dived into the pool with a big splash
es platschte, als er in den Pool sprang

to make a splash
Furore machen
splash of colour
Farbtupfer m
a splash in the pool
eine Runde im Becken
to fall splash into sth
in etw Akk hineinplatschen ugs
to splash soda into a drink
Sodawasser in ein Getränk spritzen
to splash one’s face with water
sich Dat Wasser ins Gesicht spritzen
to splash water all over sb
jdn mit Wasser vollspritzen
to splash out money on sth
Geld für etw Akk hinauswerfen ugs
splash a little paint on that wall
klatsch etwas Farbe auf die Wand ugs
a splash of brandy/rum/vodka
ein Schuss m Weinbrand/Rum/Wodka
he dived into the pool with a big splash
es platschte, als er in den Pool sprang
to add [a splash of] colour to the garden
dem Garten ein wenig Farbe verleihen

Question 150

rare

Answer 150

rare [ˈreə]
♦ adjective
1 not done, found, seen etc very often; uncommon: a rare flower; a rare occurrence.
کمیاب؛ عالی؛ بی نظیر
2 (of meat) only slightly cooked: I like my steak rare.
نیم پز
ˈrareness
♦ noun
.
کمکیابی؛ ندرت
ˈrarely
♦ adverb
not often: I rarely go to bed before midnight.
به ندرت
ˈrarity
♦ noun
1 the state of being uncommon.
کمیابی
2 (plural ˈrarities ) something which is uncommon: This stamp is quite a rarity.
نادر؛ کمیاب

• Some people keep rare animals as pets.
برخی افراد، حیوانات کمیاب را بعنوان حیوان خانگی نگه می دارند.
• A real friend is like a rare bird.
یک دوست واقعی همانند پرنده ای کم نظیر است.

rare air
dünne Luft
rare species of insect
seltene Insektenart
such beauty is rare
solche [o. so viel] Schönheit ist selten
a rare breed/species
eine seltene Rasse/Spezies
rare gas shell
Edelgasschale f
medium-rare steak
englisches Steak
odd [or rare] bird ugs
seltener Vogel ugs
to be that rare animal: …
zu der seltenen Spezies … gehören
to be a rare species
eine Seltenheit sein
collection of rare insect specimens
Sammlung f seltener Insekten
to be a rare bird
ein komischer Vogel sein übtr ugs
he likes his steak rare
er isst sein Steak gern englisch
contagious [or infectious]/rare/common disease
ansteckende/seltene/häufige Krankheit
people of her make are rare
Leute wie sie [o. ugs ihrer Machart] sind selten
to have a rare old time dated
eine schöne Zeit verbringen
vacancies were becoming more and many, much rare
es gab immer weniger freie Stellen
it’s rare to find these birds in England
diese Vögel findet man in England nur selten
to have a rare old time doing sth dated
viel Mühe haben, etw zu tun
the panda is becoming an increasingly rare animal
der Pandabär wird immer seltener
shops of this type, once rare, are now numerous
solche Läden gab es früher kaum und heute findet man sie fast überall

Question 151

curfew

geR: die Ausgangssperre

Answer 151

curfew [ˈkəːfjuː]
♦ noun
an order forbidding people to be in the streets after a certain hour: There’s a curfew in force from ten o’clock tonight.
منع عبور و مرور

ku_r´fyōō´/
n.
● (در اصل - قرون وسطی - نواختن زنگ به نشان آن که باید چراغ‌ها و آتش‌ها را خاموش کرد و خوابید) خاموشی،قرق،زنگ خاموشی،ناقوس خاموشی،هنگام خاموشی،زمان آغاز خاموشی
● (در شهرها به ویژه هنگام جنگ یا حکومت نظامی - در سربازخانه‌ها و برخی خوابگاه‌ها) محدودیت آمد و رفت،ساعت منع عبور و مرور،خاموش‌باش،خاموشی،(سربازخانه) شیپور خاموشی
the curfew will begin at eleven P.M. and end at five A.M.
خاموش‌باش ساعت یازده شب آغاز و ساعت پنج بامداد برداشته می‌شود.
(Gray) the curfew tolls the knell of parting day
خاموش‌باش،ناقوس مرگ روز را به صدا درمی‌آورد.
* curfew period
ساعت خاموش باش
* impose (or lift) a curfew
خاموش‌باش اعلام کردن (یا رفع کردن)

strict curfew
strenge Ausgangssperre
to break the curfew
sich Akk nicht an die Ausgangssperre halten
what time is the curfew?
wann ist Sperrstunde?
to impose [or enforce]/lift [or end] a curfew
eine Ausgangssperre verhängen/aufheben
violators of the curfew will be shot
wer sich nicht an die Ausgangssperre hält, wird erschossen

Question 152

resume

ger: fortsetzen

Answer 152

resume [rəˈzjuːm]
♦ verb
to begin again after stopping: After tea, the meeting resumed; We’ll resume the meeting after tea.
دوباره باز گرفتن؛ دوباره به دست آوردن
resumption [rəˈzampʃən]
♦ noun

/ri zōōm´, -zyōōm´/
vi., vt.
● بازگرفتن،دوباره به دست‌آوردن،دوباره اشغال کردن،دوباره پوشیدن
she resumed her former job
شغل سابق خود را دوباره بدست آورد.
we resumed our overcoats
پالتوهای خود را دوباره پوشیدیم.
to resume one’s seat
صندلی خود را دوباره اشغال کردن
● ادامه دادن،از سر گرفتن،دنبال کردن،از نو آغاز کردن
please resume reading
لطفا به خواندن ادامه بدهید.
Arianne sat down and resumed her work
آرین نشست و کار خود را دنبال کرد.
after a short rest, we resumed our trip
پس از کمی استراحت به سفر خود ادامه دادیم.
● خ

to resume a journey
eine Reise fortsetzen
to resume one’s seat
sich Akk wieder auf seinen Platz begeben
to resume work
die Arbeit wieder aufnehmen
to enter into/resume talks
Gespräche [o. Verhandlungen] aufnehmen/wieder aufnehmen
to give [sb] a résumé of sth
etw [für jdn] zusammenfassen

.

Question 153

express

Ger: ausdrücken

Answer 153

express command
ausdrücklicher Befehl
express warranty HANDEL
ausdrücklich erklärte Garantie
by express
per Eilboten BRD, A
express instructions
klare Anweisungen
to express a preference
sagen, was man [lieber] mag
to express one’s thanks
seinen Dank zum Ausdruck bringen geh
to express sth figuratively
etw bildlich ausdrücken
to express a wish
einen Wunsch äußern

express [ikˈspres]
♦ verb
1 to put into words: He expressed his ideas very clearly.
بیان کردن
2 (with oneself etc ) to put one’s own thoughts into words: You haven’t expressed yourself clearly.
نظر خود را ابراز کردن؛ بیان کردن
3 to show (thoughts, feelings etc ) by looks, actions etc : She nodded to express her agreement.
نشان دادن
4 to send by fast (postal) delivery: Will you express this letter, please?
فوری رساندن

♦ adjective
1 travelling, carrying goods etc , especially fast: an express train; express delivery.
سریع السیر
2 clearly stated: You have disobeyed my express wishes.
صریح؛ روشن

♦ adverb
by express train or fast delivery service: Send your letter express.
فوری؛ اکسپرس

♦ noun
1 an express train: the London to Cardiff express.
قطار سریع السیر
2 the service provided eg by the post office for carrying goods etc quickly: The parcel was sent by express.
پست فوری
exˈpressly
♦ adverb
in clear, definite words: I expressly forbade you to do that.
بطور صریح و آشکار
exˈpression [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 a look on one’s face that shows one’s feelings: He always has a bored expression on his face.
قیافه؛ حالت
2 a word or phrase: Dough' is a slang expression for money`.
اصطلاح؛ عبارت
3 (a) showing of thoughts or feelings by words, actions etc : This poem is an expression of his grief.
بیانگر؛ گویا
4 the showing of feeling when eg reciting, reading aloud or playing a musical instrument: Put more expression into your playing!
شور و حال
exˈpressionless
♦ adjective
(of a face or voice) showing no feeling: a cold, expressionless tone.
بی حالت؛ بی احساس
exˈpressive [-siv]
♦ adjective
showing meaning or feeling clearly: She has an expressive look on her face.
معنی دار؛ گویا
exˈpressiveness
♦ noun
.
بیانگری؛ پر معنایی
exˈpressively
♦ adverb
.
بطور پر معنا
exˈpressway
♦ noun
a divided highway; a motorway.
بزرگراه؛ تندراه

Question 154

merge

ger: zusammenschließen, zusammenlegen, einfügen, zusammenführen

Answer 154

to merge two classes SCHULE
zwei Klassen zusammenlegen

to merge two business divisions
zwei Geschäftsbereiche zusammenführen

to merge two companies/organizations
zwei Firmen/Organisationen zusammenschließen

to merge into the landscape/surroundings
sich Akk in die Landschaft/Umgebung einfügen

merge [məːdʒ]
♦ verb
1 to (cause to) combine or join: The sea and sky appear to merge at the horizon.
ادغام شدن
2 (with into ) to change gradually into something else: Summer slowly merged into autumn.
غرق شدن
3 (with into etc ) to disappear into (eg a crowd, back-ground etc ): He merged into the crowd.
فرو رفتن
ˈmerger
♦ noun
a joining together of business firms: There’s been a merger between two companies.
ادغام چند شرکت

/mu_rj/
vi., vt.
● (از راه گوارش یا درهم آمیزی یا جذب ماهیت خود را از دست دادن) درهم آمیختن،هم‌پیوست کردن یا شدن،مستحیل کردن یا شدن
the two colors merged and became dark green
آن دو رنگ درهم آمیختند و تبدیل به سبز پررنگ شدند.
● به هم پیوستن،درهم ادغام شدن،یک کاسه کردن یا شدن،یکپارچه کردن یا شدن
they plan to merge their companies
آنان در نظر دارند شرکت‌های خود را ادغام کنند.
two streams of traffic merged to form a gigantic “y”
دو رشته وسایط نقلیه‌به هم پیوستند و “y” غول‌آسایی را تشکیل دادند

Question 155

murmur
ger: murmeln, raunen

Answer 155

to murmur sth dozily
etw halb im Schlaf murmeln
a murmur of discontent
ein unzufriedenes Raunen
a murmur of agreement
ein zustimmendes Raunen
without a murmur
ohne Murren [o. zu murren]
to raise a cheer/a laugh/a murmur
Jubel/Gelächter/Gemurmel hervorrufen

murmur [ˈməːmə]
♦ noun
a quiet, indistinct sound, eg that of running water or low voices: the murmur of the sea; There was a low murmur among the crowd.
سخن نرم

♦ verb
to make such a sound: The child murmured (something) in his sleep.
زمزمه کردن
ˈmurmuring
♦ adjective
.
زمزمه

/mu_r´mǝr/
n., vi., vt.
● زمزمه،صدای آرام و خوشایند (مانند صدای جویبار یا صحبت از دور)
if a teacher’s lessons are murmurs of affection…
درس معلم ار بود زمزمه‌ی محبتی …
the murmur of the distant brook was like a lullaby
زمزمه‌ی جویبار دور دست شبیه به لالایی بود.
● زمزمه کردن
before he died, he kept murmuring his lost daughter’s name
پیش از مرگ مرتبا نام دختر گمشده‌اش را زمزمه می‌کرد.
● شکایت زیرلبی،غرولند،شکوه
he went, but not without a murmur
او رفت ولی نه بدون غرولند.
● (پزشکی) مورمور،سوفل قلبی
● غرولند کردن،زیرلبی شکایت کردن،ژکیدن،ونگ ونگ کردن
● پچ پچ کنان گفتن،زمزمه وار ادا کردن،زیرلبی گفتن
to murmur a prayer
دعایی را زمزمه کردن

Question 156

shrink

I’m
not going to get sucked doing something forever like this
because I keep shrinking the size of the problem.

Answer 156

to shrink dramatically übtr
drastisch zusammenschrumpfen [o. sinken]

to shrink costs
die Kosten senken

to shrink-wrap food
Nahrungsmittel in Frischhaltefolie einpacken

to shrink from a difficulty
einer Schwierigkeit aus dem Weg gehen

to shrink-wrap a book
ein Buch in Folie einschweißen

shrink1 [ʃriŋk]– past tense shrank [ʃrӕŋk]: past participle shrunk [ʃraŋk]
♦ verb
1 to (cause material, clothes etc to) become smaller: My jersey shrank in the wash; Do they shrink the material before they make it up into clothes?
كوچك شدن
2 to move back in fear, disgust etc (from): She shrank (back) from the man.
اكراه داشتن
3 to wish to avoid something unpleasant: I shrank from telling him the terrible news.
بي ميلي نشان دادن
ˈshrinkage [-kidʒ]
♦ noun
the act of shrinking, or the amount by which something shrinks.
انقباض
shrunken [ˈʃraŋk(ən)]
♦ adjective
having been made or become smaller.
چروك خورده

/shriŋk/
n., vi., vt.
● (پارچه و لباس و غیره) آب رفتن،کوچک شدن،(کاشی) ورچلسکیدن
if you wash these trousers they will shrink
اگر این شلوار را بشوری آب خواهد رفت.
when one gets old one’s body shrinks
آدم که پیر شد جثه‌اش کوچک می‌شود.
● (مقدار یا ارزش و غیره) کاهش یافتن،نقصان یافتن،کم شدن
shrinking incomes
درآمدهای در حال نقصان
the company’s sales have shrunken
فروش شرکت کاهش یافته است.
● ابا داشتن،خودداری کردن،عقب کشیدن،دور شدن
he doesn’t even shrink from hurting his own children
او حتی از آزار دادن فرزندان خودش ابا ندارد.
when she saw his angry face, she shrank from him
وقتی چهره‌ی خشمناک او را دید از او دور شد.
● مضایقه کردن،کوتاهی کردن
to shrink from doing one’s duty
در انجام وظیفه‌ی خود قصور کردن
● آب رفتگی،کوچک شدگی،کاهش
● (امریکا - خودمانی) روانپزشک

Question 157

deliberate/deliberately

ger: Absicht/absichtlich

Now as an aside, it’s kind of deliberate that I buried that last question
at the end because this is what happens all too often in programming,

Answer 157

deliberate [diˈlibərət]
♦ adjective
1 intentional and not by accident: That was a deliberate insult.
عمدی؛ تعمدی
2 cautious and not hurried: He had a very deliberate way of walking.
سنجیده؛ بی شتاب
deˈliberately [-rət-]
♦ adverb
1 on purpose: You did that deliberately!
عمداً
2 carefully and without hurrying: He spoke quietly and deliberately.
سنجیده؛ بطور آرام

/di lib´ǝr it/
adj., vi., vt.
● عمدی،از روی تعمد،خود خواسته،عمدا،آگاهانه
a deliberate lie
دروغ عمدی
she deliberately left the door open
او عمدا در را باز گذاشت.
his tardiness was deliberate
دیر آمدن او تعمدی بود.
● (بادقت و سنجش جوانب) سنجیده،آگاهانه،ژرفنگرانه،حساب شده،دقیق
the speaker chose his words slowly and deliberately
ناطق واژه‌های خود را با آهستگی و دقت انتخاب می‌کرد.
with deliberate haste
با شتاب حساب شده
he took deliberate aim
او با دقت نشانه گرفت.
● بی‌شتاب،باتانی،ناشتاب
● (با دقت و سنجیدن جوانب) مورد ملاحظه قرار دادن،تعمق کردن،ژرفنگری کردن،ژرف‌اندیشی کردن،مداقه کردن،ژرف روی کردن
the judge deliberated for two hours and then gave his verdict
قاضی دو ساعت تعمق کرد و سپس رای خود را صادر نمود.
* deliberately, adv.
1- عمدا،آگاهانه،تعمدا،خودخواسته 2- با دقت و تانی،ژرفنگرانه،ژرف اندیشانه

a deliberate movement
eine vorsichtige [o. bedächtige] Bewegung

it wasn’t deliberate
es war keine Absicht

a deliberate decision
eine bewusste Entscheidung

to deliberate on a case
über einen Fall beraten

the Sun’s headline was a deliberate shocker
die Schlagzeile der Sun sollte schockieren

such deliberate destruction of the environment is an obscenity
so eine bewusste Zerstörung der Umwelt ist pervers

to do/say sth deliberately
etw in voller Absicht tun/sagen

Question 158

anticipate

that might not happen that often, but if you don’t anticipate them
in your own code, pseudocode or otherwise,
this is when and why programs might crash

ger: anticipate
prognostizieren
anticipate
antizipieren

Answer 158

anticipate [ӕnˈtisəpeit]
♦ verb
1 to expect (something): I’m not anticipating any trouble.
انتظار داشتن
2 to see what is going to be wanted, required etc in the future and do what is necessary: A businessman must try to anticipate what his customers will want.
پیش بینی کردن
anˌticiˈpation
♦ noun
I’m looking forward to the concert with anticipation (= expectancy, excitement).
انتظار؛ چشم به راهی

an tis´ǝ pāt´/
vi., vt.
● پیش بینی کردن،انتظار داشتن
I anticipate a pleasant trip
سفر خوشی را پیش بینی می‌کنم.
anticipating her request, I prepared the tea in advance
خواسته‌ی او را پیش بینی نموده و چای را از پیش آماده کردم.
● (موعد چیزی را) پیش انداختن،تسریع کردن
● پیشگیری کردن،پیشدستی کردن
to anticipate an opponent’s blows
ضربه‌های حریف را پیشگیری کردن
● تقدم داشتن بر،جلو بودن
did the Vikings anticipate Columbus in discovering America?
آیا وایکینگ‌ها در کشف امریکا بر (کریستوف) کلمب تقدم داشتند؟
● (قبل از موعد) مورد استفاده قرار دادن،پیش خور کردن
they tried to anticipate the legacy
آنها کوشیدند ارث را پیشخور کنند.
● (قبل از موعد) پرداختن،(پیش از وقت درباره‌ی چیزی) حرف زدن یا اقدام کردن
● پیشگرایی،چشمداشت،پیش نگرش

Question 159

omit

ger: auslassen, ausfallen lassen

Like what does this program do if John Harvard is not in the phone book
if I had omitted lines 12 and 13?

Answer 159

to omit a dividend BÖRSE
eine Dividende ausfallen lassen

to pass [or Am omit] the dividend
keine Dividende ausschütten

to omit any mention of [or reference to] sb/sth
jdn/etw nicht [o. mit keinem Wort] erwähnen

omit [əˈmit]– past tense, past participle oˈmitted –
♦ verb
1 to leave out: You can omit the last chapter of the book.
حذف کردن
2 not to do: I omitted to tell him about the meeting.
انجام ندادن؛ از قلم انداختن
oˈmission [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 something that has been left out: I have made several omissions in the list of names.
از قلم افتادگی
2 the act of omitting: the omission of his name from the list.
حذف
omitted and omitting have two t s.

adjective
failed to include something, skipped over

omit
verb
[o·mit || ə’mɪt]
delete; skip over; neglect; fail to include

Question 160

distillation

ger: Destillation/ destillieren

Answer 160

to distil sth
etw destillieren

noun - distillation
تقطیر: distillation
عرقکشی: distillation
شیرهکشی: distillation
عصارهگیری: extraction, decoction, distillation

distillation tail
Rückstände pl
distillation process
Destillationsverfahren nt
distillation front
Vorlauf m

Question 161

decent

ger: anständig

Answer 161

decent [ˈdiːsnt]
♦ adjective
1 fairly good; of fairly good quality: a decent standard of living.
مناسب؛ شایسته
2 kindly, tolerant or likeable: He’s a decent enough fellow.
آراسته؛ محجوب
3 not vulgar or immoral; modest: Keep your language decent!
مودبانه
ˈdecency
♦ noun
(the general idea of) what is proper, fitting, moral etc ; the quality or act of being decent: In the interests of decency, we have banned nude bathing; He had the decency to admit that it was his fault.
شایستگی؛ بزرگواری
ˈdecently
♦ adverb
in a manner acceptable to the general idea of

adj.
● درخور،شایسته،مناسب
decent burial ceremonies
مراسم تدفین شایسته
● نجیبانه،نجابت‌آمیز،پاکنهاد،فرامایه،مودبانه،با معرفت،با نزاکت،به قاعده
decent language
کلمات نزاکت‌آمیز
the decent thing to do is to marry the pregnant girl
کار درست این است که با دختر آبستن ازدواج بکنی.
● آبرومند(انه)،محترمانه،با بزرگواری
decent treatment
رفتار محترمانه
he is a decent man
او مرد نجیبی است.
● خوب،معقولانه
decent wages
مزد کافی
his English is relatively decent
انگلیسی او نسبتا خوب است.
● (عامیانه) پوشیده،با حجاب،با عفت
take off those short pants and wear something more decent
آن شلوار کوتاه را دربیار و یک چیز مناسب‌تر بپوش‌!
* decently, adv.
با نجابت،به طور شایسته،به طور مناسب،آبرومندانه

ˈdēsənt]
adjective - decent
نجیب: noble, decent, gentle, nice, genteel, meek
محجوب: unobtrusive, diffident, shy, decent, timid, bashful
اراسته: spruce, decent, brisk, decorous, natty, politic
پاک بین: benevolent, decent

Question 162

nod

Answer 162

nod [nod]– past tense, past participle ˈnodded –
♦ verb
1 to make a quick forward and downward movement of the head to show agreement, as a greeting etc : I asked him if he agreed and he nodded (his head); He nodded to the man as he passed him in the street.
تکاندادن سر بعلامت توافق
2 to let the head fall forward and downward when sleepy: Grandmother sat nodding by the fire.
تکان خوردن سر هنگام خواب

♦ noun
a nodding movement of the head: He answered with a nod.
حرکت سر
nod off
to fall asleep: He nodded off while she was speaking to him.
به خواب رفتن

verb - nod
با سر اشاره کردن: nod
سرتکان دادن: nod, beck, bow

affirmative nod
zustimmendes Nicken
to nod one’s head
mit dem Kopf nicken
to nod one’s assent
zustimmend nicken
to get the nod
grünes Licht bekommen
to nod [one’s] approval
billigend [o. CH meist zustimmend] nicken
a nod of approval
ein zustimmendes Nicken
on the nod Brit ugs
stillschweigend
to give sb a nod
jdm zunicken

Question 163

conspiracy

ger: Konspiration
Verschwörung
komplott

Answer 163

/kǝn spir´ǝ sē/
n., pl.
● تبانی،توطئه،همدستی (در کارهای بد)،دسیسه
their conspiracy was discovered early on
توطئه‌ی آنها زود کشف شد.
● نقشه‌ی سری
the communist conspiracy to subvert the government
نقشه‌ی کمونیست‌ها برای سرنگون کردن دولت
● تبانی‌گران،توطئه‌گران
● تقارن،همایند
the conspiracy of events
همزمانی رویدادها

AU [kənˈspirəsē]
noun - conspiracy
توطئه: plot, conspiracy, shift, underplot, frame-up
دسیسه: conspiracy, plot, machination, complot, trafficker, frame-up
نقشه خیانت امیز: conspiracy

criminal conspiracy
illegale Verschwörung
conspiracy to defraud JUR
Verabredung f zum Betrug fachspr
conspiracy to murder
Mordkomplott nt
he was sucked into a conspiracy
er wurde in eine Verschwörung hineingezogen
an indictment for conspiracy/on charges of attempted murder
eine Anklage wegen Verschwörung/wegen versuchten Mordes
there is a conspiracy of silence about sth
[über etw Akk ] herrscht verabredetes Stillschweigen
there was a conspiracy to keep me out of the group
es gab eine Verschwörung, mich aus der Gruppe rauszuhalten

Question 164

environment

Umgebung

Answer 164

environment [inˈvaiərənmənt]
♦ noun
(a set of) surrounding conditions, especially those influencing development or growth: An unhappy home environment may drive a teenager to crime; We should protect the environment from destruction by modern chemicals etc.
محیط
enˌvironˈmental [-ˈmen-]
♦ adjective
.
محیطی؛ وابسته به محیط
environˈmentalist
♦ noun
a person who wants to stop the damage being done to the environment by humans.
طرفدار حفظ محیط زیست

• Write about the relationship between the artificial environment and the natural environment.
در باره‌ی رابطه‌ی بین محیط مصنوعی و محیط طبیعی بنویسید.
• Birds are indicators of the environment. If they are in trouble, we know we’ll soon be in trouble. (Roger Tory Peterson)
پرنده ها شاخص های محیط زیست هستند. اگر آنها با معضل مواجه شوند، می دانیم که ما نیز به زودی معضل خواهیم داشت.( روجر توری پترسون)

en vī´rǝn mǝnt, in-/
n.
● بوم،محیط،پرگیر
going from a farm to a city environment had scared her
رفتن از روستا به محیط شهری او را دچار ترس کرده بود.
● زیست بوم،محیط زیست،زیست پرگیر
we must safeguard the environment
می‌بایستی زیست بوم را نیک‌داری کنیم.
* environmental, adj.
1- زیست بومی،زیست

noun - environment
محیط: environment, surroundings, setting, perimeter, circumference, ambience
اطراف: environs, environment, milieu
احاطه: surround, siege, cincture, environment, envelopment
پرگیر: environment
دوروبر: environment, environs, milieu

working environment
Arbeitsumfeld nt
professional environment
berufliches Umfeld
family environment
familiäre Verhältnisse
home environment
häusliche Verhältnisse
hostile environment TECH
aggressive Umgebung
polluted environment
verschmutzte Umwelt
aqueous environment
Feuchtbiotop nt
competitive environment
Wettbewerbsumfeld nt
sterile environment
sterile Umgebung
pro-environment
umweltfreundlich
to safeguard the environment
die Umwelt schützen
to kill the environment
die Umwelt zerstören
to preserve the environment
die Umwelt schützen
heredity and environment
Vererbung f und Sozialisierung f
hostile work environment
ungünstige Arbeitsbedingungen
germ-free environment
sterile Umgebung
acclimatization to a new environment
Eingewöhnung f in eine neue Umgebung
acclimation to a new environment
Eingewöhnung f in eine neue Umgebung

Question 165

seu

I will sue you

ger: verklagen

Answer 165

sue [suː]
♦ verb
1 to start a law case against.
تعقيب قانوني كردن
2 (with for : especially in law) to ask for (eg divorce).
درخواست دادن
sue [suː]
♦ verb
1 to start a law case against.
تعقيب قانوني كردن
2 (with for : especially in law) to ask for (eg divorce).
درخواست دادن

/sōō/
vi., vt.
● (حقوق) اقامه‌ی دعوی کردن،(از دست کسی) عارض شدن،(به دادگاه) شکایت کردن،به محاکمه کشاندن،به دادگاه مراجعه کردن
to sue for divorce
برای طلاق به دادگاه مراجعه کردن
he has sued his neighbor
از دست همسایه‌اش عارض شده است.
to sue for damages
برای خسارت به دادگاه شکایت کردن
● در خواست کردن،تمنا کردن،استدعا کردن،خواستار بودن
to sue for peace
درخواست صلح کردن
to sue for forgiveness
استدعای بخشش کردن
● (قدیمی) خواستگاری کردن
* sue out
از دادگاه حکم گرفتن

• Sue is an American student.
سو یک دانشجوی آمریکائی است.
• Sue will meet the Browns.
سو با خانواده برون ملاقات خواهد کرد.
• I will sue you.
ازت شکایت می کنم

verb - sue
تعقیب کردن: pursue, chase, follow, chevy, sue, chivvy
تقاضا کردن: request, demand, adjure, beseech, bone, sue
تعقیب قانونی کردن: litigate, indict, law, prosecute, sue
دعوی کردن: pretend, quarrel, sue

Question 166

pursue

Answer 166

pursue [pəˈsjuː]
♦ verb
1 to follow especially in order to catch or capture; to chase: They pursued the thief through the town.
تعقیب کردن
2 to occupy oneself with (studies, enquiries etc ); to continue: He is pursuing his studies at the University.
دنبال کردن
purˈsuer
♦ noun
.
تعقیب کننده
pursuit [pəˈsjuːt]
♦ noun
1 the act of pursuing: The thief ran down the street with a policeman in (hot) pursuit.
تعقیب
2 an occupation or hobby: holiday pursuits.
سرگرمی؛ کار و بار

/pǝr sōō´, -syōō´/
vt., vi.
● تعقیب کردن،دنبال رفتن،پیگرد کردن،رد (کسی) رفتن،دنبال کسی گذاشتن
the police pursued and captured the motorcyclists
پلیس موتور سیکلت سواران را تعقیب و دستگیر کرد.
the cat pursued the mouse
گربه موش را تعقیب کرد.
● پیگیری کردن،دنبال کردن،در پی چیزی بودن،ادامه دادن
Mehran did not know what profession to pursue
مهران نمی‌دانست دنبال چه حرفه‌ای برود.
some people pursue only spiritual goals
برخی مردم فقط در پی هدف‌های معنوی هستند.
to pursue success
دنبال موفقیت بودن
● پاپی شدن،رها نکردن،ول نکردن
he was pursued by bad luck
بخت بد او را رها نمی‌کرد.

Question 167

grant

Answer 167

grant [graːnt]
♦ verb
1 to agree to, to give: Would you grant me one favour; He granted the man permission to leave.
اهدا کردن؛ برآوردن
2 to agree or admit: I grant (you) that it was a stupid thing to do.
تصدیق کردن

♦ noun
money given for a particular purpose: He was awarded a grant for studying abroad.
بورس
ˈgranted, *ˈgranting
(even) if; assuming: Granted that you are right, we will have to move fast.
فرض کنیم که
take for granted
1 to assume without checking: I took it for granted that you had heard the story.
فرض کردن
2 to treat casually: People take electricity for granted until their supply is cut off.
قدر چیزی را ندانستن
grant [graːnt]
♦ verb
1 to agree to, to give: Would you grant me one favour; He granted the man permission to leave.
اهدا کردن؛ برآوردن
2 to agree or admit: I grant (you) that it was a stupid thing to do.
تصدیق کردن

♦ noun
money given for a particular purpose: He was awarded a grant for studying abroad.
بورس
ˈgranted, *ˈgranting
(even) if; assuming: Granted that you are right, we will have to move fast.
فرض کنیم که
take for granted
1 to assume without checking: I took it for granted that you had heard the story.
فرض کردن
2 to treat casually: People take electricity for granted until their supply is cut off.
قدر چیزی را ندانستن

grant, gränt/
vt., n.
● اهدا کردن،عطاکردن،اعطاکردن،دادن،بخشیدن به،برآوردن،واگذار کردن،هبه کردن،مستجاب کردن
he was granted a week’s leave of absence
به او یک هفته مرخصی دادند.
her wish was granted
آرزویش برآورده شد.
to grant a friend his wish
خواهش یک دوست را اجابت کردن
to grant a loan to an applicant
به درخواست کننده وام دادن
the granting of diplomas
اعطای دانشنامه‌ها
● اعطا،اهدا،بخشش،دهش،هدیه،دهشت
the hospital received a $ 5000 grant
بیمارستان 5 هزار دلار اهدایی را دریافت کرد.
● اذعان کردن،قبول کردن (در بحث)،پذیرفتن،تصدیق کردن
I grant your first point but not your second
نکته‌ی اول شما را قبول دارم ولی دومی را نه.
● ملک یا مبلغ یا چیز اهدا شده،عطیه،(به ویژه) بورس،کمک هزینه‌ی تحصیلی
student grant
کمک هزینه (پول اهدایی به دانشجو)
● (آمریکا - در ایالات مین و ورمانت و نیوهامپشایر) بخش،ناحیه
● (زمین) واگذاری
● اقطاع
* granted (that)
گیرم،فرض کنیم
* granting that
گیرم که،فرض کنیم که،حتی اگر
granting that you are right…
به فرض که حق با شما باشد. …
* to take for granted
اثبات شده،فرض کردن،پذیرفتن،عادی فرض کردن،مسلم پنداشتن،قدر چیزی را ندانستن،بی اهمیت پنداشتن
don’t take my friendship for granted!
دوستی مرا مسلم نپندار!

government grant
staatliche Beihilfe
[government] grant
≈ Bafög nt BRD
student grant
Stipendium nt
overseas grant
Entwicklungshilfe f
maternity grant Brit
Mutterschaftsgeld nt
federal grant
Bundesbeihilfe f
research grant
Forschungsstipendium nt
to grant a divorce
in eine Scheidung einwilligen
research and development grant (for institutes, scientists)
A a. Subvention f
grant from local government
Zuschüsse mpl der Stadt
to grant compassionate leave
Sonderurlaub bewilligen
to grant sb probate
jdm einen Erbschein ausstellen
to grant bail
die Freilassung gegen Kaution gewähren
local authority grant
kommunaler Zuschuss

Question 168

regret

I have no regrets

ger: etw bedauern

Answer 168

to regret sth
etw bedauern

much to my regret
zu meinem großen Bedauern
a twinge of regret
ein leises Bedauern
much to sb’s regret
sehr zu jds Bedauern
a pang of regret
ein Anflug m von Reue
to deeply regret sth
etw sehr bereuen
to greatly regret sth
etw zutiefst bedauern
tinged with admiration/regret
mit einer Spur von Bewunderung/Bedauern
with deep regret
mit großem Bedauern
my only regret is that …
das Einzige, was ich bedaure, ist, dass …
come Monday morning you’ll regret …
Montagmorgen wirst du es bereuen, dass …
a token of sb’s regret
ein Zeichen nt des Bedauerns
to live to regret sth
etw noch bereuen werden
do that and you’ll regret it
wenn du das tust, wirst du es bereuen
we regret any inconvenience to passengers
die Passagiere werden um Verständnis gebeten
to express regret at [or for] sth
seinem Bedauern über etw Akk Ausdruck verleihen
to have [or feel] a pang of regret
Reue empfinden
a wry look, something between amusement and regret
ein scheeler Blick, irgendwas zwischen Belustigung und Bedauern
I regret to have to inform you that …
leider muss ich Ihnen mitteilen, dass …
we regret to have to inform you that …
wir bedauern, Ihnen mitteilen zu müssen, dass

regret [rəˈgret]– past tense, past participle reˈgretted –
♦ verb
to be sorry about: I regret my foolish behaviour; I regret that I missed the concert; I regret missing the concert; I regret to inform you that your application for the job was unsuccessful.
تاسف خوردن

♦ noun
a feeling of sorrow, or of having done something wrong: I have no regrets / I feel no regret about what I did; It was with deep regret that I heard the news of his death.
پشیمانی؛ افسوس
reˈgretful
♦ adjective
feeling regret.
متاسف؛ پشیمان
reˈgretfully
♦ adverb
with regret: Regretfully, we have had to turn down your offer.
با تاسف
reˈgrettable
♦ adjective
a regrettable mistake.
تاسف آور
reˈgrettably
♦ adverb
.
به طور تاسف انگیز؛ متاسفاه
regrettable is spelt with two t s.

/ri gret´/
vt.
● تاسف خوردن،متاسف بودن،افسوس خوردن،دریغ خوردن،دریغیدن،دژمانیدن،دژوانیدن
to regret the passing of one’s youth
از گذشتن جوانی خود افسوس خوردن
she regrets her mistake
او از اشتباه خود متاسف است.
I regret that I can’t go
افسوس می‌خورم که نمی‌توانم بروم.
● پشیمان شدن
if you buy this house, you’ll regret it
اگر این خانه را بخری پشیمان خواهی شد.
● افسوس،دریغ،تاسف،دژمان
a keen regret for past mistakes
افسوس زیاد برای لغزش‌های گذشته
● پشیمانی،ندامت
* (one’s) regrets
پوزش،مراتب تاسف،اظهار پشیمانی
please accept my regrets
خواهشمندم پوزش مرا بپذیرید.

[riˈgret]
noun - regret
پشیمانی: regret, repentance, remorse, contrition, compunction, penance
تاسف: regret, ruth
افسوس: regret, pity, remorse
تاثر: regret, sorrow
verb - regret
افسوس خوردن: regret, bemoan, rue, sigh
حسرت بردن: regret

Question 169

queasy

i feel queasy

Answer 169

queasy [ˈkwiːzi]
♦ adjective
feeling as if one is about to be sick: The motion of the boat made her feel queasy.
دچار تهوع

/kwē´zē/
adj.
● تهوع‌آور،استفراغ آور،هراش‌انگیز
the queasy motion of the waves
حرکت تهوع‌آور امواج
● دچار تهوع،دچار دل به هم خوردگی،هراشیده
the jolts of the bus made me queasy
تکان‌های اتوبوس حال مرا به هم زد.
a queasy stomach
شکم منقلب
● آدمی که زود دلش به هم می‌خورد یا دچار تهوع می‌شود،زود هراش (squeamish هم می‌گویند)،(مجازی) زود بیزار،بیزار،زده
how queasy we become when a mean person claims to be good
چقدر بیزار می‌شویم وقتی که آدم بدجنسی ادعای نیکی می‌کند.
● ناراحت کننده،دلهره آفرین

Question 170

hallucinogen

hallucinogenic

Answer 170

hallucinogenic
halluzinogen fachspr

[1] Pharmakologie: Substanz, die Sinnestäuschungen hervorruft

Question 171

establish

Ger: errichten, gründen, festlegen/ einrichten

Answer 171

establish [iˈstӕbliʃ]
♦ verb
1 to settle firmly in a position (eg a job, business etc ): He established himself (in business) as a jeweller.
جا انداختن؛ ریشه دار کردن
2 to found; to set up (eg a university, a business): How long has the firm been established?
تاسیس کردن
3 to show to be true; to prove: The police established that he was guilty.
ثابت کردن
eˈstablished
♦ adjective
settled or accepted: established customs.
پایدار؛ رسمی
eˈstablishment
♦ noun
1 the act of establishing.
استقرار؛ تاسیس
2 an institution or organization: All employees of this establishment get a bonus at New Year.
موسسه؛ دستگاه
3 a person’s residence or household: a bachelor’s establishment.
مغازه؛ دکان
the Establishment
the people and institutions that control power or are dominant in a society and stick to traditions; one of these institutions: The hippies rebelled against the Establishment; the political/literary establishment.
دستگاه دولت و سردمداران

/e stab´lish, i-/
vt.
● برقرار کردن،مستقر کردن،پابرجا کردن،جایگزین کردن
to establish a habit
عادتی را جایگزین کردن
to establish a statue firmly in its place
مجسمه را محکم در جای خود مستقر کردن
the family established itself in a large house
خانواده در منزل بزرگی مستقر شد.
● (قانون یا نظامنامه و غیره) مقرر کردن،راستاد کردن،وضع کردن،قایل شدن
a congressional bill establishing duties on many imports
لایحه‌ی کنگره که برای بسیاری از واردات مالیات مقرر می‌کند
an act establishing limits on immigration
مصوبه‌ای که برای مهاجرت محدودیت قایل می‌شود
● بنیاد نهادن،پایه گذاری کردن،تاسیس کردن،بنا نهادن،پی افکندن
my father established a school in Niasar
پدرم مدرسه‌ای در نیاسر تاسیس کرد.
the College of Translation was also established by him
مدرسه‌ی عالی ترجمه هم توسط او پایه گذاری شد.
● ایجاد کردن،به وجود آوردن
efforts to establish a friendship
کوشش برای ایجاد مودت
● (شهرت یا نظریه یا رسم و غیره) به ثبوت رساندن،محقق کردن،استوار کردن،ثابت کردن،پایدار کردن،ریشه‌دار کردن،استوانیدن،فرنودن
that book established his fame as a poet
آن کتاب ناموری او را به عنوان شاعر به ثبوت رساند.
he established the unity of all people upon the belief in God
او همبستگی همه‌ی مردمان را بر پایه‌ی اعتقاد به خدا استوار کرد.
an established fact
واقعیت محقق،داده‌ی فرنودین
he established the fact that he was not there when the murder occurred
او این واقعیت را اثبات کرد که هنگام ارتکاب قتل آنجا نبوده است.
the eclipse established the truth of Einstein’s theories
خسوف صحت نظریه‌ی انشتین را ثابت کرد.
● ریشه دار شدن،ریشه دواندن،جایگزین شدن،پاگیر شدن
at that time, the British authority in India was well established
در آن زمان سلطه‌ی انگلستان بر هندوستان کاملا استوار شده بود.
● (گیاه شناسی) بومی شدن،پاگرفتن
these plants establish readily on coastal hills
این گیاهان زود روی تپه‌های ساحلی نشو و نما می‌کنند.
* established, adj.
1- به ثبوت رسیده،فرنودین،پابرجا،استاد،پایدار،برجا،استوان،محقق
established art styles
سبک‌های هنری برقرار
a man of established reputation
مردی دارای شهرت پابرجا

2- رسمی،برقرار
established religion
مذهب رسمی
* establish friendly relations with
روابط دوستانه برقرار کردن با

to establish sth
etw gründen
to establish an account
ein Konto eröffnen
to establish a beachhead
einen Brückenkopf errichten
to establish a commission
eine Kommission bilden
to establish a dictatorship
eine Diktatur errichten

to establish air supremacy MILIT
sich Dat die Luftherrschaft sichern
to establish sb’s guilt
jds Schuld beweisen [o. nachweisen]
to establish a bridgehead
einen Brückenkopf bilden [o. errichten]
to establish one’s residence form
sich Akk niederlassen
to establish a monopoly
ein Monopol errichten
to establish a quota
eine Quote festlegen
to establish a policy
eine politische Linie einschlagen
to establish a precedent
einen Präzedenzfall schaffen
to establish a norm
eine Norm definieren
to establish a dictatorship
eine Diktatur errichten
to establish a commission
eine Kommission bilden
to establish the facts
den Sachverhalt klären
to establish one’s rights
seine Rechte geltend machen
to establish a hospital
ein Krankenhaus errichten
to establish a criterion
ein Kriterium festlegen
to establish a beachhead
einen Brückenkopf errichten
to establish an account
ein Konto eröffnen
to establish the truth
die Wahrheit herausfinden
to establish where/whether …
feststellen, wo/ob …

Question 172

dive

C something that will dive into next week and thankfully

dive
[Kopf]sprung m
to execute a dive
einen [Kopf]sprung machen

Answer 172

dive [daiv]
♦ verb
1 to plunge headfirst into water or down through the air: He dived off a rock into the sea.
شیرجه رفتن
2 to go quickly and suddenly out of sight: She dived down a back street and into a shop.
به سرعت از نظر دور شدن

♦ noun
an act of diving: She did a beautiful dive into the deep end of the pool.
شیرجه
ˈdiver
♦ noun
a person who dives, especially one who works under water using special breathing equipment.
غواص
ˈdiving-board
♦ noun
a platform from which to dive, erected beside a swimming-pool.
تخته شیرجه
great diving beetle
a water insect that carries a bubble of air under its wing cover for breathing when it is under water.
خزوک

/dīv/
n., vi., vt.
● (در آب) شیرجه رفتن،با سر پریدن
Mehri dived into the pool
مهری در استخر شیرجه زد.
● (زیردریایی و غواص) سرازیر شدن (درآب)،فرو شدن،زیر آب رفتن
as the enemy boat approached, the submarine began to dive
با نزدیک شدن کشتی دشمن،زیردریایی شروع به زیر آب رفتن کرد.
● (ناگهان با سر وارد چیزی شدن) پریدن توی
to dive into a foxhole
به داخل جان‌پناه پریدن
● (با اشتیاق و رغبت) به کاری پرداختن،غرق در کاری شدن
to dive into one’s work
غرق در کار خود شدن
● (هواپیما و پرنده و جاده و غیره) ناگهان سرازیر شدن،(هواپیما را) سرازیر کردن
the bomber dived toward the target
هواپیمای بمب‌افکن به سوی هدف شیرجه رفت.
● شیرچه،دایو،پریدن با سر،(حرکات اکروباتیک) کله معلق
● سرازیر شدگی،فروشدگی،فرود ناگهانی،پرش به زیر (با سر)
he made a dive for the ditch
پرید توی گودال.
● (میخانه یا قمارخانه) بدنام
* take a dive
(امریکا - خودمانی - مسابقه‌ی مشت‌زنی) عمدا باختن

dīv]
verb - dive
شیرجه رفتن: dive, plunge, jackknife
فرو رفتن: dive, sink, immerge, founder, merge
غواصی کردن: dive
تفحص کردن: dive, hunt, probe
غوطه زدن: dive, duck, plunge
غوطهور شدن: plunge, dive, duck
noun - dive
شیرجه: dive, plunge, somersault, somerset
غوطه: plunge, dive, duck
غور: contemplation, deliberation, depth, diving, bottom, dive

steep dive
Sturzflug m
to take a dive
einen Schlag erleiden
to execute a dive
einen [Kopf]sprung machen
to dive for pearls
nach Perlen tauchen
head first dive/jump
Kopfsprung m
a crash dive
ein Schnelltauchmanöver
headlong dive/jump
Kopfsprung m
to dive into a car
schnell in ein Auto einsteigen

Question 173

paradigm (model)

ger: Paradigma nt geh

Answer 173

noun - paradigm
نمونه: sample, example, instance, model, specimen, paradigm

Darwin’s theory of evolution was a paradigm shift in scientific understanding
Darwins Evolutionstheorie veränderte in revolutionärer Weise das wissenschaftliche Verständnis

Question 174

Nuance

Answer 174

ˈn(y)o͞oˌäns]
noun - nuance
نکات دقیق وظریف: nuance
اختلاف مختصر: nuance
فرق جزئي: nuance

/nōō´äns´/
n.
● فحوا،تفاوت ظریف،سایه‌ی کم‌رنگ،سایه‌رنگ،سایه چم،معنی یا آهنگ فرعی و ظریف،سایه روشنک،ریزه‌کاری
a rich artistic performance, full of nuance
برنامه‌ی هنری سرشار از ریزه‌کاری
words that have the same meanings with different nuances
واژه‌هایی که هم معنی هستند ولی از نظر فحوا با هم فرق دارند.
uances of language
فحوای کلام

Question 175

anticipate

ger: antizipieren

etw erwarten
mit etw Dat rechnen
etw vorhersehen [o. vorausahnen]
etw prognostizieren

Answer 175

anticipate [ӕnˈtisəpeit]
♦ verb
1 to expect (something): I’m not anticipating any trouble.
انتظار داشتن
2 to see what is going to be wanted, required etc in the future and do what is necessary: A businessman must try to anticipate what his customers will want.
پیش بینی کردن
anˌticiˈpation
♦ noun
I’m looking forward to the concert with anticipation (= expectancy, excitement).
انتظار؛ چشم به راهی

/an tis´ǝ pāt´/
vi., vt.
● پیش بینی کردن،انتظار داشتن
I anticipate a pleasant trip
سفر خوشی را پیش بینی می‌کنم.
anticipating her request, I prepared the tea in advance
خواسته‌ی او را پیش بینی نموده و چای را از پیش آماده کردم.
● (موعد چیزی را) پیش انداختن،تسریع کردن
● پیشگیری کردن،پیشدستی کردن
to anticipate an opponent’s blows
ضربه‌های حریف را پیشگیری کردن
● تقدم داشتن بر،جلو بودن
did the Vikings anticipate Columbus in discovering America?
آیا وایکینگ‌ها در کشف امریکا بر (کریستوف) کلمب تقدم داشتند؟
● (قبل از موعد) مورد استفاده قرار دادن،پیش خور کردن
they tried to anticipate the legacy
آنها کوشیدند ارث را پیشخور کنند.
● (قبل از موعد) پرداختن،(پیش از وقت درباره‌ی چیزی) حرف زدن یا اقدام کردن
● پیشگرایی،چشمداشت،پیش نگرش

verb - anticipate
پیش بینی کردن: foretaste, dope, anticipate, prognosticate, augur, foresee
پیشدستی کردن: outsmart, anticipate
سبقت جستن: take the lead, anticipate, outguess, forestall, get the better of, get the start
انتظار داشتن: expect, envisage, hold forth, anticipate, attend, await
جلوانداختن: antedate, anticipate, forward
پیش گرفتن بر: anticipate
سبقت جستن بر: anticipate

to anticipate one’s inheritance
sein Erbe im Voraus verbrauchen
to anticipate the outcome of sth
das Ergebnis eines S. (gen) vorwegnehmen

to anticipate sth
etw erwarten
to anticipate sth
mit etw Dat rechnen
to anticipate sth (foresee)
etw vorhersehen [o. vorausahnen]
to anticipate sth (predict)
etw prognostizieren

Question 176

presume

Answer 176

presume [prəˈzjuːm]
♦ verb
1 to believe that something is true without proof; to take for granted: When I found the room empty, I presumed that you had gone home; Has he gone?' I presume so.’
فرض کردن
2 to be bold enough (to act without the right, knowledge etc to do so): I wouldn’t presume to advise someone as clever as you.
جسارت کردن

preˈsumably
♦ adverb
I presume: She’s not in her office – presumably she went home early.
احتمالاً

preˈsumption [-ˈzamp-]
♦ noun
1 something presumed: She married again, on the presumption that her first husband was dead.
فرض
2 unsuitable boldness, eg in one’s behaviour towards another person.
پررویی

preˈsumptuous [-ˈzamptjuəs, (American) -ˈzamptʃuəs]
♦ adjective
impolitely bold.
گستاخ
preˈsumptuousness
♦ noun
.
گستاخی

/prē zōōm´/
vt., vi.
● به خود اجازه دادن،جسارت کردن،پررویی کردن
I did not presume to call her by her first name
به خود اجازه ندادم او را به اسم کوچک صدا بزنم.
why are you so late, if I may presume?
اگر جسارت نباشد چرا این قدر دیر کرده‌اید؟
how can you presume to give me orders!
چطور به خودت اجازه می‌دهی به من دستور بدهی‌!
● فرض کردن،انگاشتن،انگاردن،خیال کردن،تصور کردن،گمان کردن
a village which was presumed to be under Vietcong control
دهکده‌ای که تصور می‌شد تحت کنترل ویت‌کنگ‌ها باشد
the accused is missing and presumed dead
متهم مفقود شده است و احتمال می‌رود که مرده باشد.
an individual is presumed innocent unless the opposite is proven
هر فرد بی‌گناه فرض می‌شود مگر آنکه خلاف آن ثابت شود.
if he dosen’t show up, I’ll presume he is not interested in buying the house
اگر نیاید چنین خواهم انگاشت که به خرید خانه علاقه ندارد.
● دلالت کردن،حاکی بودن
a signed invoice presumes receipt of goods
بارنامه‌ی امضا شده نشانه‌ی دریافت کالا است.
● (با: on یا upon) محرز فرض کردن،(بیش از حد) روی چیزی حساب کردن
to presume on someone’s friendship
زیادی روی دوستی کسی حساب کردن
[priˈzo͞om]
verb - presume
فرض کردن: assume, presume, adjudge, consider, suppose, deem
مسلم دانستن: presume
احتمال کلی دادن: presume
عقیده داشتن: opine, have an opinion, believe, deem, presume, reckon

I presume so/not
ich denke [o. glaube] ja/nein
to presume to claim that …
sich Akk zu der Behauptung versteigen, dass …
to presume on sb’s time
jds Zeit in Anspruch nehmen
you are Dr Smith, I presume?
ich nehme an, Sie sind Dr. Smith?
to presume on sb’s good nature
jds Gutmütigkeit ausnutzen
she would never presume to question my authority
sie würde sich nie anmaßen, meine Autorität in Frage zu stellen
could I presume on your time for a moment?
hätten Sie wohl einen Moment Zeit für mich?
are we walking to the hotel? — I presume so
laufen wir zum Hotel? — ich denke schon
I don’t wish to presume, but shouldn’t you apologize to her?
ich will ja nicht aufdringlich sein, aber solltest du dich nicht bei ihr entschuldigen?

Question 177

henceforth

Answer 177

adverb - henceforth
از این پس: hereinafter, henceforth, hereafter
از این ببعد: henceforth, henceforward, hereafter
سپس: then, next, afterwards, afterward, thereupon, henceforth
زین سپس: henceforth

/hens fôrth´/
adv.
● از این به بعد،از این پس،از حالا به بعد (henceforward هم می‌گویند)
henceforth knock before you enter!
از این به بعد قبل از ورود در بزنید!
● پس از آن،بعدا،از آن پس

henceforth (from this time on)
fortan geh
henceforth (from this time on)
künftig
henceforth (from this time on)
von nun an
henceforth (from that time on)
seither
henceforth (from that time on)
von da an

Question 178

abduction

de:

Entführung f

die Abduktion

Answer 178

taking someone against their will (kidnapping)

abduction
Entführung f

noun - abduction
ربایش: abduction, kidnapping, abstraction, grab, snatch, rapine
سرقت: theft, steal, robbery, stealing, larceny, abduction
عمل ربودن: abduction
دورشدگی: abduction
دوری از مرکز بدن: abduction
قیاسی: analog, comparability, abduction
قیاس: analogy, analogy, syllogism, deduction, induction, abduction

Question 179

arson

ger: Brandstiftung

Answer 179

•arson = setting fire to a property

arson [ˈaːsn]
♦ noun
the crime of setting fire to (a building etc ) on purpose.
آتش افروزی

/är´sǝn/
n.
● (حقوق) ایجاد حریق به طور عمد،آتش افروزی،حرق
plundering and arson have erupted all over the city
چپاول و آتش افروزی در تمام شهر فوران کرده است.
the arsonist was sentenced to nine years of imprisonment
آتش افروز به نه سال زندان محکوم شد.

[ˈärsən]
noun - arson
ایجاد حریق عمدی: arson
اتش زنی: arson

his brother fingered him for arson
sein Bruder hat ihn wegen Brandstiftung verpfiffen

Question 180

assault

ger: Angriff

Answer 180

assault = a physical attack

assault [əˈsoːlt]
♦ verb
1 to attack, especially suddenly: The youths assaulted the night watchman.
حمله کردن
2 to attack sexually; to rape.
تجاوز جنسی کردن

♦ noun
1 a (sudden) attack: a night assault on the fortress; His speech was a vicious assault on his opponent.
حمله
2 a sexual attack; a rape.
تجوز جنسی
assault [əˈsoːlt]
♦ verb
1 to attack, especially suddenly: The youths assaulted the night watchman.
حمله کردن
2 to attack sexually; to rape.
تجاوز جنسی کردن

♦ noun
1 a (sudden) attack: a night assault on the fortress; His speech was a vicious assault on his opponent.
حمله
2 a sexual attack; a rape.
تجوز جنسی

ǝ sôlt´/
n., vt., vi.
● (جسمی یا لفظی) حمله کردن،برتاختن،تازیدن،حمله‌ی شدید و ناگهانی
two students assaulted him in the hallway
دو دانشجو در راهرو به او حمله کردند.
● یورش،تازش،برتاخت،هجوم،تهاجم،حمله
the enemy opened the assault on the Wago front
دشمن هجوم را از جبهه‌ی واگو آغاز کرد.
their assault was crushed
تازش آنان در هم شکسته شد.
an all-out assault on racism
هجوم همه جانبه علیه نژادپرستی
● زنای به عنف،تجاوز جنسی
she was (sexually) assaulted by two men
آن زن توسط دو مرد مورد تجاوز (جنسی) قرار گرفت.
● (حقوق) تهدید به ضرب و شتم
● ضرب،ضربه،جریحه‌دار سازی
● جریحه‌دار کردن
* assault aircraft
هواپیمای هجومی
* assault boat
قایق تازشگر
* assault force
نیروی هجومی
* assault rifle
تفنگ جنگی (در مقابل شکاری)
* assault with a deadly weapon
حمله با سلاح مهلک
* assault with intent to murder
حمله به قصد قتل

aggravated assault Am
schwere Körperverletzung
sexual assault Am
Notzucht f
indecent assault
unzüchtige Handlung
verbal assault übtr
verbale Attacke
assault and battery (aggression)
Bedrohung f mit tätlichem Angriff
frontal assault [or attack]
Frontalangriff m
an assault case
ein Fall m von Körperverletzung
an assault on racism/sexism
ein Feldzug m gegen Rassismus/Sexismus
to indecently [or sexually] assault sb
jdn vergewaltigen
to make an assault on sth
gegen etw Akk angehen
to launch an assault on sb/sth
jdn/etw angreifen
assault with intent to do grievous bodily injury
vorsätzliche schwere Körperverletzung
he pleaded guilty to the charge of indecent assault
er gestand die sexuelle Nötigung
an assault on the north face of the Eiger
ein Versuch, die Eiger-Nordwand zu bezwingen
she decided to make a determined assault on the paperwork
sie entschloss sich, endlich ernsthaft den Papierkram anzugehen

Question 181

burglary

ger: Einbruch

Answer 181

burglary = illegal entry to a building with an intent to commit a crime

[ˈbərglərē]
noun - burglary
دزدی: theft, stealing, robbery, burglary, thievery, embezzlement

noun
1 entry into a building illegally with intent to commit a crime, especially theft.

a two-year sentence for burglary
synonyms: housebreaking , breaking and entering , theft , stealing , robbery , larceny , thievery , looting , pilferage , break-in , theft , robbery , raid , heist

aggravated burglary JUR
erschwerter Diebstahl
did you know about the burglary?
hast du von dem Einbruch gehört?
he was had up for burglary
sie haben ihn wegen Einbruchs drangekriegt

Question 182

abuse

ger:
Missbrauch

Answer 182

child abuse = maltreatment of a child

abuse [əˈbjuːz]
♦ verb
1 to use wrongly, usually with harmful results: She abused her privileges by taking too long a holiday.
سواستفاده کردن
2 to insult or speak roughly to: She abused the servants.
ناسزا گفتن
[əˈbjuːs]noun
1 insulting language: He shouted abuse at her.
فحش
2 the wrong use of something: This toy has been subjected to a lot of abuse.
استفادۀ غلط
aˈbusive [-siv]
♦ adjective
using insulting language: He wrote an abusive letter to the manager.
توهین آمیز
aˈbusively
♦ adverb
.
بطور اهانت آمیز
aˈbusiveness
♦ noun
.
هتاکی

• My father is oblivious to the emotional pain his abuse caused me.
پدرم توجهی به رنج عاطفی که بر اثر سوءاستفاده در من ایجاد کرده است، ندارد.

satanic abuse
teuflischer Missbrauch
racket abuse
Werfen nt des Schlägers
[verbal] abuse
Beschimpfung[en] f[pl]
child abuse
Kindesmissbrauch m
sexual abuse
sexueller Missbrauch
a stream of abuse
eine Schimpfkanonade
level of alcohol abuse
Ausmaß nt des Alkoholmissbrauchs
a term of abuse
ein Schimpfwort nt
to [verbally] abuse sb
jdn beschimpfen
be open to abuse
sich Akk leicht missbrauchen lassen
abuse of human rights
Menschenrechtsverletzungen pl
to abuse sb’s trust
jds Vertrauen missbrauchen
to abuse sb’s kindness
jds Freundlichkeit ausnutzen
to abuse sb’s rights
jds Rechte verletzen
to practise self-abuse
sich Akk selbstzerstörerisch verhalten
to discharge abuse
Beleidigungen von sich Dat geben
abuse of process JUR
Verfahrensmissbrauch m
term of abuse
Schimpfwort nt
alcohol/drug abuse
Alkohol-/Drogenmissbrauch m

Question 183

maltreatment

ger: Misshandlung

Answer 183

maltreatment
Misshandlung f

abuse, cruel treatment, rough treatment

Question 184

oblivious

Answer 184

oblivious [əˈbliviəs]
♦ adjective
unaware of or not paying attention to: He was oblivious of what was happening; He was oblivious to our warnings.
بی خبر؛ بی اعتنا
oˈbliviously
♦ adverb
.
با بی اعتنایی؛ بطور نا آگاه

to be oblivious of [or to] sth
sich Dat einer S. Gen nicht bewusst sein
to be oblivious to the beauty of sth
keinen Sinn für das Schöne einer S. Gen haben
absorbed in her work, she was totally oblivious of her surroundings
in ihre Arbeit vertieft, nahm sie ihre Umwelt gar nicht mehr wahr

/ǝ bliv´ē ǝs/
adj.
● (معمولا با: of یا to) بی خبر (از)،بی اعتنا (به)
oblivious to danger
بی اعتنا به خطر
he was oblivious of his surroundings
توجهی به محیط خود نداشت.
● فراموشی آور،نسیان بخش

• My father is oblivious to the emotional pain his abuse caused me.
پدرم توجهی به رنج عاطفی که بر اثر سوءاستفاده در من ایجاد کرده است، ندارد.

adjective - oblivious
بی توجه: oblivious, unresponsive, inattentive, listless, unwitting, unconsidered
فراموشکار: forgetful, oblivious, slack

Question 185

trafficking

drug trafficking

ger: Handel

Answer 185

drug trafficking - importing illegal drugs

drug trafficking
Drogenhandel m
human trafficking
Menschenhandel m
arms trafficking
Waffenschieberei f

traffic [ˈtrӕfik]
♦ noun
1 vehicles, aircraft, ships etc moving about: There’s a lot of traffic on the roads / on the river.
عبور و مرور
2 trade, especially illegal or dishonest: the drug traffic.
سوداگری؛ داد و ستد

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈtrafficked –
to deal or trade in, especially illegally or dishonestly: They were trafficking in smuggled goods.
داد و ستد کردن
ˈtrafficker
♦ noun
a usually illegal or dishonest dealer: a trafficker in drugs.
داد و ستد کننده؛ قاچاقچی
traffic island
a small pavement in the middle of a road, for pedestrians to stand on on their way across.
سکوی ایمنی
traffic jam
a situation in which large numbers of road vehicles are prevented from proceeding freely.
صفی از ماشین ها که پشت سر یکدیگر مانده و نمی توانند جابجا شوند
traffic lights
lights of changing colours for controlling traffic at road crossings etc : Turn left at the traffic lights.
چراغ راهنمایی
traffic warden see warden

verb
trade (in), deal (in), do business in, buy and sell, smuggle, bootleg, run, push

Question 186

imprisonment

false imprisonment

Answer 186

false imprisonment = imprisoning a person against their will and without legal
authority

• The fundamental aspect of imprisonment is the loss of liberty.
مهمترین ویژگی حبس، از دست دادن آزادی است.
• In many countries, being gay is a cause for imprisonment.
در خیلی از کشورها، همجنس باز بودن دلیلی است برای زندانی کردن.

false imprisonment
Freiheitsberaubung f
to get life imprisonment
lebenslänglich bekommen
term of imprisonment
Haftdauer f
wrongful arrest/dismissal/imprisonment
unrechtmäßige Verhaftung/Entlassung/Inhaftierung
a term [or sentence] of imprisonment
Haft f
murder is punishable by life imprisonment
Mord wird mit lebenslanger Haft bestraft
to be given full sentence/life imprisonment
die Höchststrafe/lebenslang bekommen
he was sentenced to six months’ imprisonment for possessing heroin
er wurde wegen Heroinbesitzes zu sechs Monaten Haft verurteilt
the guest lecturer took as her subject ‘imprisonment in modern society’
die Gastsprecherin hatte ‚die Freiheitsstrafe in der modernen Gesellschaft‘ zu ihrem Thema gewählt

[imˈprizənmənt]
noun - imprisonment
حبس: imprisonment, prison, detention, jail, custody, lockout
زندانی شدن: imprisonment
حبسی: imprisonment
دوره زندانی را گذراندن: imprisonment

Question 187

fraud

ger:
Betrug m

Answer 187

fraud = deception for personal or financial gain

fraud [froːd]
♦ noun
1 (an act of) dishonesty: He was sent to prison for fraud.
کلاهبرداری
2 a person who pretends to be something that he isn’t: That man is not a famous writer, he’s a fraud.
آدم کلاهبردار
ˈfraudulent [-djulənt, (American) -dʒulənt]
♦ adjective
dishonest or intending to deceive: fraudulent behaviour.
فریب آمیز
ˈfraudulently
♦ adverb
.
بطور فریب آمیز
ˈfraudulence
♦ noun
.
حقه بازی

malevolent fraud
arglistige Täuschung
to unmask a fraud
einen Betrug aufdecken
Serious Fraud Office
Ermittlungsbehörde f für Wirtschaftsstraftaten
perpetrator of fraud
Betrüger(in) m (f)
he was accused of fraud
er wurde wegen Betrugs angeklagt
she’s standing trial for fraud
sie steht wegen Betrug[e]s unter Anklage
he’s been committed to prison for fraud
er ist wegen Betrugs inhaftiert worden
next to her I felt like a fraud
neben ihr komme ich mir wie ein Betrüger/eine Betrügerin vor
he was on the rack, following accusations of fraud
als man ihm Bestechung vorwarf, durchlitt er wahre Höllenqualen
she managed to bring off the biggest cheque fraud in history
ihr gelang der größte Scheckbetrug aller Z

/frôd, fräd/
n.
● (حقوق) کلاهبرداری،غبن
● گول‌زنی،اغفال،دغلکاری،حقه‌بازی،فریب‌کاری،تقلب
he committed several frauds in Kashan
او در کاشان به چندین فقره کلاهبرداری دست زد.
he got the money by fraud
او پول را از راه کلاهبرداری به دست آورد.
● (آدم) متقلب،کلاهبردار،گوشبر،فریبکار،دغلکار،قلابی،چیز تقلبی
he claims to be a doctor, but he is a fraud
او ادعا می‌کند که دکتر است ولی دروغ می‌گوید.

[frôd]
noun - fraud
تقلب: fraud, deception, skullduggery, skulduggery, swindle, fakery
فریب: deception, lure, deceit, fraud, delusion, cheat
کلاه برداری: fraud, spoof, swindle, gaud, defraudation, fraudulence
شیادی: fraud, deceit, deception, juggle, trick
شیاد: fraud, trickster, shammer
حیله: gimmick, trick, cunning, deception, deceit, fraud
غبن: cheating, swindling, lesion, fraud, defraudation
گوش بر: fraud, swindler

Question 188

hijacking

ger: Entführung

Answer 188

•hijacking = illegally getting control of an aircraft or vehice

hijacking
Entführung f

to hijack a plane
ein Flugzeug entführen
übtr to hijack sb’s ideas/plans
jds Ideen/Pläne klauen ugs

hijack [ˈhaidʒӕk]
♦ verb
1 to take control of (an aeroplane) while it is moving and force the pilot to fly to a particular place.
هواپيما ربايی کردن
2 to stop and rob (a vehicle): Thieves hijacked a lorry carrying $20,000 worth of whisky.
دزدی از وسایل نقلیه
3 to steal (something) from a vehicle: Thieves hijacked $20,000 worth of whisky from a lorry.
سرقت کردن از ماشین

♦ noun
the act of hijacking.
سرقت
ˈhijacker
♦ noun
.
رباینده

/hī´jak´/
vt.
● (عامیانه)
● دزدیدن (به ویژه وسیله‌ی نقلیه با محتویات آن)
they hijacked a truckload of cameras
آنها یک کامیون پر از دوربین عکاسی را دزدیدند.
● (در حین حمل و نقل) کالا ربایی کردن،سرقت مسلحانه کردن،زدن
● (با اعمال زور) گول زدن،کلاه سر کسی گذاشتن،اجحاف کردن
they hijack customers to buy unneccessary insurance
آنان مشتریان خود را مجبور می‌کنند که بیمه‌ی غیرضروری بخرند.
● هواپیما ربایی کردن،اتوبوس ربایی کردن (بزور گرفتن هر نوع وسیله‌ی نقلیه با سرنشینان آن)
the plane was hijacked while on a flight to Paris
هواپیما حین پرواز به پاریس ربوده شد.
the hijackers blew up the hijacked bus
ربایندگان اتوبوس ربوده شده را منفجر کردند.

[ˈhīˌjak]
verb - hijack
ربودن: hijack, snatch, abduct, rob, steal, grab

Question 189

commercial

ger:
kommerziell

Answer 189

/kǝ mu_r´shǝl/
adj., n.
● (وابسته به) بازرگانی،تجاری،سوداگرانه
London is a commercial center
لندن مرکز بازرگانی است.
● وابسته به مغازه و ساختمان اداری
a commercial and industrial bank
بانک بازرگانی و صنعت
residential and commercial property
املاک مسکونی و تجاری
● (خرید و فروش به مقدار زیاد) عمده،(برای مصرف) صنعتی یا بازرگانی
commercial sulfuric acid
اسید سولفوریک صنعتی
commercial agriculture
کشاورزی در سطح گسترده
● انتفاعی،سودگرای،بهره‌گرای،سوداگرای
educational films as opposed to commercial films
فیلم آموزشی در مقایسه با فیلم تبلیغاتی
the book was a commercial success
کتاب از نظر مالی پر سود بود.
● (رادیو و تلویزیون و فیلم) آگهی (بازرگانی)
● (تلویزیون و رادیو) خصوصی،انتفاعی

kəˈmərSHəl]
noun - commercial
تجاری: commercial, joinery
adjective - commercial
بازرگانی: commercial, mercantile
تجارتی: commercial, mercantile
برای فروش: commercial, merchant

Question 190

Bliss

ger: Glückseligkeit

Answer 190

bliss [blis]
♦ noun
very great happiness: the bliss of a young married couple.
شادمانی؛ شعف
ˈblissful
♦ adjective
.
شادکام؛ سعادتمند
ˈblissfully
♦ adverb
.
با شادکامی

/blis/
n., vi., vt.
● آمیزه‌ی خوشحالی و لذت،شادکامی،خوشدلی،شادمانی،خوشی
being with Sherry is heavenly bliss
بودن با شری موهبت آسمانی است.
the blissful days we spent together
ایام خوشی که با هم بودیم
the holidays we spent together were true bliss
تعطیلاتی را که با هم گذراندیم خوشی محض بود.
● شعف،روان‌شادی،سعادت جاودانی،خلسه،ربودگی مذهبی و روحانی
● (امریکا - خودمانی ـ معمولا با out) نشئه شدن (در اثر مواد مخدر یا ربودگی روحانی)
* living in wedded (or married) bliss
در ازدواج سعادتمند بودن،زندگی زناشویی موفق و کامبخشی داشتن
* blissful ignorance
ناآگاهی از چیزهای ناخوشایند،جهل توام با شادکامی

[blis]
noun - bliss
سعادت: happiness, bliss, felicity, welfare, weal, luck
برکت: blessing, bliss, benediction, fatness, beatitude, felicity

domestic bliss
häusliches Glück
wedded bliss
Eheglück nt
marital bliss
Eheglück nt
perpetual bliss
dauerhaftes Glück
sheer bliss
eine wahre Wonne
what bliss!
herrlich!
connubial bliss
Eheglück nt
to be utter bliss
eine ungeheure Wohltat sein
ignorance is bliss
selig sind die Unwissenden
pure [or sheer] bliss
die reine Wonne
wedded [or marital] bliss
Eheglück nt
they lived in domestic bliss
sie führten ein glückliches Familienleben
the hot bath was pure bliss
das heiße Bad war eine wahre Wohltat
that’s what I call nuptial bliss
Mann, die sind vielleicht im siebten Himmel
we could tell Mary, but ignorance is bliss
wir könnten es Mary erzählen, aber was sie nicht weiß, macht sie nicht heiß ugs

Question 191

exploitation

ger: Ausbeutung f
Ausnutzung f

Answer 191

/eks´ploi tā´shǝn/
n.
● استثمار،بهره‌گیری،بهره‌کشی
the exploitation of workers by company managers
استثمار کارگران توسط مدیران شرکت ها
● بهره برداری،استفاده
the exploitation of the country’s oil resources
بهره برداری از منابع نفت کشور

the exploitation of employees
die Ausbeutung der Arbeitnehmerschaft

US UK AU [ˌeksploiˈtāSHən]
noun - exploitation
بهره برداری: operation, exploitation, utilization
استثمار: exploitation
استخراج: extraction, exploitation, derivation, elicitation, production
انتفاع: exploitation

Question 192

Premeditated / Premeditation

ger: mit Vorbedacht, geplant

Answer 192

premeditated murder = murder that is intentional (planned before hand)

“unpremeditated murder - murder that is not intentional (not planned)

premeditated [priˈmediteitid]
♦ adjective
thought out in advance; planned: premeditated murder.
از پیش طراحی شده

/prē med´i tāt´/
vt., vi.
● عمدا انجام دادن،(طبق نقشه یا تصمیم قبلی) مرتکب شدن
that crime was not accidental; it was premedi- tated
آن جنایت اتفاقی نبود; عمدی بود.
a premeditated murder
قتل عمد
● پیش اندیشی کردن

premeditated act
überlegtes Vorgehen
premeditated attack
vorsätzlicher [o. geplanter] Angriff
premeditated crime/murder
vorsätzlich begangenes Verbrechen/vorsätzlicher Mord

Question 193

manslaughter

Answer 193

manslaughter - unintentional murder (synonym for unpremeditated murder)

involuntary manslaughter JUR
fahrlässige Tötung fachspr
to charge sb with manslaughter
jdn des Totschlags anklagen

Question 194

attempt

ger: Versuch

Answer 194

“attempted murder = planning to kill another person

attempt [əˈtempt]
♦ verb
to try: He attempted to reach the dying man, but did not succeed; He did not attempt the last question in the exam.
کوشیدن؛ سعی کردن

♦ noun
1 a try: They failed in their attempt to climb the Everest; She made no attempt to run away.
کوشش؛ سعی
2 an attack: They made an attempt on his life but he survived.
حمله کردن

verb - attempt
جستجو کردن: search, seek, scour, look for, attempt, ransack
کوشش کردن: try, labor, assay, attempt, bend, peg
قصد کردن: attempt, decide, design, meditate
مبادرت کردن به: attack, attempt
تقلا کردن: heave, slog, tussle, scramble, struggle, agonize

foolhardy attempt
tollkühner Versuch
inexpert attempt
stümperhafter Versuch
desultory attempt
halbherziger Versuch
failed attempt
fehlgeschlagener [o. missglückter] Versuch
earnest attempt
ernst gemeinter Versuch
futile attempt
vergeblicher Versuch
blatant attempt
offensichtlicher Versuch
heroic attempt
kühner Versuch
desperate attempt
verzweifelter Versuch
ineffective attempt
erfolgloser Versuch
interpretative attempt
Erklärungsversuch m
solo attempt
Einzelversuch m
feeble attempt
müder Versuch
clumsy attempt
plumper Versuch
to forestall an attempt
einen Versuch abschmettern ugs
to cripple an attempt
einen Versuch zum Scheitern bringen
to attempt a jailbreak
einen Ausbruchsversuch unternehmen
botched suicide attempt
misslungener Selbstmordversuch
a puny attempt
ein schüchterner Versuch
attempt at self-justification
Versuch m , sich zu rechtfertigen

adjective
endeavored, ventured

attempt
noun
[at·tempt || ə’tempt]
try, assay; effort to do or accomplish something; assault, attack (as “an attempt on someone life”)
verb
[at·tempt || ə’tempt]
try, assay

Question 195

patricide

Answer 195

patricide [ˈpӕtrisaid]
♦ noun
1 the act of killing one’s father.
پدر کشی
2 a person who does such an act.
قاتل پدر

patricide
Vatermord m

Question 196

genocide

ger: Völkermord

Answer 196

genocide [ˈdʒenəsaid]
♦ noun
the deliberate killing of a race of people.
نسل کشی

adjective - genocidal

jen´ǝ sīd´/
n.
● کشتار طبق برنامه برای براندازی ملت یا نژادی،نسل‌کشی،قتل عام،نژاد براندازی،پاکسازی نژادی
* genocidal, adj.
قتل‌عامانه،وابسته به نسل‌کشی و نژاد براندازی
the Nazis’ genocidal acts
اعمال نژاد براندازانه‌ی نازی‌ها

to commit genocide [against sb]
Völkermord [an jdm] begehen

Question 197

euthanasia

ger:
Euthanasie

Answer 197

euthanasia - killing someone for their benefit

euthanasia [juːθəˈneiziə]
♦ noun
the painless killing of someone who is suffering from a painful and incurable illness: Many old people would prefer euthanasia to the suffering they have to endure.
کشتن دلسوزانه؛ خوشمرگی

/yōō´thǝ nā´zhǝ, -zhē ǝ, -zēǝ/
n.
● (کشتن از روی ترحم انسان یا جانور به خاطر نجات دادن آنها از درد و غیره) کشتن دلسوزانه،مهرین کشی
● (نادر) مرگ آسان و بی درد،خوشمرگی،خوب میری

Question 198

smuggle

ger: schmuggeln

Answer 198

smuggling = illegal import or export

smuggle [ˈsmagl]
♦ verb
1 to bring (goods) into, or send them out from, a country illegally, or without paying duty: He was caught smuggling (several thousand cigarettes through the Customs).
قاچاقي وارد و خارج كردن
2 to send or take secretly: I smuggled some food out of the kitchen.
قاچاقي رد كردن
ˈsmuggler
♦ noun
a person who smuggles.
قاچاقچي
ˈsmuggling
♦ noun
the laws against smuggling; drug-smuggling.
قاچاق

/smug´ǝl/
vi., vt.
● قاچاق کردن،گریزه آوردن (یابردن)
smuggled opium
تریاک قاچاقی
smugglers have smuggled tons of heroin into the country
قاچاقچیان چندین تن هروئین به کشور قاچاق کرده‌اند.
● (قاچاقی) رد کردن،رساندن

to smuggle arms/drugs/illegal aliens
Waffen/Drogen/illegale Einwanderer schmuggeln

Question 199

Violence

ger: die Gewalt

Answer 199

• He was strongly against all violence.
او در برابر تمام خشونت محکم ایستاد.

/vī´ǝ lǝns/
n.
● خشونت،پرخاشگری
they threaten us with violence
آنان ما را تهدید به خشونت می‌کنند.
the strikers’ increasing violence
خشونت فزاینده‌ی اعتصاب‌کنندگان
acts of violence
اعمال خشونت‌آمیز
● شدت،ستهمی،حدت
the wind blew with great violence
باد بشدت زیاد می‌وزید.
the violence of the explosion
شدت انفجار
● آسیب،زیان،ویرانی
● (متن یا معنی و غیره) مسخ‌سازی،دستکاری (زیانبخش)
to do violence to a text
متن را دستکاری کردن
● عمل خشونت‌آمیز،آشوب،بلوا
thirty people were killed in the violence
در آن آشوب سی نفر کشته شدند.
some movies contain too much sex and violence
برخی از فیلم‌ها دارای صحنه‌های سکسی و خشونت بیش از حد است.
* do violence too
آسیب رساندن،زیان رساندن،صدمه زدن
those ugly tall buildings do violence to the beauty of Esfahan
آن ساختمان‌های زشت و بلند به زیبایی اصفهان لطمه می‌زنند.

non-violence
Gewaltverzicht m
non-violence
Gewaltfreiheit f

oun - violence
خشونت: violence, cruelty, roughness, severity, harshness, rudeness
شدت: intensity, severity, force, gravity, violence, vehemence
زور: force, power, violence, strength, might, strain
ستم: oppression, injustice, tyranny, cruelty, violence, despotism
بی حرمتی: disrespect, desecration, affront, profanation, violence, irreverence
تندی: speed, velocity, rigor, pungency, celerity, violence
سختی: hardness, hardship, difficulty, adversity, trouble, violence
چیرگی: domination, victory, boldness, proficiency, courage, violence
جبر: algebra, inertia, inertia, force, violence
ستیز: contention, antagonism, hatred, affray, contest, violence
فشار: pressure, compression, press, push, stress, violence
بیدادگری: violence
اشتلم: violence

Question 200

white collar crime

Answer 200

“white collar crime = financially motivated non-violent crime by a worker

Question 201

deter

ger: verhindern, abhalten, abschrecken

Answer 201

deter [diˈtəː]– past tense, past participle deˈterred –
♦ verb
to make less willing or prevent by frightening: She was not deterred by his threats.
جلوگیری کردن؛ منصرف کردن
deˈterrent [-ˈte-, (American) -ˈtə:-]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(something) that deters: The possession of nuclear weapons by nations is thought to be a deterrent against nuclear war itself; a deterrent effect.
بازدارنده؛ پیشگیر

diˈtər]
verb - deter
ترساندن: scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize, deter, threaten
باز داشتن: deter, encumber, prevent, debar, dissuade, arrest
تحذیر کردن: deter

dē tu_r´, di-/
vt.
● (با ایجاد ترس یا تردید و غیره) بازداری کردن،جلوگیری کردن،منصرف کردن
fear of atomic retalliation deterred the communists from attacking
ترس از تلافی با سلاح اتمی کمونیست‌ها را از حمله بازداشت.
punishment did not deter him from repeating his crime
تنبیه او را از تکرار بزه خود بازنداشت.
a good dog can deter burglars
یک سگ خوب می‌تواند جلو دزدها را بگیرد.

to deter an attack
einen Angriff verhindern
nothing will deter him
nichts wird ihn [davon] abhalten
to deter sb from doing sth
jdn davon abschrecken [o. abhalten] , etw zu tun

Question 202

offend

repeated offender

ger:
eine Straftat begehen, jdn kränken, beleidigen

Answer 202

repeated offender : a person who has committed a crime or offence more than once

offend [əˈfend]
♦ verb
1 to make feel upset or angry: If you don’t go to her party she will be offended; His criticism offended her.
رنجیدن؛ رنجاندن
2 to be unpleasant or disagreeable: Cigarette smoke offends me.
آزردن
ofˈfence, (American ) ofˈfense
♦ noun
1 (any cause of) anger, displeasure, hurt feelings etc : That rubbish dump is an offence to the eye.
عامل رنجش؛ دلخوری
2 a crime: The police charged him with several offences.
تخلف
ofˈfender
♦ noun
a person who offends, especially against the law.
آدم خاطی
ofˈfensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
1 insulting: offensive remarks.
توهین آمیز
2 disgusting: an offensive smell.
ناخوشایند؛ تنفر انگیز
3 used to attack: an offensive weapon.
تهاجمی

♦ noun
an attack: They launched an offensive against the invading army.
حمله
ofˈfensively
♦ adverb
.
بطور تعرض آمیز
ofˈfensiveness
♦ noun

to hurt/offend sb’s susceptibility
jds Gefühle verletzen/beleidigen
in saying this, I will offend him
wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen
I really didn’t mean to offend you
ich wollte dich wirklich nicht kränken
.
تعرض
be on the offensive
to be making an attack: She always expects people to criticize her and so she is always on the offensive.
حالت تهاجمی یا پرخاشگرانه داشتن
take offence(with at)
to be offended (by something): He took offence at what she said.
دلخور شدن

/ǝ fend´/
vi., vt.
● رنجیدن،رنجاندن،دلخور کردن یا شدن،گران خاطر کردن یا شدن
she will be offended if she is not invited
اگر از او دعوت نشود دلخور خواهد شد.
your words offended her greatly
حرف‌های تو او را سخت رنجاند.
● ناخشنود کردن یا شدن،خشمگین کردن یا شدن
● آزردن،رنجه داشتن
wall writings that offend the eye
دیوار نوشته‌هایی که چشم را رنجه می‌دارند
● (مهجور) تخلف کردن،تخطی کردن،سرپیچی کردن،مرتکب گناه شدن
* offend against (something)
(از چیزی) تخطی کردن
this act offends against the principle of fairness
این عمل با اصول انصاف تناقض دارد.

Question 203

commit

ger: etwas begehen

Answer 203

commit [kəˈmit]– past tense past participle comˈmitted –
♦ verb
1 to perform; to do (especially something illegal): He committed the murder when he was drunk.
مرتکب شدن
2 to hand over (a person) to an institution etc for treatment, safekeeping etc : committed to prison.
تحویل دادن
3 to put (oneself) under a particular obligation: She has committed herself to looking after her dead brother’s children till the age of 18.
مقید کردن؛ متعهد به انجام کاری کردن
comˈmitment
♦ noun
obligation: She could not take the job because of family commitments.
تعهد؛ قول
comˈmittal
♦ noun
the act of committing (to an institution).
تعهد
comˈmitted
♦ adjective
pledged to do, or to support, something: He was committed to looking after his uncle; He is a committed socialist.
متعهد شده

/ke mit´/
vi., vt.
● مرتکب شدن
a man who has committed a crime
مردی که مرتکب جنایت شده است
to commit suicide
خودکشی کردن
● (به امانت) سپردن
we commit his fame to posterity
ما شهرت او را به آیندگان می‌سپاریم.
to commit to memory
به حافظه (خاطر) سپردن
● تحویل دادن،(خواهی نخواهی) فرستادن
those ideas will be committed to the trash heap of history
آن عقاید به زباله دان تاریخ واصل خواهد شد.
they were committed to prison
آنها را به زندان تحویل دادند.
to be committed to a mental hospital
به بیمارستان روانی فرستاده شدن
● متعهد کردن،مقید کردن،قول دادن،به گردن گرفتن
we will commit ourselves to the protection of the poor
ما خود را متعهد به حمایت از بینوایان خواهیم کرد.
● اختصاص دادن
all available forces were committed to the attack
کلیه‌ی نیروهای موجود به حمله اختصاص داده شدند.
● (برای تصویب یا بررسی) ارجاع کردن
* committed
متعهد
* commit oneself
متعهد شدن،تعهد سپردن
* commit to paper (or writing)
نوشتن،روی کاغذ آوردن

• Tom didn’t want to see Mary in prison for a crime she didn’t commit.
تام نمی خواست ماری را به خاطر جرمی که مرتکب نشده بود در زندان ببیند.

to commit war atrocities
Kriegsverbrechen begehen
to commit a robbery
einen Raubüberfall verüben
to commit a crime
ein Verbrechen nt begehen
to commit an offence
eine strafbare Handlung begehen
to commit political suicide
politischen Selbstmord begehen
to commit immoralities
unanständige Dinge tun
to commit murder
einen Mord begehen
to commit perjury
einen Meineid schwören
to commit sabotage
Sabotage begehen
to commit adultery
die Ehe brechen geh
to commit suicide
Selbstmord begehen
to commit excesses
Exzesse begehen
to commit hara-kiri
Harakiri [o. Selbstmord] begehen
to commit rape
eine Vergewaltigung begehen
to commit bigamy
Bigamie begehen
to commit irregularities
sich Dat Unregelmäßigkeiten zuschulden kommen lassen
to commit sth to memory
sich Dat etw einprägen
to commit sth to paper
etw zu Papier bringen

Question 204

diminish

ger: beeinträchtigen, vermindern

Answer 204

diminish [diˈminiʃ]
♦ verb
to make or become less: Our supplies are diminishing rapidly.
کم شدن؛ کاستن
diˈminished
♦ adjective
(negative undiminished ).
کاسته شده

/dǝ min´ish/
vt., vi.
● (اندازه و رتبه و اهمیت و غیره) کاستن،کاهیدن،کم شدن یا کردن
her strength has diminished consideably
نیروی او به طور قابل ملاحظه‌ای کم شده است.
desertions and deaths diminished the number of his soldiers
فرار و مرگ و میر شمار سربازان او را تقلیل داد.
the passing years did not diminish their friendship
گذشت سال‌ها از دوستی آنها نکاست.
● کوچک شدن یا کردن،خفیف شدن یا کردن
their misery diminishes all human beings
سیه‌روزی آنها همه‌ی انسان‌ها را خفیف می‌کند.
● (معماری) کم‌کم باریک کردن یا شدن (مانند سر مداد)،باریک شدن
● (موسیقی) یک نیم‌گام از صدا کاستن

to diminish sb’s achievements
jds Leistungen schmälern [o. herabwürdigen]
to diminish a memory
eine Erinnerung beeinträchtigen
to diminish sb’s resolve
jdn verunsichern
to diminish [greatly] in value
[stark] an Wert verlieren

[diˈminiSH]
verb - diminish
کم شدن: diminish, step down, abate, wane, dwindle, slacken
کم کردن: reduce, alleviate, diminish, subtract, cut, deduct
کاستن: reduce, reduce, decrease, diminish, lessen, detract
خرد شدن: relent, pass off, shrink, crush, abate, diminish
تقلیل یافتن: diminish, lessen
ضعیف کردن: weaken, diminish, enfeeble, debilitate, devitalize, emaciate
نقصان یافتن: decrease, diminish, wane
خرد کردن: grind, squelch, minify, smash, chop, diminish
خرد ساختن: turn down, bate, curtail, damp down, decompress, diminish

Question 205

peer

ger: Peer .
Gleichrangige
Gleichaltrige

peer pressure

Answer 205

peer pressure = pressure from friends or colleagues

peer1 [piə]
♦ noun
1 a nobleman (in Britain, one from the rank of baron upwards).
آدم اشراف زاده
2 a person’s equal in rank, merit or age: The child was disliked by his peers; (also adjective ) He is more advanced than the rest of his peer group.
هم نوع؛ هم سن
ˈpeerage [-ridʒ]
♦ noun
1 a peer’s title or status: He was granted a peerage.
مقام اشرافی
2 (often with plural verb when considered as a number of separate individuals) all noblemen as a group: The peerage has/have many responsibilities.
اعیان و اشراف
ˈpeeress
♦ noun
1 the wife or widow of a peer.
همسر یا بیوه فرد اشافی
2 a woman who is a peer in her own right.
زن اشرافی
ˈpeerless
♦ adjective
without equal; better than all others: Sir Galahad was a peerless knight.
بی همتا
peer1 [piə]
♦ noun
1 a nobleman (in Britain, one from the rank of baron upwards).
آدم اشراف زاده
2 a person’s equal in rank, merit or age: The child was disliked by his peers; (also adjective ) He is more advanced than the rest of his peer group.
هم نوع؛ هم سن
ˈpeerage [-ridʒ]
♦ noun
1 a peer’s title or status: He was granted a peerage.
مقام اشرافی
2 (often with plural verb when considered as a number of separate individuals) all noblemen as a group: The peerage has/have many responsibilities.
اعیان و اشراف
ˈpeeress
♦ noun
1 the wife or widow of a peer.
همسر یا بیوه فرد اشافی
2 a woman who is a peer in her own right.
زن اشرافی
ˈpeerless
♦ adjective
without equal; better than all others: Sir Galahad was a peerless knight.
بی همتا

life peer
Peer m auf Lebenszeit
peer of the realm
Peer m mit ererbtem Sitz im Oberhaus
to peer over one’s glasses
über die Brille schauen
to peer over sb’s shoulder
jdm über die Schulter gucken [o. A schauen]
to peer into the distance
in die Ferne starren
to be under peer pressure
unter sozialem Druck stehen
to be under peer group pressure
unter sozialem Druck stehen

noun - peer
همتا: counterpart, peer, match
جفت: pair, placenta, coupling, couple, mate, peer
همشان: peer
عضو مجلس اعیان: peer
صاحب لقب اشرافی: peer
رفیق: comrade, friend, pal, fellow, buddy, peer
هما ل: peer
verb - peer
بدرجه اشرافی رسیدن: peer
بدقت نگریستن: peer
نمایان شدن: peer
بنظر رسیدن: peer, sound
برابر کردن: equate, balance, compare, contrast, level out, peer
هم درجه کردن: peer
برابر بودن با: peer

Question 206

mimic

ger: nachahmen

Answer 206

mimicking violent behaviour - to copy aggressive actions

mimic [ˈmimik]– past tense, past participle ˈmimicked –
♦ verb
to imitate (someone or something), especially with the intention of making him or it appear ridiculous or funny: The comedian mimicked the Prime Minister’s way of speaking.
تقلید کردن؛ ادای کسی را در آوردن

♦ noun
a person who mimics: Children are often good mimics.
تقلید کردن
ˈmimicry
♦ noun
.
تقلید

verb - mimic
تقلید کردن: imitate, mimic, emulate, assume, pattern, simulate
مسخرگی کردن: mimic, buffoon, clown

Question 207

subpoena

Ger: vorladen

Answer 207

noun - subpoena
احضاریه: subpoena
حکم احضار: subpoena
خواست برگ: subpoena

subpoena
noun
[sub·poe·na || sə’pɪːnə]
official written document summoning a witness to appear in court or requiring that certain evidence be brought before a court (Law)
verb
[sub·poe·na || sə’pɪːnə]
serve with a subpoena, serve with an official written document summoning a witness to appear in court or requiring that certain evidence be brought before a court (Law)
subpoena
noun
[sub·poe·na || sə’pɪːnə]
official written document summoning a witness to appear in court or requiring that certain evidence be brought before a court (Law)
verb
[sub·poe·na || sə’pɪːnə]
serve with a subpoena, serve with an official written document summoning a witness to appear in court or requiring that certain evidence be brought before a court (Law)

OpenDictionary
/sǝ pē´nǝ/
n., vt.
● (حقوق)
● خواست برگ،حکم رسمی احضاریه به دادگاه،فراخوان نامه
● خواست برگ (به کسی) دادن،فراخوان (به دادگاه)،فراخوان نامه فرستادن،احضار کردن
the court subpoenaed him to appear as witness
دادگاه او را به عنوان گواه فراخواند.
● حکم ارائه مدارک یا اسناد بخصوص را در دادگاه دادن (subpena هم می‌نویسند)
* to serve a subpoena on someone
فراخوان نامه (یا احضاریه‌ی) رسمی به کسی دادن

to issue a subpoena
eine Ladung erlassen fachspr
to subpoena documents from sb
von jdm die Vorlage von Dokumenten verlangen
to subpoena sb to testify
jdn als Zeugen vorladen
to serve a subpoena on sb
jdn vorladen
to serve sb with a subpoena [or summons] [or writ]
jdn vorladen

Question 208

pariah

ger:
Paria

Answer 208

pariah [pəˈraiə]
♦ noun
a person driven out of a group or community; an outcast: Because of his political beliefs he became a pariah in the district.
آدم طرد شده

/pǝ rī´ǝ/
n.
● (هند- عضو پایین ترین طبقه‌ی اجتماعی) پاریا
● آدم طرد شده،آدم پست و منفور
there, lepers are still considered as social pariahs
در آنجا جذامیان هنوز منفور اجتماع هستند.

Question 209

lease

ger: mietvertrag

Answer 209

lease [liːs]
♦ noun
(the period of) an agreement giving the use of a house etc on payment of rent: We signed the lease yesterday; a twenty-year lease.
اجاره؛ کرایه

♦ verb
to give or acquire a house etc in this way: He leases the land from the local council.
اجاره کردن

/lēs/
n., vt.
● (خانه و غیره) اجاره،کرایه،سلاک،اجاره‌نامه،مدت اجاره
a two-year lease
اجاره‌ی دوساله
the lease expires next month
ماه آینده مدت اجاره سر می‌آید.
● ملک اجاره‌ای (استیجاری)
● کرایه کردن یا دادن،اجاره کردن یا دادن
I leased my house for the summer
خانه‌ی خود را برای تابستان کرایه دادم.
some farmers lease their land from the owner
برخی کشاورزان زمین خود را از مالک اجاره می‌کنند.
this house leases at a monthly rental of $600
کرایه‌ی ماهیانه‌ی این خانه 600 دلار است.
* new lease on life
عمر دوباره،فرصت تازه

a lease expires [or runs out]
ein Mietvertrag läuft aus
to take out a lease
einen Mietvertrag abschließen
new lease of [or Am on] life
neuer Auftrieb
to give sth a new lease on life
etw zu neuem Leben erwecken

Question 210

syndicate

Ger: der Verband, das Syndikat

Answer 210

syndicate [ˈsindikət]
♦ noun
1 a council or number of persons who join together to manage a piece of business.
اتحاديه
2 a group of newspapers under the same management.
روزنامه هاي متحد

arbitrage syndicate
Arbitragekonsortium nt
syndicate member
Konsorte m

noun - syndicate
سندیکا: syndicate
اتحادیه صنفی: trade union, syndicate
verb - syndicate
تشکیل اتحادیه دادن: syndicate

/sin´dǝ kit, -kāt´/
n., vi., vt.
● اتحادیه،سندیکا
● سازمان فروش مقالات به روزنامه‌ها و مجلات
● (امریکا) سازمان تبهکاران (که فحشا و قمار بازی و غیره را قبضه می‌کنند)
● روزنامه‌های زنجیره‌ای (چند روزنامه متعلق به یک فرد یا سازمان)
● اتحادیه تشکیل دادن،به صورت اتحادیه درآوردن
to syndicate government factories
در کارخانه‌های دولتی اتحادیه درست کردن
● (مقاله و غیره) در چند روزنامه به چاپ رساندن
he writes four syndicated articles per week
هفته‌ای چهار مقاله‌ی چند روزنامه‌ای می‌نویسد.
● (برنامه‌ی رادیو یا تلویز

Question 211

pickpocketing

Answer 211

pick pocketing = taking from another person’s pockets

noun - pickpocket
جیب بر: pickpocket, cutpurse, dip, thief

pickpocket
Taschendieb(in) m (f)

to be pickpocketed
Opfer eines Taschendiebstahls werden

noun
1 a person who steals from other people’s pockets.

The beggars in the city also indicate that there are thieves, pickpockets , robbers and the like lurking around.

synonyms: thief , petty thief , purse-snatcher , sneak thief , cutpurse
verb

1 steal from the pockets of (someone).
s
he stopped in New Orleans where she skillfully pickpocketed tourists

Question 212

shoplifting

ger: Ladendiebstahl

Answer 212

shoplifting = taking products from a shop without paying for them

shoplifting
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈʃɒp.lɪf.tɪŋ/ US /ˈʃɑːp.lɪf.tɪŋ/

the illegal act of taking goods from a shop without paying for them:

He was charged with shoplifting.

to be/be put on a charge of shoplifting
wegen Ladendiebstahls angeklagt sein/werden

[ˈSHäpˌliftiNG]
noun - shoplifting
بلند کردن جنس از مغازه: shoplifting

Question 213

traffic offences

Answer 213

traffic offences -breaking the rules of the road and driving

Question 214

jaywalking

Answer 214

jaywalking = crossing the road at an undesignated spot

the action of walking across a street at a place where it is not allowed or without taking care to avoid the traffic:

Jaywalking is illegal in some countries.
People were being arrested for minor crimes such as jaywalking and littering.

jaywalk
eine Straße unachtsam [o. regelwidrig] überqueren

Question 215

penal
adjective

penalty

penal code

penalize
ger: jdn [für etw] pönalisieren

You could be penalized for jaywalking

Answer 215

penalty / punishment are synonyms but penalty is often used for both minor offences and major crimes.

of or relating to punishment given by law:

Many people believe that execution has no place in the penal system of a civilized society.

He had been in and out of penal institutions (= prison) from the age

penal servitude JUR
Zuchthaus nt
the penal code
Strafgesetzbuch nt
a penal rate of tax on tobacco
eine extrem [o. empfindlich] hohe Tabaksteuer

penal code

the system of legal punishment of a country

1 to punish (someone) for doing something wrong (eg breaking a rule in a game), eg by the loss of points etc or by the giving of some advantage to an opponent:
The child was penalized for her untidy handwriting.
جریمه کردن

2 to punish (some wrong action etc ) in this way:

Any attempt at cheating will be heavily penalized.
تنبیه کردن

● جریمه کردن،تاوان گرفتن
to penalize unlicensed drivers
رانندگان بدون گواهینامه را جریمه کردن
to penalize a team 10 yards for unnecessary roughness
به خاطر خشونت بی‌مورد تیم را 10 یارد جریمه کردن

to penalize sb [for sth] trans
jdn [für etw] pönalisieren geh

● وابسته به تنبیه (به ویژه تنبیه حقوقی)،کیفری،جزایی،تنبیهی
penal law
قانون جزایی
a penal offense
تخلف کیفری
● کیفردار،دارای مجازات
● محل تنبیه،ندامتگاه،کیفرگاه
a penal colony
محل مجازات (تبهکاران)
● (جریمه و غیره) کمر شکن،سنگین

punish, discipline, inflict a penalty on

handicap, disadvantage, put at a disadvantage, cause to suffer

punish

Question 216

speeding

Answer 216

speeding = driving over the speed limit

speeding
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈspiː.dɪŋ/ US /ˈspiː.dɪŋ/

driving faster than is allowed in a particular area:
She was fined for speeding last month.

to catch sb speeding
jdn beim Zuschnellfahren erwischen
to be booked for speeding
eine Verwarnung wegen erhöhter Geschwindigkeit bekommen
she’s been had up for speeding
sie wurde wegen überhöhter Geschwindigkeit drangekriegt
the police flagged him down for speeding
die Polizei hat ihn wegen zu hoher Geschwindigkeit angehalten
this year simply seems to be speeding by
dieses Jahr scheint wie im Flug zu vergehen
she was picked up by the police for speeding
sie wurde von der Polizei wegen überhöhter Geschwindigkeit angehalten
few animals survive a hit from a speeding car
nur wenige Tiere überleben es, wenn sie von einem Auto angefahren werden

Question 217

vandalism

ger: vandalismus

Answer 217

vandalism = deliberate destruction or damage to a building

the crime of intentionally damaging property belonging to other people:

Beset by violence and vandalism, this is one of the most unpleasant areas in the city.

These schools are known to be vulnerable to vandalism.

any activity that is considered to be damaging or destroying something that was good:

Cutting down the old forest was an act of vandalism.

The advertising industry’s use of classic songs is vandalism of popular culture, he said.

vandalism
Vandalismus m abw
vandalism
blinde Zerstörungswut
vandalism JUR
vorsätzliche [o. mutwillige] Sachbeschädigung

Question 218

Vocabulary for Criminals

Answer 218

crime = criminal
• murder = murderer
• theft = thief
•trafficking = trafficker
•hijacking = hijacker
• terrorism = terrorist
“smuggling = smuggler
“shoplifting = shoplifter
• vandalism = vandal
• teenage criminal/ juvenile delinquent

Question 219

detention

ger: Jugendhaft
Arrest bekommen

Answer 219

detention = to stay in school after hours for punishment

he act of officially detaining someone:

Concern has been expressed about the death in detention of a number of political prisoners.

[ C or U ]
a form of punishment in which children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended:
She’s had four detentions this term.

punitive detention Brit
[kurzfristige] Jugendhaft fachspr
to get [or have] detention
Arrest bekommen
current legislation provides for the detention of suspects
die gegenwärtige Gesetzgebung erlaubt die Inhaftierung von Verdächtigen
he’s a flight risk and should be held in detention
es besteht die Gefahr, dass er flüchtet, daher sollte er in polizeilichem Gewahrsam bleiben

Question 220

to give lines

isolation

grounding

scolding

corporal punishment

Answer 220

to give lines = punishment where a child must write the same sentence again and again

isolation - to be kept apart from others, as a punishment

grounding = to be unable to go outside home as a punishment

scolding = an angry reprimand

the act of speaking angrily to someone because you disapprove of their behaviour:

He gave his son a scolding for coming home so late.

corporal punishment = physical punishment from a teacher or headteacher at
school

Question 221

trial

ger: [Gerichts]verfahren

Answer 221

trial = legal proceedings to judge whether someone is guilty of a crime

the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter:
trial proceedings
Trial by jury is a fundamental right.
It was a very complicated trial that went on for months.
She’s going on/standing trial for fraud.

Ten witnesses are expected to testify at the trial today.
The judge reacted angrily to the suggestion that it hadn’t been a fair trial.

trial [ˈtraiəl]
♦ noun
1 an act of testing or trying; a test: Give the new car a trial; The disaster was a trial of his courage.
آزمایش؛ آزمون
2 a legal process by which a person is judged in a court of law: Their trial will be held next week.
محاکمه
3 a (source of) trouble or anxiety: My son is a great trial (to me).
مصیبت؛ دردسر
trial run
a rehearsal, first test etc of anything, eg a play, car, piece of machinery etc .
آزمایش اولیه
on trial
1 the subject of a legal action in court: She’s on trial for murder.
در دست دادرسی
2 undergoing tests or examination: We’ve had a new television installed, but it’s only on trial.
در دست آزمایش
trial and error
the trying of various methods, alternatives etc until the right one happens to appear or be found: They didn’t know how to put in a central-heating system, but they managed it by trial and error.
آزمون و خطا

/trī´ǝl/
n., adj.
● آزمون،آزمایش،سنجش،امتحان،آروین
a trial of each candidate’s skill
سنجش مهارت هر یک از نامزدها
Hassan was given a trial for that job
حسن را برای آن شغل آزمودند.
the machine was given extensive trials under different conditions
این موتور را تحت شرایط گوناگون آزمایش کردند.
● آزمایشی،امتحانی،آزمونی
a trial period
دوره‌ی آزمایشی
a trial subscription to a magazine
آبونمان امتحانی یک مجله
● مصیبت،دشواری،دردسر،سختی،مرارت،ناملایم (ناملایمات)
despite all the setbacks and hard trials …
علیرغم همه‌ی ناکامی‌ها و دشواری‌های شدید …
the trials and tribulations of traveling across the African desert
سختی‌ها و مشقات سفر از میان صحرای افریقا
● دادرسی،محاکمه،داد خواهی
trial by jury
دادرسی توسط هیئت منصفه
● کوشش،کوش،سعی
* on trial
1- در دست آزمایش 2- در دست داد رسی 3- در حال گذراندن دوره‌ی آزمایشی 4- به‌طور آزمایشی

trial period
Probezeit f
sensational trial
spektakulärer Prozess
speedy trial Am JUR
zügige Verhandlung
a prisoner awaiting trial
ein Gefangener/eine Gefangene, dessen/deren Fall noch zur Verhandlung ansteht
to go to trial
vor Gericht gehen
to be on trial (employee)
auf Probe eingestellt sein
a trial in chambers
eine Verhandlung unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit
to adjourn a trial
einen Prozess aussetzen
trial of strength
Kraftprobe f
a fair deal/trial
ein fairer Handel/Prozess
trial in camera
nicht öffentliche Verhandlung
trial by jury
Schwurgerichtsverhandlung f
internment without trial
Inhaftierung f ohne Prozess
committal for trial
Übergabe f der Sache an eine höhere Instanz
controlled experiment/trial
kontrolliertes Experiment/kontrollierter Versuch
to stand trial [for sth]
sich Akk vor Gericht [für etw Akk ] verantworten müssen
to be up for trial person
vor Gericht stehen
to bring sb to trial
jdn vor Gericht bringen

Question 222

prosecutor

prosecutor
Ankläger(in) m (f)
prosecutor
≈ Staatsanwalt(-anwältin) m (f)

defense

Answer 222

prosecutor = the lawyer against the accused person

prosecutor
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈprɒs.ɪ.kjuː.tər/ US /ˈprɑː.sə.kjuː.t̬ɚ/

a legal official who accuses someone of committing a crime, especially in a law court

The tape recordings provided prosecutors with the evidence they needed to prove he’d been involved in the conspiracy.
a public/state prosecutor

defense = the lawyer protecting the accused person

Question 222

prosecutor

prosecutor
Ankläger(in) m (f)
prosecutor
≈ Staatsanwalt(-anwältin) m (f)

defense

Answer 222

prosecutor = the lawyer against the accused person

prosecutor
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈprɒs.ɪ.kjuː.tər/ US /ˈprɑː.sə.kjuː.t̬ɚ/

a legal official who accuses someone of committing a crime, especially in a law court

The tape recordings provided prosecutors with the evidence they needed to prove he’d been involved in the conspiracy.
a public/state prosecutor

defense = the lawyer protecting the accused person

Question 223

accuse

Ger: jdn beschuldigen, vorwerfen

Answer 223

to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind:

“It wasn’t my fault.” “Don’t worry, I’m not accusing you.”

He’s been accused of robbery/murder.

Are you accusing me of lying?

The surgeon was accused of negligence.

accuse [əˈkjuːz]
♦ verb
(with of ) to charge (someone) with having done something wrong: They accused him of stealing the car.
متهم کردن
ˌaccuˈsation [ӕ-]
♦ noun
.
اتهام
the accused
the person(s) accused in a court of law: The accused was found not guilty.
متهم

Arianpur-OpenDictionary
/ǝ kyōōz´/
vt.
● متهم کردن،اتهام وارد کردن،نسبت دادن،ملامت کردن،سرزنش کردن،مقصر دانستن
accused of armed robbery
متهم به دزدی مسلحانه
● تهمت زدن،بهتان زدن،نسبت دادن
they accused her of laziness
به او تهمت تنبلی زدند.
the English accuse the Scottish of being stingy
انگلیسی‌ها اسکاتلندی‌ها را خسیس می‌دانند.
* the accused
(حقوق) متهم،مدعی علیه،متهمان
* to stand accused
متهم بودن

o accuse sb of perjury
jdn des Meineids beschuldigen
to accuse sb of bias
jdm Befangenheit vorwerfen
to accuse sb of wrongdoing
jdm Fehlverhalten vorwerfen
to accuse sb of cruelty
jdn der Grausamkeit bezichtigen [o. beschuldigen]
to accuse sb of self-seeking
jdm Selbstsucht vorwerfen

Question 224

evidence

ger: Beweis

Answer 224

evidence = facts or information supporting the truth

one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true:

The police have found no evidence of a terrorist link with the murder.

[ + to infinitive ] There is no scientific evidence to suggest that underwater births are dangerous.
[ + that ] Is there any scientific evidence that a person’s character is reflected in their handwriting?
Several experts are to give evidence on the subject.
There is only circumstantial evidence against her, so she is unlikely to be convicted.
Campaigners now have compelling documentary evidence of the human rights abuses that they had been alleging for several years.
Fresh evidence suggests that the statement had been fabricated.
The traces of petrol found on his clothing provided the forensic evidence proving that he had started the fire deliberately.
All the evidence points to a substantial rise in traffic over the next few years.
There is growing/mounting/increasing evidence that people whose diets are rich in vitamins are less likely to develop some types of cancer.

strong evidence
schlagender Beweis
further evidence
weitere Anhaltspunkte
documentary evidence
dokumentarische Beweise
oral evidence
mündliche Aussage
written evidence
schriftliches Beweismaterial
fresh evidence
neues Beweismaterial
State’s evidence Am
Aussage f eines Staatszeugen [o. Belastungszeugen]
indirect evidence
indirekter Beweis

Question 225

hearsay = rumour

das Gerücht

Answer 225

•hearsay = rumour / unsubstantiated information

hearsay
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈhɪə.seɪ/ US /ˈhɪr.seɪ/

information that you have heard but do not know to be true:
The evidence against them is all hearsay.

an unofficial interesting story or piece of news that might be true or invented, and quickly spreads from person to person:
Rumours are going round (the school) about Mr Mason and his assistant.
[ + that ] She’s circulating/spreading rumours that the manager is going to resign.
I heard a rumour that she’d been seeing Luke Harrison.

Rumour has it (that) you’re going to be the next managing director. Is it true?

the rumour goes that …
es geht das Gerücht, dass …
rumour has it [that] …
es geht das Gerücht um, dass …
to stop a rumour
einem Gerücht ein Ende machen
the rumour remained unfulfilled
das Gerücht hat sich nicht bewahrheitet
to spread a rumour
ein Gerücht verbreiten
to broadcast a rumour
ein Gerücht [überall] verbreiten
to disavow a rumour
ein Gerücht ableugnen
to squash a rumour
ein Gerücht aus der Welt schaffen
to originate a rumour
ein Gerücht in die Welt setzen
a rumour has surfaced that …
es ist das Gerücht aufgetreten, dass …
to follow up a rumour
einem Gerücht nachgehen
to confirm/deny a rumour
ein Gerücht bestätigen/dementieren
to scotch a rumour [or Am rumor]
ein Gerücht aus der Welt schaffen
to plant a rumour [or Am rumor]
ein Gerücht in die Welt setzen
the rumour ran through the town
das Gerücht ging in der Stadt um
the rumour resounded through the whole world
das Gerücht ging um die ganze Welt
there is a rumour abroad that …
es geht [o. kursiert] das Gerücht, dass …
there is a rumour afloat that …
es geht das Gerücht [um], dass …
to circulate [or spread] a rumour that …
das Gerücht verbreiten, dass …
I think the rumour originated with Janet
ich glaube, Janet hat das Gerücht in die Welt gesetzt

Question 226

innocent

ger: unschuldig

to be found guilty

Answer 226

• innocent = found not guilty of a crime

(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime:

He firmly believes that she is innocent of the crime.

innocent bystander
Unbeteiligte(r) f(m)
to be presumed innocent
als unschuldig gelten
to be an innocent
naiv [o. unbedarft] sein
an innocent victim
ein unschuldiges Opfer
an innocent mistake
ein unbeabsichtigter Fehler
an innocent substance
ein harmloser Stoff
an innocent bystander
ein unbeteiligter Passant/eine unbeteiligte Passantin
to plead not guilty [or innocent]
sich Akk für nicht schuldig erklären

to be found guilty = the court decided that the person did commit the crime

Question 227

conviction

Ger: Urteil, Überzeugung,

• carry conviction

the threat of a strike does not carry conviction

Answer 227

conviction / verdict = formal sentence of a court

the fact of officially being found to be guilty of a particular crime, or the act of officially finding someone guilty:

Since it was her first conviction for stealing, she was given a less severe sentence.
He has a long record of previous convictions for similar offences.
The conviction of the three demonstrators has caused public outrage locally.

/kǝn vik´shǝn/
n.
● محکومیت،گناه،مجرمیت،اثبات تقصیر،گناهکار شناسی،دادباختگی
his conviction was upheld by a higher court
محکومیت او توسط دادگاه بالاتری مورد تایید قرار گرفت.
● اعتقاد راسخ،عقیده‌ی محکم
an unshakable conviction
اعتقاد خلل ناپذیر
● مجاب شدگی،یقین،پی‌بردگی (به حقانیت عقیده یا استدلالی)،ایقان
he spoke with conviction
او از روی عقیده حرف می‌زد.
● (مهجور) مجاب‌سازی
* carry conviction
جدی بودن،باور کردنی بودن
the threat of a strike does not carry conviction
تهدید به اعتصاب جدی به نظر نمی‌رسید.

strong conviction
feste Überzeugung
without conviction
ohne Überzeugung
prior conviction JUR
Vorstrafe f
unsafe conviction
unhaltbares Urteil nt
previous conviction
Vorstrafe f
by conviction
überzeugt
to overturn a conviction
eine Verurteilung aufheben
a socialist by conviction
ein überzeugter Sozialist/eine überzeugte Sozialistin

Question 228

extenuating

ger: mildernd

extenuating circumstances

Answer 228

circumstances of the crime = a condition or situation relating to a crime
“extenuating circumstances = a condition that makes the crime or mistake less

to allow extenuating circumstances
mildernde Umstände zubilligen
verdict of guilty [with extenuating circumstances]
Schuldspruch m [mit mildernden Umständen]

causing a wrong act to be judged less seriously by giving reasons for it:

She was found guilty of theft, but because of extenuating circumstances was not sent to prison.
The lack of other options was an extenuating factor.

verb
1 make (guilt or an offense) seem less serious or more forgivable.
there were extenuating circumstances that caused me to say the things I did
synonyms: mitigating , excusing , exonerative , palliative , justifying , justificatory , vindicating , exculpatory , excuse , mitigate , palliate , make allowances for , make excuses for , defend , vindicate , justify , diminish , lessen , moderate , qualify , play down

2 make (someone) thin.
drawings of extenuated figures

Question 229

maximum / minimum sentence

take into consideration

circumstantial evidence

Answer 229

maximum / minimum sentence = highest penalty / lowest penalty

•take into consideration - should be thought about carefully

circumstantial evidence =

something that connects a person indirectly to the
crime (for example, a finger print at a crime scene but no actual hard evidence
or witness)

Question 230

lucrative

ger: lukrative

Answer 230

lucrative [ˈluːkrətiv]
♦ adjective
(of a job etc ) bringing in a lot of money; profitable.
پر منفعت

(especially of a business, job, or activity) producing a lot of money:
The merger proved to be very lucrative for both companies.
Synonyms
profitableremunerative formal
Opposite
unprofitable
Compare
profitable

Keen to preserve his artistic integrity, he refused several lucrative Hollywood offers.
A series of impressive manoeuvres by the chairman had secured a lucrative contract for the company.
It is relatively easy for newcomers to pick off the most lucrative business and ignore the rest.
She advised us to look abroad for more lucrative business ventures.
The childcare business is not very lucrative.

[ˈlo͞okrətiv]
adjective - lucrative
پرمنفعت: lucrative, beneficial
سودمند: useful, beneficial, handy, advantageous, lucrative, good
نافع: beneficial, lucrative, advantageous

adj.
● سود آور،پر سود،پر درآمد،پر منفعت،پول‌ساز
a lucrative investment
سرمایه گذاری سود آور

Question 231

stunning

ger: atemberaubend

Answer 231

extremely beautiful or attractive:
a stunning dress
a stunning view over the bay of Saint Tropez

Both daughters are absolutely stunning.
She looked stunning in that red dress.
The view from our room is stunning.
He makes the most stunning evening dresses.
He’s taken some stunning photos of her.

stunning view
toller Ausblick ugs
stunning dress
hinreißendes [o. umwerfendes] Kleid
to look stunning
umwerfend aussehen
a stunning blow/punch/left hook
ein betäubender Schlag/Faustschlag/linker Haken

Question 232

defund

Answer 232

to defund sb Am
jdm die Finanzierung entziehen
to defund sb Am
jdn nicht weiter finanziell unterstützen

to stop providing money or as much money to pay for something:

She opposes any proposal to defund US troops.

For years, community groups have advocated for defunding law enforcement – taking money away from police and prisons – and reinvesting those funds in services.

By “defund the police” we mean to reduce police department budgets and redistribute those funds towards underfunded services such as housing, education, and mental health support.

He rejected proposals in Congress to defund the war or to immediately withdraw troops.

We will resist this effort to cripple, dismantle, devalue and defund public housing.

The president has now defunded the United Nations Population Fund three years in a row.

Question 233

turnaround

turnabout

Behind London Breed´s stunning ´defund the police´turnaround in San Francisco

Answer 233

turnaround time
Wartezeit f (eines Flugzeugs am Boden zwischen zwei Flügen
turnaround (improvement)
Wende f
turnaround (improvement)
Umschwung m
turnaround of health
Besserung f
turnaround of company
Aufschwung m
turnaround (sudden reversal)
Kehrtwendung f

turnaround
noun [ C usually sing ]
US /ˈtɜrn·əˌrɑʊnd/

a positive change; improvement:
Business was up over 40% in a dramatic turnaround from last year.

the amount of time that it takes for a piece of work to be done, a product to be supplied, etc.:
Management examined ways to speed up turnaround.

a big change that turns a bad situation into a good one:
The insurance group’s focus on new products played a big part in its turnaround.
a turnaround in sth The greatest turnaround in market conditions has been seen in the South East.
a turnaround plan/programme/strategy The troubled insurer announced a turnaround plan to rescue the business.

🤣 turnabout

noun [ C ]
UK /ˈtɜːn.ə.baʊt/ US /ˈtɝːn.ə.baʊt/

a complete change from one situation or condition to its opposite:
How did the candidate explain the dramatic turnabout in his views on immigration?

Question 234

announce

ger: verkündigen

Answer 234

announce [əˈnauns]
♦ verb
1 to make known publicly: Mary and John have announced their engagement.
اعلام کردن
2 to make known the arrival or entrance of: He announced the next singer.
به اطلاع رساندن؛ از ورود کسی خبر دادن
anˈnouncement
♦ noun
an important announcement.
اطلاعیه؛ اعلامیه
anˈnouncer
♦ noun
a person who introduces programmes or reads the news on radio or television.
گوینده

/ǝ nouns´/
vi., vt.
● اعلام کردن،آگهی دادن،آگهیدن،جار زدن،شنوانیدن،به اطلاع رساندن
the prime minister announced his resignation
نخست وزیر استعفای خود را اعلام کرد.
he announced to those present that he would soon get married
به حضار اعلام کرد که بزودی ازدواج خواهد کرد.
footsteps announced his return
صدای پا از بازگشت وی خبر داد.
● (با for) نامزدی خود را (برای انتخابات و شغل و غیره) اعلام کردن
he announced for the senate
او نامزدی خود را برای سنا اعلام کرد.
● (رادیو و تلویزیون) گوینده بودن،گویندگی کردن
every night he announces the news on radio
او هر شب از رادیو اخبار می‌گوید.

[əˈnouns]
verb - announce
اگهی دادن: advertise, announce
اعلان کردن: proclaim, announce, advertise, declare, give out
اخطار کردن: announce, notify, previse
خبر دادن: advise, announce, give notice, inform, send word, warn
انتشار دادن: issue, advertise, announce, promulgate, propagate
اشکار کردن: unfold, reveal, air, announce, bare, disclose
مدرک دادن: announce

announce
verb [ T ]
UK /əˈnaʊns/ US /əˈnaʊns/

to announce sth [to sb]
[jdm] etw bekanntgeben [o. anzeigen]
to announce sth result
etw verkünden
to announce that …
bekanntgeben, dass …

to make something known or tell people about something officially:

They announced the death of their mother in the local paper.
She announced the winner of the competition to an excited audience.
[ + that ] The prime minister has announced that public spending will be increased next year.

It gives us great pleasure to announce the engagement of our daughter Maria.
British Airways regret to announce the cancellation of flight BA205 to Madrid.
The minister has announced that there will be no change in government policy.
My sister surprised everyone by announcing she was leaving her job.
The company announced a pre-tax loss of three million pounds.

to announce the day’s detail
den Tagesbefehl ausgeben
to announce the engagement of sb
jds Verlobung verkündigen
we joyfully announce the birth of our son
wir freuen uns, die Geburt unseres Sohnes bekanntzugeben
it gives me great pleasure to announce the winner
es ist mir eine große Freude, den Sieger anzukündigen
the airline regrets to announce the cancellation of flight BA 205 to Madrid
die Fluggesellschaft bedauert, die Streichung des Fluges BA 205 nach Madrid bekanntgeben zu müssen
it gives us great pleasure to announce the engagement of our daughter
es ist uns eine große Freude, die Verlobung unserer Tochter bekanntzugeben

Question 235

mayor

ger: Bürgermeister

Answer 235

a person who is elected or chosen to lead the group who governs a town or city
Compare
mayoress

Examples
The prime minister met many civic leaders, including the mayor and the leaders of the immigrant communities.
We need a mayor who is tough enough to clean up this town.
The mayor has promised to cleanse the city of drug dealers .
The mayor and the city council are anxious to avoid getting entangled in the controversy.
They were flattered to be invited to dinner by the mayor.

city mayor
Oberbürgermeister(in) m (f)
in my function as mayor
[in meiner Eigenschaft] als Bürgermeister
he outstayed his welcome as Mayor
er war zu lange Bürgermeister
to instal sb as archbishop/mayor
jdn als Erzbischof/Bürgermeister in sein Amt einführen

Question 236

spokesperson

ger: Sprecher

Answer 236

C1
a person who is chosen to speak officially for a group or organization:
A spokesperson for the airline said that flights would run as scheduled.

Compare
representative nounspokesmanspokeswoman

official spokesperson
offizieller Sprecher/offizielle Sprecherin

Question 237

impact

Answer 237

the force or action of one object hitting another:
The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length.
The bullet explodes on impact (= when it hits another object).

a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person:
The anti-smoking campaign had had/made quite an impact on young people.
The new proposals were intended to soften the impact of the reformed tax system.

More examples
The increase in the number of young people leaving to work in the cities has had a dramatic impact on the demography of the villages.
This decision will have a disastrous impact on foreign policy.
The report concluded that business pressure on the government had muffled the impact of the legislation.
The tax on fuel will not have a serious impact on the better-off.
The book discusses the impact of Christian thinking on western society.

Question 237

impact

union warned the cuts could impact our ability to respond to emergencies

Answer 237

the force or action of one object hitting another:
The impact of the crash reduced the car to a third of its original length.
The bullet explodes on impact (= when it hits another object).

a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person:
The anti-smoking campaign had had/made quite an impact on young people.
The new proposals were intended to soften the impact of the reformed tax system.

impact [ˈimpӕkt]
♦ noun
1 (the force of) one object etc hitting against another: The bomb exploded on impact.
ضربه
2 a strong effect or impression: The film had quite an impact on television viewers.
تأ ثیر

● (سخت) به هم فشردن،درهم چپاندن،(درهم) گیر انداختن
a substance impacted in the upper intestine
ماده‌ای که در روده‌ی فوقانی گیر کرده
the mule lay impacted in the mud
قاطر دراز به دراز در گل گیر افتاده بود.
● (عامیانه) اثر داشتن،اثر کردن،کارساز بودن،کارگر شدن
the war did not impact upon me until my father was killed
جنگ بر من اثری نداشت تا اینکه پدرم کشته شد.
how will misery impact on such a poet?
بدبختی چه تاءثیری بر چنین شاعری خواهد داشت‌؟
● اثر،تاءثیر،هنایش،گرش،درآیش
music enhanced the impact of that scene
موسیقی اثر آن صحنه را بیشتر کرد.
the war’s impact on commerce
اثر جنگ بر بازرگانی
the book has a deep and immediate impact on the reader
آن کتاب خواننده را تحت تاءثیر ژرف و فوری قرار می‌دهد.
● (به شدت) زدن،(به هم) کوفتن
● تصادم،برخورد،اصابت،کوست،هم کوب،ضربه،هم کوبی
the bomb exploded on impact
بمب به مجرد اصابت منفجر شد.
the sand reduced the violence of the impact
شن شدت ضربه را کاهش داد.
the point of impact
نقطه‌ی اصابت،کوستگاه
● گرفتگی،انباشتگی
* have an impact on (upon)
اثر داشتن بر،تحت تاـثیر قرار دادن

More examples
The increase in the number of young people leaving to work in the cities has had a dramatic impact on the demography of the villages.
This decision will have a disastrous impact on foreign policy.
The report concluded that business pressure on the government had muffled the impact of the legislation.
The tax on fuel will not have a serious impact on the better-off.
The book discusses the impact of Christian thinking on western society.

Question 238

reverse

this week, Breed reversed herself in dramatic fashion

Answer 238

reverse
verb
UK /rɪˈvɜːs/ US /rɪˈvɝːs/
reverse verb (CHANGE TO OPPOSITE)

C1 [ T ]
to change the direction, order, position, result, etc. of something to its opposite:
The new manager hoped to reverse the decline in the company’s fortunes.
Now that you have a job and I don’t, our situations are reversed.
The Court of Appeal reversed the earlier judgment.
More examples
There is pressure on the council to reverse its decision.
He reversed into a lamppost and damaged the back of the car.
They claim the product can reverse the signs of ageing.
To complete the test he had to reverse the vehicle into a parking space.
The court’s ruling reverses the original judgment.

reverse camber
[Straßen]wölbung f
reverse direction
entgegengesetzte Richtung
to reverse the charges
ein R-Gespräch führen
to reverse a coat
eine Jacke wenden
to go into reverse übtr
rückläufig sein
to reverse a judgement JUR
ein Urteil aufheben
to reverse a vasectomy MED
eine Vasektomie rückgängig machen
to suffer a reverse
eine Niederlage erleiden
no, quite the reverse!
nein, ganz im Gegenteil!
to reverse a judgment
ein Urteil aufheben
to shift into reverse
den Rückwärtsgang einlegen
a damaging reverse
eine vernichtende Niederlage
positive [or reverse] discrimination
Begünstigung f benachteiligter Schichten
to do sth in reverse
etw umgekehrt tun
to go into reverse gear
den Rückwärtsgang einlegen
to reverse a car/truck
mit einem Auto/Lkw rückwärtsfahren
in alphabetical/chronological/reverse order
in alphabetischer/chronologischer/umgekehrter Reihenfolge

Question 239

fashion

Answer 239

1. a way of doing things:
   The rebel army behaved in a brutal fashion.
   after a fashion mainly UK

If you can do something after a fashion, you can do it, but not well:
I can cook, after a fashion.

During the bomb scare, the customers were asked to proceed in an orderly fashion out of the shop.
He gets on with things in his own peculiar fashion.
Charles picked at his food in a bored fashion.
The developers dealt with the problem in the time-honoured fashion, burying the industrial waste in landfill sites.
Paul, in typically rude fashion, told him he was talking rubbish.

2. a style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes, hair, make-up, etc.:
   Long hair is back in fashion for men.
   Fur coats have gone out of fashion.
   a programme with features on sport and fashion
   She always wears the latest fashions.

Italian fashion
die italienische Mode[branche]
slow fashion
Slow Fashion (nachhaltig produzierte Mode, die auf Langlebigkeit setzt) f
fast fashion
Wegwerfmode f
fashion mag
Modeblatt nt ugs
out of fashion [or style]
aus der Mode
to be in fashion
in Mode [o. modern] sein
to exemplify a fashion
eine Mode darstellen
the world of fashion
die Modewelt
to be the fashion
schick [o. Mode] sein ugs
shipshape and Bristol fashion! Brit dated
in tadellosem Zustand
the latest craze [or fashion]
der letzte Schrei ugs
the vagaries of fashion
die Launen pl der Mode
to come into fashion
in Mode kommen
a whim of fashion
ein Modetrend m
in a jocular fashion
im Spaß
to resurrect a fashion
eine Mode wiederbeleben
the fashion set
die Modefreaks pl sl
plus-size fashion label
Modellabel, das sich auf Übergrößen spezialisiert hat

Question 240

fashion

this week, Breed reserved herself in dramatic fashion

Answer 240

1. a way of doing things:
   The rebel army behaved in a brutal fashion.
   after a fashion mainly UK

If you can do something after a fashion, you can do it, but not well:
I can cook, after a fashion.

During the bomb scare, the customers were asked to proceed in an orderly fashion out of the shop.
He gets on with things in his own peculiar fashion.
Charles picked at his food in a bored fashion.
The developers dealt with the problem in the time-honoured fashion, burying the industrial waste in landfill sites.
Paul, in typically rude fashion, told him he was talking rubbish.

2. a style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes, hair, make-up, etc.:
   Long hair is back in fashion for men.
   Fur coats have gone out of fashion.
   a programme with features on sport and fashion
   She always wears the latest fashions.

Italian fashion
die italienische Mode[branche]
slow fashion
Slow Fashion (nachhaltig produzierte Mode, die auf Langlebigkeit setzt) f
fast fashion
Wegwerfmode f
fashion mag
Modeblatt nt ugs
out of fashion [or style]
aus der Mode
to be in fashion
in Mode [o. modern] sein
to exemplify a fashion
eine Mode darstellen
the world of fashion
die Modewelt
to be the fashion
schick [o. Mode] sein ugs
shipshape and Bristol fashion! Brit dated
in tadellosem Zustand
the latest craze [or fashion]
der letzte Schrei ugs
the vagaries of fashion
die Launen pl der Mode
to come into fashion
in Mode kommen
a whim of fashion
ein Modetrend m
in a jocular fashion
im Spaß
to resurrect a fashion
eine Mode wiederbeleben
the fashion set
die Modefreaks pl sl
plus-size fashion label
Modellabel, das sich auf Übergrößen spezialisiert hat

Question 241

nevertheless

ger. dennoch, trotzdem

Answer 241

nevertheless
adverb
UK /ˌnev.ə.ðəˈles/ US /ˌnev.ɚ.ðəˈles/
(also nonetheless)

B2
despite what has just been said or referred to:
I knew a lot about the subject already, but her talk was interesting nevertheless.
Synonyms
howeverstill yet
More examples
The two rivals were nevertheless united by the freemasonry of the acting profession.
Much-maligned for their derivative style, the band are nevertheless enduringly popular.
Nevertheless, accidents still occur.
“Nevertheless” is commonly used as a conjunctive adverb.
The building is guarded around the clock, but robberies occur nevertheless.

nevertheless
trotzdem
nevertheless
dennoch
nevertheless
nichtsdestoweniger
I disagreed with everything she said but she’s a very good speaker nevertheless
ich stimmte ihr in keinem Punkt zu, aber sie ist trotz allem eine gute Rednerin

Question 242

accountability

Answer 242

the fact of being responsible for what you do and able to give a satisfactory reason for it, or the degree to which this happens:
There were furious demands for greater police accountability.
Accountability is important these days, and managers aren’t always willing to adopt risky strategies.
See
accountable
More examples
Citizens must demand accountability from their leaders.
The main way of ensuring public accountability is through select committees.
The new command structure will have a higher degree of accountability.

accountability to
Verantwortlichkeit f gegenüber +Dat
accountability HANDEL
Rechenschaftspflicht f

to demand accountability of sb for sth
verlangen, dass jd Rechenschaft über etw (akk) ablegt

Question 243

punctuate

Breed punctuated her emotional speech with an explicative

Answer 243

to punctuate sth
etw mit Satzzeichen versehen [o. fachspr interpunktieren]

2. punctuate übtr form (accentuate):
   to punctuate sth
   etw unterstreichen [o. betonen] übtr

punctuate [ˈpaŋktʃueit]
♦ verb
to divide up sentences etc by commas, full stops, colons etc .
نقطه گذاری کردن
punctuation
♦ noun
1 the act of punctuating.
تقطه گذاری
2 the use of punctuation marks.
نشانه گذاری
punctuation mark
any of the symbols used for punctuating, eg comma, full stop, question mark etc .
نشانه های نقطه گذاری

/puŋk´chōō āt´/
vt., vi.
● (دستور زبان) نقطه گذاری کردن
● (صحبت یا عمل و غیره را) قطع کردن
his speech was regularly punctuated by the clapping of the audience
کف زدن حضار مرتبا نطق او را قطع می‌کرد.
● مورد تاکید قرار دادن،موکد کردن،مشدد کردن

Question 244

explicate
Breed punctuated her emotional speech with an explicative

explicative

Answer 244

explicative : swear word

to explicate sth
etw ausführen

to explain something in detail, especially a piece of writing or an idea:
This is a book which clearly explicates Marx’s later writings.

Question 245

reign

it is time for the reign of criminals to end

Answer 245

reign [rein]
♦ noun
the time during which a king or queen rules: in the reign of Queen Victoria.
دوران سلطنت

♦ verb
1 to rule, as a king or queen: The king reigned (over his people) for forty years.
فرمنروایی کردن؛ حکفرمایی کردن
2 to be present or exist: Silence reigned at last.
حکفرما بودن

● سلطنت،پادشاهی
during the reign of Anooshirvan
در دوران پادشاهی انوشیروان
● 2 - چیرگی،سلطه،تسلط،حکومت،حکمروایی
the reign of common sense and of good will
چیرگی عقل سلیم و حسن نیت
● 3 - دوران پادشاهی،دوران سلطنت
during the twentieth year of his reign
در بیستمین سال سلطنت او
● 4 - سلطنت کردن،پادشاهی کردن
he reigned for thirty years
او سی سال سلطنت کرد.
the British monarch reigns but does not rule
پادشاه انگلیس سلطنت می‌کند ولی حکومت نمی‌کند.
● 5 - چیره شدن یا بودن،فرمانروایی کردن،حاکم بودن،حکومت کردن
where justice reigns strife seldom enters
آنجا که عدالت حاکم است کشمکش به ندرت راه می یابد.
now that peace reigns over the night
اکنون که آرامش بر شب حکفرماست

to reign supreme
absolut herrschen
reign of terror
Terrorherrschaft f
these buildings antedate his reign
diese Gebäude stammen aus der Zeit vor seiner Herrschaft
to reign over a country
ein Land regieren
the reign of Henry VIII
die Herrschaft Heinrichs VIII.
during the reign of Queen Victoria
unter der Herrschaft von Königin Victoria
the Terror [or the Reign of Terror ]
Schreckensherrschaft f

Question 246

enforcement

ger: Durchsetzung

Answer 246

enˈfôrsmənt]
noun - enforcement
اجراء: implement, enforcement, fulfillment, ministration, fulfilment
انجام: performance, implementation, implement, fulfillment, accomplishment, enforcement
فشار: pressure, compression, press, push, stress, enforcement

enforcement
noun [ U ]
UK /ɪnˈfɔːs.mənt/ US /ɪnˈfɔːrs.mənt/

the process of making people obey a law or rule, or making a particular situation happen or be accepted:
Voters support the enforcement of immigration laws.
See
enforce
See also
law enforcement
More examples
Enforcement is only part of the strategy when it comes to tackling drug crime.
Enforcement of such rules has proven difficult.
It’s not about new laws, but enforcement of the laws we have.
The court has no enforcement powers.

compulsory enforcement JUR
Zwangsverwertung f
peace enforcement troop
Friedenstruppe f
there is strict enforcement of the regulations here
hier wird streng auf die Einhaltung der Vorschriften geachtet
in most countries law enforcement is in the hands of the police
in den meisten Ländern ist es Aufgabe der Polizei, für die Einhaltung der Gesetze zu sorgen

Question 247

determine

ger: ermitteln, bestimmen, determinieren

Answer 247

1. to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen:

The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we’re allowed to spend.
Your health is determined in part by what you eat.
Eye colour is genetically determined.
[ + question word ] formal Officials will determine whether or not the game will be played.
People should be allowed to determine their own future.

2. to make a strong decision:

[ + that ] She determined that one day she would be an actor.
[ + to infinitive ] On leaving jail, Joe determined to reform.
Genes determine how we develop from the moment the sperm fuses with the egg.
The economy is regarded as the decisive/key factor which will determine the outcome of the general election.
The success of the event will be determined by the vagaries of the weather.
People want to determine their own destinies.
The amount of money the bank is willing to lend is determined by the value of the property.

3. to discover the facts or truth about something:

The police never actually determined the cause of death.
[ + question word ] It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether these men are innocent.
[ + that ] The jury determined that the men were guilty.

to determine the cause of sth
den Grund einer S. Gen herausfinden
to determine sb to do sth
jdn veranlassen, etw zu tun
to control [or determine] [or take charge of] one’s destiny
sein Schicksal lenken [o. bestimmen]

determine [diˈtəːmin]
♦ verb
1 to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.
معیین کردن؛ مشخص کردن
2 to find out exactly: He tried to determine what had gone wrong.
دقیقاً مشخص کردن؛ معلوم کردن
deˌtermiˈnation
♦ noun
1 firmness of character or stubbornness: She showed her determination by refusing to give way.
عزم راسخ؛ ارادۀ محکم
2 the act of determining.
تعیین؛ معیین سازی
deˈtermined
♦ adjective
1 having one’s mind made up: She is determined to succeed.
مصمم؛ قاطع
2 stubborn: He’s very determined.
سمج؛ قد
3 fixed or settled: Our route has already been determined.
مشخص؛ معیین

/dē tu_r´mǝn, di-/
vt., vi.
● تعیین کردن،معین کردن،مشخص کردن،گماردن،دانسته کردن،معلوم کردن،پیش‌گذاشت کردن
we must determine the cause of this disease
ما باید علت این بیماری را معلوم کنیم.
the date of the next meeting will be determined tomorrow
تاریخ جلسه‌ی بعدی فردا تعیین خواهد شد.
the central bank determines the amount of money in circulation
بانک مرکزی میزان پول در گردش را معین می‌کند.
● حکم قطعی دادن،(به طور قطعی) داوری کردن،رای قطعی صادر کردن،مورد مطالعه و نظردهی قرار دادن،نظر نهایی دادن،
the U.S. Surgeon General has determined that cigarette smoking can be hazardous to your health
مدیر کل بهداری امریکا نظر داده است که کشیدن سیگار ممکن است برای سلامتی مضر باشد.
the judge will determine his fate
قاضی سرنوشت او را تعیین خواهد کرد.
● ماهیت چیزی را تعیین کردن،پیش‌گمار کردن
genes also determine height and looks
ژن‌ها قد و قیافه را هم تعیین می‌کنند.
● (دقیقا) محاسبه کردن،برآورد کردن،به تحقیق معلوم کردن
to determine a ship’s position
مکان کشتی را تعیین کردن
● (حقوق) به پایان رسیدن یا رساندن،سلب کردن یا شدن
● تصمیم گرفتن،اراده کردن
when he really determines to do something, he does it
وقتی واقعا اراده به انجام کاری بکند آن را انجام می‌دهد.
* determine on (or upon) something
(در مورد چیزی) تصمیم قطعی گرفتن،کمر همت بستن
* determine somebody against something
کسی را برضد چیزی (یا در رد چیزی) مصمم کردن
their behavior determined Pari against going to their house again
رفتار آنان پری را مصمم کرد که دیگر به خانه‌ی آنها نرود.

Question 248

skyrocketing

the main reasone for Breed´s turnabout is skyrocketing crime.

Answer 248

skyrocket
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈskaɪˌrɒk.ɪt/ US /ˈskaɪˌrɑː.kɪt/

to rise extremely quickly or make extremely quick progress towards success:
Housing prices have skyrocketed in recent months.

The value of their business skyrocketed last year.

Question 249

homicide

Answer 249

homicide [ˈhomisaid]
♦ noun
the killing of one person by another: He has been found guilty of homicide.
آدم كشی
ˌhomiˈcidal
♦ adjective
.
وابسته به آدم كشی

(an act of) murder:
He was convicted of homicide.
The number of homicides in the city has risen sharply.
v

[ U ] He was convicted of homicide.

Question 250

increase

ger: Erhöhung

Answer 250

B1
to (make something) become larger in amount or size:
Incidents of armed robbery have increased over the last few years.
The cost of the project has increased dramatically/significantly since it began.
Gradually increase the temperature to boiling point.
Increased/Increasing efforts are being made to end the dispute.
Compare
decrease verb

Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
to increase
increaseWe need to increase production to meet demand.
growThe number of people living alone grows each year.
risePrices rose by 10 per cent.
go upHouse prices keep going up.
escalateCrime in the city has escalated in recent weeks.

We need to increase public awareness of the disease.
Our main aim is to increase sales by 12% this year.
Studies show that if a working environment is pleasant, productivity increases.
Students do find that their workload increases throughout the course.
Life expectancy in Europe has increased greatly in the 20th century.

Question 251

property

prperty crime

Answer 251

Property crime
Property crime is a category of crime, usually involving private property, that includes, among other crimes, burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, shoplifting, and vandalism. Property crime is a crime to obtain money, property, or some other benefit.

property [ˈpropəti]– plural ˈproperties –
♦ noun
1 something that a person owns: These books are my property.
دارایی
2 land or buildings that a person owns: He has property in Scotland.
ملک
3 a quality (usually of a substance): Hardness is a property of diamonds.
ویژگی
4 (usually abbreviated to prop [prop]) a small piece of furniture or an article used by an actor in a play.
وسایل صحنه

präp´ǝr tē/
n., pl.
● مالکیت،کدیوری
property in land
مالکیت زمین
● (کتاب و فیلم و غیره) حق مالکیت،حقوق نویسنده (یا صاحب اثر)،حق نشر
● دارایی (به ویژه زمین و ساختمان)،ملک،مایملک،زمین،ضیاع،عقار،مکنت،متعلقه،مال
this car is my property
این اتومبیل مال من است.
she sold her property in Tabriz
او ملک خود در تبریز را فروخت.
stolen property
مال سرقت شده
private property
ملک خصوصی
common property
ملک مشترک
● ویژگی،خصوصیت،خاصیت،مشخصه،خصلت،فروزه،خصیصه
the properties of this drug
خواص این دارو
the alkaline properties of Amonia
ویژگی‌های آلکالینی (قلیایی) آمونیاک
healing properties attributed to garlic
خاصیت‌های شفابخشی که به سیر نسبت داده می‌شود
● (فلسفه و منطق) عرض خاص،خاصه
● (تئاتر) وسایل صحنه (به‌جز جامه و پساویز صحنه)

Question 252

decline

Answer 252

decline [diˈklain]
♦ verb
1 to say `no’ to (an invitation etc ); to refuse: We declined his offer of a lift.
رد کردن؛ خودداری کردن
2 to become less strong or less good etc : His health has declined recently; Our profits have temporarily declined.
کم شدن؛ کاهش یافتن

♦ noun
a gradual lessening or worsening (of health, standards, quantity etc ): There has been a gradual decline in the birthrate.
کاهش؛ زوال
/dē klīn´, di-/
n., vt., vi.

to gradually become less, worse, or lower:
His interest in the project declined after his wife died.
The party’s popularity has declined in the opinion polls.
formal The land declines sharply away from the house.

Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
to become smaller or less
decrease The tests show that the tumour has decreased in size since we started treatment.
lessenA healthy diet lessens your risk for cardiovascular disease.
lowerThey’ve just lowered the age at which you can join.
reduceThey’ve just reduced the price.
bring downThey are bringing down their prices.
dropStock prices dropped today after the company’s announcement.

The latest opinion poll shows that the president’s popularity has declined.
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
The levels of trade union and political activism in this country have greatly declined in the past 15 years.
Her popularity has declined since her triumphal return from exile two years ago.
Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined.

● سرازیر شدن،فرورفتن،فروپیچیدن،(به سوی پایین) خمیدن،خماندن
● سرازیری،خمش،خمیدگی (به سوی پایین)،شیب،نشیب
the path declines to the lake
راه به سوی دریاچه شیب دارد.
● افول کردن،فروشدن
the sun declines in the west
خورشید در باختر افول می‌کند.
● به پایان نزدیک شدن،رو به اتمام گذاشتن
the day is declining
روز در حال پایان است.
● (سلامتی یا نیرو یا ارزش و غیره) کم شدن،کاهش یافتن،نزول کردن،تقلیل یافتن،کاهیدن
her health is declining
سلامتی او رو به کاستی است.
their number is declining
تعداد آنها در حال تقلیل است.
the value of gold has declined considerably
ارزش طلا به طور قابل ملاحظه‌ای نزول کرده است.
● (اخلاقیات و غیره) پست شدن
● (مودبانه) رد کردن،خودداری کردن
he declined to answer
او از پاسخ دادن خودداری کرد.
I declined their invitation
من دعوت آنها را رد کردم.
● (دستور زبان) صرف کردن
● کاهش،نزول،کاستی
a decline in the value of the dollar
کاهش ارزش دلار
● فساد،زوال،انحطاط،دوران افول
the decline and fall of the Roman Empire
زوال و سقوط امپراطوری روم
● از دست دادن (سلامتی)،فرتوتی،میرایی،میرندگی
her health is in decline
سلامتی او رو به کاهش است.
● بخش پایانی،بخش نهایی
the decline of life
دوران آخر زندگانی،ایام آخر عمر
● (قدیمی) بیماری نحیف کننده
* in decline
در حال کاهش،رو به کاهش،در حال نقصان
the city’s population is in decline
جمعیت شهر رو به کاهش است.
* into decline
به زوال،در حال زوال،رو به ناتوانی
the automobile industry fell into decline
صنعت اتومبیل‌سازی دچار زوال شد.
* on the decline
روبه ضعف،روبه ناتوانی،رو به نقصان

Question 252

larceny

Answer 252

larceny: crimes involving theft

stealing, especially (in the US) the crime of taking something that does not belong to you, without illegally entering a building to do so
Synonyms
theftthieving formal

Question 253

petty

Answer 253

petty theft : minor acts of theft that didn´t involve valuable objects

petty [ˈpeti]
♦ adjective
1 of very little importance; trivial: petty details.
کم اهمیت؛ ناچیز
2 deliberately nasty for a foolish or trivial reason: petty behaviour.
کوته فکر
ˈpettily
♦ adverb
.
تنگ نظرانه
ˈpettiness
♦ noun
.
کوته نظری
petty cash
money used for small, everyday expenses in an office etc .
پول صندوق

pet´ē/
adj.
● کم اهمیت،ناچیز،جزئی،پیش پا افتاده،خرده پا،خرد،جز
compared to those of Bangladesh, our problems are petty
در مقایسه با مسائل بنگلادش مسایل ما جزئی است.
petty amounts
مبالغ ناچیز
petty details
جزئیات پیش پا افتاده
petty disagreements
اختلاف نظرهای کم اهمیت
● فرعی،کم اندازه،به مقیاس کم،اندک،کوچک،حقیر،فسقلی
an agrarian society of petty producers
یک جامعه‌ی کشاورزی دارای تولید کنندگان کوچک
Greece was divided into a crowd of petty states
یونان به تعدادی ایالات کوچک تقسیم شد.
the petty principles which separate us
اصول فرعی که ما را از هم جدا می‌کند
literary giants beside whom we appear petty
غول‌های ادبی که در کنار آنان ما فسقلی به نظر می‌رسیم
● کوته نظر،چشم تنگ،کوته‌اندیش،کوته فکر
he was a petty, vindictive man
مردی کوته فکر و انتقام‌جو بود.
● تنگ نظرانه،کوته فکرانه
the petty cruelties of men towards one another
ستمگری‌های کوته نظرانه‌ی انسان‌ها نسبت به یکدیگر
● بیهوده،عبث

[ˈpetē]
adjective - petty
کوچک: small, little, tiny, short, miniature, petty
خرد: small, minor, petty, little, tiny, pimping
جزئي: partial, little, minute, retail, negligible, petty
غیر قابل ملاحظه: unconsidered, petty, unimportant
فرعی: subsidiary, secondary, ancillary, accessory, subordinate, petty

Question 254

resident

Answer 254

a person who lives or has their home in a place:
a resident of the UK/Australia
The local residents were angry at the lack of parking spaces.
The hotel bar was only open to residents (= to people staying at the hotel).
More examples
He entered the United States in 1988 as a permanent resident because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen.
Most local residents strenuously object to the building proposals.
This pool is for the use of hotel residents only.
Do these parking restrictions cover residents as well as visitors?
All the furniture is the work of residents here.

resident [ˈrezidənt]
♦ noun
a person who lives or has his home in a particular place: a resident of Edinburgh.
مقیم

♦ adjective
1 living or having one’s home in a place: He is now resident abroad.
ساکن
2 living, having to live, or requiring a person to live, in the place where he works: a resident caretaker.
ساکن در محل
reside [rəˈzaid]
♦ verb
to live or have one’s home in a place: He now resides abroad.
اقامت داشتن یا کردن
ˈresidence
♦ noun
1 a person’s home, especially the grand house of someone important.
کاخ؛ خانه بزرگ
2 the act of living in a place, or the time of this: during his residence in Spain.
طی
ˈresidency– plural ˈresidencies –
♦ noun
the home of the governor etc in a colony etc .
محل اقامت نماینده دولت
ˌresiˈdential [-ˈdenʃəl]
♦ adjective
1 (of an area of a town etc ) containing houses rather than offices, shops etc : This district is mainly residential; a residential neighbourhood/area.
مسکونی
2 requiring a person to live in the place where he works: a residential post.
وابسته به ساکنان دائم
3 of, concerned with, living in a place.
اقامتی
ˈresidence hall
♦ noun
(American dormitory ) a building with rooms for university students to live in.
خوابگاه شبانه روزی
in residence
(especially of someone important) staying in a place, sometimes to perform some official duties: The Queen is in residence here this week.
اقامت داشتن
take up residence
to go and live (in a place, building etc ): He has taken up residence in France.
اقامت داشتن

Question 255

mob

mobs of thieves

Answer 255

a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent:
The angry mob outside the jail was/were ready to riot.
a lynch mob
50 people were killed in three days of mob violence.

[ C ] informal
a group of people who are friends or who are similar in some way:
The usual mob was/were hanging out at the bar.

[ S ] informal
an organization of criminals:
a New York mob leader

English to Persian for English Learners
US UK AU mob [mob]
♦ noun
a noisy, violent or disorderly crowd of people: He was attacked by an angry mob.
جمعیت

♦ verb– past tense, past participle mobbed –
(of a crowd) to surround and push about in a disorderly way: The singer was mobbed by a huge crowd of his fans.
ازدحام کردن

/mäb/
n., vt.
● مردم عادی،عوام الناس،خلق الله،توده‌ی مردم
the use of superstition for the purpose of intimidating the mob
استفاده از خرافات برای ایجاد واهمه میان توده‌ها
● مردم بی سروپا،اراذل و اوباش،چماق به دست‌ها،لات و لوت‌ها،غوغاگران
windows were smashed and the police beaten by the angry mobs
انبوهی از مردم خشمگین پنجره‌ها را شکستند و پلیس را کتک زدند.
fear of mob rule
ترس از چیرگی اراذل و اوباش
● جماعت،گروه مردم،جمعیت،ازدحام،غوغا،غلغله
the streets were full of mobs
مردم خیابان‌ها را پر کرده بودند.
● گروه جنایتکار،دار و دسته‌ی بزهکاران
he told the police and now the mob is after him
او به پلیس گفت و اکنون دسته‌ی دزدان می‌خواهند به حسابش برسند.
● ازدحام و حمله کردن،غوغا کردن،سر کسی ریختن،به جایی ریختن،غلغله کردن
reporters mobbed him and he reached his car with effort
خبرنگاران دورش ازدحام کردند و او به زحمت خودش را به اتومبیل رساند.
workers tried to mob him but the police came to his rescue
کارگران کوشیدند بر سرش بریزند ولی پلیس به دادش رسید.
on sale days, shoppers mob Lallehzar
در روزهای حراج خریداران در لاله زار غوغا بپا می‌کنند.

Question 256

casual

Answer 256

casual [ˈkӕʒuəl]
♦ adjective
1 not careful: I took a casual glance at the book.
سطحی؛ بی دقت
2 informal: casual clothes.
غیررسمی
3 happening by chance: a casual remark.
اتفاقی؛ تصادفی
4 not regular or permanent: casual labour.
گاه به گاه؛ نامرتب
ˈcasually
♦ adverb
.
بطور اتفاقی
ˈcasualness
♦ noun
.
خودمانی بودن؛ اتفاقی بودن

/kazh´ōō ǝl/
adj., n.
● اتفاقی،تصادفی،بختوار،الله‌بختی،بختی،پیش بینی نشده،همین طوری
a casual visit
دیدار اتفاقی،ملاقات عادی
● گاه به گاه،نامرتب،نامداوم،موقتی،بی‌ثبات
a casual worker
کسی که گاه به گاه کار می‌کند.
casual labor
کار موقت،کارگر موقت
● سطحی،ناژرف،کم
a casual acquaintance
آشنایی کم
● بی‌دقت،شلخته،شورتی،سر به هوا،بدون خم به ابرو آوردن،یخلی،سهل انگار،اهمالگر
he has been far too casual in his research
او در پژوهش خود بیش از اندازه سهل‌انگاری کرده است.
he affected casual unconcern
او تظاهر به عدم علاقه‌ی لاقیدانه‌ای کرد.
● غیر رسمی،خودمانی،آسوده،بی‌رودربایستی،آسود وار
a casual atmosphere
محیط آسودوار (خودمانی و بی‌تکلف)
come to the picnic and wear casual clothes
به پیک نیک بیا و لباس راحت و خودمانی (آسودوار) بپوش.
● لباس آسودوار،لباس و کفش راحت و خودمانی
he was wearing a pair of gray casuals
او شلوار خاکستری راحت و غیررسمی پوشیده بود.
men’s casuals
لباس‌های راحت و خودمانی مردانه
● بدشانسی،بدبیاری،حادثه
● (ارتش) مامور موقت

Question 257

district

Answer 257

an area of a country or town that has fixed borders that are used for official purposes, or that has a particular feature that makes it different from surrounding areas:
the business district of New York
the Lake District/the Peak District
US the City of Malden School District
UK South Cambridgeshire District Council
More examples
An upsurge in violence in the district has been linked to increased unemployment.
Vandals smashed windows and overturned cars in the downtown shopping district.
Now 5,000 new children will be attending the district’s already overburdened school system.
Wales will be divided into 21 unitary authorities instead of eight counties and 37 districts.
Villaverde is one of the high-rise districts that encircle Madrid.

district [ˈdistrikt]
♦ noun
an area of a country, town etc : He lives in a poor district of London; Public transport is often infrequent in country districts.
ناحیه؛ بخش

/dis´trikt/
n., vt.
● ناحیه،بخش،برزن،حوزه،منطقه،الکا
an electoral district
حوزه‌ی انتخاباتی
a school district
(امریکا) حوزه‌ی مدرسه
the city is divided into several districts
شهر به چندین برزن تقسیم شده است.
district councils
شوراهای بخش
an industrial district
ناحیه‌ی صنعتی
● به ناحیه یا بخش تقسیم کردن

Question 258

board something up

Answer 258

board something up
phrasal verb with board verb
UK /bɔːd/ US /bɔːrd/

to cover a door or window with wooden boards:
Stores are boarding up their windows in case rioting breaks out.

to board sth ⇆ up [or over]
etw mit Brettern vernageln
to chalk up the board
die Tafel beschreiben

Question 259

blight

its making the area resemble a blighted Neighborhood in Detroit

Answer 259

blighted: (here) ruined by extreme poverty

blight
noun [ C/U ]
US /blɑɪt/

something that spoils or destroys or causes damage:
[ U ] The city stopped urban blight by rebuilding neighborhoods.

Question 260

poverty

ger: Armut

Answer 260

poverty [ˈpovəti]
♦ noun
the condition of being poor: They lived in extreme poverty; the poverty of the soil.
فقر

/päv´ǝr tē/
n.
● بینوایی،فقر،ناداری،دریوزگی،تهیدستی،بی‌چیزی،لاتی
to live in poverty
در فقر زندگی کردن
the farmers’ poverty saddened us
بینوایی روستائیان ما را متاثر کرد.
● فقدان،کمبود،کم‌داشت،کاستی
his stories show a surprising poverty of imagination and inventiveness
داستان‌هایش حاکی از این است که او به طور تعجب‌آوری فاقد قوه تخیل و ابتکار است.
● ضعف،نارسایی،(خاک و غیره) بدی،کم قوتی
poverty of the soil
کم قوتی خاک
● کمی،قلت،ضیق،ناچیزی

Question 261

contribute ( beitragen, spenden, beisteuern)

• contribute

Ger: zu etw Dat beitragen

• contribute to
  fatigue contributed to his defeat

Answer 261

to contribute to [or towards] sth (give money, food, equipment)
etwas zu etw Dat beisteuern
to contribute to [or towards] sth (donate)
für etw Akk spenden

B2
to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people:
Aren’t you going to contribute towards Jack’s leaving present?
Come to the meeting if you feel you have something to contribute.
Her family has contributed $50,000 to the fund.

Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
to give something to someone
giveGive me that dirty plate.
offerYour doctor should be able to offer advice.
provideThis booklet provides useful information about local services.
supplyThe lake supplies the whole town with water.
donateFour hundred dollars has been donated to the school book fund.
See more results »

C1
to write articles for a newspaper, magazine, or book:
She contributes to several magazines.

More examples
The company publicly apologized and agreed to contribute some money to charity.
It was a real team effort - everyone contributed something to the success of the project.
Tourism contributes millions of pounds to the country’s economy.
Everyone in the office is contributing money for his leaving present.
We have contributed all our working lives to pension schemes and national insurance, expecting a reasonable state pension on retirement.

to contribute to sth
einen Beitrag für etw Akk schreiben
to contribute to sth (regularly)
für etw Akk schreiben

contribute [kənˈtribjut]
♦ verb
1 to give (money, help etc ) along with others: Have you contributed (any money) to this charity?; I’ve been contributing (articles) to this paper for many years.
اهدا کردن؛ کمک کردن
2 (with to ) to help to cause to happen: His gambling contributed to his downfall.
موجب شدن
ˌcontriˈbution [kon-]
♦ noun
1 the act of contributing.
اعطا؛ کمک
2 something contributed, especially money: Would you like to make a contribution to this charity?
هر چیز اهدا شده
conˈtributor
♦ noun
.
اعانه دهنده

/kǝn trib´yōōt/
vt., vi.
● (به اتفاق دیگران) اهدا کردن،دادن،ارزانی داشتن،اعطا کردن،بخشیدن،معاضدت کردن،کمک کردن
they contributed a thousand dollars each to help the poor
آنها هریک هزار دلار برای کمک به مستمندان اهدا کردند.
everyone should contribute according to their means
هرکسی باید به قدر استطاعت خود کمک کند.
the elderly can contribute much to the society
سالمندان می‌توانند خیلی به اجتماع کمک کنند.
● موجب شدن،تاثیر داشتن بر،دخیل بودن در
industry has contributed to the excessive growth of cities
صنعت موجب رشد بیش از حد شهرها شده است.
soaring land prices contribute to the high cost of construction
قیمت فزاینده‌ی زمین بر هزینه‌ی زیاد ساختمان اثر می‌گذارد.
● (برای روزنامه و مجله و غیره) نوشتن
he contributed several articles for our magazine
او برای مجله‌ی ما چند مقاله نوشت.
* contribute to
دخیل بودن در،اثر داشتن در
fatigue contributed to his defeat
خستگی درشکست او دخیل بود.

to contribute equally to sth
gleichermaßen zu etw Dat beitragen
to contribute to community/society
einen gesellschaftlichen Beitrag leisten
to contribute towards sb’s leaving present (pay in) to pension etc.
einen Beitrag leisten
to contribute sth [to [or towards] sth] money, food, equipment
etw [zu etw Dat ] beisteuern
to contribute to the success of sth
zum Erfolg einer S. Gen beitragen
to contribute an article to a newspaper
einen Artikel für eine Zeitung schreiben
he didn’t contribute much to the meeting
er hat nicht viel zur Besprechung beigetragen
each of us, howsoever rich or poor, has something to contribute
jeder von uns, egal wie reich oder arm, hat etwas beizutragen

Question 262

illicit

Answer 262

illicit
adjective
UK /ɪˈlɪs.ɪt/ US /ɪˈlɪs.ɪt/

illegal or disapproved of by society:
illicit drugs such as cocaine and cannabis
the illicit trade in stolen vehicles
an illicit love affair

illicit [iˈlisit]
♦ adjective
unlawful or not permitted.
غیر قانونی؛ ممنوع
ilˈlicitly
♦ adverb
.
بطور غیر قانونی
ilˈlicitness
♦ noun
.
عدم مشروعیت

/il lis´it, i lis´-/
adj.
● غیرقانونی،نامشروع،قدغن،ناروا،ممنوع
an illicit love affair
رابطه‌ی عشقی نامشروع
● غیرمجاز،بی‌اجازه

Question 263

degrade

Answer 263

degrade [diˈgreid]
♦ verb
to disgrace or make contemptible: He felt degraded by having to ask for money.
خوار و خفیف کردن؛ کم ارزش کردن
deˈgrading
♦ adjective
tending to make lower in rank etc or to disgrace: a degrading occupation.
تحقیر کننده؛ خوار کننده

dē grād´, di-/
vt., vi.
● (مثلا به منظور تنبیه) تنزل رتبه دادن،فروزینه کردن،فروداشتن
statesmen whom greed has degraded into nepotists
دولتمردانی که به خاطر حرص و آز به کارچاق کنی می‌پردازند
● پست کردن،کم ارزش کردن
films that degrade women
فیلم‌هایی که از ارزش زن می‌کاهد.
● بی‌آبرو کردن،خوار و خفیف کردن،دون کردن
to degrade oneself by cheating in an examination
با تقلب در امتحان خود را بی‌آبرو کردن
● (زمین‌شناسی) فرو ساییدن،نهشت‌بری کردن
● (شیمی - ماده‌ی آلی را تبدیل به ترکیب ساده‌تری کردن) استحاله کردن،فروسان کردن
● (نادر) نزول کردن،(خود به خود) فروزینه شدن
* feel degraded
احساس هتک آبرو کردن،احساس خفت کردن

to degrade sb/oneself
jdn/sich erniedrigen

to degrade sth environment, area
etw angreifen
to degrade an area of natural beauty
eine schöne Naturlandschaft verschandeln

to degrade sth
etw erodieren

degrade radio signals
etw beeinträchtigen

degrade
verb
UK /dɪˈɡreɪd/ US /dɪˈɡreɪd/
degrade verb (LOSE RESPECT)

[ T ]
to cause people to feel that they or other people have no value and do not have the respect or good opinion of others:
Pornography degrades women.

degrade verb (SPOIL)

[ T ]
to spoil or destroy the beauty or quality of something:
Every day the environment is further degraded by toxic wastes.

[ I or T ] ELECTRONICS specialized
If the quality of something electrical or electronic degrades or is degraded, it becomes less good or less correct.

Question 264

obligatory

Answer 264

obligatory
adjective
UK /əˈblɪɡ.ə.tər.i/ US /əˈblɪɡ.ə.tɔːr.i/

C1
If something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law, etc.:
The medical examination before you start work is obligatory.
[ + to infinitive ] The statute made it obligatory for all healthy males between 14 and 60 to work.

C2
expected because it usually happens:
Several Secret Service agents surrounded the President, all wearing the obligatory raincoat and hat.

(of an action) expected, esp. because it is what most people do:
Everybody who goes to England makes the obligatory trip to Stonehenge.

if something is obligatory, you must do it because of a rule or law:
it is obligatory for sb to do sth It is obligatory for members in practice to hold insurance.
The obligatory retirement age is 65.

Question 265

to mandate

Answer 265

to mandate : to make obligatory

to give official permission for something to happen:
The UN rush to mandate war totally ruled out any alternatives.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases

mandate verb [T] (ORDER)

mainly US
to order someone to do something:
[ + to infinitive ] Our delegates have been mandated to vote against the proposal at the conference.

to make something necessary, esp. as a rule:
The law mandated a minimum six-year sentence for violent crimes.

mandate
noun [ C ]
US /ˈmæn·deɪt/

authority to act in a particular way given to a government or a person, esp. as a result of a vote or ruling:
[ + to infinitive ] The president secured a congressional mandate to send troops to Bosnia.

Question 266

trench

working in the trenches

Answer 266

working in the trenches: working directly with the Problem

trench [trentʃ]
♦ noun
a long narrow ditch dug in the ground, especially as a protection for soldiers against gunfire: The soldiers returned to the trenches.
گودال؛ سنگر

trenches
in the trenches

working in the most active and difficult parts of a job or business:
The boss understands the difficulties we face here in the trenches.
He’s a salesman with 30 years of in-the-trenches experience

Question 267

generate

Ger: erzeugen, hervorrufen, generieren

wich generated national and local headlines

Answer 267

generate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/ US /ˈdʒen.ə.reɪt/
generate verb [T] (CREATE)

B2
to cause something to exist:
Her latest film has generated a lot of interest/excitement.
The new development will generate 1,500 new jobs.
Selling food will increase the club’s ability to generate revenue/income.
More examples
The proposed tidal barrage would generate enough electricity to supply between 60,000 and 80,000 homes.
The ecological effects of the factory need to be balanced against the employment it generates.
The publicity generated by the court case has given a welcome boost to our sales.
Her latest film has generated a lot of interest.
Surveyors say the fault line is capable of generating a major earthquake once in a hundred years.

to generate controversy/tension
Kontroversen/Spannungen hervorrufen
to generate revenue
Umsätze generieren
to generate profit
Gewinne erwirtschaften
to generate fumes
Dämpfe entwickeln
to generate income
Gewinne erzielen
to generate jobs
Arbeitsplätze schaffen
to attract [or generate] publicity
Aufsehen erregen
to generate excitement/enthusiasm/interest
Aufregung/Begeisterung/Interesse hervorrufen

generate [ˈdʒenəreit]
♦ verb
to cause or produce: This machine generates electricity; His suggestions generated a lot of ill-feeling.
تولید کردن؛ ایجاد کردن
ˌgeneˈration
♦ noun
1 one stage in the descent of a family: All three generations – children, parents and grandparents – lived together quite happily.
نسل
2 people born at about the same time: People of my generation all think the same way about this.
نسل
the generation gap
♦ noun
the difference in views and the lack of understanding between younger and older people.
اختلاف نسل ها
ˈgenerator
♦ noun
a machine which produces electricity, gas etc : The hospital has an emergency generator.
ژنراتور

/jen´ǝr āt´/
vt.
● تولید نسل کردن،پس انداختن،زادن
to generate offspring
زاد و ولد کردن
● تولید کردن،ایجاد کردن،فرآوردن،هست کردن
poverty generates despair
فقر ایجاد یاس می‌کند.
to generate electricity
برق تولید کردن
to generate hope
ایجاد امید کردن
● (هندسه) رسم کردن،در اثر حرکت یک نقطه یا خط یا منحنی شکلی را ایجاد کردن،احداث کردن
generating line
(ریاضی) خط مولد

Question 268

coalition

Answer 268

coalition [kəuəˈliʃən]
♦ noun
a usually temporary union or alliance, especially of states or political parties.
ائتلاف

/kō´ǝ lish´ǝn/
n.
● هم آمیخت،یکپارچگی،ادغام،هم آمیختگی،بشل
● اتحاد (موقت)،ائتلاف
a coalition of various parliamentary groups
ائتلافی از گروه‌های پارلمانی گوناگون

Question 269

mandatory

Answer 269

[ˈmandəˌtôrē]
adjective - mandatory
اجباری: compulsory, compulsive, mandatory, coercive, forcible, binding
الزامی: mandatory, obligatory, obliging
الزام اور: binding, mandatory, imperative, obligatory
man´dǝ tôr´ē/
adj., n., pl.
● وابسته به حکم کتبی،فرمانی،دستور،حکمی،فرمودی
● اجباری،واجب،زوری،ناگزیر
voting is not mandatory
رای دادن اجباری نیست.
a mandatory waiting period of six months
یک دوره‌ی انتظار اجباری شش ماهه
● دولت قیم،دارای امتیاز قیمومت یا تحت‌الحمایگی (mandatary هم می‌نویسند)

Question 270

announcement

Answer 270

[əˈnounsmənt]
noun - announcement
اعلان: announcement, declaration, advertising, notice, sign, poster
خبر: news, report, announcement, information, word, notice
اگهی: announcement, advertisement, advertising, notice, ticket, annunciation

n.
● اعلام،آگهسازی
the announcement of ceasefire
اعلام آتش بس
● اعلامیه،اطلاعیه،خبر
the government’s recent announcement
اعلامیه‌ی اخیر دولت
an engraved wedding announcement
کارت چاپی عروسی

something that someone says officially, giving information about something:
The president made an unexpected announcement this morning.
Synonyms
communication formaldeclaration (ANNOUNCEMENT)proclamationpronouncement formalstatement

the act of announcing something:
The announcement of the changes has been delayed.
More examples
Her announcement confirmed (that) she would be resigning as prime minister.
The protests are a delayed reaction to last week’s announcement.
The announcement took Washington and Paris by surprise, but Downing Street had been expecting it.
There was a deathly hush after she made the announcement.
This announcement follows months of inaction and delay.

Question 271

overwhelming

Answer 271

overwhelming
adjective
US /ˌoʊ·vərˈhwel·mɪŋ, -ˈwel·mɪŋ/

very great or strong:
An overwhelming majority voted in favor of the proposal.
I felt an overwhelming sense of relief when the semester was over.
overwhelmingly

adverb [ not gradable ] US /ˌoʊ·vərˈhwel·mɪŋ·li, -ˈwel-/
In April, the House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed the bill.

[ˌōvərˈ(h)welmiNG]
adjective - overwhelming
منکوب کننده: overwhelming

• A poll shows that an overwhelming majority is in favor of the legislation.
نظرسنجی نشان می‌دهد که اکثریت قاطع طرفدار این قانون هستند.

overwhelming
adjective
UK /ˌəʊ.vəˈwel.mɪŋ/ US /ˌoʊ.vɚˈwel.mɪŋ/

C1
difficult to fight against:
She felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened.
Synonym
overpowering
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
felt or experienced with a lot of force
strongI felt a strong urge to hug him.
powerfulAnger is one of the most powerful human emotions.
intenseShe learned that even intense emotional pain passes.
fierceThe people have a fierce pride in their country.
deepHe suffered from a deep feeling of inadequacy.
deep-seatedHe has a deep-seated loathing of snobbery.
See more results »

C1
very great or very large:
She said how much she appreciated the overwhelming generosity of the public in responding to the appeal.
An overwhelming majority has voted in favour of the proposal.

There has been overwhelming public support for the proposed shopping development.
The temptation to have another glass of wine proved overwhelming.
The evidence against the suspect is overwhelming.
The home team had the support of the overwhelming majority of the spectators.
The devastation showed the overwhelming power of the earthquake.

Question 272

attorney

Answer 272

attorney [əˈtəːni]
♦ noun
1 a person who has the legal power to act for another person.
وکیل
2 (American ) a lawyer.
وکیل

attorney
noun [ C ] LAW
UK /əˈtɜːni/ US

US
a lawyer:
Mr Temple is the attorney representing the plaintiffs.
an attorney for sb Attorneys for both sides agreed to postpone the hearing.
a defense/prosecuting attorney
a civil/criminal attorney

a person who has the legal right to act for someone else:
You may appoint an attorney to act on your behalf.

Question 273

outrage

Answer 273

outrage [ˈautreidʒ]
♦ noun
a wicked act, especially of great violence: the outrages committed by the soldiers; The decision to close the road is a public outrage.
کار خشونت آمیز؛ عمل شنیع

♦ verb
to hurt, shock or insult: She was outraged by his behaviour.
خشمگین کردن؛ اهانت کردن
outˈrageous
♦ adjective
noticeably terrible: an outrageous hat; outrageous behaviour.
بسیار بد
outˈrageously
♦ adverb
.
بطور شنیع
outˈrageousness
♦ noun
.
خشونت؛ زشتی

outraged
adjective
UK /ˈaʊt.reɪdʒd/ US /ˈaʊt.reɪdʒd/

feeling outrage:
Outraged viewers jumped onto social media to complain about the ending of the series.
She became outraged by poverty.
See
outrage
More examples
The incident sparked outraged protests.
His actions led to some angry and outraged reactions.
There have been repeated outraged denials by the family.
Am I alone in feeling outraged about this?

Question 274

vacuum

leadership vacuum

ger: Vakuum

No artist works in a vacuum

Answer 274

a space from which most or all of the matter has been removed, or where there is little or no matter

[ S ]
a lack of something:
The withdrawal of troops from the area has created a security vacuum which will need to be filled.
in a vacuum

kept separate from other people and activities:
No artist works in a vacuum - we are all of us influenced by others.

vacuum [ˈvӕkjuəm]
♦ noun
1 a space from which (almost) all air or other gas has been removed.
خلاء
2 short for vacuum cleaner .

♦ verb
to clean (something) using a vacuum cleaner: She vacuumed the carpet.
جارو برقی زدن
vacuum cleaner
a machine that cleans carpets etc by sucking dust etc into itself.
جارو برق

/vak´yōō ǝm, -yōōm´;-yoom, -yǝm/
adj., vt., vi., n., pl.
● خلا،تهیک،تهک
● بی‌هوا
● تهیگی،(مجازی) پوچی،ونگی
his sudden death created a huge power vacuum
مرگ ناگهانی او خلا بزرگی در قدرت به وجود آورد.
● مخفف: 5 vacuum cleaner - وابسته به خلا،تهیگی -6 مکنده،مکشی -7 (با جاروبرقی) تمیز کردن،جاروبرقی زدن (vacuum-clean هم می‌گویند)
Mehri dusted the furniture and vacuumed the rugs
مهری مبل‌ها را گردگیری کرد و فرش‌ها را جاروبرقی زد.

perfect vacuum
vollständiges Vakuum
security vacuum
Sicherheitslücke f
power vacuum
Machtvakuum nt
vacuum flask
Vakuumkolben m fachspr
nature abhors a vacuum Sprichw
die Natur verabscheut das Leere
upright vacuum cleaner
Handstaubsauger m
in a vacuum übtr
im luftleeren Raum übtr
cylinder [or Am canister] vacuum cleaner
Bodenstaubsauger m

Question 275

wave

crime wave

Answer 275

wave [weiv]
♦ noun
1 a moving ridge, larger than a ripple, moving on the surface of water: rolling waves; a boat tossing on the waves.
موج
2 a vibration travelling eg through the air: radio waves; sound waves; light waves.
جنبش
3 a curve or curves in the hair: Are those waves natural?
فر
4 a (usually temporary) rise or increase: the recent crime wave; a wave of violence; The pain came in waves.
فراز و فرود
5 an act of waving: She recognized me, and gave me a wave.
مواج

♦ verb
1 to move backwards and forwards or flutter: The flags waved gently in the breeze.
تكان خوردن
2 to (cause hair to) curve first one way then the other: She’s had her hair waved; Her hair waves naturally.
فر زدن
3 to make a gesture (of greeting etc ) with (eg the hand): She waved to me across the street; Everyone was waving handkerchiefs in farewell; They waved goodbye.
اشاره كردن
ˈwavy
♦ adjective
(of hair) full of waves: Her hair is wavy but her sister’s hair is straight.
موج دار
ˈwaviness
♦ noun
.
موجي
ˈwave(band)
♦ noun
a range of wavelengths on which eg radio signals are broadcast.
موج
ˈwavelength
♦ noun
the distance from any given point on one (radio etc ) wave to the corresponding point on the next.
طول موج
wave aside
to dismiss (a suggestion etc ) without paying much attention to it.
ناديده گرفتن پيشنهاد
wave [weiv]
♦ noun
1 a moving ridge, larger than a ripple, moving on the surface of water: rolling waves; a boat tossing on the waves.
موج
2 a vibration travelling eg through the air: radio waves; sound waves; light waves.
جنبش
3 a curve or curves in the hair: Are those waves natural?
فر
4 a (usually temporary) rise or increase: the recent crime wave; a wave of violence; The pain came in waves.
فراز و فرود
5 an act of waving: She recognized me, and gave me a wave.
مواج

♦ verb
1 to move backwards and forwards or flutter: The flags waved gently in the breeze.
تكان خوردن
2 to (cause hair to) curve first one way then the other: She’s had her hair waved; Her hair waves naturally.
فر زدن
3 to make a gesture (of greeting etc ) with (eg the hand): She waved to me across the street; Everyone was waving handkerchiefs in farewell; They waved goodbye.
اشاره كردن
ˈwavy
♦ adjective
(of hair) full of waves: Her hair is wavy but her sister’s hair is straight.
موج دار
ˈwaviness
♦ noun
.
موجي
ˈwave(band)
♦ noun
a range of wavelengths on which eg radio signals are broadcast.
موج
ˈwavelength
♦ noun
the distance from any given point on one (radio etc ) wave to the corresponding point on the next.
طول موج
wave aside
to dismiss (a suggestion etc ) without paying much attention to it.
ناديده گرفتن پيشنهاد

wāv/
n., vt., vi.
● موج،خیزه،خیزاب،آبخیز
the waves of a stormy sea
امواج دریای توفانی
radio waves
امواج رادیو
wave after wave of enemy assault troops
موج‌های متوالی تکاوران دشمن
a wave of anger
موجی از خشم
a big wave turned the boat on its side
خیزاب بزرگی قایق را چپه کرد.
a new crime wave
موج جدیدی از جنایت
a heat wave
موج هوای گرم
● فر،جعد،تاب گیسو،چین و شکن،پیچ و تاب
the pretty waves of her hair
چین و شکن‌های زیبای گیسوان او
a permanent wave
فر شش ماهه،فر دائم
● (جمع‌- با: the) دریا
● حرکت،تکان،جنب،جنباندن،نوسان،اهتزاز
he welcomed us with a wave of his hand
با تکان دست به ما خوشامد گفت.
● نوسان کردن،تکان خوردن،به اهتزاز درآمدن،پس و پیش رفتن،به نوسان درآمدن
a flag waving in the breeze
پرچمی که در نسیم در اهتزاز است.
branches waved gently and shed their leaves
شاخه‌ها به آرامی نوسان می‌کردند و برگ‌های خود را می‌ریختند.
● موج زدن،تموج داشتن،خیزه داشتن
a field of waving wheat
کشتزاری از گندمی که موج می‌زند
● (با: at) دست تکان دادن
he smiled and waved at us
لبخندی زد و برای ما دست تکان داد.
the president waved at the crowd
رئیس جمهور برای جماعت دست تکان داد.
● تکان دادن،پس و پیش بردن،به اهتزاز در آوردن،به نوسان در آوردن
Rustam waved his sword in the air
رستم شمشیرش را در هوا به نوسان در آورد.
the drunken man waved his fist at me
مرد مست مشتش را به سویم تکان داد.
● فرفری بودن،چین و شکن داشتن،مجعد بودن،پیچ و تاب داشتن
the baby’s hair waves beautifully
موی کودک فرهای زیبایی دارد.
● فر زدن،مجعد کردن
the bride waved her hair and manicured her nails
عروس گیسوان خود را فر زد و ناخن‌های خود را رنگ کرد.
● (با تکان دادن دست یا پرچم و غیره) علامت دادن،اشاره کردن،هدایت کردن
he waved down an approaching motorist to ask for help
برای دریافت امداد به راننده‌ای که داشت نزدیک می‌شد علامت داد.
the border guard looked at my passport and waved me on
نگهبان مرز به گذرنامه‌ام نگاهی کرد و اشاره کرد که رد شوم.
to wave farewell
با علامت دست خداحافظی کردن
* make waves
وضع موجود را به هم زدن،سر و صدا ایجاد کردن
* wave (something) about
(چیزی را) به اطراف تکان دادن،به نوسان درآوردن
* wave somebody along (or on, aside, away etc.)
با حرکت دست کسی را فراتر راندن (به جلو یا کنار یا دورتر راندن یا راهنمایی کردن)

Question 276

implement

Answer 276

implement
verb [ T ]
US /ˈɪm·pləˌment/

to put a plan or system into operation:
Congress refused to pass the bill that would implement tax reforms.
implementation

noun [ U ] US /ˌɪm·plə·mənˈteɪ·ʃən, -menˈteɪ-/
They’ve involved their workers in the development and implementation of the new program.
implement
noun [ C ]
US /ˈɪm·plə·mənt/

a tool or other piece of equipment for doing work:
farm implements

implement [ˈimplimənt]
♦ noun
a tool or instrument: kitchen/garden implements.
ابزار

/im´plǝ mǝnt, -ment´/
n., vt.
● ابزار،اسباب،وسیله،کاچار،آلت،ساز و برگ،انگاز،شوند،مانه،افزار
implements of war
جنگ افزارها
a farm implement
ابزار کشاورزی
in the beginning humans used stone implements
انسان‌ها در آغاز از ابزارهای سنگی استفاده می‌کردند.
● (انسان یا وسیله‌ی رسیدن به مقصود) اجراکننده،آماج‌رسان
judges were trying to be efficient implements of justice
قضات می‌کوشیدند که مجریان موثر عدالت باشند.
● انجام دادن،اجرا کردن،به آماج رساندن،از پیش بردن،به کار بستن
the government is going to implement reforms
دولت اصلاحات را پیگیری خواهد کرد.
to implement new plans
نقشه‌های جدیدی را اجرا کردن
● ابزار دار کردن،افزار دادن،وسیله شدن

Question 277

vindicate

Answer 277

vindicate: justification

vindicate
verb [ T ]
US /ˈvɪn·dɪˌkeɪt/

to show something to have been right or true, or to show someone to be free from guilt or blame:
The decision to include Morris on the team was vindicated when he scored three touchdowns.
vindication

noun [ C/U ] US /ˌvɪn·dɪˈkeɪ·ʃən/
[ U ] They are hoping for vindication in court.
noun - vindication
دفاع: defense, advocacy, pleading, vindication, apologia, replication
اثبات بیگناهی: vindication
توجیه: justification, explanation, rationalization, vindication
حمایت: protection, patronage, aid, aegis, shelter, vindication

/vin´dǝ kā´shǝn/
n.
● توجیه،ویچاردن،به حق جلوه دادن
he referred to his unhappy childhood as a vindication of his crimes
برای توجیه جنایات خود به کودکی مذلت‌بار خود اشاره کرد.
● عملی که توجیه می‌کند،عمل اثبات‌کننده،عمل توجیه کننده،ویچاردگر
● حقانیت
● اثبات

Question 278

condemn [

Answer 278

condemn
verb [ T ]
US /kənˈdem/
condemn verb [T] (CRITICIZE)

to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons:
The movie was condemned for glorifying violence.
condemn verb [T] (PUNISH)

to severely punish someone who has committed a crime, or to force someone to suffer:
Those who remember the past are not condemned to repeat it.
Illness condemned her to spend her remaining days in a home.
condemn verb [T] (CALL NOT SAFE)

to decide officially that a building is not safe for people to use

condemnation

noun [ U ] US /ˌkɑn·dəmˈneɪ·ʃən, -dem-/
The statement brought swift condemnation from world leaders.

condemn [kənˈdem]
♦ verb
1 to criticize as morally wrong or evil: Everyone condemned her for being cruel to her child.
سرزنش کردن؛ نکوهش کردن
2 to sentence to (a punishment): She was condemned to death.
محکوم کردن
3 to declare (a building) to be unfit to use: These houses have been condemned.
کلنگی اعلام کردن؛ حکم خرابی صادر کردن
condemnation [kondemˈneiʃən]
♦ noun
.
محکومیت؛ سرزنش
condemned cell
a cell for a prisoner under sentence of death.

Question 279

admire

Answer 279

admire
verb [ T ]
US /ədˈmɑɪər/

to respect and approve of someone or something:
I admire that music more than any other.
admirable

adjective US /ˈæd·mər·ə·bəl/
The police did an admirable job of calming down the crowd.
admirably

adverb US /ˈæd·mər·ə·bli/
I think she coped admirably with a very difficult situation.
admiration

noun [ U ] US /ˌæd·məˈreɪ·ʃən/
My admiration for her grows daily.
admirer

noun [ C ] US /ədˈmɑɪər·ər/
Many admirers waited in the rain just to see their hero.

admire [ədˈmaiə]
♦ verb
1 to look at with great pleasure and often to express this pleasure: I’ve just been admiring your new car.
تحسین کردن
2 to have a very high opinion of (something or someone): I admire John’s courage.
پسندیدن؛ ستودن
ˈadmirable [ˈӕdmə-]
♦ adjective
extremely good: His behaviour during the riot was admirable.
تحسین برانگیز
ˈadmirably [ˈӕdmə-]
♦ adverb
extremely well: He’s admirably suited to the job.
بطور تحسین برانگیز
admiration [ӕdmiˈreiʃən]
♦ noun
They were filled with admiration at the team’s performance.
تمجید
adˈmirer
♦ noun
1 one who admires (someone or something): He is an admirer of Mozart.
ستایشگر
2 a man who is attracted by a particular woman: She has many admirers.
شیفته؛ سینه چاک
adˈmiring
♦ adjective
an admiring glance.
تحسین آمیز
adˈmiringly
♦ adverb
.
بطور ستایش آمیز

/ad mīr´/
vt.
● ستودن،تحسین کردن،پسندیدن،احترام قائل شدن
everyone admired her virtues
همه‌ی محسنات او را تحسین می‌کردند.
● (محلی) خواستن،آرزو کردن
I’d admire to go along
خیلی دلم می‌خواست من هم بروم.
● (قدیمی) شگفت‌زده شدن،تعجب کردن

Question 280

crucial

ger: Entscheidend

Answer 280

crucial
adjective
US /ˈkru·ʃəl/

(of a decision or event) extremely important because many other things depend on it:
The behavior of the oceans is a crucial aspect of global warming.
crucially

adverb US /ˈkru·ʃə·li/
The band wants to win over fans and, more crucially, radio programmers.

crucial [ˈkruːʃəl]
♦ adjective
involving a big decision; of the greatest importance: He took the crucial step of asking her to marry him; The next game is crucial – if we lose it we lose the match.
حیاتی؛ سرنوشت ساز

/krōō´shǝl/
adj.
● بسیار مهم،حیاتی،حیاتی و مماتی،سرنوشت‌ساز،(محل) بزنگاه،پراهمیت،حساس،حاد
a crucial decision
تصمیم سرنوشت ساز
sound planning is crucial to economic development
برنامه‌ریزی معقول برای پیشرفت اقتصادی اهمیت حیاتی دارد.
at the crucial moment
در لحظه‌ای حساس
● شدید،سخت،دشوار،مشکل
● (پزشکی) به شکل صلیب،خاجی،خاج‌سان،چلیپایی
a crucial incision
شکاف خاجی،برش صلیبی شکل
a crucial scar
جای زخم خاجی،جای زخم صلیبی شکل

Question 281

plague

Ger: Seuche, pest

Answer 281

to plague : to cause huge problems

plague
verb [ T ]
US /pleɪɡ/
plague verb [T] (CAUSE DIFFICULTY)

to cause someone or something difficulty or suffering, esp. repeatedly or continually:
Financial problems have been plaguing the company.
That pain in my shoulder is plaguing me again.

plague [pleig]
♦ noun
1 especially formerly, an extremely infectious and deadly disease, especially one carried by fleas from rats.
طاعون
2 a large and annoying quantity: a plague of flies.
هجوم

♦ verb
to annoy or pester continually or frequently: The child was plaguing her with questions.
به ستوح آوردن

plague
noun [ C or U ]
UK /pleɪɡ/ US /pleɪɡ/

C2
(also the plague, the Plague)
a serious disease that kills many people, often used to refer to bubonic plague, a very infectious disease caused by bacteria spread mainly by fleas (= small insects that bite) on rats or other animals, that causes swelling, fever, and usually death in humans :
In 1349 almost half the townspeople of Cork died of plague after the Black Death arrived in the town.
The book looks at infectious diseases, from the plague to SARS, and at how treatment has changed over the centuries.
Somehow they had survived when the Plague came.
They described the historical plagues that had killed millions.
Compare
Black Death
a plague of something

a large number of things that are unpleasant or likely to cause damage:
a plague of insects
Unfortunately, the bumper harvest was quickly followed by a plague of mice.
humorous A plague of journalists descended on the town.
Computer users all over the world faced a plague of viruses.
They suffered a plague of mechanical problems during their trip.

Question 282

emphasis

Emphatically / empathic

Ger: nachdrücklich/ eindeutige

Answer 282

emphasis
noun [ C/U ]
US /ˈem·fə·səs/
plural emphases US/ˈem·fəˌsiz/

special attention given to something because it is important or because you want it to be noticed, or an example of this:
[ U ] She paused for emphasis.
[ U ] In schools, the emphasis on programming has declined in recent years.

emphasis [ˈemfəsis]
♦ noun– plural ˈemphases [-siːz] –
1 stress put on certain words in speaking etc ; greater force of voice used in words or parts of words to make them more noticeable: In writing we sometimes underline words to show emphasis.
تکیه؛ تکیه کلام
2 force; firmness: I do not intend to go,' he said with emphasis. تاکید؛ پافشاری 3 importance given to something: He placed great emphasis on this point. تاکید ˈemphasize, *ˈemphasise ♦ verb to lay or put emphasis on: You emphasize the word too’ in the sentence `Are you going too?’; He emphasized the importance of working hard.
تاکید کردن؛ تکیه گذاشتن
emˈphatic [-ˈfӕ-]
♦ adjective
(negative unemphatic ) expressed with emphasis; firm and definite: an emphatic denial; He was most emphatic about the importance of arriving on time.
مصر؛ قاطع؛ موکد
emˈphatically
♦ adverb
.
اکیداً؛ بطور قاطع
to emphasize (not emphasize on ) a point.

/em´fǝ sis/
● تاکید،پافشاری،سفارش
his emphasis on reform
پافشاری او در مورد اصلاحات
in this class the emphasis is on mathematics
در این کلاس تاکید روی ریاضیات است.
● (زبانشناسی - واژه یا عبارت و غیره) تکیه،تکیه‌ی کلام
the speaker’s emphasis was on the word “conciliation”
تکیه‌ی سخنران روی واژه‌ی ((آشتی)) بود.
* put emphasis on
مورد تاکید قراردادن،سفارش کردن،پافشاری کردن،اهمیت دادن به

Question 283

relieve

Answer 283

C2 [ T ]
to make an unpleasant feeling, such as pain or worry, less strong:
She was given a shot of morphine to relieve the pain.
She relieved her boredom at home by learning how to type.

[ T ]
to improve an unpleasant situation:
New toll roads could help relieve congestion on other routes.
More examples
Rubbing dock leaves on nettle stings helps to relieve the pain.
The routine was the same every day, with nothing to relieve the monotony.
There must be some way you can relieve the pain.
This cream relieves the swelling caused by insect stings.
They removed the blood clot in order to relieve the pressure on her brain.

to provide relief for a bad situation or for people in need:
emergency food aid to help relieve the famine

[ T ]
to take the place of someone and continue doing their job or duties:
I’m on duty until 2 p.m. and then Peter is coming to relieve me.

[ T ] formal
to free a place that has been surrounded by an enemy army by military force:
An armoured battalion was sent to relieve the besieged town.

verb - relieve
تخفیف دادن: relieve, mitigate, assuage, discount, abate, alight
خلاص کردن: relieve, rescue
داشتن: have, possess, own, bear, relieve
کمک کردن: help, assist, aid, facilitate, boost, relieve
تسلی دادن: console, cherish, solace, becalm, relieve, soothe
بر کنار کردن: oust, out, relieve
تغییر پست دادن: relieve
بر جسته ساختن: relieve
ریدن: shit, relieve

/ri lēv´/
vt.
● (درد و دلواپسی و فشار وغیره) کاستن،آرام کردن،تسکین دادن،خواباندن،فرو نشاندن،تخفیف دادن
a pill that relieves pain
قرصی که درد را فرو می نشاند
to relieve suffering
از رنج کاستن
to relieve famine in Africa
قحطی در آفریقا را کم کردن
we must relieve the hardships of the refugies
باید مرارت پناهندگان را تخفیف بدهیم.
● (با: -self) ادرار کردن،ریدن،شاشیدن
he went behind the trees to relieve himself
برای قضای حاجت رفت پشت درخت‌ها.
● کمک کردن،پایمردی کردن،یاری دادن
to relieve the poor
به فقرا کمک کردن
● تنوع ایجاد کردن،کم نما کردن،کم اثر کردن
tall trees relieved the flatness of the plain
درختان بلند صافی دشت را کم‌نما می‌کردند.
to relieve the boredom of waiting, he began writing a letter
برای اینکه از انتظار کشیدن کمتر حوصله‌اش سر رود شروع به نوشتن نامه‌ای کرد.
● نوبت عوض کردن،مرخص کردن،جای (پاسدار یا بازیکن خسته و غیره را) گرفتن
to relieve a sentry
نگهبان را مرخص کردن (و جای او را گرفتن)
I will be relieved at six
کار من ساعت شش تمام می‌شود (وکس دیگری جایم را پر خواهد کرد).
● (شهر محاصره شده و غیره) به کمک شتافتن،امداد کردن،رفع محاصره کردن،محاصره شکنی کردن
a tank column was sent to relieve the besieged city
یک ستون تانک برای امداد به شهر محاصره شده گسیل شد.
● برجسته نشان دادن،(در مقایسه) چشمگیر بودن
● رهانیدن،آزاد کردن،رستاندن
to relieve somebody of a burden
باری را از دوش کسی برداشتن
● (بیس‌بال) جای پیچر (pitcher) اصلی بازی کردن
* relieved, adj.
آسوده،با خیال راحت
I was relieved to hear the news
از شنیدن خبر خیالم راحت شد.
* relieve one’s feelings
دق دل خود را خالی کردن،(با گریه کردن) احساسات خود را نشان دادن
* relieve somebody of something
1- شغلی را از کسی گرفتن،مستعفی کردن،معزول کردن 2- از اموال شخصی کسی مواظبت کردن،بار کسی را سبک کردن 3- (جیب‌کسی را) زدن
the governor was relieved of his job
شغل فرماندار را از او گرفتند.
he was relieved of his command
از فرماندهی معزول شد.
let me relieve you of your coat and hat
بگذارید پالتو و کلاه شما را برایتان نگه دارم.
the thief relieved him of his wallet
دزد کیف پول او را بلند کرد.

Question 284

cite/ citing

for Humphreys citing the European model

Answer 284

US UK AU verb - cite
گفتن: say, tell, utter, adduce, declare, tongue
ذکر کردن: mention, mingle, note, assign, cite, mind
اتخاذ سند کردن: cite

cite
verb [ T ] formal
UK /saɪt/ US /saɪt/
cite verb [T] (GIVE EXAMPLE)

to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened:
She cited three reasons why people get into debt.
The company cited a 13 percent decline in new orders as evidence that overall demand for its products was falling.

to speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work:
She cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in her article.

cite
verb [ T ]
US /sɑɪt/
cite verb [T] (MENTION)

to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened, or to speak or write words taken from a written work:
He cited a study of the devices as proof that the company knew they were dangerous.
Scientists cite this experiment as their main support for this theory.

To cite someone else’s words when speaking or writing is to use them:
If you cite too many writers, readers will wonder if you have any ideas of your own.

In law, a person or organization which is cited is named in a legal action:
The mine operator was cited with 33 violations of federal safety standards.
cite verb [T] (PRAISE)

to praise someone publicly for something the person has done:
He was cited for bravery.

Question 285

resonate

Answer 285

[ˈreznˌāt]
verb - resonate
طنین انداختن: resonate, chink, jar, reverberate, ting
پیچیدن: wrap, swab, twist, wind, furl, resonate
تشدید کردن: intensify, strengthen, amplify, exacerbate, exasperate, resonate

/-nāt´/
vt., vi.
● خنیدن،طنین انداختن،بازآوا شدن،(صدا) پیچیدن
the giant’s roars resonated in the cave
نعره‌های غول در غار طنین افکن شد.
● تولید طنین کردن،بسامدافزایی کردن
● طن

to be filled with a particular quality:
The building resonates with historic significance.

to continue to have a powerful effect or value:
The significance of those great stories resonates down the centuries.

If an experience or memory resonates, it makes you think of another similar one:
Her experiences resonate powerfully with me, living, as I do, in a similar family situation.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
(Definition of resonate from the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
resonate | AMERICAN DICTIONARY
resonate
verb [ I ]
US /ˈrez·əˌneɪt/

to produce or be filled with clear, continuing sound:
The noise of the bell resonated through the building.

Question 286

combat

We must try to combat poverty and illiteracy.

Answer 286

combat
noun [ C/U ]
US /ˈkɑm·bæt/

fighting during a time of war:
[ U ] a combat jacket/zone/casualty
[ U ] No one knew how many troops had died in combat.

Combat is also a fight between two people or things:
[ C ] The film explores the combat between good and evil.
combative

adjective US /kəmˈbæt̬·ɪv/
When you are in a combative mood, you are not pleasant company.
combat
verb [ T ]
US /kəmˈbæt, ˈkɑm·bæt/

to try to stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or increasing:

We must try to combat poverty and illiteracy.

combat [ˈkombӕt, (American) kəmˈbat]
♦ noun
(an act of) fighting: The two knights met each other in single combat.
نبرد؛ مبارزه

♦ verb
to fight against; to oppose: The residents of the town tried to combat the government’s plans to build a motorway.
مبارزه کردن
combatant [ˈkombətənt, (American) kəmˈbӕtənt]
♦ noun
a person who is fighting: They eventually separated the combatants.
جنگجو؛ مبارز

verb - combat
مبارزه کردن: struggle, fight, joust, combat, conflict
جنگیدن با: combat

Question 287

crackdown

Answer 287

[ˈkrakˌdoun]
noun - crackdown
سخت گیری: crackdown, rigor, astringency, rigidity, austerity, severity
تادیب: discipline, correction, punishment, crackdown
سرکوب

/krak´doun´/
n.
● (تنبیه یا سرکوبی) شدت عمل،سختگیری بیشتر،پیگیری و گوشمالی شدیدتر
a crackdown on criminals
گوشمالی شدیدتر بزهکاران
* crack down
(تنبیه یا سرکوبی را) شدیدتر کردن،(بیشتر) سختگیری کردن،(سخت‌تر) گوشمالی دادن
the police cracked down on smugglers
پلیس قاچاقچیان را زیر فشار بیشتری گذاشت.

crackdown
noun [ C ]
US /ˈkrækˌdɑʊn/

an action by an authority to stop something:
The government is calling for a crackdown on drivers who speed through red lights.

Question 288

compassion

Answer 288

compassion [kəmˈpӕʃən]
♦ noun
sorrow or pity for the sufferings of another person.
ترحم؛ دلسوزی
comˈpassionate [-nət]
♦ adjective
.
دلسوز؛ ترحم آمیز

/kǝm pash´ǝn/
n.
● همدردی،شفقت،دلسوزی،ترحم،رحم
the old woman’s bereavement aroused everyone’s compassion
داغداری پیرزن ترحم همه را برانگیخت.

compassion
noun [ U ]
US /kəmˈpæʃ·ən/

a strong feeling of sympathy and sadness for other people’s suffering or bad luck and a desire to help
compassionate

adjective US /kəmˈpæʃ·ə·nət/
a compassionate man

Question 289

meanwhile

Answer 289

meanwhile [ˈmiːnwail]
♦ adverb
during this time; at the same time: The child had gone home. Meanwhile, his mother was searching for him in the street.
ضمنا

meanwhile
adverb [ not gradable ]
US /ˈminˌwɑɪl, -ˌhwɑɪl/

until something expected happens, or while something else is happening:
It’s going to take several days for my car to be repaired – meanwhile I’m renting one.

Synonyms
in the interim
in the meantime

We’ll buy you some shorts at the weekend, but meanwhile you’ll just have to wear your long trousers.
The boys are still getting the mats out so, meanwhile, let’s do some warm-up exercises.
“The pizza will be ready in 10 minutes, Mum.” “Great - meanwhile, let’s set the table.”
They’ve arranged to have another meeting in two weeks, and meanwhile the problem is getting worse and worse!
The computers should be working again soon. Meanwhile, could everyone get on with some paperwork or something?

Question 290

oversee

Answer 290

AU oversee [əuvəˈsiː]– past tense ˌoverˈsaw [-ˈsoː]: past participle ˌoverˈseen –
♦ verb
to supervise: He oversees production at the factory.
نظارت کردن
overseer [ˈəuvəsiə]
♦ noun
The overseer reported her for being late.
ناظر

oversee
verb [ T ]
UK /ˌəʊvəˈsiː/ US
oversaw | overseen

WORKPLACE, MANAGEMENT
to watch or organize a job or an activity to make certain that it is being done correctly:
As marketing manager, her job is to oversee all the company’s advertising.

FINANCE, MANAGEMENT
to be in charge of how an amount of money is invested or spent:
The capital management firm oversees total assets of $107 million.
The company CFO will oversee the budget and finances.

POLITICS, LAW
to watch an activity to make sure that it is being done correctly and legally:
The World Trade Organization oversees the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

Question 291

toddler

Answer 291

[ˈtädlər]
noun - toddler
کودک نو پا: toddler
کودک تازه براه افتاده: toddler, toddle

toddler
noun [ C ]
US /ˈtɑd·lər/

a young child, esp. one just learning to walk:
Are these toys suitable for toddlers?

toddler
Kleinkind nt

can your toddler walk yet?
kann dein Kleiner schon laufen?

Question 292

indifference

Answer 292

indifference
noun [ U ]
US /ɪnˈdɪf·rəns/

the quality of not caring about or being interested in something or someone:
Her indifference to sports bothered him.

lack of interest in someone or something:
Many native speakers of a language show indifference to/towards grammatical points.
His attitude was one of bored indifference.

n.
● بی‌علاقگی،بی‌تفاوتی،بی‌توجهی،بی‌اعتنایی،ناگرایشی،ناپیوندی،یکسان بینی
they showed their indifference toward money
آنان بی‌اعتنایی خود را نسبت به پول نشان دادند.
his indifference toward her was obvious
عدم علاقه‌ی او به آن زن آشکار بود.
● ناچیزی،بی‌اهمیتی (indifferency هم می‌نوشتند)

Question 293

Exacerbate

ger: verschlimmern

Answer 293

exacerbate
verb [ T ]
US /ɪɡˈzæs·ərˌbeɪt/

to make something that is already bad worse:
Her allergy was exacerbated by the dust.

exacerbate
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪɡˈzæs.ə.beɪt/ US /ɪɡˈzæs.ɚ.beɪt/

to make something that is already bad even worse:
This attack will exacerbate the already tense relations between the two communities.

[igˈzasərˌbāt]
verb - exacerbate
بدتر کردن: worsen, embitter, exacerbate, deteriorate, aggravate, exasperate
تشدید کردن: intensify, strengthen, amplify, exacerbate, exasperate, resonate
خونکسی را بجوش اوردن: chafe, aggravate, anger, cheese off, exacerbate, nettle
بر انگیختن: prod, arouse, infuse, roust, excite, exacerbate

/eg zas´ǝr bāt´, ig-/
vt.
● (درد و بیماری و مسئله و غیره) شدید کردن،بیشتر کردن،بدتر کردن،وخیم کردن
the noise exacerbated my headache
سروصدا سر درد مرا بدتر کرد.
drought exacerbated the situation
خشکسالی وضع را بدتر کرد.
● اذیت کردن،اوقات (کسی را) تلخ کردن،از کوره در کردن

to exacerbate sth
etw verschlimmern
to exacerbate sth drought, crisis
etw verschärfen
to exacerbate relations
Beziehungen trüben
to exacerbate tension
Spannungen vertiefen

Question 294

brazen

brazen crime

Answer 294

brazen
adjective
US /ˈbreɪ·zən/

(of something bad) done without trying to hide it:
a brazen robbery in the downtown area

brazen : bold, without shame

US UK AU brazen [ˈbreizn]
♦ adjective
impudent or shameless: a brazen young woman.
پررو؛ بی حیا
brazen it out
to face a situation with impudent boldness: She knew her deception had been discovered but decided to brazen it out.
پررویی کردن

/brā´zǝn/
adj.
● (از نظر رنگ و سختی) مثل (فلز) برنج،برنج مانند،پرنگ مانند،ساخته شده از برنج،برنجی
brazen cups
فنجان‌های برنجی
● پررو،بی‌حیا،بی‌شرم،گستاخ،چشم سفید،بی‌آزرم،چشم دریده،وقیح
a brazen whore
فاحشه‌ی بی‌حیا
he made brazen accusations against my father
او تهمت‌های بیشرمانه‌ای به پدرم می‌زد.
● دارای صدایی شبیه به زنگ برنجی،(صدا) تیز و گوشخراش
* brazen it out
پررویی کردن،رو را سفت کردن
* brazenly, adv.
با بی‌شرمی،با پررویی،با بی‌حیایی
when I gave him the money he brazenly asked for my car keys too
وقتی پول را به او دادم با پررویی کلید ماشینم را هم طلب کرد.

Question 295

apart

apart from
ger: abgesehen von :

Answer 295

apart from
phrase

B1
except for or not considering:
He works until nine o’clock every evening, and that’s quite apart from the work he does over the weekend.
Apart from the salary/Salary apart, it’s not a bad job.
Apart from you and me/You and me apart, I don’t think there was anyone there under 30.
See also
apart adverb (EXCEPT)

She’s done all the important Shakespearean roles apart from Lady Macbeth.

So, apart from the bad ankle, how are you feeling in general?

Do you want anything from the newsagent’s apart from a paper?

It’s a great job, apart from the early start in the mornings.

So, joking apart, do you really think you will be able to manage on your own?

apart adverb (SEPARATED)

B1
separated by a distance or by time:
Stand with your feet wide apart.
How far apart should the speakers be?
We were asked to stand in two lines three metres apart.
The two lines of children moved slowly apart.
The garage, large enough for two cars, is set apart from (= not joined to) the house.
I forget the exact age difference between Mark and his brother - they’re two or three years apart.

B2
into smaller pieces:
My jacket is so old it’s falling apart.
I took the motor apart (= separated it into pieces) to see how it worked.
More examples
We made a deliberate decision to live apart for a while.
They went for each other with their fists and had to be pulled apart.
They moved the goal posts wider apart.
My children’s birthdays are only three days apart.
The new two houses have been built quite far apart.

apart [əˈpaːt]
♦ adverb
separated by a certain distance: The trees were planted three metres apart; with his feet apart; Their policies are far apart; She sat apart from the other people.
در فاصلۀ کم؛ جدا
apart from
except for: I can’t think of anything I need, apart from a car.
بجز؛ به غیر از
come apart
to break into pieces: The book came apart in my hands.
از هم پاشیدن؛ به هم خوردن
take apart
to separate (something) into the pieces from which it is made: He took the engine apart.
از هم باز کردن
tell apart(usually with can, *cannotetc )
to recognize the difference between; to distinguish: I cannot tell the twins apart.
از هم تشخیص دادن

/ǝ pärt´/
adv., adj.
● در کنار،جنب،در فاصله‌ی کم
the shop stood apart from the rest of the village
مغازه در فاصله کمی از دهکده قرار داشت.
● جدا،سوا،تنها
we were born two years apart
تولدمان دو سال با هم فرق داشت.
these chairs are set apart for them
این صندلی‌ها برای آنها کنار گذاشته شده (رزرو شده) است.
he stood with his legs apart
با پاهای باز از هم ایستاد.
the lovers could not bear to be apart
عاشق و معشوق تاب جدایی نداشتند.
● به غیر از،گذشته از
(all) joking apart
از شوخی گذشته
* apart from
به جز،به غیر از
* fall (come) apart
فروریختن،به هم خوردن
their marriage is falling apart
ازدواج آنها در حال به هم خوردن است.
friends who have fallen apart
دوستانی که رابطه‌ی آنها به هم خورده است.
* take apart
از هم باز کردن،تجزیه کردن
David took the clock apart and put it together again
دیوید ساعت را از هم باز و دوباره سوار کرد.
* tell apart
از هم تمیز دادن
I can’t tell those twins apart
آن دوقلوها را نمی‌توانم از هم تشخیص بدهم.

Question 296

fatigue

ger: Erschöfung

Answer 296

fatigue noun (TIREDNESS/WEAKNESS)

[ U ] formal
extreme tiredness:
She was suffering from fatigue.

[ U ] ENGINEERING specialized
weakness in something, such as a metal part or structure, often caused by repeated bending:
The crash was caused by metal fatigue in one of the propeller blades.

fatigue [fəˈtiːg]
♦ noun
1 great tiredness (caused especially by hard work or effort): He was suffering from fatigue.
خستگی
2 (especially in metals) weakness caused by continual use: metal fatigue.
فرسودگی
faˈtigued
♦ adjective
made very tired: She was fatigued by the constant questioning.
خسته

/fǝ tēg´/
n., vt., vi.
● خستگی،ماندگی
fatigue is one of the causes of car accidents
یکی از علل تصادفات رانندگی خستگی است.
● (آنچه که سبب خستگی شود) کار سخت،خرحمالی،زحمت،گیرودار
● (ارتش) کار و بیگاری (fatigue duty هم می‌گویند)
● (ارتش) جامه‌ی بیگاری،بیگار جامه،لباس (یا اونیفرم) خدمت (fatigue clothes هم می‌گویند)
we used to sleep in our fatigues
شب‌ها در لباس خدمت می‌خوابیدیم.
● (فلز شناسی) فرسودگی (تمایل فلز و سایر مصالح به ترک برداشتن و شکستن در اثر گذشت زمان و اعمال فشار)،فرسوده شدن یا کردن فلز و غیره
● (تنکرد شناسی) ستوهش (کاهش کنشوری سازواره در اثر انگیزش مکرر)،ستوهیدن،ستوهاندن (سازواره)
● (ارتش) کار و بیگاری کردن
● خسته کردن یا شدن،واماندن،وامانده کردن
I was so fatigued that I couldn’t stand up
آنقدر خسته شده بودم که نمی‌توانستم بایستم.

Question 297

rational

Answer 297

rational
adjective
UK /ˈræʃ.ən.əl/ US /ˈræʃ.ən.əl/

C1
based on clear thought and reason:
There must be some rational explanation for what happened.
a rational act/course of action
a rational argument/decision
He was too upset to be rational.
More examples
In that state of mind you can’t make a rational decision.
I’m sure there’s a perfectly rational explanation for it.
Adrenalin blocks out all rational thought.
He has a very rational way of looking at things.
Let’s wait till we can have a rational discussion

US UK AU rational [ˈraʃənl]
♦ adjective
1 able to think, reason and judge etc : Man is a rational animal.
عاقل
2 sensible; reasonable; logical; not (over-) influenced by emotions etc : There must be a rational explanation for those strange noises
منطقی
ˈrationally
♦ adverb
.
به طور منطقی
ˌrationˈality
♦ noun
.
منطقی بودن؛ پیروی از عقل

rash´ǝn ǝl/
adj.
● عقلانی،عقلی،فکری
rational powers
قوای عقلانی
● منطقی،بخردانه،تعقلی،خرد آمیز،استدلالی،خرد پذیر،عاقلانه،خردمندانه
a rational decision
تصمیم خردمندانه
the rational analysis of this problem
تجزیه و تحلیل منطقی این مسئله
● عاقل،بخرد،خردمند
a rational creature
یک موجود برخوردار از عقل

Question 298

upset

Answer 298

to make someone worried, unhappy, or angry:
It still upsets him when he thinks about the accident.
Don’t upset yourself by thinking about what might have been.

upset [apˈset]– past tense, past participle upˈset –
♦ verb
1 to overturn: He upset a glass of wine over the table.
چپه کردن
2 to disturb or put out of order: His illness has upset all our arrangements.
به هم زدن
3 to distress: His friend’s death upset him very much.
ناراحت کردن

♦ adjective
disturbed or distressed: Is he very upset about failing his exam?
نگران
[ˈapset]noun
a disturbance: He has a stomach upset; I couldn’t bear the upset of moving house again.
اختلال؛ آشفتگی

/up set´, up´set´/
vt., vi.,
● (در اصل) افراختن،افراشتن،قائم کردن،برپاکردن
● یک‌وری کردن یا شدن،چپه کردن یا شدن،واژگون کردن یا شدن،(به پهلو) انداختن،برگرداندن،آشکوخیدن،وارونه کردن
to upset a vase
گلدان را انداختن
she upset the cup of tea and ruined my painting
فنجان چای را واژگون کرد و نقاشی مرا خراب کرد.
● ناراحت کردن،حواس کسی را مختل کردن،نگران کردن
the news of her illness really upset me
خبر بیماری او واقعا مرا پریشان کرد.
the children were upset by the break-up of their parents’ marriage
بچه‌ها از به هم خوردن ازدواج والدینشان بسیار ناراحت بودند.
the least little thing upsets her
کوچکترین چیز او را ناراحت می‌کند.
● رنجاندن،برزخ کردن یا شدن،رنجیدن،عصبانی کردن یا شدن،دلخور کردن یا شدن،پکر کردن یا شدن
my words upset her
حرف‌های من او را رنجاند.
● نگران،ناراحتی،رنجش،رنجیدگی،دلخوری،پکری
● شکست (به ویژه شکست غیر مترقبه)،(به طور غیر منتظره) شکست دادن یا خوردن
though our team was weaker, we upset them 4 to 2
با آنکه تیم ما ضعیف‌تر بود آنها را 4به‌2 شکست دادیم.
● مختل کردن،به هم زدن،نابسامان کردن یا شدن،به هم خوردن
to upset the balance of power between Germany and France
توازن قوا میان آلمان و فرانسه را به هم زدن
the rain upset our plans
باران نقشه‌های مارا به هم زد.
the financial stability of the country was upset
ثبات اقتصادی کشور به هم خورد.
● اختلال،نابسامانی،به هم خوردن،زیر و رو شدگی،خرابی
the upset of price and wage standards
به هم خوردن معیارهای قیمت و دستمزد
● به هم خوردگی (دل)،دل آشوبه،(معده) زیر و رو شدن،دچار دل به هم خوردگی شدن،موجب اختلال مزاج شدن
a stomach upset
دل به هم خوردگی
some foods upset children’s stomachs
برخی خوراک‌ها مزاج کودکان را مختل می‌کند.
● مختل،به هم خورده،دلخور،رنجیده،آزرده،درواژ
she was so upset with me that she wouldn’t talk to me for two days
آنقدر از من رنجیده بود که تا دو روز بامن حرف نمی‌زد.
don’t be upset, he didn’t mean it
دلخور نشو منظوری نداشت.
my brother was too upset to say anything
برادرم آن قدر دلخور بود که اصلا حرف نزد.
her nerves were more upset than usual
اعصاب او بیش از همیشه ناراحت بود.
● واژگونی،چپه شدگی،یک وری شدگی
he was hurt by the upset of the stool upon which he stood
واژگونی چارپایه‌ای که‌روی آن ایستاده بود موجب آسیب دیدن او شد.
● واژگون،چپه،آشکوخیده،یک وری،وارونه،برگردانده
an upset table
میز واژگون
* upset victory
پیروزی ضعیف بر قوی،پیروزی غیر مترقبه

Question 299

root

the root cause of pandemic addiction

Answer 299

root1 [ruːt]
♦ noun
1 the part of a plant that grows under the ground and draws food and water from the soil: Trees often have deep roots; Carrots and turnips are edible roots.
ریشه
2 the base of something growing in the body: the roots of one’s hair/teeth.
ریشه
3 cause; origin: Love of money is the root of all evil; We must get at the root of the trouble.
اصل؛ بنیاد
4 (in plural ) family origins: Our roots are in Scotland.
نسب؛ اصل

♦ verb
to (make something) grow roots: These plants aren’t rooting very well; He rooted the plants in compost.
کاشتن
root beer
a kind of non-alcoholic drink made from the roots of certain plants.
نوعی نوشیدنی مانند پپسی
root crop
plants with roots that are grown for food: The farm has three fields of root crops.
محصول ریشه ای
root out
1 to pull up or tear out by the roots: The gardener began to root out the weeds.
از ریشه در آوردن
2 to get rid of completely: We must do our best to root out poverty.
ریشه کن کردن
take root
to grow firmly; to become established: The plants soon took root.
ریشه گرفتن؛ مستقر شدن

Question 300

assault

ger: Angriff, Notzucht

Answer 300

assault [əˈsoːlt]
♦ verb
1 to attack, especially suddenly: The youths assaulted the night watchman.
حمله کردن
2 to attack sexually; to rape.
تجاوز جنسی کردن

♦ noun
1 a (sudden) attack: a night assault on the fortress; His speech was a vicious assault on his opponent.
حمله
2 a sexual attack; a rape.
تجوز جنسی

assault
noun
UK /əˈsɒlt/ US /əˈsɑːlt/

C2 [ C or U ]
a violent attack:
He was charged with sexual assault.
UK The number of indecent assaults has increased alarmingly over the past year.
an assault on a police officer
They launched an assault on the capital yesterday.

[ C ]
a determined or serious attempt to do something difficult:
Women’s groups have demanded a nationwide assault on sexism in the workplace.
She died heroically during an assault on the world’s second-highest mountain.
assault and battery [ U ] LAW specialized

a threat to injure someone followed by a violent attack on them :
Six fans were charged with assault and battery in connection with last week’s game.
See more
More examples
The assault was premeditated and particularly brutal.
Cash Junior made a full-frontal assault on Hollywood’s ‘moral delinquency’.
Racially motivated assaults on Asians are increasing.
Assaults on hospital staff have increased over the last year.
Police are hunting a student attacker after an unprovoked assault in a night club.

aggravated assault Am
schwere Körperverletzung
sexual assault Am
Notzucht f
indecent assault
unzüchtige Handlung
verbal assault übtr
verbale Attacke
assault and battery (aggression)
Bedrohung f mit tätlichem Angriff
frontal assault [or attack]
Frontalangriff m
an assault case
ein Fall m von Körperverletzung
an assault on racism/sexism
ein Feldzug m gegen Rassismus/Sexismus
to indecently [or sexually] assault sb
jdn vergewaltigen
to make an assault on sth
gegen etw Akk angehen
to launch an assault on sb/sth
jdn/etw angreifen
assault with intent to do grievous bodily injury
vorsätzliche schwere Körperverletzung
he pleaded guilty to the charge of indecent assault
er gestand die sexuelle Nötigung
an assault on the north face of the Eiger
ein Versuch, die Eiger-Nordwand zu bezwingen
she decided to make a determined assault on the paperwork
sie entschloss sich, endlich ernsthaft den Papierkram anzugehen

Question 301

surrender

• surrender oneself to something

eng:
to surrender a document to sb form

ger: aushändigen

der Rektor händigt den Schulabgängern die Abschlusszeugnisse aus.

Answer 301

surrender verb (ACCEPT DEFEAT)

[ I ]
to stop fighting and accept defeat:
They would rather die than surrender.
surrender verb (GIVE)

[ T ]
to give something that is yours to someone else, usually because you have been forced to do so:
U.S. Magistrate Celeste Bremer restricted Gruenwald’s travel and ordered that he surrender his passport.

surrender
noun [ C/U ]
US /səˈren·dər/

an agreement to stop fighting and accept defeat:
[ C ] Robert E. Lee’s surrender, which ended the Civil War, was one of the most important events in American history.

surrender [səˈrendə]
♦ verb
1 to yield: The general refused to surrender to the enemy; We shall never surrender!
تسليم كردن
2 to give up or abandon: He surrendered his claim to the throne; You must surrender your old passport when applying for a new one.
واگذار كردن

♦ noun
(an) act of surrendering: The garrison was forced into surrender.
تسليم

/sǝ ren´dǝr, sǝr ren´dǝr/
vt., vi., n.
● تسلیم شدن،گردن نهادن،سپر انداختن،ستوهیدن،ستوهاندن
he ordered the troops to surrender
به سربازان فرمان داد که تسلیم بشوند.
the kidnappers finally surrendered themselves to the police
آدم‌ربایان بالاخره خود را تسلیم پلیس کردند.
● تسلیم کردن،تحویل دادن،واسپردن،بازدادن،دادن،صرفنظر کردن
he surrendered his seat to a lady
صندلی خود را به یک خانم داد.
we will never surrender our liberties
هرگز از آزادی‌های خود صرفنظر نخواهم کرد.
they surrendered their guns to the police
آنان سلاح‌های خود را به پلیس تسلیم کردند.
● تن در دادن،پذیرفتن
● تسلیم،بازدهی،تحویل،واسپارش
Germany’s unconditional surrender
تسلیم بدون قیدو شرط آلمان
Teymoor demanded the surrender of the city
تیمور خواستار تسلیم شدن شهر بود.
● واگذاری
the surrender of the lease to the landlord before its expiration
واگذاری اجاره نامه به مالک پیش از سرآمدن آن
● (بیمه) باز خرید،فسخ بیمه نامه در برابر دریافت پول نقد یا surrender value
* surrender oneself to something
خود را تسلیم به چیزی کردن،تن در دادن
he surrendered himself to debauchery and sin
او خود را تسلیم لهو و لعب و گناه کرد.

Question 302

Provoke / provocative

ger: provozieren / provokant

Answer 302

provoke
verb [ T ]
US /prəˈvoʊk/
provoke verb [T] (ANGER)

to try to make a person or an animal angry or annoyed:
He was trying to provoke me into a fight.
provoke verb [T] (CAUSE REACTION)

to cause a particular reaction or feeling:
I’m trying to make people think, provoke their emotions.
His death provoked huge demonstrations.
provocative adjective (MAKE ANGRY)

causing an angry reaction, usually intentionally:
a provocative question/remark
In a deliberately provocative speech, she criticized the whole system of government.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
provocative adjective (SEXUAL)

If behaviour or clothing is provocative, it is intended to cause sexual desire:
She slowly leaned forward in a provocative way.

Related word
provocatively

one of the most provocative novels of the year
یکی از بحث‌انگیزترین رمان‌های سال

provoke [prəˈvəuk]
♦ verb
1 to make angry or irritated: Are you trying to provoke me?
عصبانی کردن
2 to cause: His words provoked laughter.
موجب شدن
3 to cause (a person etc ) to react in an angry way: He was provoked into hitting her.
تحریک کردن
provocation [provəˈkeiʃən]
♦ noun
the act of provoking or state of being provoked.
تحریک
proˈvocative [-ˈvokətiv]
♦ adjective
likely to rouse feeling, especially anger or sexual interest: provocative remarks; a provocative dress.
تحریک آمیز
proˈvocatively
♦ adverb
.
بطور تحریک آمیز

/prō vōk´, prǝ-/
vt.
● برانگیختن،انگیزاندن،تحریک کردن،پیش‌انگیز کردن،ایجاد کردن،(دعوا و غیره) دامن زدن،شوراندن
thought provoking
تفکر انگیز
to provoke a fight between two dogs
دو سگ را به جنگ هم انداختن
to provoke vomiting by fingering the throat
با انگشت زدن به سق استفراغ ایجاد کردن
● خشمگین کردن،عصبانی کردن،خشم (کسی را) برانگیختن،بر آشفتن
to provoke Jamshid, he kept on coughing repeatedly
او برای برانگیختن خشم جمشید پی‌درپی سرفه می‌کرد.
I was really provoked by the way he treated us
طرز رفتار او با ما مرا واقعا بر آشفت.
● (با تحریک و تهییج به‌کاری) واداشتن،وادار کردن
● ایجاد کردن،به وجود آوردن،باعث شدن،موجب شدن
to provoke jeaiousy
موجب حسادت شدن
to provoke a smile
باعث لبخند شدن

Question 303

Predicate

her proposal was predicated on the assumption that the country’s economy will expand

Answer 303

predicate noun [C] (GRAMMAR)

GRAMMAR
the part of a sentence that gives information about the subject:
In the sentence “We went to the airport,” “went to the airport” is the predicate.

predicate verb [T] (STATE)

to state that something is true:
[ + that clause ] One cannot predicate that the disease is caused by a virus on the basis of current evidence.

predicate [ˈpredikət]
♦ noun
what is said about the subject of a sentence: We live in London; The president of the republic died.
مسند

/pred´i kāt´, -kit/
n., adj., vt., vi.
● (در اصل) اعلام کردن،اظهار کردن،وعظ کردن،(با اطمینان) گفتن
● وابسته دانستن (به چیزی)،مورد تاکید قرار دادن،دال بودن بر،دلالت کردن،حاکی بودن،نسبت دادن
to predicate the truth of somebody’s claims
صداقت ادعاهای کسی را مورد تاکید قرار دادن
it predicates man’s intelligence
این دال بر عقل بشر است.
● (منطق - چیزی را به موضوع یا فاعل قضیه نسبت دادن) محمول قرار دادن،اسناد کردن،محمول،اسناد
● (با: on یا upon) مشروط کردن به،مبنا قرار دادن،مبتنی کردن
her proposal was predicated on the assumption that the country’s economy will expand
پیشنهاد او بر این فرض مبتنی بود که اقتصاد کشور گسترش خواهد یافت.
● (دستور زبان) گزاره،خبر،مسند
subject and predicate
مبتدا و خبر
● (دستور زبان) وابسته به خبر یا گزاره،گزاره‌ای،اسنادی،خبری
predicate adjective
صفت گزاره‌ای

Question 304

indicate

Ger: to indicate sth
etw zeigen

Answer 304

indicate
verb
US /ˈɪn·dɪˌkeɪt/

to show or signal a direction or warning, or to make something clear:
[ T ] These statistics might indicate quality problems.
[ + that clause ] She did not move or indicate that she had heard him.

indicate [ˈindikeit]
♦ verb
to point out or show: We can paint an arrow here to indicate the right path.
نشان دادن
ˌindiˈcation
♦ noun
There are clear indications that the war will soon be over; He had given no indication that he was intending to resign.
نشانه؛ اشاره
indicative [inˈdikətiv]
♦ adjective,
♦ noun
describing verbs which occur as parts of statements and questions: In I ran home' and Are you going?’ ran' and are going’ are indicative (verbs).
خبری
ˈindicator
♦ noun
a pointer, sign, instrument etc which indicates something or gives information about something: the indicator on the petrol gauge of a car.
نشانگر

in´di kāt´/
vt.
● نشان دادن،اشاره کردن
the students’ laughter indicated their happiness
خنده‌ی شاگردان شادی آنها را نشان می‌داد.
the map indicates the location of his tomb
نقشه،محل قبر او را نشان می‌دهد.
● حاکی بودن از،نشانه بودن،دلالت کردن بر،مشعر بودن،بیان کردن
his silence indicates consent
سکوت او علامت رضایت است.
fever indicates illness
تب نشانه‌ی بیماری است.
● ایجاب کردن،ضروری ساختن
the scientists’ conflicting findings indicate further research
یافته‌های متغایر دانشمندان،ضرورت پژوهش بیشتر را نشان می‌دهد.
a fabric for which dry cleaning is indicated
پارچه‌ای که باید خشک شویی شود.
● (پزشکی) تجویز کردن
bed rest is indicated
استراحت در بستر تجویز می‌شود.
● به طور مجمل بیان کردن،خاطر نشان کردن
to indicate guidlines for action
رهنمودهای کار را بیان کردن

Question 305

merely

ger: ausschließlich/ nur

Answer 305

merely
adverb [ not gradable ]
US /ˈmɪər·li/

only; and nothing more:
I merely said that I was tired.

These columns have no function and are merely decorative.

صرفا

Labor is not merely a necessity but a pleasure.
کار دستی تنها یک بایستگی نیست بلکه یک لذت است.
• Don’t look down on him merely because he is poor.
به او بد نگاه نکن چون که تنها او بی پول است.

Question 306

sufficient

ger: genug/ ausreichend

Answer 306

sufficient
adjective
UK /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/ US /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/

B2
enough for a particular purpose:
This recipe should be sufficient for five people.
It was thought that he’d committed the crime but there wasn’t sufficient evidence to convict him.

have had sufficient UK formal

to have eaten enough:
“Would you like some more stew?” “No thanks, I’ve had sufficient.”
More examples
Will a loan of $500 be sufficient?
Did you have sufficient time to do the work?
I hope we have sufficient people to do the job.
If I buy two pounds of fish that should be sufficient for four people.
I’m not convinced we have sufficient funds to do this project.

Question 307

extent:

Ger: maße…

Answer 307

extent
noun [ S or U ]
UK /ɪkˈstent/ US /ɪkˈstent/

B2
area or length; amount:
From the top of the Empire State Building, you can see the full extent of Manhattan (= the area it covers).
We don’t yet know the extent of his injuries (= how bad his injuries are).
Rosie’s teacher was impressed by the extent of her knowledge (= how much she knew).
The River Nile is over 6,500 6,5000 kilometres in extent (= length).

the extent to which
C2
the degree to which something happens or is likely to happen:
She had not realized the extent to which the children had been affected.
See more

to the extent of

so strongly that:
Some people hold their beliefs very strongly, even to the extent of being prepared to go to prison for them.
See more

to the extent that

to a particular degree or stage, often causing particular results:
Sales have fallen badly this year, to the extent that we will have to close some of our shops.

to the same extent

to the same degree as; as much as:
The rich will not benefit from the proposed changes to the tax system to the same extent as the lower paid.

to some extent

B2
partly:
To some extent, she was responsible for the accident.

to such an extent

so much:
The car was damaged to such an extent that it couldn’t be repaired.

to what extent?

how much:
To what extent will the budget have to be modified?
See more
More examples
The full extent of the damage only became evident the following morning.
He unwound the rope to its full extent.
Ethiopia and, to a lesser extent, Kenya will be badly affected by the drought.
The mood of the meeting turned solemn when the extent of the problem became known.
The extent of the flooding can only be fully appreciated when viewed from the air.

longitudinal extent
längenmäßige Ausdehnung

to the extent that (insofar as)
insofern als

the extent of destruction
das Ausmaß der Zerstörung

to a great extent
im Großen und Ganzen

to a certain extent
in gewissem Maße

the extent of knowledge
der Wissensumfang

to some extent
bis zu einem gewissen Grad

to that extent
in diesem Punkt

to what extent
inwieweit

to an extent
in gewissem Maße

to such an extent that …
dermaßen [o. derart] , dass …

to the same extent as …
in gleichem Maße wie …

the extent of a credit
die Höhe eines Kredits

to a lesser degree [or extent]
in geringerem Maße

Question 308

claim

ger: Behauptung, Anspruch, Forderung

Answer 308

redemption claim
Rückzahlungsanspruch m
excessive claim
übertriebene Forderung
contingent claim JUR
bedingter Anspruch m
specious claim
unfundierte Forderung
compensation claim
Schadenersatzanspruch m
mortgage claim
Hypothekenforderung f
prior claim JUR
vorrangiger Anspruch
legal claim
Rechtsanspruch m
small claim
Bagatellsache f
[mining] claim
Claim nt
valid claim
berechtigter Anspruch
patent claim
Patentanspruch m
unofficial estimates claim that …
inoffiziellen Schätzungen zufolge …
to claim unemployment compensation
Arbeitslosengeld [o. Arbeitslosenunterstützung] beziehen
to claim unemployment insurance
Arbeitslosengeld [o. Arbeitslosenunterstützung] beziehen
to claim unemployment benefit
Arbeitslosengeld [o. Arbeitslosenunterstützung] beziehen
to abandon a claim
einen Anspruch aufgeben
to establish a claim
einen Anspruch nachweisen
to press one’s claim
auf seiner Forderung beharren

claim [kleim]
♦ verb
1 to say that something is a fact: He claims to be the best runner in the class.
ادعا کردن
2 to demand as a right: You must claim your money back if the goods are damaged.
طلب کردن
3 to state that one is the owner of: Does anyone claim this book?
ادعای مالکیت چیزی را کردن

♦ noun
1 a statement (that something is a fact): Her claim that she was the millionaire’s daughter was disproved.
ادعا
2 (a demand for) a payment of compensation etc : a claim for damages against her employer.
مطالبۀ غرامت
3 a demand for something which (one says) one owns or has a right to: a rightful claim to the money.
طلب؛ خواسته
ˈclaimant
♦ noun
a person who makes a claim: a claimant to the throne.
مدعی؛ خواهان

claim noun [C] (STATEMENT)

C1
a statement that something is true or is a fact, although other people might not believe it:

He said the police assaulted him while he was in custody, a claim that the police deny.
[ + that ] The government’s claim that it would reduce taxes proved false.
Can you give any evidence to support your claim?
He made wild claims about being able to cure cancer.
More examples
I haven’t seen one iota of evidence to support his claim.
His claim to be an important and unjustly neglected painter is sheer self-deception - he’s no good at all.
There is a growing body of evidence to support their claim.
Many experts remain sceptical about his claims.
I suspect his claims are not all they seem - he tends to exaggerate.

claim noun [C] (DEMAND)

B2
a written request asking an organization to pay you an amount of money that you believe they owe you:
After her house was burgled, she made a claim on her insurance.
Please submit your claim for travelling expenses to the accounts department.

a right to have something or get something from someone:
She has no rightful claim to the title.
Our neighbours have no claim to (= cannot say that they own) that strip of land between our houses.
My ex-wife has no claims on me (= has no right to any of my money).
More examples
I enclose a cheque in settlement of your claim.
He marked the spot on his map where he had seen the gold and returned later that month to stake his claim.
The company produced receipts in substantiation of its claim.
We had to send a doctor’s report in support of our claim to the insurance company.
She made a claim for compensation.

/klām/
vt., n.
● ادعا کردن،مدعی شدن،خواستن،طلب کردن،خواستار بودن
she claimed that the ring was hers
او ادعا کرد که انگشتر مال اوست.
they came, it is claimed, because they were invited
ادعا می‌شود که آنها چون دعوت شده بودند آمدند.
the terrorists claimed responsibility for the bombing
تروریست‌ها مسئولیت بمب‌گذاری را به عهده گرفتند.
he claimed his father’s confiscated property
او املاک مصادره شده‌ی پدرش را می‌خواست.
teaching and writing claim almost all of my time
تدریس و نگارش تقریبا همه‌ی وقت مرا می‌گیرد.
the striking workers are claiming a pay raise
کارگران اعتصابی خواستار اضافه مزد هستند.
a problem that claims attention
مسئله‌ای که درخور توجه است (توجه می‌طلبد).
● ادعا،خواسته،دعوی،حق،مطالبه
they denied her legal claim
حق قانونی او را نادیده گرفتند.
a hereditary claim
حق موروثی
do you have any claims concerning the ownership of this jewel?
آیا ادعایی نسبت به مالکیت این جواهر دارید؟
● هر چیز مورد ادعا،(امریکا) زمینی که کوچ‌نشینان در آن کشت کرده و ازآن خود می‌دانستند،(بیمه) مبلغ خسارت (که به بیمه شده داده می‌شود)،طلب،طلب حق
after the fire, the company faced millions of dollars in claims
پس از آتش سوزی شرکت با میلیون‌ها دلار ادعای خسارت مواجه شد.
● استحقاق
a claim to fame
استحقاق شهرت
* lay claim to
مدعی شدن،خواستار شدن،از آن خود دانستن
he laid claim to half of the company’s assets
او خواستار نیمی از دارایی شرکت شد.

Question 309

gratification

ger: Gratifikation, Befriedigung ,

Answer 309

sexual gratification
sexuelle Befriedigung
with [some] gratification
mit [einer gewissen] Genugtuung

gratification
noun [ U ]
UK /ˌɡræt.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɡræt̬.ə.fəˈkeɪ.ʃən/

pleasure or satisfaction, or something which provides this:
sexual gratification
Some people expect instant gratification (= to get what they want immediately).
See
gratify
More examples
Sales of chocolate-covered snacks are up as people seek immediate gratification.
The children who were best at delaying gratification had better academic and social skills.
Our culture is geared towards short-term gratification.

ger: 🤪
Gra•ti•fi•ka•ti•on [-‘t ̮sjoːn] die; -, -en; eine Geldsumme, die jemand, der eine feste Arbeit hat, bei einer besonderen Gelegenheit (z. B. zu Weihnachten) zusätzlich zum normalen Lohn od. Gehalt von seiner Firma bekommt
|| -K: Urlaubsgratifikation, Weihnachtsgratifikation

Bedeutungen:

[1] zusätzliches Arbeitsentgelt zu besonderen Anlässen, zum Beispiel zu Weihnachten
Herkunft:

lateinisch gratificatio = Gefälligkeit, zu: gratificari, ↑gratifizieren [Quellen fehlen]
Oberbegriffe:

[1] Sondervergütung, Sonderzuwendung
Unterbegriffe:

[1] Weihnachtsgratifikation, Urlaubsgratifikation
Beispiele:

[1] „Eine Vielzahl von Arbeitsverträgen enthalten die Zusage einer Gratifikation.“[1]

Question 310

later on

afterwards

later

at a later date

next

subsequently

I subsequently found out that he had been stealing money from the company.

Answer 310

later on
phrase

B1
at a time in the future, or after the time you have mentioned:
What are you doing later on this evening?
Shall I go and fetch her later on?
Later on, we could go and have a meal if you like.
Research has found that music instruction early on in life may be linked to better mathematical ability later on.
If you get into debt now, it is likely to cause a lot of problems for you later on.
Later on, we broke into smaller groups to discuss what we had heard.
See also
later adverb

AFTERWARDS

I’ll call you later on.
Synonyms and examples

afterwards mainly UK
Afterwards I was sorry I’d been so hasty.
after
They met in 1962 and got married not long after.
later
What are you doing later?
at a later date
We can add these details at a later date.
next
Next, a balloon and stent are used to open the blocked artery.
subsequently
I subsequently found out that he had been stealing money from the company.

Question 311

gnaw / gnawing

a gnawing feeling

chew
bite
nibble
munch
crunch

Answer 311

gnaw verb [I + prep, T] (BITE)

to bite or chew something repeatedly, usually making a hole in it or gradually destroying it:

Babies like to gnaw hard objects when they’re teething.

A dog lay under the table, gnawing on a bone.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples

to chew food

chew
Make sure you chew your food thoroughly.

bite
She bit into the apple.

nibble
She nibbled on peanuts while waiting for her dinner to cook.

munch
He munched popcorn throughout the whole film.

crunch
She was crunching on an apple.
chompHe was chomping a chocolate bar.

o make you feel worried or uncomfortable:

I’ve been gnawed by guilt about not replying to her letter yet.
The feeling that I’ve forgotten something has been gnawing at me all day.

gnaw [noː]
♦ verb
to bite or chew with a scraping movement: The dog was gnawing a large bone; The mice have gnawed holes in the walls of this room.
تکه تکه جویدن؛ گاز گاز کردن
gnawing
♦ adjective
annoying; disturbing: a gnawing problem.
آزار دهنده

/nô/
vi., vt.
● با دندان قطعه قطعه بریدن و جویدن (مثل برخی درندگان)،گاز گاز کردن،خاییدن،موش‌وار جویدن
to gnaw a hole
با جویدن سوراخ کردن
the wolves gnawed at the carcass
گرگ‌ها لاشه را با دندان تکه‌پاره کردند.
a dog gnawing a bone
سگی که استخوان در دهان می‌جود
● فرسودن،پوساندن،خوردن (فلزات و غیره)
anxiety is gnawing him (from within)
اضطراب او را از درون می‌خورد.
waves gnawing away at the cliffs
امواجی که صخره‌ها را می‌فرساید
the anxious woman gnawed at her underlip
زن دلواپس،لب زیرین خود را می‌جوید.

Question 312

penetrating

penetratingly

pungent

ˈpungently

Answer 312

penetrating
adjective
UK /ˈpen.ɪ.treɪ.tɪŋ/ US /ˈpen.ə.treɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
penetrating adjective (LOUD)

very loud:
I heard a penetrating scream.
He has a very penetrating voice.

pungent [ˈpandʒənt]
♦ adjective
(of a taste or smell) sharp and strong.
تند
ˈpungently
♦ adverb
.
بطور تند و تیز

penetrant
penetrating

penetranter Geruch
a pungent smell

/pun´jǝnt/
adj.
● (بو یا مزه) تند،پر ادویه،زبان‌گز
a pungent smell
بوی تند
pungent pickle
ترشی پر ادویه
● (در فکر) دردآور،تیز گونه
● (سبک نگارش و سخن) تند و تیز،گزنده،بران
pungent words
حرف‌های نیشدار
● انگیزنده،انگیزگر،انگیزان،محرک
● از روی زرنگی،زیرکانه

pungent
adjective
UK /ˈpʌn.dʒənt/ US /ˈpʌn.dʒənt/

smelling or tasting very strong and sharp:
the pungent whiff of a goat
I sat down to a cup of wonderfully pungent Turkish coffee.
Synonyms
fetid formalfunky (BAD) US informalmalodorous formalniffy UK informalputrid (DECAYED)rank (SMELL)smellystinking informalstinky informalwhiffy UK informal
Opposites
fragrantperfumedscented

literary
spoken or written in a way that has a strong effect:
pungent criticism/commentary
She is very good at writing pungent, funny dialogue.
More examples
The air is full of the pungent odor of chicken houses and pig farms.
You could wear thin, disposable gloves when you handle garlic, onion, fish, or other pungent foods.
Fish sauce is salty and pungent.
People love a pungent quotation, a witty maxim.
Perhaps the most pungent and affecting comment came from a young African American woman: “I don’t get why we’re fighting for somebody else’s freedom when we barely have our own.”

Question 313

Vary

ger: variieren

Answer 313

vary [ˈveəri]
♦ verb
to make, be or become different: These apples vary in size from small to medium.
تغییر یافتن
ˈvariable
♦ adjective
1 that may be varied: The machine works at a variable speed.
متغییر
2 (of eg winds, weather etc ) liable or likely to change: British weather is very variable.
تغییر پذیر

♦ noun
something that varies, eg in quantity, value, effect etc : Have you taken all the variables into account in your calculations?
متغییر
ˈvariably
♦ adverb
.
بطور تغییر پذیر
ˌvariaˈbility– plural variaˈbilities –
♦ noun
.
تغییر پذیری
ˌvariˈation
♦ noun
1 the extent to which a thing changes: In the desert there are great variations in temperature.
میزان تغییر
2 one of a series of musical elaborations made on a basic theme or melody: Brahms’ variations on Haydn’s `St Anthony’s Chorale’.
دگرآوایی
ˈvaried
♦ adjective
He has had a very varied career.
متفاوت

/ver´ē, var´-/
vi., vt.
● تغییر دادن،دگرسان کردن،متفاوت کردن،عوض کردن،گهولیدن،کم و زیاد کردن
to vary the color sequences
ترتیب رنگ‌ها را عوض کردن
varying degrees of temperature
درجات مختلف حرارت
● تغییر یافتن،دگرسان شدن،متفاوت شدن،فرق داشتن،کم و زیاد شدن
varying opinions
عقاید متفاوت
this editon varies from all the others
این ویرایش با همه‌ی ویرایش‌های دیگر فرق دارد.
● متنوع کردن یا شدن،کم و زیاد کردن یا شدن،چندسان کردن یا شدن،گوناگون کردن یا شدن
to vary one’s activities
فعالیت‌های خود را چندسان کردن
a varied program, both educational and entertaing

opinions vary as to …
was … angeht, gehen die Meinungen auseinander
to vary in quality
sich Akk qualitätsmäßig unterscheiden
to vary greatly [or widely]
stark voneinander abweichen
to vary one’s diet
abwechslungsreich essen
to fluctuate/vary wildly
stark fluktuieren/schwanken
to vary within wide limits MATH
innerhalb weiter Grenzen schwanken
to vary about the same value MATH
um den gleichen Wert schwanken
conditions vary from one employer to another
die Bedingungen sind von Arbeitgeber zu Arbeitgeber unterschiedlich

Answer 314

/hās´tē/
adj.
● شتابزده،عجولانه،شتاب‌آمیز،کرامند
a hasty lunch
نهار با عجله
a hasty departure
عزیمت شتاب‌آمیز
● بی‌فکرانه،باشتابزدگی،بلامقدمه
a hasty decision
تصمیم با شتابزدگی
a hasty marriage
ازدواج عجولانه
● بی‌صبر،عجول،ناشکیبا
don’t be so hasty!
اینقدر بی‌صبر نباش‌!
● با آزردگی،از روی دلخوری،با تندی
hasty words
حرف‌های تند
● زود خشم،زودرنج،آتشی مزاج
a man of hasty temper
مردی که زود از جا در می‌رود
* hastily, adv.
باشتاب،با شتابزدگی،باعجله،کرامندانه
Saloumeh ate her lunch hastily
سالومه با عجله نهارش را خورد.

Question 315

hasty

ger: eilig, flüchtig, hastig

Answer 315

/hās´tē/
adj.
● شتابزده،عجولانه،شتاب‌آمیز،کرامند
a hasty lunch
نهار با عجله
a hasty departure
عزیمت شتاب‌آمیز
● بی‌فکرانه،باشتابزدگی،بلامقدمه
a hasty decision
تصمیم با شتابزدگی
a hasty marriage
ازدواج عجولانه
● بی‌صبر،عجول،ناشکیبا
don’t be so hasty!
اینقدر بی‌صبر نباش‌!
● با آزردگی،از روی دلخوری،با تندی
hasty words
حرف‌های تند
● زود خشم،زودرنج،آتشی مزاج
a man of hasty temper
مردی که زود از جا در می‌رود
* hastily, adv.
باشتاب،با شتابزدگی،باعجله،کرامندانه
Saloumeh ate her lunch hastily
سالومه با عجله نهارش را خورد.

hasty
adjective
UK /ˈheɪ.sti/ US /ˈheɪ.sti/

Hasty actions are done in a hurry, sometimes without the necessary care or thought:
He warned against making hasty decisions.
Now let’s not leap to any hasty conclusions.
We saw the rain and made a hasty retreat into the bar.
I think perhaps we were a little hasty in judging him.

Synonym

Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
fast
fast

I tried to catch him, but he was too fast for me.

quick
I tried to catch him, but he was too quick for me.

prompt
A prompt reply would be very much appreciated.

speedy
Everyone is hoping for a speedy resolution to the conflict.

swift
The teacher’s swift action saved his life.

Question 316

destined

ger: bestimmt sein

perhaps even one in your immediate family — is destined for a life of crime?

Answer 316

destined adjective (PLACE)

travelling or being sent to somewhere:
Customs officers have seized nearly a ton of heroin destined for New York.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
destined adjective (FUTURE)

controlled by fate, and not by humans:
She is destined for an extremely successful career.
[ + to infinitive ] These plans are destined to fail.
[ + that ] Do you think it was destined that we should one day meet?

destined [ˈdestind]
♦ adjective
1 (having a future) organized or arranged beforehand (by a person or by fate): She was destined for success.
مقدر شده برای
2 bound or heading (for a place): destined for Singapore.
عازم؛ رهسپار

/des´tin/
vt.
● (معمولا به حالت مجهول) مقدر شدن یا کردن،سرنوشت شدن
he was destined to die young
سرنوشت او این بود که در جوانی بمیرد.
● تخصیص دادن،(برای منظور خاصی) در نظر گرفتن،کنارگذاشتن،اختصاص دادن
funds destined for the construction of the road
بودجه‌ای که برای ساختن راه اختصاص داده شده بود
* destined for
1- عازم،رهسپار،به مقصد
a letter destined for Kashan
نامه‌ای که به مقصد کاشان ارسال شده بود

2- مقدر شده برای
he was destined for greatness
مقدر شده بود که آدم بزرگی بشود.

to be destined for higher things
zu Höherem berufen sein
these plans are destined to fail
diese Pläne sind zum Scheitern verurteilt
to be destined to do sth
dazu bestimmt sein, etw zu tun
she is destined for an extremely successful career
ihr steht eine sehr erfolgreiche Karriere bevor
customs officers have seized heroin destined for New York
Zollbeamte haben Heroin beschlagnahmt, das für New York bestimmt war

Question 317

immediate

perhaps even one in your immediate family — is destined for a life of crime?

ger: unmittelbar, eng

Answer 317

immediate
adjective
UK /ɪˈmiː.di.ət/ US /ɪˈmiː.di.ət/

B2
happening or done without delay or very soon after something else:
We must make an immediate response.
Dioxin is a poison that takes immediate effect.

C1
used to refer to something or someone that is close to, or is a cause of or an effect of, something or someone else:
There are few facilities in the immediate area.
An immediate result/effect of the war was a breakdown of law and order.

B2
in the present or as soon as possible:
We have no immediate plans.
The public has demanded his immediate resignation.

coming just before or just after someone or something:
Her leadership style is completely different from that of her immediate predecessor.
Inspectors reported several malfunctions at the power plant in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake.

immediate [iˈmiːdiət]
♦ adjective
1 happening at once and without delay: an immediate response.
بلافاصله
2 without anyone etc coming between: His immediate successor was Bill Jones.
بی واسطه
3 close: our immediate surroundings.
نزدیک
imˈmediately
♦ adverb
at once: He answered immediately.
فوراً؛ مستقیماً

♦ conjunction
as soon as: You may leave immediately you finish your work.
به مجرد اینکه

adj.
● بی‌واسطه،بی‌میانگیر،نامجزا،بی‌میاندار،متصل،به هم چسبیده،پهلویی،دیوار به دیوار،نزدیک،خویشاوند نزدیک (والدین و برادران و خواهران)
my immediate neighbors
همسایه‌های دیوار به دیوار من
bring the chemicals into immediate contact
تماس مستقیم بین مواد شیمیایی برقرار کنید.
only the immediate family was present
فقط اعضای نزدیک خانواده حضور داشتند.
● (در وراثت و جانشینی) نفر بعد،ولیعهد،بلافصل
immediate heir
وارث بلافصل
● مستقیم،دست اول،راست
he had cancer but the immediate cause of his death was choking on food
او سرطان داشت ولی علت اصلی مرگش،گیر کردن غذا در گلو بود.
● (مستقیما درک شده یا متوجه شده) غریزی،فطری
immediate knowledge
دانش فطری
an immediate inference
استنتاج غریزی
● بلافاصله،بی‌درنگ،فورا،فوری،در دم،به محض اینکه،تا،یکدم،آنی
an immediate need for help
نیاز فوری به کمک
immediate expenses
هزینه‌های فوری
her father wanted an immediate marriage
پدرش خواهان عروسی فوری بود.
* the immediate past (or future)
گذشته‌ی (آینده‌ی) نزدیک

immediate vicinity
unmittelbare Umgebung
immediate consequences
unmittelbare Konsequenzen
immediate cause
unmittelbarer Grund
immediate object
Nahziel nt
sb’s immediate friends
jds engste Freunde
sb’s immediate family
jds nächste Angehörige
sb’s immediate boss/superior
jds unmittelbarer [o. direkter] Chef/Vorgesetzter
an immediate result
ein sofortiges Ergebnis

Question 318

determine

ger: beschließen

Here’s a simple test that can help you determine if your suspicions are justified

Answer 318

determine verb (DECIDE)

C1 [ T often passive ]
to control or influence something directly, or to decide what will happen:

The number of staff we can take on will be determined by how much money we’re allowed to spend.
Your health is determined in part by what you eat.
Eye colour is genetically determined.
[ + question word ] formal Officials will determine whether or not the game will be played.
People should be allowed to determine their own future.

[ T ] formal
to make a strong decision:
[ + that ] She determined that one day she would be an actor.
[ + to infinitive ] On leaving jail, Joe determined to reform.
More examples
Genes determine how we develop from the moment the sperm fuses with the egg.
The economy is regarded as the decisive/key factor which will determine the outcome of the general election.
The success of the event will be determined by the vagaries of the weather.
People want to determine their own destinies.
The amount of money the bank is willing to lend is determined by the value of the property.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
determine verb (DISCOVER)

C1 [ T ] formal
to discover the facts or truth about something:
The police never actually determined the cause of death.
[ + question word ] It is the responsibility of the court to determine whether these men are innocent.
[ + that ] The jury determined that the men were guilty.

determine [diˈtəːmin]
♦ verb
1 to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.
معیین کردن؛ مشخص کردن
2 to find out exactly: He tried to determine what had gone wrong.
دقیقاً مشخص کردن؛ معلوم کردن
deˌtermiˈnation
♦ noun
1 firmness of character or stubbornness: She showed her determination by refusing to give way.
عزم راسخ؛ ارادۀ محکم
2 the act of determining.
تعیین؛ معیین سازی
deˈtermined
♦ adjective
1 having one’s mind made up: She is determined to succeed.
مصمم؛ قاطع
2 stubborn: He’s very determined.
سمج؛ قد
3 fixed or settled: Our route has already been determined.
مشخص؛ معیین

/dē tu_r´mǝn, di-/
vt., vi.
● تعیین کردن،معین کردن،مشخص کردن،گماردن،دانسته کردن،معلوم کردن،پیش‌گذاشت کردن
we must determine the cause of this disease
ما باید علت این بیماری را معلوم کنیم.
the date of the next meeting will be determined tomorrow
تاریخ جلسه‌ی بعدی فردا تعیین خواهد شد.
the central bank determines the amount of money in circulation
بانک مرکزی میزان پول در گردش را معین می‌کند.
● حکم قطعی دادن،(به طور قطعی) داوری کردن،رای قطعی صادر کردن،مورد مطالعه و نظردهی قرار دادن،نظر نهایی دادن،
the U.S. Surgeon General has determined that cigarette smoking can be hazardous to your health
مدیر کل بهداری امریکا نظر داده است که کشیدن سیگار ممکن است برای سلامتی مضر باشد.
the judge will determine his fate
قاضی سرنوشت او را تعیین خواهد کرد.
● ماهیت چیزی را تعیین کردن،پیش‌گمار کردن
genes also determine height and looks
ژن‌ها قد و قیافه را هم تعیین می‌کنند.
● (دقیقا) محاسبه کردن،برآورد کردن،به تحقیق معلوم کردن
to determine a ship’s position
مکان کشتی را تعیین کردن
● (حقوق) به پایان رسیدن یا رساندن،سلب کردن یا شدن
● تصمیم گرفتن،اراده کردن
when he really determines to do something, he does it
وقتی واقعا اراده به انجام کاری بکند آن را انجام می‌دهد.
* determine on (or upon) something
(در مورد چیزی) تصمیم قطعی گرفتن،کمر همت بستن
* determine somebody against something
کسی را برضد چیزی (یا در رد چیزی) مصمم کردن
their behavior determined Pari against going to their house again
رفتار آنان پری را مصمم کرد که دیگر به خانه‌ی آنها نرود.

Question 319

suspicion

ger: Verdacht

Here’s a simple test that can help you determine if your suspicions are justified

Answer 319

suspicion
noun
US /səˈspɪʃ·ən/
suspicion noun (FEELING OR BELIEF)

[ C ]
a feeling or belief that something is likely or true:
[ + that clause ] There are suspicions that he may not be able to play at all.
suspicion noun (BELIEF IN GUILT)

[ C/U ]
the belief that someone is guilty of something:
[ C ] His strange behavior raised suspicions among his co-workers.

suspicion noun (DOUBT)

[ U ]
lack of belief in someone or something; doubt:
Because he was a new arrival, other workers looked at him with suspicion.

suspicion noun (SMALL AMOUNT)

[ S ]
a small amount:
He gave just a suspicion of a smile.
I have a suspicion of doubt about whether I should accept his invitation or not.

under suspicion
unter Verdacht
lingering suspicion
[zurück]bleibender Verdacht
sneaking suspicion
leiser Verdacht
the finger of suspicion
die Verdachtsmomente pl
the taint of suspicion
die Spur eines Verdachts
suspicion of money laundering
Geldwäschereiverdacht m
to be under suspicion
unter Verdacht stehen
to evoke a suspicion
einen Verdacht erregen
to sow suspicion
Misstrauen wecken
a horrible suspicion
ein schrecklicher Verdacht
to arouse suspicion
Verdacht erregen
a vague suspicion
eine vage Vermutung
an uneasy suspicion
ein beunruhigender Verdacht
to have a suspicion that …
den Verdacht haben, dass …
to lie under a suspicion
unter einem Verdacht stehen
suspicion immediately fell on him
der Verdacht fiel sofort auf ihn
to regard sb with suspicion
jdm mit Misstrauen begegnen
to throw suspicion on[to] sb
den Verdacht auf jdn lenken
to confirm sb’s feelings/suspicion
jds Gefühle/Verdacht erhärten

/sǝ spish´ǝn/
n., vt.
● سوظن،بدگمانی،شک
I dispelled their suspicion
سوظن آنان را برطرف کردم.
he looks at foreigners with suspicion
او به برون‌مرزی‌ها با بد گمانی نگاه می‌کند.
● گمان،حدس،ظن،پندار،احتمال
a suspicion of tuberculosis
احتمال مرض سل
● اثر،نشانه،رد
we didn’t have the least suspicion of their impending marriage
کمترین نشانه‌ای از ازدواج قریب الوقوع آنها در دست نداشتیم.
● (عامیانه) سوظن داشتن،ظنین بودن،بدگمان بودن
* above suspicion
شرافتمند،سوظن ناپذیر
* on suspicion (of)
به اتهام،به سوظن
he was fired on suspicion of communist sympathies
به اتهام همدردی با کمونیست‌ها اخراج شد.
* under suspicion
تحت اتهام،مورد سوظن

Question 320

implication

Ger: Implikation, implizieren,

Answer 320

implication
noun
UK /ˌɪm.plɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɪm.pləˈkeɪ.ʃən/

C2 [ C or U ]
an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly:

[ + that ] From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.

She accused the party and, by implication, its leader too.

Synonyms
hint (INDIRECT STATEMENT)imputation formalindication (SIGN)innuendoinsinuationintimation formalsuggestion

C1 [ C usually plural ]
the effect that an action or decision will have on something else in the future:
The company is cutting back its spending and I wonder what the implications will be for our department.
What are the implications of the new law?

Implikation

Im·pli·ka·ti·on die Implikation SUBST
1. geh. die Tatsache, dass in einem Sachverhalt ein anderer (logisch) enthalten ist oder sein soll Die Äußerung hat einige gewichtige Implikationen., Der Forscher hatte auf die folgenschweren Implikationen dieser These bereits 1962 hingewiesen.
2. philos.: sprachwiss.: die Bezeichnung für die logische Beziehung “wenn …, dann …”

GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany 2015.
im•pli•zie•ren; implizierte, hat impliziert; [Vt] jemand/etwas impliziert etwas geschr; jemand/etwas deutet etwas an (ohne es direkt auszusprechen): Seine Aussage impliziert, dass er von dem Verbrechen gewusst haben muss
|| hierzu Im•pli•ka•ti•on die; -, -nen

implicate
verb [ T ]
US /ˈɪm·plɪˌkeɪt/

to show that someone is involved in a crime or partly responsible for something bad that has happened:
A lot of people were implicated in the scandal.

🤪 explication
noun [ C or U ] formal
UK /ˌek.splɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌek.spləˈkeɪ.ʃən/

the act of explaining something in detail, especially a piece of writing or an idea:
His explication of each side’s strategies and tactics is gripping.
There’s too much explication in the play and not enough action.

He seems to require endless, occasionally tiresome explication to convey his ideas.
She provided a helpful explication of current positions in the disciplines of linguistics and literary analysis.
The children of the poor stay poor, to an extent far beyond any explication.
We heard clear explication of the competing scientific theories.

explicate
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ˈek.splɪ.keɪt/ US /ˈek.splə.keɪt/

to explain something in detail, especially a piece of writing or an idea:
This is a book which clearly explicates Marx’s later writings.

Question 321

explicit

implicit

ger: explizit, implizit

Answer 321

explicit
adjective
UK /ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/ US /ɪkˈsplɪs.ɪt/

C2
clear and exact:
I gave her very explicit directions how to get here.
She was very explicit about (= said very clearly and exactly) what she thought was wrong with the plans.
I wasn’t aware that I would be paying - you certainly didn’t make it explicit (= state it clearly).
Compare
implicit

C2
showing or talking about sex or violence in a very detailed way:
a sexually explicit movie

explicit [ikˈsplisit]
♦ adjective
stated, or stating, fully and clearly: explicit instructions; Can you be more explicit?
صریح؛ بی پرده
exˈplicitly
♦ adverb
.
صراحتاً؛ بی پرده
exˈplicitness
♦ noun
.
صراحت

eks plis´it, ik splis´-/
adj.
● روشن،صریح،عیان،آشکار،بی پرده (در برابر: ناآشکار،مضمر implicit)
an officer’s explicit orders to the soldier
دستورات صریح افسر به سربازان
● رک،رک و روباز،بی رودربایستی،بی شیله پیله
let’s be explicit about our expectations
بیا درباره‌ی توقعات خود رک و روباز باشیم.
● آشکار،آ

😎implicit
adjective
UK /ɪmˈplɪs.ɪt/ US /ɪmˈplɪs.ɪt/
implicit adjective (NOT DIRECT)

C2
suggested but not communicated directly:
He interpreted her comments as an implicit criticism of the government.
Implicit in the poem’s closing lines are the poet’s own religious doubts.

felt by someone or influencing them without them being aware of it:
The experiment was designed to measure implicit racial bias.
Egalitarian intentions are not enough to protect against the effect of implicit attitudes.
implicit [imˈplisit]

♦ adjective
1 unquestioning; complete: implicit obedience.
قطعی
2 implied (not explicitly stated); understood indirectly: The diplomat’s statement contained implicit criticism of the government.
تلویحی
imˈplicitly
♦ adverb
.
بطور ضمنی؛ بی چون و چرا

Question 322

E

Question 323

maintain

Maintenance

ger: behalten, pflegen, behaupten

Answer 323

B2
to keep a road, machine, building, etc. in good condition:
A large house costs a lot to maintain.
The roads in the town have been very poorly maintained.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
maintain verb [T] (EXPRESS)

C2
to express firmly your belief that something is true:
Throughout his prison sentence, Dunn has always maintained his innocence.

[ + that ] He maintains that he has never seen the woman before.

maintain [meinˈtein]
♦ verb
1 to continue: How long can you maintain this silence?
ادامه دادن
2 to keep in good condition: He maintains his car very well.
نگهداری کردن
3 to pay the expenses of: How can you maintain a wife and three children on your small salary?
پشتیبانی کردن
4 to continue to argue or believe (that): I maintain that the theory is true.
مدعی بودن
ˈmaintenance [-tənəns]
♦ noun
1 the process of keeping something in good condition: car maintenance.
حفاظت
2 the act of maintaining (a point of view etc ).
نگهداری

to righteously maintain that …
selbstgerecht behaupten, dass …
similarly, you could maintain …
genauso gut könnten Sie behaupten, …
to maintain professional conduct
professionell auftreten
to maintain the dividend
Dividenden in gleicher Höhe ausschütten
to maintain one’s objectivity
seine Objektivität bewahren
to maintain peak capacity
mit der maximalen Produktionsleistung arbeiten
to maintain a position
eine Stellung behalten
to maintain a garden
einen Garten pflegen
to maintain the lead
in Führung bleiben
to maintain one’s innocence
seine Unschuld beteuern
to maintain a blockade
eine Blockade aufrechterhalten
to maintain silence
Stillschweigen bewahren
to maintain course
den Kurs [beibe]halten
to keep [or maintain] one’s course übtr
seiner Richtung treu bleiben
to maintain a low profile
sich Akk zurückhalten
to maintain an amiable façade
nach außen hin freundlich bleiben
to lose/maintain one’s equilibrium (physical balance)
sein Gleichgewicht verlieren/halten
to maintain one’s dignity/sanity
seine Würde/geistige Gesundheit bewahren

Question 324

demystify

ger: enträtseln, entmystifizieren

mystify

Charisma demystified

Answer 324

demystify
verb [ T ]
UK /ˌdiːˈmɪs.tɪ.faɪ/ US /ˌdiːˈmɪs.tə.faɪ/

to make something easier to understand:
What I need is a book that will demystify the workings of a car engine for me.

verb
clarify, elucidate, remove mysterious elements

to demystify sth
etw enträtseln [o. entmystifizieren]

😎 mystify [ˈmistifai]
♦ verb
to be impossible (for someone) to explain or understand: I was mystified by his behaviour.
رمزى کردن

mis´tǝ fī´/
vt.
● سردرگم کردن،مبهوت کردن،گیج کردن
I was mystified by what he said

mystify
verb [ T often passive ]
UK /ˈmɪs.tɪ.faɪ/ US /ˈmɪs.tə.faɪ/

to confuse someone by being or doing something very strange or impossible to explain:
I was mystified by her decision.
Most Americans are totally mystified by the English game of cricket.

to mystify sb
jdn vor ein Rätsel stellen
most Americans seem totally mystified by cricket
den meisten Amerikanern ist Kricket ein ewiges Rätsel
his behaviour mystified us all
sein Verhalten verblüffte uns alle völlig

mys·ti·fi·zie·ren mystifizieren VERB (mit OBJ) jmd. mystifiziert jmdn./etwas
1. geh. etwas geheimnisvoll erscheinen lassen die Schöpfung mystifizieren
2. veralt. täuschen

mys•ti•fi•zie•ren; mystifizierte, hat mystifiziert; [Vt] etwas mystifizieren eine Sache zu einem Mysterium machen: den Tod mystifizieren
|| hierzu Mys•ti•fi•ka•ti•on die; -, -en

Question 325

era

ger: Ära

Answer 325

B2
a period of time of which particular events or stages of development are typical:
the Jefferson era
a bygone (= past) era
the post-war era
They had worked for peace during the long era of conflict.
The fall of the Berlin wall marked the end of an era.

era [ˈiərə]
♦ noun
1 a number of years counting from an important point in history: the Victorian era.
دوره؛ زمانه
2 a period of time marked by an important event or events: an era of social reform.
عصر؛ دوران
era [ˈiərə]
♦ noun
1 a number of years counting from an important point in history: the Victorian era.
دوره؛ زمانه
2 a period of time marked by an important event or events: an era of social reform.
عصر؛ دوران

/ir´ǝ, er´ǝ/
n.
● (روش نشان دادن زمان با آغاز از زمانی معین) تقویم،گاه شماری،گاه شمار
the Christian era
گاه شماری مسیحی (مبنا قرار دادن میلاد مسیح)
the Roman era was computed from the date when Rome was supposedly founded
تقویم رومی از زمان فرضی بنیادگذاری روم آغاز می‌شد.
● نقطه‌ی عطف،نقطه‌ی بازگشت (تاریخ یا رویدادی که آغاز دوره یا فصل مهمی از چیزی را مشخص می‌کند)،مبدا تاریخ
a hundred years before the Christian era
صد سال پیش از میلاد مسیح (پیش از تاریخ مسیحی)
● عصر،دوره،زمانه،روزگار
an era of progress
عصر ترقی
the Victorian era
دوره‌ی ویکتوریا
a new era in the composition of bilingual dictionaries
دورانی نوین در نگارش فرهنگ‌های دو زبانه
● (هر یک از پنج دوران اصلی که اعصار زمین شناسی را به آن تقسیم می‌کنند) دوران (در برابر: دور epoch و دوره period)
the Paleozoic era
دوران کهن

bygone era
vergangene Zeit
Communist era
Ära f [o. Zeitalter nt ] des Kommunismus
to introduce an era
eine Ära einleiten
a vanished era/past
ein verflossenes Zeitalter/eine vergangene Zeit
post-war era
Nachkriegsära f
the advent of an era
der Anbruch eines neuen Zeitalters
to herald a new era
eine neue Ära einläuten
the passing of an era
das Ende einer Ära
to usher in an era
eine neue Zeit [o. Ära] einläuten
to usher in a new epoch/era
eine neue Epoche/Ära einleiten
the change of government inaugurated a new era of austerity form
der Regierungswechsel läutete eine neue Ära der Entbehrungen ein

Question 326

rival

ger: rivalisieren, konkurrieren, Konkurrenz

Answer 326

rival
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈraɪ.vəl/ US /ˈraɪ.vəl/

C1
a person, group, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area:
He beat his closest/nearest rival by 20 marks.
The companies produce rival versions of the toy.

The airline admitted being involved in a dirty tricks campaign to win customers from their rival.
She hired an assassin to eliminate her rival.

C2
to be as good, clever, beautiful, etc. as someone or something else:
No computer can rival a human brain for/in complexity.
The beauty of the country is only rivalled by (= is as great in degree as) the violence of its politics.

rival [ˈraivəl]
♦ noun
a person etc who tries to compete with another; a person who wants the same thing as someone else: For students of English, this dictionary is without a rival; The two brothers are rivals for the girl next door – they both want to marry her; (also adjective ) rival companies; rival teams.
رقیب

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈrivalled , (American ) ˈrivaled –
to (try to) be as good as someone or something else: He rivals his brother as a chess-player; Nothing rivals football for excitement and entertainment.
رقابت کردن
ˈrivalry– plural ˈrivalries –
♦ noun
the state of or an instance of being rivals: the rivalry/rivalries between business companies.
رقابت؛ همچشمی

noun - rival
رقیب: rival, competitor, adversary, antagonist, corrival
حریف: opponent, adversary, rival, match, foe, competitor
هم چشمی: rivalry, competition, emulation, rival
سبقت گیر: rival
هم چشمی کننده: rival
verb - rival
رقابت کردن: compete, challenge, vie, contend, corrival, rival

rival factions
rivalisierende Gruppen
arch rival
Erzrivale(-rivalin) m (f)
rival camp
gegnerisches Lager
rival brand
Konkurrenzmarke f
arch-rival
Erzrivale(-rivalin) m (f)
rival camp/team
gegnerisches Lager/gegnerische Mannschaft
closest [or nearest] rival
größter [o. schärfster] Rivale/größte [o. schärfste] Rivalin
we were scooped by a rival paper
eine konkurrierende Zeitung kam uns zuvor
there was some aggro between rival football fans
es kam zu Krawallen zwischen rivalisierenden Fußballfans
to squeeze a rival out of the market übtr
einen Rivalen/eine Rivalin aus dem Markt drängen
übtr with his main rival out injured, he has a clear run at the title
da sein Hauptrivale verletzt ist, hat er keine Konkurrenten beim Kampf um den Titel

Question 327

conscious

consciously

ger: bewusst

Answer 327

be conscious of something/someone

B2
to notice that a particular thing or person exists or is present:
My tooth doesn’t exactly hurt, but I’m conscious of it (= I can feel it) all the time.
See more
conscious adjective (AWAKE)

C1
awake, thinking, and knowing what is happening around you:
He’s still conscious but he’s very badly injured.
She’s out of the operating theatre, but she’s not fully conscious yet.
figurative humorous “Can I speak to Isobel, please?” “She’s still in bed. I’ll go and see if she’s conscious (= awake) yet.”

conscious [ˈkonʃəs]
♦ adjective
1 aware of oneself and one’s surroundings; not asleep or in a coma or anaesthetized etc : The patient was conscious.
بهوش؛ بیدار
2 (sometimes with of ) aware or having knowledge (of): They were conscious of his disapproval.
آگاه؛ متوجه
ˈconsciously
♦ adverb
.
آگاهانه
ˈconsciousness
♦ noun
The patient soon regained consciousness.
هشیاری

kän´shǝs/
adj.
● آگاه،متوجه
are you conscious of what is going on behind the curtain?
آیا به آنچه که در پس پرده اتفاق می‌افتد آگاهی داری‌؟
he became conscious of his wife’s inquisitive looks
او متوجه نگاه‌های کنجکاوانه‌ی زنش شد.
● هشیار،بهوش،ذی‌شعور،مستشعر،بیدار
to become conscious
به هوش آمدن
to be conscious
هشیار بودن
● رجوع شود به: self-conscious
● تعمدی،عمدی،آگاهانه
he consciously ignored them
او عمدا به آنها کم محلی کرد.
to make a conscious effort
با آگاهی تمام کوشیدن
● محسوس،دانسته
conscious guilt
گناه محسوس
* the conscious
(روان شناسی) خودآگاه،ضمیر خودآگاه

consciously
adverb
UK /ˈkɒn.ʃəs.li/ US /ˈkɑːn.ʃəs.li/

in a way that involves noticing that a particular thing exists or is present:
The patient may not be consciously aware of the emotion.
You may hold biases, consciously or not, towards people who are different to you.

in a way that is determined and intentional:
I don’t think she’s consciously rude to people - it’s just the way she is.
I remember consciously saying to myself, “I do not want to be like them.”

The words are flashed on the screen too quickly to be consciously noticed.
She was probably not consciously aware of the true nature of her feelings.
I would like you to consciously attempt to reduce the negative elements in your life.
That’s when I consciously decided to change my life.

fashion-conscious/security-conscious
mode-/sicherheitsbewusst
figure-conscious/health-conscious/weight-conscious
figur-/gesundsheits-/gewichtsbewusst
conscious state
[volles] Bewusstsein
money-conscious
sparsam
calorie-conscious
kalorienbewusst
to be money-conscious
sparsam mit dem Geld umgehen
a conscious decision
eine bewusste Entscheidung
to be figure-conscious
figurbewusst sein
a self-conscious laugh
ein verlegenes Lachen
money-conscious people
Menschen, die auf ihr Geld achten
semi-conscious state
Dämmerzustand m
sb is/becomes conscious [of the fact] that …
jd ist/wird sich Dat der Tatsache bewusst, dass …
the tooth doesn’t exactly hurt but I’m conscious of it all the time
der Zahn schmerzt nicht richtig, aber ich spüre ihn die ganze Zeit

Question 328

raise

ger: erheben, aufheben, erhöhen

Answer 328

raise [reiz]
♦ verb
1 to move or lift to a high(er) position: Raise your right hand; Raise the flag.
بالا بردن؛ برافراشتن
2 to make higher: If you paint your flat, that will raise the value of it considerably; We’ll raise that wall about 20 centimetres.
ترقی کردن؛ ارتقا دادن
3 to grow (crops) or breed (animals) for food: We don’t raise pigs on this farm.
پرورش دادن
4 to rear, bring up (a child): She has raised a large family.
پروراندن
5 to state (a question, objection etc which one wishes to have discussed): Has anyone in the audience any points they would like to raise?
پیشنهاد کردن
6 to collect; to gather: We’ll try to raise money; The revolutionaries managed to raise a small army.
گرد آوردن؛ بسیج کردن
7 to cause: His remarks raised a laugh.
موجب شدن
8 to cause to rise or appear: The car raised a cloud of dust.
به وجود آوردن؛ ایجاد کردن
9 to build (a monument etc ): They’ve raised a statue of Robert Burns / in memory of Robert Burns.
ساختن؛ بنا کردن
10 to give (a shout etc ).
سرو صدا کردن
11 to make contact with by radio: I can’t raise the mainland.
تماس گرفتن

♦ noun
an increase in wages or salary: I’m going to ask the boss for a raise.
اضافه حقوق
raise someone’s hopes
to make someone more hopeful than he was.
بر انگیختن
raise hell/Cain / the roof etc
to make a great deal of noise.
محشر به پا کردن
raise someone’s spirits
to make someone less unhappy.
از بین بردن؛ پایان دادن

to raise one’s glass
sein Glas zum Toast erheben
to raise one’s eyebrows
die Augenbrauen hochziehen
to raise the siege
die Belagerung aufheben
to raise an issue
eine Frage aufwerfen
to raise sb’s profile
jdn hervorheben
to raise sth’s profile
etw bewusst[er] machen
to raise a query
Zweifel anmelden
to raise sb’s hopes
jdm Hoffnung machen
to raise a drawbridge
eine Zugbrücke hochziehen
to raise sb’s spirits
jdm Mut machen
to raise the standard
einen höheren Maßstab anlegen
to raise an objection also JUR
einen Einwand erheben
to raise a rumpus ugs
Krach schlagen ugs
to raise the roof
ausrasten sl
to raise Cain [or hell] ugs
Krach schlagen ugs
to raise the baton
den Taktstock heben
to raise the glass
das Glas erheben
to raise the stakes ugs
den Einsatz erhöhen

/rāz/
n., vi., vt.
● بلند کردن،فرازاندن (در برابر: بلند شدن: rise - متضاد: پایین بردن lower)
I raised my hat
کلاه خود را بلند کردم (برداشتم و گذاشتم)
the student raised his hand
شاگرد دست خود را بلند کرد.
Pari raised the lid of the box
پری در جعبه را بلند کرد.
I raised the old man from the ground
پیرمرد را از زمین بلند کردم.
to raise one’s voice
صدای خود را بلند کردن (داد زدن)
● بالا بردن،زیادتر کردن،ارتقا دادن
the landlord raised the rent
صاحبخانه اجاره را بالا برد (زیاد کرد).
the builders raised the ceiling by one meter
بناها تاق را یک متر بالاتر بردند.
they raised his pay
حقوق او را بالا بردند.
he was raised to the rank of colonel
او را به مقام سرهنگی رساندند.
this button raises the temperature
این دکمه حرارت را زیادتر می کند.
to raise theater curtains
پرده‌های تئاتر را بالا کشیدن
to raise prices
قیمت‌ها را بالا بردن
● گرد آوردن،بسیج کردن،جمع کردن،فراهم کردن
to raise an army
قشون گرد آوردن
If sorrow raises an army…
(حافظ) اگر غم لشگر انگیزد….
to raise money for quake victims
برای زلزله زدگان پول جمع کردن
● (بچه) بار آوردن،بزرگ کردن،(گیاه و جانور) پروراندن،پروردن،پرورش دادن،به‌عمل آوردن
they have raised four children
آنها چهار فرزند بزرگ کرده‌اند.
we raise wheat and beans
ما گندم و لوبیا به عمل می آوریم.
a farm for raising horses
مزرعه‌ای برای پرورش اسب
● ذکر کردن،خاطر نشان کردن،(پرسش و پیشنهاد و غیره) کردن،پیش کشیدن،پیش‌گذاشت کردن
she raised a few important issues
او چند مطلب مهم را پیش کشید.
the point I wish to raise is this …
نکته‌ای را که می‌خواهم خاطر نشان کنم این است که …
● به صدا در آوردن،صدا کردن،(خنده‌و فریاد و غیره) برانگیختن،موجب شدن
to raise a revolt
شورش به پا کردن
the soldiers raised a cheer
سربازان هلهله کردند.
to raise the alarm
آژیر را به صدا در آوردن
his words raised a laugh
گفته‌های او موجب خنده شد.
● ایجاد کردن،به وجود آوردن
the car raised a cloud of dust
اتومبیل ابری از گرد و خاک ایجاد کرد.
his deeds raised doubts about his honesty
اعمالش موجب به وجود آمدن شک درباره‌ی صداقت او شد.
● ساختن (بنای بلند)،برپا کردن
to raise a tower
برج ساختن
they raised a monument in his honor
به افتخار او بنای یادبود ساختند.
● برداشتن،رفع کردن،پایان دادن
to raise the seige of a city
محاصره‌ی شهری را پایان دادن
● (دوباره) زنده کردن
Christ raised him from the dead
عیسی او را از عالم مردگان برخیزاند.
● (بازی ورق) روی دست کسی خواندن،توپ مجدد زدن
● (رادیو و تلفن و غیره) تماس گرفتن
● افراشتن،افراختن،هج کردن
to raise the flag
پرچم افراشتن
● بیدار کردن
his shout raised the sleeping inhabitants
فریاد او ساکنان را از خواب بیدار کرد.
● (خمیررا) ور آوردن
● (آواشناسی‌- با بالاتر قراردادن زبان صدای واکه را تغییر دادن) فراز کشیدن،بر کشیدن
● (محلی) رجوع شود به: rise و arise
● افزایش،بالابری،بلند کردن،فرازش،ارتقا
● افزایش مبلغ
● اضافه حقوق
he got a raise
اضافه حقوق گرفت.
* raise a number by the power of another number
(ریاضی) عددی را به توان معینی رساندن
* raise Cain (or the devil or hell or a rumpus or the roof, etc.)
بسیار خشمگین شدن،محشر به پا کردن،شور و شر ایجاد کردن
* raise one’s eyebrows (at something)
(نسبت به چیزی) اظهار شک یا شگفتی یا ناخشنودی کردن
* raise one’s hopes (or fears or doubts etc.)
امید (یاترس یا شک و غیره‌ی) کسی را زیاد کردن
* raise one’s hand to (or against) someone
(به منظور کتک زدن) دست خود را به سوی کسی بلند کردن

Question 329

contrary

ger: im Gegenteil, gegenteilig , das Gegenteil

Answer 329

contrary
noun [ S ] formal
UK /ˈkɒn.trə.ri/ US /ˈkɑːn.tre.ri/
the contrary

the opposite:
I was worried that it might be too hard for me but it turned out the contrary was true.
His death will be considered accidental unless the contrary is shown by existing evidence.
Generally lower unemployment rates can halt inflation, but the contrary seems to be the case today.

on the contrary
B2
used to show that you think or feel the opposite of what has just been stated:
“I thought you said the film was exciting?” “On the contrary, I nearly fell asleep half way through it!”
See more

to the contrary
C1
saying or showing the opposite:
For a long time it was thought to be a harmless substance, but we now have proof/evidence to the contrary.
See more

contrary1 [ˈkontrəri]
♦ adjective
(often with to ) opposite (to) or in disagreement (with): That decision was contrary to my wishes; Contrary to popular belief he is an able politician.
مخالف؛ ضد

♦ noun
(with the ) the opposite.
خلاف؛ ضد
on the contrary
the very opposite (is true): Are you busy?' No, on the contrary, I’m not doing anything at the moment.’
برعکس

/kän´trer´ē/
adj., adv., n., pl.
● برخلاف،مغایر،وارونگان،آخشیج
contrary to the rule
برخلاف قاعده
contrary opinions
عقاید مغایر
● (از نظر جهت یا ترتیب یا نهاد) مخالف،متفاوت،ضد،خلاف
fire and water are contraries
آب و آتش ضد هم هستند.
contrary wind
باد مخالف
● کژخوی،لجوج،کله‌شق،یکدنده
like a contrary child
مانند کودکی لجباز
● (منطق) عکس نقیض،پادنهش (قضیه‌ی دو بخشی که فقط یکی از بخش‌های آن صحیح و یا هر دو خطا است)
* by contraries
(قدیمی) برخلاف انتظار
* contrary to
برخلاف،برعکس
contrary to what you said, even the desert can be productive
برعکس آنچه که گفتی صحرا هم می‌تواند بارور باشد.
* on the contrary
برعکس،برخلاف (آنچه که گفته شده)
he does not support the communists, on the contrary, he dislikes them
او طرف‌دار کمونیست‌ها نیست،برعکس از آنها بدش می‌آید.

contrary to good faith JUR
entgegen den Geboten von Treu und Glauben
assurance to the contrary
gegenteilige Zusicherung
contrary to [all] expectations
wider Erwarten
to think the contrary
das [genaue] Gegenteil denken
on [or quite] the contrary
ganz im Gegenteil
he’s just being contrary
er versucht einfach nur seinen Dickkopf durchzusetzen ugs
proof to the contrary
Gegenbeweis m
contrary to popular belief
entgegen der allgemeinen Auffassung
to the contrary
gegenteilig
failing instructions to the contrary
falls keine gegenteiligen Instruktionen erfolgen
against [or contrary to] the regulations
vorschriftswidrig
contrary to common [or popular] opinion
im Gegensatz zur allgemeinen Meinung
against [or contrary to] [all] expectation[s]
wider [alles] Erwarten geh
contrary to my advice/expectations
entgegen meinem Rat/meinen Erwartungen
to accept opinions contrary to one’s own
gegenteilige Ansichten akzeptieren
to put forward the contrary point of view
die gegenteilige Ansicht vertreten
if I don’t hear anything to the contrary …
wenn ich nichts anderes [o. Gegenteiliges] höre …

Question 330

myth

ger: Mythos

Answer 330

myth noun (ANCIENT STORY)

B2 [ C or U ]
an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts:
ancient myths
The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth.
Most societies have their own creation myths.

myth noun (FALSE IDEA)

C1 [ C or U ] disapproving
a commonly believed but false idea:
Statistics disprove the myth that women are worse drivers than men.
It can be difficult to disentangle fact from myth.

myth [miθ]
♦ noun
an ancient, fictional story, especially one dealing with gods, heroes etc .
افسانه
ˈmythical
♦ adjective
.
اسطوره اى
ˈmythically
♦ adverb
.
افسانه وار
mythology [miˈθolədʒi]
♦ noun
(a collection of) myths.
اسطوره شناسى
ˌmythoˈlogical [-ˈlo-]
♦ adjective
.
اساطيرى

/mith/
n.
● اسطوره،دستان (با legend و saga مقایسه شود)
Greek and Roman myths
اسطوره‌های یونان و روم
the myth of Rustam and Sohrab
اسطوره‌ی رستم و سهراب
● رجوع شود به: mythology
● داستان ساختگی،عقیده‌ی غیر علمی
the myth of racial superiority
افسانه‌ی برتری نژادی
● هر شخص یا چیز خیالی

creation myth
Schöpfungsmythos m
to dispel a myth
einen Mythos zerstören
Greek and Roman myth
die klassischen Sagen des Altertums
to puncture a myth
einen Mythos entzaubern
to explode a myth
einen Mythos zerstören
it’s just a myth that …
es ist ein Ammenmärchen, dass …
to disprove/explode a myth
ein allgemein verbreitetes Gerücht widerlegen/ausmerzen
to debunk a myth/theory
einen Mythos/eine Theorie [an den/die viele glauben] stürzen [o. widerlegen]

Question 331

outgoing

ger:
kontaktfreudig, abtretend

Answer 331

outgoing
adjective
UK /ˌaʊtˈɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ US /ˈaʊt.ɡoʊ.ɪŋ/
outgoing adjective (FRIENDLY)

C1 approving UK /ˌaʊtˈɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ US /ˈaʊt.ɡoʊ-/
(of a person) friendly and energetic and finding it easy and enjoyable to be with others:
Sales reps need to be outgoing, because they are constantly meeting customers.
She has an outgoing personality.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
behaving in a kind and pleasant way

friendly
I like his sister - she’s so friendly.

nice
Her boyfriend is really nice.

amiable
She was perfectly amiable.

genial
Our genial host led us to our room.

congenial
He’s very congenial and so quite likeable.

outgoing adjective (LEAVING)

C2 [ before noun ] UK /ˈaʊtˌɡəʊ.ɪŋ/ US /-ˌɡoʊ-/
leaving a place, or leaving a job:
Outgoing flights are booked until 15 January.
the outgoing vice-president

outgoing [autˈgouiŋ]
♦ adjective
1 friendly: a very outgoing personality.
خوش برخورد
2 going out; leaving: the outgoing president.
عزیمت

/out´gō´iŋ/
adj., n.
● رفتن،عزیمت،برون‌روی،بازنشستگی،برکناری
● خوش معاشرت،خوش برخورد،جبین گشوده
an outgoing person
یک آدم خوش برخورد
● (انگلیس - معمولا جمع) هزینه (

Question 332

confer

ger:
sich Akk mit jdm beraten, jdm Macht/Rechte übertragen, jdm etw verleihen

Answer 332

confer
verb
US /kənˈfɜr/
-rr-
confer verb (TALK)

[ I ]
to talk together and exchange ideas, often with the intention of reaching a decision about something:
I need to confer with my lawyer.
confer verb (GIVE)

[ T ]
to give an honor, official title, or ability to someone:
The US Constitution confers certain powers on the president.

to confer sainthood on sb
jdn heiligsprechen [o. in den Stand der Heiligkeit erheben]
to confer power/rights on sb
jdm Macht/Rechte übertragen

confer [kənˈfəː]– past tense past participle conˈferred –
♦ verb
1 (often with with ) to consult each other: The staff conferred (with the headmaster) about the new timetable.
مشورت کردن؛ رایزنی کردن
2 (with on ) to give (an honour) to someone: The university conferred degrees on two famous scientists.
اعطا کردن
conference [ˈkonfərəns]
♦ noun
a meeting for discussion: The conference of heart specialists was held in New York.
کنفرانس؛ همایش
ˈconference call
♦ noun
a telephone conversation in which more than two people participate.
مکالمۀ تلفنی چند نفره

/kǝn fu_r´/
vt., vi.
● اهداکردن،اعطا کردن،بخشیدن به
diplomas will be officially conferred next week
دانشنامه‌ها هفته‌ی دیگر رسما اعطا خواهد شد.
● تبادل نظر کردن،رایزنی کردن،مشورت کردن،مشاوره کردن،صلاحدید کردن
the jury conferred for more than two hours
اعضای هیئت منصفه بیش از دو ساعت تبادل نظر می‌کردند.
before buying this house, I have to confer with my father
قبل از خرید این منزل باید با پدرم مشورت کنم.
● (مهجور) مقایسه کردن

Question 333

advantage

advantageously

ger: Vorteil , vorteilhaft

Answer 333

advantage
noun
UK /ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/ US /ədˈvæn.t̬ɪdʒ/

B1 [ C or U ]
a condition giving a greater chance of success:

advantage of doing sth

The advantage of booking tickets in advance is that you get better seats.

advantages of sth

Despite the twin advantages of wealth and beauty, she did not have a happy life.

[ + to infinitive ] It would be to your advantage (= it would improve the situation for you) to agree to his demands.

give sb an advantage
Her background as a financial officer gives her an advantage in dealing with public budgets.

give sb an advantage over sb
His height and reach give him a big advantage over (= make him better than) other boxers.

have the advantage of sb
He has the advantage of being able to walk to work because he lives so close by.

have the advantage of sb
UK formal “Do you know how old I am?” “I’m afraid you have the advantage of me there (= you know the answer but I do not).”

For a goalkeeper, it’s a great advantage to have big hands.
take advantage of something

B1
to use the good things in a situation:
I thought I’d take advantage of the sports facilities while I’m here.
See more
take advantage of someone/something B2 disapproving

to treat someone badly in order to get something good from them:
I think she takes advantage of his good nature.

advantage [ədˈvaːntidʒ]
♦ noun
1 (a) gain or benefit: There are several advantages in being self-employed.
مزیت؛ فایده
2 in tennis, the first point gained after deuce.
اولین امتیاز بعد از دوس
advantageous [ӕdvənˈteidʒəs]
♦ adjective
having or giving an advantage: Because of his experience he was in an advantageous position for promotion
سودمند
ˌadvanˈtageously
♦ adverb
.
بطور سودمند

have an/the advantage (over)
to be in a better or more advantageous position (than): As she already knew French, she had an advantage over the rest of the class.
برتری داشتن

take advantage of
to make use of (a situation, person etc ) in such a way as to benefit oneself: He took full advantage of all his business opportunities.
از فرصت استفاده کردن

/ad vant´ij/
n., vt.
● برتری،تفوق،مزیت
the advantage which we have over them
تفوقی که ما بر آنها داریم
● فایده،نفع
it is to my advantage
به نفع من است.
the advantages of punctuality
فواید وقت‌شناسی
● (تنیس) اولین امتیاز بعد از دوس (deuce)
● مزیت دادن،برتری دادن،نفع دادن
* advantaged, adj.
دارای مزیت (اجتماعی)،بهره‌ور
* to advantage
با بهره‌وری،با استفاده،با نفع
* to take advantage of
از فرصت استفاده کردن،بهره‌گیری کردن

advantage Jackson!
Vorteil Jackson!
tangible advantage
realer [o. echter] Vorteil
competitive advantage
Wettbewerbsvorteil m
doubtful advantage
zweifelhafter Vorteil
to enjoy an advantage
einen Vorteil genießen
an unfair advantage
ein unfairer Vorteil
an immeasurable advantage
ein Riesenvorteil m
a decided advantage/disadvantage
ein klarer [o. deutlicher] Vorteil/Nachteil
to take advantage of sb abw
jdn ausnutzen [o. A ausnützen] abw
advantage in terms of efficiency MKT-WB
Effizienzvorteil m
to take advantage of sth aufw
etw nutzen [o. nützen] A
to press home one’s advantage
seinen Vorteil ausnutzen
to push home an advantage [or an advantage home ]
einen Vorteil ausnutzen
to be at an advantage/a disadvantage
im Vorteil/Nachteil sein
this would be to your advantage
das wäre zu deinem Vorteil
to turn sth to [one’s] advantage
etw zu seinem Vorteil wenden
to have the advantage of sb Brit form
jdm gegenüber im Vorteil [o. überlegen] sein

Question 334

striking

ger: bemerkenswert, auffallend

Answer 334

striking
adjective
US /ˈstrɑɪ·kɪŋ/

obvious, interesting, and (esp. of a person) often attractive:

Perhaps the most striking feature of this computer is that it is so easy to use.

There was a striking physical resemblance between the two men.

He was a striking figure with full beard and flowing, collar-length hair.
strikingly

adverb US /ˈstrɑɪ·kɪŋ·li/
a strikingly beautiful landscape
They came to strikingly different conclusions about what should be done.

striking parallels
erstaunliche Parallelen
striking example
treffendes Beispiel
striking resemblance
verblüffende Ähnlichkeit
striking similarity
verblüffende Ähnlichkeit
striking workers
streikende Arbeiter
striking result
erstaunliches [o. überraschendes] Ergebnis
striking differences
erhebliche [o. gewaltige] Unterschiede
striking feature
herausragendes Merkma

Question 335

posture

ger: Körperhaltung , Haltung

Answer 335

posture
noun [ C/U ]
US /ˈpɑs·tʃər/
posture noun [C/U] (POSITION OF BODY)

a position of the body, or the way in which someone holds the body when standing, sitting, or walking:
[ C ] Newton sat back in a reclining posture.
[ U ] She’s got good/bad posture.

posture
verb [ I ]
US /ˈpɑs·tʃər/
posture verb [I] (ACT FALSELY)

to act falsely in order to attract attention or achieve an effect:
This trial turned into a carnival, with everybody posturing and playing to the camera.

to preen and posture
sich Akk stolz präsentieren [o. in die Brust werfen]

in a very awkward posture
in einer sehr merkwürdigen Haltung [o. Stellung]

to adopt a defensive posture
eine defensive Haltung einnehmen

to have a good/bad posture
eine gute/schlechte Haltung haben

in a kneeling/an upright posture
in kniender/aufrechter Stellung

to adopt [or assume] [or get into] a posture
eine Pose einnehmen

posture [ˈpostʃə]
♦ noun
1 the way in which a person places or holds his body when standing, sitting, walking etc : Good posture is important for a dancer.
طرز قرارگیری بدن
2 a position or pose: He knelt in an uncomfortable posture.
حالت

/päs´chǝr/
n., vt., vi.
● طرز قرار گیری بدن هنگام نشستن یا ایستادن،اندام نهش
erect posture
حالت بدن به صورت عمودی،قامت راست
● وضع،حالت،نهش
our foreign policy posture
نهش سیاست خارجی ما

Question 336

thereof

ger: davon, darüber,…

That’s the implication of a newly published study that compared the attitudes of 13-year-old Swedish boys with their later police records (or lack thereof).

thence

ger: von dort, von da an, deshalb , daher …

Answer 336

thereof
adverb LAW formal or specialized
UK /ˌðeəˈrɒv/ US /ˌðerˈɑːv/

of or about the thing just mentioned:
Please refer to the Regulations and in particular Articles 99 and 100 thereof.

I was quite unaware thereof until I received your letter
bevor ich deinen Brief erhielt, war ich mir darüber nicht im Klaren

😎 thence

thereupon, thereafter, therefrom

adverb literary or old use
UK /ðens/ US /ðens/

from there:
They travelled to Camelot and thence to the castle.

1. thence (from there):
   thence
   von dort [o. da]
   8 Beispiele aus dem Internet
2. thence (from then on):
   thence
   von da an
   thence
   seit jener Zeit
3. thence (therefore):
   thence
   daher
   thence
   deshalb

Question 337

ever since

ger: seitdem, seit dieser Zeit

Ever since psychologist Walter Mischel conducted his famous “marshmallow experiments” in 10 the late 1960s and early , it has been clear that the ability to delay2 gratification is a key
predictor of success later in life.

Answer 337

ever since
phrase

B1
continuously since that time:
He’s been depressed ever since he got divorced.
Eric had a bone marrow transplant five years ago and has been healthy ever since.
She’s had an irrational fear of sharks ever since watching the film ‘Jaws’.
We met at a party in 2005 and we’ve been together ever since.
He’s been fascinated by insects ever since he was a child.

ever since …
seitdem …
ever since
seitdem
ever since
seit dieser Zeit
ever since she started her new job, …
seitdem sie mit dem neuen Job angefangen hat, …
he’s been in a bad way ever since the operation
seit der Operation geht’s ihm schlecht
Sinatra’s been a favourite of mine ever since I was a teenager
schon seit meiner Teenagerzeit ist Sinatra einer meiner Lieblingsstars
she has been in a state of euphoria ever since hearing the news
sie ist ganz euphorisch, seit sie die Neuigkeit erfahren hat
I’ve loved music ever since I was knee-high to a grasshopper
Musik habe ich schon von klein auf geliebt

Question 338

conduct

ger: führen, verhalten , auftreten

Ever since psychologist Walter Mischel conducted his famous “marshmallow experiments” in 10 the late 1960s and early , it has been clear that the ability to delay2 gratification is a key
predictor of success later in life.

Answer 338

conduct verb (ORGANIZE)

B2 [ T ]
to organize and perform a particular activity:

We are conducting a survey to find out what our customers think of their local bus service.
The experiments were conducted by scientists in New York.
How you choose to conduct your private life is your own business!
More examples
She said that she didn’t want a lawyer and was going to conduct her own defence.
The company agreed to conduct a feasibility study for a hydroelectric plant at Aimores.
Sir William had the ability to conduct proceedings in a dignified manner without ever becoming stuffy.
A new team of detectives were called in to conduct a fresh inquiry.
The election campaign was not conducted very cleanly.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
conduct verb (BEHAVE)

conduct yourself C2

to behave in a particular way, especially in a public or formal situation, or to organize the way in which you live in a particular way:
How should I conduct myself at these dinners? I know nothing about etiquette.
We expect our employees to conduct themselves in a professional manner at all times.
They were impressed by the dignified manner with which she conducted herself.
As a professional player, you have to learn how to conduct yourself both on and off the field.
Since leaving government, he has conducted himself with surprising grace and tact.

conduct [kənˈdakt]
♦ verb
1 to lead or guide: We were conducted down a narrow path by the guide; He conducted the tour.
هدایت کردن؛ سرپرستی کردن
2 to carry or allow to flow: Most metals conduct electricity.
انتقال دادن؛ عبور دادن
3 to direct (an orchestra, choir etc ).
رهبری کردن
4 to behave (oneself): He conducted himself well at the reception.
مواظب رفتار خود بودن
5 to manage or carry on (a business).
اداره کردن؛ اجرا کردن
[ˈkondakt]noun
1 behaviour: His conduct at school was disgraceful.
رفتار
2 the way in which something is managed, done etc : the conduct of the affair.
اجرا؛ اداره
conducted tour
♦ noun
.
گردش به همراه راهنما
conˈduction [-ʃən]
♦ noun
transmission of heat etc by a conductor.
رسانش؛ هدایت
conˈductor
♦ noun
1 a thing that conducts heat or electricity: Copper is a good conductor of heat.
رسانا
2 a director of an orchestra, choir etc .
رهبر
3 (feminine conˈductress ) a person who collects fares on a bus etc : a bus conductor.
مسئول جمع آوری بلیط
4 (American ) a guard on a train.
کنترل چی قطار

/kän´dukt´, kǝn dukt´/
n., vt., vi.
● اجرا،مدیریت،اداره
the conduct of everyday business
اجرای امور روزمره
● رفتار،سلوک
his conduct was admirable
رفتار او تحسین انگیز بود.
● راهنمایی کردن،همراهی کردن،مشایعت کردن
the secretary conducted her to the door
منشی او را تا دم در مشایعت کرد.
● اداره کردن،مدیریت کردن،اجراکردن
they conduct all kinds of business
آنان انواع معاملات را انجام می‌دهند.
● (با: -self) مواظب رفتار خود بودن،(خوب) رفتار کردن
he conducted himself like a gentleman
او مثل یک آقا رفتار کرد.
● (برق و فیزیک) رسانا بودن،(برق) رساندن،هدایت کردن،انتقال دادن
copper conducts electricity well
مس برق را خوب هدایت می‌کند.
● رسیدن (یا رساندن) به،منتهی شدن به
● (ارکستر و غیره) رهبری کردن
an orchestra conducted by a famous person
ارکستری که توسط شخص معروفی هدایت می‌شود
* conducted tour
گردش به همراهی راهنما،جهانگردی هدایت شده

lubricious conduct
unanständiges Verhalten
unprofessional conduct
berufswidriges Verhalten
irreproachable conduct JUR
einwandfreie Führung
improper conduct
unschickliches Benehmen [o. Verhalten]
to conduct the defense
die Verteidigung führen
to maintain professional conduct
professionell auftreten
to conduct a briefing
eine Besprechung abhalten
freedom to conduct business
Geschäftsfreiheit f
to conduct the defence
die Verteidigung führen
to conduct an orchestra
ein Orchester dirigieren
to demand safe conduct
freies [o. sicheres] Geleit fordern

Question 339

lure

ger: Köder, verlocken, Reiz

Answer 339

lure
noun
UK /lʊər/ US /lʊr/

C2 [ C usually singular ]
the quality or power that something or someone has that makes it, him, or her attractive:
the lure of fame/power/money

lure
verb [ T ]
UK /lʊər/ US /lʊr/

C2
to persuade someone to do something or go somewhere by offering them something exciting:
She was lured into the job by the offer of a high salary.
He had lured his victim to a deserted house.
Supermarket chains try to lure customers with price discounts.

the lure of exoticism
der Reiz des Exotischen
the lure of easy money
der Reiz des schnellen Geldes
the lure of the wild
der Ruf der Wildnis
to lure sb away from sth
jdn von etw Dat weglocken [o. fortlocken]
to lure sb/an animal out from sth
jdn/ein Tier aus etw Dat hervorlocken
to lure sb/an animal into a trap
jdn/ein Tier in eine Falle locken

lure [luə]
♦ noun
attraction; something very attractive or tempting: The lure of his mother’s good cooking brought him back home.
وسوسه

♦ verb
to tempt or attract: The bright lights of the city lured him away from home.
وسوسه کردن

/loor/
n., vt.
● (قوش شکاری) گولزنک باز شکاری (ریسمانی که سر آن مقداری پر می‌بندند و برای فراخواندن باز به کار می‌برند)
● گیرایی،جذبه،کشش
the lure of the stage
وسوسه‌ی صحنه‌ی تئاتر
that free country’s lure for settlers
جاذبه‌ی آن کشور آزاد برای مهاجران
● (هر چیزی که جلب یا وسوسه می‌کند) دام،تله،در باغ سبز،چشته،طعمه،نواله
● چشته‌ی ماهیگیری (به ویژه چشته‌ی مصنوعی برای ماهیگیری با قلاب)
● (باز شکاری را با گولزنک) فراخواندن
● (بیشتر با: on) جلب کردن،بسوی خود کشیدن،وسوسه کردن،اغوا کردن
don’t let money lure you into doing something wrong
نگذار پول تو را به انجام کار خلاف وسوسه کند.
they advertise in order to lure customers
برای جلب مشتری آگهی می‌دهند.
I was lured on by her beauty
زیبایی او مرا اغوا کرد.

Question 340

gain

ger: gewinnen, Gewinn

Answer 340

C1
an occasion when you get something useful or positive:
Whatever the objections to this sort of treatment, the gains in terms of the number of lives saved are substantial.
The minister was sacked for abusing power for his personal gain.
More examples
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
gain noun [C or U] (INCREASE)

C1
an increase in something such as size, weight, or amount:
Side effects of the drugs may include tiredness, headaches, or weight gain.
After deducting costs, we still made a net gain of £5,000.
Oil prices rose again today after yesterday’s gains.

[ T ]
to obtain something useful, advantageous, or positiv:

He gained control of the business.
You’ve got nothing to lose and everything to gain.
He hoped to gain an advantage by beginning his campaign early.
gain verb (INCREASE)

[ I/T ]
to increase in weight, speed, height, or amount:

[ T ] I’ve gained weight, and I’m going on a diet.
[ T ] The campaign has been gaining momentum ever since the television ads started to run.
[ I ] Step on the gas – they’re gaining on us (= getting nearer to us).

gain [gein]
♦ verb
1 to obtain: He quickly gained experience.
کسب کردن
2 (often with by or from ) to get (something good) by doing something: What have I to gain by staying here?
بدست آوردن
3 to have an increase in (something): He gained strength after his illness.
افزایش داشتن
4 (of a clock or watch) to go too fast: This clock gains (four minutes a day).
تند کار کردن

♦ noun
1 an increase (in weight etc ): a gain of one kilo.
افزایش
2 profits, advantage, wealth etc : His loss was my gain; He’d do anything for gain.
منفعت
gain ground
1 to make progress.
پیشرفت کردن
2 to become more influential: His views were once unacceptable but are now gaining ground rapidly.
بهتر شدن
gain on
to get or come closer to (a person, thing etc that one is chasing): Drive faster – the police car is gaining on us.
نزدیک شدن

net gain
Nettogewinn m
financial gain
finanzieller Gewinn
weight gain
Gewichtszunahme f
tangible gain
realer [o. materieller] Gewinn
stock gain
Kursgewinn m
to gain sb’s confidence
jds Vertrauen gewinnen
to gain one’s destination
sein Ziel erreichen
to gain in height
an Höhe gewinnen
to gain an impression
einen Eindruck gewinnen
to gain a victory
einen Sieg erringen
to gain a foothold
Fuß fassen
to gain in weight
zunehmen
to gain in numbers
zahlenmäßig ansteigen
to gain velocity [or speed]
schneller werden
to gain in stature
an Ansehen gewinnen
to gain one’s spurs ugs
sich Dat die Sporen verdienen
to gain ground disease
um sich Akk greifen
to gain prestige
an Prestige gewinnen

Question 341

score

ger: erzielen

Answer 341

score
verb
UK /skɔːr/ US /skɔːr/
score verb (WIN)

B1 [ I or T ]
to win or get a point, goal, etc. in a competition, sport, or game:
Tennant scored in the last minute of the game.
She has scored over twenty goals for her team this season.
In American football, a touchdown scores (= is worth) six points.
She scored 18 out of 20 in the spelling test.

[ T ] mainly US
to get a particular number of points on a test or in an examination:
She did well in her exam, scoring 85, well above the necessary 60.
All the youngsters scored well in intelligence tests.

[ T ] mainly US
to count or decide on the number of points someone gets on a test or in an examination:
Thousands of teachers are involved in preparing questions for state tests and in scoring the exams.
Safeguards are built in to ensure that the tests are scored correctly.

[ I ] UK
(US keep score)
to record the number of points won by competitors:
We need someone to score for tomorrow’s match.

[ I or T ]
to succeed in an activity or to achieve something:
She has certainly scored a success with her latest novel.
His 2018 teen comedy scored with audiences, if not with critics.
Nearly every bomb scored a hit.
UK You have a lot of patience - that’s where you score over (= are better than) your opponents.

final score
Endstand m
to keep [Brit the] score
die Punkte [o. den Spielstand] mitschreiben
to even the score
das Gleichgewicht wiederherstellen
to score a victory
einen Sieg verbuchen
to know the score
wissen, was gespielt wird
to score 4 runs
vier Treffer erzielen
to score a goal
ein Tor schießen
to score a touchdown
einen Versuch erzielen
to score an equalizer
den Ausgleich[streffer] erzielen
to score a point
einen Punkt machen
to score a hit
einen Treffer landen ugs
to score a triumph
einen Triumph erzielen
to settle a score
eine Rechnung begleichen übtr
what’s the score? ugs
wie sieht’s aus? ugs
to score drugs
sich Dat Stoff beschaffen sl

score [skoː]– plurals scores (after a number or a word signifying a quantity) score –
♦ noun
1 the number of points, goals etc gained in a game, competition etc : The cricket score is 59 for 3.
امتياز
2 a written piece of music showing all the parts for instruments and voices: the score of an opera.
پارتيتور در موسيقي
3 a set or group of twenty: There was barely a score of people there.
بيشمار

♦ verb
1 to gain (goals etc ) in a game etc : He scored two goals before half-time.
امتياز آوردن
2 (sometimes with off or out ) to remove (eg a name) from eg a list by putting a line through it: Please could you score my name off (the list)?; Is that word meant to be scored out?
حذف كردن
3 to keep score: Will you score for us, please?
حساب امتيازها را نگه داشتن
ˈscorer
♦ noun
1 a person who scores points, goals etc : Our team scored two goals – Smith and Brown were the scorers.
امتياز آورنده
2 a person who writes down the score during eg a cricket match.
ثبت كننده امتياز
ˈscore-board
♦ noun
a usually large board on which the score is shown at a cricket match, a quiz-programme etc .
تابلو ثبت امتيازات
on that score
for that reason: He’s perfectly healthy, so you don’t need to worry on that score.
از آن بابت
scores (of)
very many: She received scores of letters about her radio programme.
خيلي زياد
settle old scores
to get revenge for past wrongs: I have some old scores to settle with you.
خرده حسابي را صاف كردن

/skôr/
n., vi., vt.
● خراش،خراشیدگی،خط،خط افتادگی
scores made on ice by skates
خراشیدگی‌هایی که توسط کفش بر روی یخ ایجاد شده است
scores made by a piston on a cylinder
خط افتادگی سیلندر توسط پیستون
there were cuts and scores all over the leather bag
کیف چرمی پر از بریدگی و خراشیدگی بود.
● (چوبخط) دندانه،دندانه گذاشتن
● چوبخط
● بدهی،بدهکاری،حساب
he suddenly went and left others to pay the score
ناگهان رفت و پرداخت حساب را به دیگران واگذاشت.
they drank on my score
آنها به حساب من مشروب خوردند.
● دلخوری،خرده‌حساب،خصومت
to settle scores with somebody
به حساب کسی رسیدن
they took advantage of the situation to settle old scores
آنها برای تلافی کردن از فرصت استفاده کردند.
● دلیل،علت،واسطه
on the score of fatigue
به دلیل خستگی
on the score of poverty
به واسطه‌ی فقر
● (مسابقه و غیره) امتیاز،پوئن،پوئن به‌دست آوردن،گل زدن،امتیاز آوردن
we won by a score of 5 to 3
ما با امتیاز 5 بر 3 برنده شدیم.
he scored 37 points
او 37 امتیاز به‌دست آورد.
each basket scores two points
هر بار که توپ داخل حلقه می‌شود دو پوئن دارد.
● (امتحان و غیره) نمره،نمره گرفتن یا دادن
she had the highest score in our class
او در کلاس ما از همه بیشتر نمره آورد.
test scores
نمرات امتحانی
in the written exam he scored 96
در امتحان کتبی نمره‌اش 96 بود.
to score a written examination
به امتحان کتبی نمره دادن
● دسته‌ی بیست‌تایی،بیست
more than a score of cities
بیش از بیست شهر
three score and ten years ago
هفتاد سال پیش (سه بیست سال بعلاوه‌ی ده)
● (جمع) چندین،فراوان،انبوه (از هر چیز)،کثیر،بسیار،متعدد،زیاد
scores of people were arrested
افراد زیادی بازداشت شدند.
● (عامیانه) کار موفقیت‌آمیز،شیرین کاری
● (عامیانه) دزدی (به‌ویژه مواد مخدر)،دزدیدن،بلند کردن
● (رقص و باله) دستور حرکت‌های رقصگران
● (موسیقی) پارتیتور
● (برای سهولت در بریدن یا تا کردن کاغذ) سوراخ‌سوراخ کردن،نیم برکردن
● (با: out) حذف کردن،باطل کردن،خط بطلان کشیدن
● محاسبه کردن،حساب کردن،جمع بستن
● سخت انتقاد کردن،مورد نکوهش قرار دادن،تشر زدن
we were scored for expressing personal opinions
به‌خاطر بیان عقاید شخصی مورد نکوهش شدید قرار گرفتیم.
● (آشپزی) گوشت را ساطوری کردن،(برای نرم شدن) چاقو چاقو کردن
● (مسابقه) حساب امتیاز طرفین را نگهداشتن،منشی مسابقه شدن
● نایل شدن،بردن،دست یافتن
to score a victory
به پیروزی دست یافتن
a bomb that scores a direct hit
بمبی که مستقیما به هدف می‌خورد
● (خودمانی) گاییدن،سپوختن،همخوابگی کردن
● خط انداختن،خراشاندن،خراشیدگی ایجاد کردن
peel cucumbers and then score them with a fork
خیارها را پوست بکن و سپس با چنگال آنها را خراش بده.
rocks which are scored by the movement of the glacier
صخره‌هایی که حرکت یخرود آنها را خراشانده است
jet planes scored the sky with their vapor trails
هواپیماهای جت با نواره‌های بخار خود آسمان را خط انداختند.
* know the score
از وضعیت باخبر بودن،از جریان مطلع بودن
* on more scores than one
به دلایل متعدد
* on that score
از آن لحاظ،از آن نظر

Question 342

patience

ger: Geduld

Answer 342

patience
noun [ U ]
US /ˈpeɪ·ʃəns/

the ability to accept delay, suffering, or annoyance without complaining or becoming angry:
He’s a man of great patience.
Her constant complaining was beginning to test/try my patience.
patient

adjective US /ˈpeɪ·ʃənt/
Just be patient – dinner’s almost ready.
patiently

adverb US /ˈpeɪ·ʃənt·li/
He waited patiently for his name to be called.

• He has reached the end of his patience.
صبرش تموم شده
• Such work postulate a lot of patience.
چنین کاری شکیبائی فراوانی را می طلبد.

Question 343

beforehand

ger: vorher, zuvor, im Voraus

Answer 343

we were informed beforehand
wir wurden zuvor informiert

beforehand
adverb
UK /bɪˈfɔː.hænd/ US /bɪˈfɔːr.hænd/

earlier (than a particular time):
I knew she was coming that afternoon because she had phoned beforehand to say so.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
at an earlier time

before
I was sure I’d seen her face before.

beforehand
He knew beforehand that his speech would anger many people.

previously
She has previously denied the accusations.

in advance
You should prepare your ingredients in
advance.

ahead of time
US Try to arrive at the airport ahead of time to minimize the possibility of delays.

Question 344

truism

ger: Binsenweisheit, platitude

Perhaps the truism that short-term pain can lead to long-term gain is best taught by example

platitude

Ger: platitude

Answer 344

truism
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈtruː.ɪ.zəm/ US /ˈtruː.ɪ.zəm/

a statement that is so obviously true that it is almost not worth saying:
As far as health is concerned, it’s a truism that prevention is better than cure.

truism
Binsenweisheit f
truism (platitude)
Plattitüde f geh

🤣 platitude
noun [ C ] disapproving
UK /ˈplæt.ɪ.tjuːd/ US /ˈplæt̬.ə.tuːd/

a remark or statement that may be true but is boring and has no meaning because it has been said so many times before:

He doesn’t mouth platitudes about it not mattering who scores as long as the team wins.

platitude
noun [ C ]
US /ˈplæt̬·ɪˌtud/

a statement that has been repeated so often that it is meaningless:
They nodded at every platitude about making sacrifices today for a better tomorrow.

Question 345

hunch

It has long been suggested that this lack of impulse control is also a predictor of criminal behavior, but that was basically a hunch.

Answer 345

hunch
noun [ C ]
US /hʌntʃ/
hunch noun [C] (IDEA)

an idea that is based on feeling and for which there is no proof:
[ + that clause ] I had a hunch that you’d be here.

hunch
verb [ I/T ]
US /hʌntʃ/
hunch verb [I/T] (BEND)

to lean forward with your shoulders raised or to bend your back and shoulders into a rounded shape:
[ I ] We gathered in a circle and hunched over the fire to get warm.

hunch [hantʃ]
♦ noun
an idea or belief based on one’s feelings or suspicions rather than on clear evidence: I have a hunch he’ll be late.
گمان
ˈhunchback
♦ noun
a person with a hump on his back.
آدم گوژپشت
ˈhunchbacked
♦ adjective
having a hump on one’s back.
قوزدار
hunched up
with one’s back and shoulders bent forward: He sat hunched up near the fire.
قوز كرده

● تکان دادن،فشار دادن،(با فشار) به جلو راندن،(با فشار) کنار زدن
I hunched my chair closer to the table
صندلی خود را به نزدیک میز کشیدم.
● گمان،حدس
I had a hunch that she would not come
شستم خبردار شد که نخواهد آمد.
Ahmad often acted on a hunch
احمد خیلی از روی حدس و گمان عمل می‌کرد.

to follow a hunch
einem Gefühl folgen
to hunch one’s shoulders
die Schultern hochziehen
to hunch one’s back
einen Buckel machen
to have a hunch that …
den [leisen] Verdacht [o. das [leise] Gefühl] haben, dass …
he reacted on a hunch
er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin
to hunch around the fire
sich Akk um das Feuer zusammenkauern
to act [or play] on a hunch
nach Gefühl handeln
I had a hunch that you’d be here
ich hatte schon so eine Ahnung, dass du da sein würdest

Question 346

assertion

ger: Annahme, Behauptung

Answer 346

assertion
noun [ C + that ]
UK /əˈsɜː.ʃən/ US /əˈsɝː.ʃən/

a statement that you strongly believe is true:
I certainly don’t agree with his assertion that men are better drivers than women.

/ǝ su_r´shǝn/
n.
● اعلام (موکد)،تصریح،اظهار قطعی
● اعلامیه (رسمی و قطعی)،ادعا نامه
the assertion of the right to the freedom of expression is important
تاکید حق آزادی بیان اهمیت دارد.

to refute an assertion [or contention]
eine Behauptung widerlegen [o. entkräften]
fallaciousness of an argument/claim/assertion
Unhaltbarkeit f eines Arguments/einer Behauptung/einer Annahme

Question 347

examine

ger: prüfen,

Answer 347

examine [igˈzӕmin]
♦ verb
1 to look at closely; to inspect closely: They examined the animal tracks and decided that they were those of a fox.
بررسی کردن
2 (of a doctor) to inspect the body of thoroughly to check for disease etc : The doctor examined the child and said she was healthy.
معاینه کردن
3 to consider carefully: The police must examine the facts.
تحقیق کردن؛ بررسی کردن
4 to test the knowledge or ability of (students etc ): She examines pupils in mathematics.
آزمودن؛ امتحان کردن
5 to question: The lawyer examined the witness in the court case.
مورد سئوال قرار دادن؛ بازجویی کردن
exˌamiˈnation
♦ noun
1 (a) close inspection: Make a thorough examination of the area where the crime took place; On examination the patient was discovered to have appendicitis.
بررسی؛ بازبینی
2 (also exˈam ) a test of knowledge or ability: school examinations; She is to take a French/dancing exam; (also adjective ) examination/exam papers; He failed/passed the English exam.
آزمون؛ سنجش
3 (a) formal questioning (eg of a witness).
بازجویی
exˈaminer
♦ noun
a person who examines.
امتحان کننده؛ بازرس

/eg zam´ǝn, ig-/
vt.
● آزمون کردن،امتحان کردن،آزمودن
tomorrow the teacher will examine each one of us
فردا معلم هر یک از ما را امتحان خواهد کرد.
● معاینه کردن،بررسی کردن،وارسی کردن،بازبین کردن،سنجیدن،دید گری کردن،تحقیق کردن،وارسیدن
the doctor examined his patients
دکتر بیماران خود را معاینه کرد.
I went to have my eye examined
رفتم که چشمم مورد معاینه قرار بگیرد.
experts are still examining the causes of the fire
کارشناسان هنوز دارند علل آن آتش سوزی را بررسی می‌کنند.
they examined the signature and found it to be forged
آنان امضا را بررسی نمودند و به جعلی بودن آن پی‌بردند.
the police examined his pockets
پلیس جیب‌های او را گشت.

to examine the accused
den Angeklagten verhören
to examine sth searchingly
etw eingehend prüfen
to examine sb carefully
jdn gründlich untersuchen
to re-examine priorities
Prioritäten erneut überprüfen
to examine credentials/methods
Referenzen/Methoden überprüfen
to examine experts
Experten anhören
to examine/read sth perfunctorily
etw überfliegen
to consider/examine the possibilities
alle Möglichkeiten durchdenken
to re-examine a witness JUR
einen Zeugen/eine Zeugin erneut [o. nochmals] vernehmen
to cross-examine sb sharply
jdn einem scharfen Kreuzverhör unterziehen
to examine the effects of sth
die Auswirkungen von etw Dat untersuchen
to examine one’s breasts [for lumps]
jds Brust [auf Knoten] abtasten
to examine/look at sth under a microscope
etw unter einem Mikroskop untersuchen/betrachten
perhaps you could at least examine it cursorily?
vielleicht könnten Sie zumindest einmal einen kurzen Blick darauf werfen?
the council is to examine ways of reducing traffic
der Stadtrat versucht Wege zur Reduzierung des Verkehrs zu finden
to examine [or go through] [or go over] sth with a fine-tooth comb
etw sorgfältig unter die Lupe nehmen ugs

Question 348

survey

A research team led by Lena Lindahl of Stockholm University examined the records of 6,749 20 young Swedish males, each of whom took the same survey in 1966, when they were 13 years old

ger: befragen, Umfrage

Answer 348

C1 [ T ] formal UK /səˈveɪ/ US /ˈsɝː.veɪ/
to look at or examine all of something, especially carefully:
He got out of the car to survey the damage.
She has written a book which surveys (= describes in detail) the history of feminism.

to measure an area of land, and to record the details of it, especially on a map:
Before the new railway was built, its route was carefully surveyed.

survey [səˈvei]
♦ verb
1 to look at, or view, in a general way: He surveyed his neat garden with satisfaction.
بررسي كردن
2 to examine carefully or in detail.
سنجيدن
3 to measure, and estimate the position, shape etc of (a piece of land etc ): They have started to survey the piece of land that the new motorway will pass through.
ارزيابي كردن
4 to make a formal or official inspection of (a house etc that is being offered for sale).
نقشه برداري كردن
[ˈsəːvei]noun
1 a look or examination; a report: After a brief survey of the damage he telephoned the police; He has written a survey of crime in big cities.
بازديد
2 a careful measurement of land etc .
ارزيابي
surˈveyor
♦ noun
a person whose job is to survey buildings or land.
ارزياب

/sǝr vā´, su_r´vā´/
vt., vt., n., pl.
● (بادقت) بررسی کردن،زمینه یابی کردن
before taking action, we must carefully survey the situation
پیش از اقدام باید وضعیت را خوب بررسی کنیم.
● همایش کردن،برنگریستن،رونگری کردن،برانداز کردن،برنگری کردن
the old lady surveyed me haughtily
پیر زن باتکبر مرا برانداز کرد.
the author surveys contemporary American literature
نویسنده ادبیات معاصر امریکا را برنگری می‌کند.
● مساحی کردن،نقشه برداری کردن،زمین‌پیمایی کردن،مساحت کردن،پیمایش کردن
to survey a plot of land for building
قطعه زمینی را برای ساختمان پیمایش کردن
● زمینه‌یابی،بررسی
a survey of public opinion
زمینه یابی افکار عمومی
● برنگری،رونگری،پیمایش،برانداز
a survey of Italian art
برنگری هنر ایتالیا
● مساحی،نقشه برداری،زمین پیمایی،پیمایش
land survey
پیمایش زمین

prospective survey
prospektive Erhebung
market survey
Erhebung f
a wide-ranging survey
eine breit angelegte Umfrage
a nationwide survey
eine landesweite Umfrage
one day survey
eintägige Erhebung
public opinion survey
öffentliche Meinungsumfrage
market research survey
Marktuntersuchung f
local/nationwide survey
örtliche/landesweite Umfrage

Question 349

instant

the instant fulfilment of one’s desire.

ger: sofort

instant coffee
Instantkaffee m
instant soup
Fertigsuppe f

Answer 349

instant
noun [ C usually sing ]
US /ˈɪn·stənt/

a very short moment of time, or a particular point in time:
At that instant, someone knocked on the door.
Call me the instant you get home (= as soon as you get to your home).

instant
adjective [ not gradable ]
US /ˈɪn·stənt/

happening immediately:
I took an instant liking to him.

An instant food or drink is one, usually in dried or powdered form, that can be prepared easily and quickly, esp. by adding hot water:
instant coffee

instant [ˈinstənt]
♦ adjective
1 immediate: Anyone disobeying these rules will face instant dismissal; His latest play was an instant success.
فوری
2 (of food etc ) able to be prepared etc almost immediately: instant coffee/potato.
فوری

♦ noun
1 a point in time: He climbed into bed and at that instant the telephone rang; He came the instant (that) he heard the news.
در همان آن
2 a moment or very short time: It all happened in an instant; I’ll be there in an instant.
لحظه؛ آن
ˈinstantly
♦ adverb
immediately: He went to bed and instantly fell asleep.
فوراً
this instant
straight away; at this very moment: Give it back this instant!
فوراً

in´stǝnt/
adj., adv., n.
● فوری،اضطراری،ناگه‌آیندی،ناگهگانی،ناگزیر
she is running an instant risk of suffocating
او در خطر فوری خفه شدن است.
instant obedience
اطاعت فوری (بی‌معطلی)
● قریب الوقوع،زودآیند
● وابسته به خوراک پیش پخته که می‌توان به سرعت و آسانی (مثلا فقط با افزودن آب و گرم کردن) آن را خورد،پیش آماده،پیش پخته
instant soup
سوپ پیش پخته
instant coffee
قهوه‌ی فوری
● (شعر قدیم) فورا،در همان آن
● (قدیمی) ماه جاری،فعلی
we received your letter of the 10th instant
نامه‌ی دهم ماه جاری شما را دریافت کردیم.
● لحظه،آن،دم،لمحه
at the instant of death
در دم مرگ
they fell in love the instant they met
آنان به مجرد ملاقات عاشق هم شدند.
come here this instant!
همین الان بیا اینجا!
the instant she opened her eyes
لحظه‌ای که چشمانش را گشود
* on the instant
بی‌درنگ،بدون تاخیر
* the instant
به مجرد اینکه
the instant I saw her she burst out laughing
تا او را دیدم زد زیر خنده.

instant coffee
Instantkaffee m
instant soup
Fertigsuppe f
this instant
sofort
to take instant effect
sofort wirken
instant access to sth
sofortiger Zugriff auf etw Akk
the effect was instant
der Effekt stellte sich sofort ein
at the same instant
im selben Augenblick [o. Moment]
the next instant
im nächsten Moment [o. Augenblick]
for an instant
für einen Moment [o. Augenblick]
instant coffee granules
Kaffeegranulat nt
instant [or Brit also action] replay
Instantreplay nt
stop that noise this instant!
hör’ sofort mit dem Lärm auf! ugs
the film was an instant success
der Film war sofort ein Erfolg
he’s taken an instant liking to her
er hat sie auf Anhieb gemocht
their instant needs are food and water
sie brauchen jetzt als Erstes etwas zu essen und Wasser

Question 350

elsewhere

ger: woanders, anderswo
let’s go elsewhere!
lass uns woandershin gehen

Answer 350

elsewhere
adverb
UK /ˌelsˈweər/ US /ˈels.wer/

B2
at, in, from, or to another place or other places; anywhere or somewhere else:
The report looks at economic growth in Europe and elsewhere.
They couldn’t find what they wanted and decided to look elsewhere.
More examples
If we don’t give good service, people will take their custom elsewhere.
People are being enticed away from the profession by higher salaries elsewhere.
This comment jars with the opinions we have heard expressed elsewhere.
Is there intelligent life elsewhere in the universe?
If we don’t get what we want from one agency we will have to look elsewhere.

Question 351

attend

ger: besuchen, teilnehmen, achten

Answer 351

attend
verb
UK /əˈtend/ US /əˈtend/
attend verb (BE PRESENT)

B1 [ I or T ]
to go to an event, place, etc.:
Over two hundred people attended the funeral.
The meeting is on the fifth and we’re hoping everyone will attend.
See also
well attended

B1 [ T ]
to go officially and usually regularly to a place:
Which school do your children attend?
I attended the classes/seminars/lectures for a month or two.
More examples
Are you confident that enough people will attend the event?
You are cordially invited to attend our annual wine-tasting evening.
Would everyone who wishes to attend the dinner let me know by Friday afternoon?
All pupils are expected to attend school assembly.
I don’t think there’s any need for all of us to attend the meeting.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
attend verb (NOTICE)

[ I ] formal
to give attention to what someone is saying:
I’m afraid I wasn’t attending to what was being said.

attend [əˈtend]
♦ verb
1 to go to or be present at: He attended the meeting; He will attend school till he is sixteen.
حضور داشتن؛
2 (with to ) to listen or give attention to: Attend carefully to what the teacher is saying!
توجه کردن
3 to deal with: I’ll attend to that problem tomorrow.
رسیدگی کردن به
4 to look after; to help or serve: Two doctors attended her all through her illness; The queen was attended by four ladies.
پرستاری کردن؛ رسیدن به
atˈtendance
♦ noun
His attendance (= the number of times he attends) at school is poor; Attendances (= the number of people attending) at the concerts went down after the price of tickets increased.
حضور
atˈtendant
♦ noun
a person employed to look after someone or something: a car-park attendant.
متصدی
in attendance
in the position of helping or serving: There was no doctor in attendance at the road accident.
برای خدمت یا کمک
attendance ends in -ance (not -ence )

to attend a seminar
ein Seminar besuchen
to attend a conference (in future)
auf eine Konferenz gehen
to attend at church
den Gottesdienst besuchen
to attend a course
einen Kurs besuchen [o. machen]
to attend a meeting
an einer Versammlung teilnehmen
to attend a funeral
auf eine Beerdigung gehen
to attend church/school
in die Kirche/Schule gehen
to attend worship form
in die Kirche gehen
to attend a press conference
an einer Pressekonferenz teilnehmen
to attend in everyday wear Brit
in Alltagsklamotten [o. A, CH Alltagsgewand] erscheinen ugs
to attend sth ex officio
an etw Dat in amtlicher Funktion teilnehmen
to attend a worship service form
einen Gottesdienst besuchen
to attend a faculty meeting
an einer Lehrerkonferenz teilnehmen
to attend a funeral/wedding
zu einer Beerdigung/Hochzeit gehen
to attend/run a workshop
einen Workshop besuchen/leiten
to go to [or attend] church
in die [o. zur] Kirche gehen

Question 352

savage

ger: wild

Answer 352

savage animal
wildes Tier
savage fighting
heftige Kämpfe
in a savage mood
übel gelaunt
the noble savage
der/die edle Wilde
a savage attack/blow
ein scharfer Angriff/Schlag
to soothe the savage breast
das aufgebrachte Gemüt beruhigen

savage [ˈsӕvidʒ]
♦ adjective
1 uncivilized: savage tribes.
وحشي
2 fierce and cruel: The elephant can be quite savage; bitter and savage remarks.
درنده خو

♦ verb
to attack: He was savaged by wild animals.
حمله ور شدن

♦ noun
1 a person in an uncivilized state: tribes of savages.
آدم بي تمدن
2 a person who behaves in a cruel, uncivilized way: I hope the police catch the savages who attacked the old lady.
آدم وحشي
ˈsavagely
♦ adverb
.
وحشيانه
ˈsavageness
♦ noun
.
وحشي
ˈsavagery
♦ noun
.
وحشيگري

/sav´ij/
adj., n., vt.
● وحشی،نارام،خودروی،دد
a savage forest
جنگل خودروی
● سبع،درنده،ددمنش
a savage tiger
پلنگ درنده
a wolf is a savage animal
گرگ حیوان سبعی است.
● بدوی،بی‌تمدن،نافرهیخته،بربری
a savage tribe
یک قبیله بدوی
● خشن،زمخت،بی‌ادب،بی ادبانه،گستاخانه
his savage remarks
اظهارات رنجش آور او
● سنگدل،بی‌رحم،قسی‌القلب،ظالم،ستم‌پیشه،خونخوار
the savage commander ordered the civilians to be executed
فرمانده‌ی ظالم دستور داد که غیر نظامیان اعدام بشوند.
● انسان وحشی
in the middle of the jungle we were attacked by savages
در وسط جنگل مورد حمله‌ی وحشیان قرار گرفتیم.
● وحشیانه،شدید،بی‌رحمانه،ظالمانه،بی‌امان
the newspapers’ savage criticism of him
انتقادات بسیار شدید روزنامه‌ها از او
savage cuts in the educational budget
کاهش‌های دردآور بودجه‌ی آموزشی
● (وحشیانه) حمله کردن به
newspapers savaged the new prime minister
روزنامه‌ها نخست‌وزیر جدید را مورد حمله‌ی وحشیانه قرار دادند.
the child was badly savaged by the neighbor’s dog
کودک سخت مورد حمله‌ی سگ همسایه قرار گرفت.

Question 353

cinephile

Answer 353

cinephile
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈsɪn.ɪ.faɪl/ US /ˈsɪn.ɪ.faɪl/

a person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about cinema as an art form, and knows a lot about films:

There are movie fans; there are film lovers; and then there are cinephiles.

Question 354

assignment / on assignment

ger: Aufgabe , Auftrag

Answer 354

assignment
noun
UK /əˈsaɪn.mənt/ US /əˈsaɪn.mənt/

B1 [ C ]
a piece of work given to someone, typically as part of their studies or job:
a freelance/photo assignment
I have a lot of reading assignments to complete before the end of term.

[ C ]
a job that someone is sent somewhere to do:
a foreign/diplomatic assignment

😱on assignment

Someone who is on assignment is doing a particular job or piece of work, usually in a particular place where they have been sent for a period of time:
Both journalists were killed while on assignment in the region.
See more

[ U ]
the process of giving a particular job or piece of work to someone, or of sending someone to a chosen place to do a job:
assignment of the various tasks
More examples
It was a jammy assignment - more of a holiday really.
He took this award-winning photograph while on assignment in the Middle East.
His two-year assignment to the Mexico office starts in September.
She first visited Norway on assignment for the winter Olympics ten years ago.
He fell in love with the area after being there on assignment for National Geographic in the 1950s.

special assignment
Sonderauftrag m
homework assignment
Hausaufgabe f
overseas assignment
Auslandseinsatz m
foreign assignment
Auslandsauftrag m
diplomatic assignment
diplomatische Mission
traffic assignment zone
Verkehrszone bei Umlegung
assignment of blame
Schuldzuweisung f
to be on assignment somewhere
irgendwo im Einsatz sein [o. einem Auftrag nachgehen]
JUR, WIRTSCH assignment of a patent/copyright
Patentübertragung f /Übertragung f eines Urheberrechts
assignment of a claim for security (Zession)
Sicherungsabtretung f
to send sb on an assignment
jdm einen Auftrag erteilen
they’ll be hard pressed to complete the assignment
wenn sie den Auftrag ausführen wollen, müssen sie sich aber ranhalten

Question 355

advantage

disadvantage

ger: Vor-Nachteil

Answer 355

advantage
noun
UK /ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/ US /ədˈvæn.t̬ɪdʒ/

B1 [ C or U ]
a condition giving a greater chance of success:
advantage of doing sth The advantage of booking tickets in advance is that you get better seats.
advantages of sth Despite the twin advantages of wealth and beauty, she did not have a happy life.
[ + to infinitive ] It would be to your advantage (= it would improve the situation for you) to agree to his demands.
give sb an advantage Her background as a financial officer gives her an advantage in dealing with public budgets.
give sb an advantage over sb His height and reach give him a big advantage over (= make him better than) other boxers.
have the advantage of sb He has the advantage of being able to walk to work because he lives so close by.
have the advantage of sb UK formal “Do you know how old I am?” “I’m afraid you have the advantage of me there (= you know the answer but I do not).”
For a goalkeeper, it’s a great advantage to have big hands.

take advantage of something

B1
to use the good things in a situation:
I thought I’d take advantage of the sports facilities while I’m here.

take advantage of someone/something B2 disapproving

to treat someone badly in order to get something good from them:
I think she takes advantage of his good nature.
See more

at an advantage

in a more powerful or successful position than other people or things:
With the dollar weakening, US exporters will be at an advantage.
Your experience as a legal secretary undoubtedly puts you at an advantage in terms of legal knowledge.

take advantage of sth

to use your skills, resources, etc. or a particular situation in order to get an opportunity for yourself:
Have you taken full advantage of any tax-free savings plans?

be to sb’s advantage (also work to sb’s advantage)

to give a person or organization an advantage compared to other people or organizations:
The bank thought e-commerce could work to its advantage because these markets tended to be highly protected by regulation.

use sth to your (own) advantage

to use your skills, resources, etc. to get an opportunity for yourself:
She had some important contacts in the government, which she used to her advantage.

US UK AU advantage [ədˈvaːntidʒ]
♦ noun
1 (a) gain or benefit: There are several advantages in being self-employed.
مزیت؛ فایده
2 in tennis, the first point gained after deuce.
اولین امتیاز بعد از دوس
advantageous [ӕdvənˈteidʒəs]
♦ adjective
having or giving an advantage: Because of his experience he was in an advantageous position for promotion
سودمند
ˌadvanˈtageously
♦ adverb
.
بطور سودمند
have an/the advantage (over)
to be in a better or more advantageous position (than): As she already knew French, she had an advantage over the rest of the class.
برتری داشتن
take advantage of
to make use of (a situation, person etc ) in such a way as to benefit oneself: He took full advantage of all his business opportunities.
از فرصت استفاده کردن

/ad vant´ij/
n., vt.
● برتری،تفوق،مزیت
the advantage which we have over them
تفوقی که ما بر آنها داریم
● فایده،نفع
it is to my advantage
به نفع من است.
the advantages of punctuality
فواید وقت‌شناسی
● (تنیس) اولین امتیاز بعد از دوس (deuce)
● مزیت دادن،برتری دادن،نفع دادن
* advantaged, adj.
دارای مزیت (اجتماعی)،بهره‌ور
* to advantage
با بهره‌وری،با استفاده،با نفع
* to take advantage of
از فرصت استفاده کردن،بهره‌گیری کردن

😱 disadvantage
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˌdɪs.ədˈvɑːn.tɪdʒ/ US /ˌdɪs.ədˈvæn.t̬ɪdʒ/

B1
a condition or situation that causes problems, especially one that causes something or someone to be less successful than other things or people:
One disadvantage of living in the town is the lack of safe places for children to play.
We need to consider whether the disadvantages of the plan outweigh the advantages.

at a disadvantage

C2
in a situation in which you are less likely to succeed than others:
He’s at a disadvantage being so shy.
This new law places/puts poorer families at a distinct disadvantage.
Critics of the proposed system say that it puts students from low-income families at a disadvantage.
Insistence on full-time contracts inevitably places a lot of women at a disadvantage.
We aim to provide assistance to social groups who, historically, have been at a disadvantage in the housing market.

disadvantage [disədˈvaːntidʒ]
♦ noun
something which makes a difficulty or which is an unfavourable circumstance: There are several disadvantages to this plan.
وضع نامساعد؛ کاستی
disadvantageous [disӕdvənˈteidʒəs]
♦ adjective
.
نامساعد؛ مضر
at a disadvantage
in an unfavourable position: His power was strengthened by the fact that he had us all at a disadvantage.
در شرایط نامساعد

/dis´ǝd vant´ij/
n., vt.
● کمداشت،نابرتری،وضع نامساعد،نقطه‌ی ضعف،کاستی
this house has two major disadvantages
این خانه دو عیب بزرگ دارد.
this book’s disadvantage is that it is written in a boring style
نقطه ضعف این کتاب این است که به سبک خسته کننده‌ای نوشته شده است.
● صدمه (به شهرت یا اعتبار و غیره)،آسیب،گزند
they spread reports to the disadvantage of the candidate
آنان شایعاتی را پراکنده می‌کنند که به ضرر نامزد انتخاباتی است.
* at a disadvantage
(نسبت به دیگری) در وضع نابرابر قرار داشتن

Question 356

abroad

He’s currently abroad on business.

abroad
im Ausland

Answer 356

abroad [əˈbroːd]
♦ adverb
1 in or to another country: He lived abroad for many years.
خارج از کشور
2 current; going around: There’s a rumour abroad that she is leaving.
رایج

• We are going to travel abroad this summer.
ما می خواهیم این تابستان به خارج سفر کنیم.
• We have to buy them from abroad.
باید آنها را از خارج بخریم.

abroad
adverb [ after verb ]
UK /əˈbrɔːd/ US /əˈbrɑːd/
abroad adverb [after verb] (OTHER COUNTRY)

B1
in or to a foreign country or countries:

He’s currently abroad on business.

We always go abroad in the summer.

After her divorce she went to live abroad.

He wanted the best for his children - good schools, a nice house and trips abroad.

We have two grown-up children, both of whom live abroad.

They decided to move abroad and make a fresh start.

Some very well-known British football players have gone to clubs abroad.

abroad adverb [after verb] (OUTSIDE)

[ after verb ] literary or old use
outside, or not at home:
Not a soul was abroad that morning.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
abroad adverb [after verb] (GOING AROUND)

[ after verb ] formal
used to say that ideas, feelings, and opinions are shared by many people:
There’s a rumour abroad that she intends to leave the company.

investment abroad
Auslandsinvestition f
sales abroad
Auslandsumsatz m
at home and abroad
im In- und Ausland
to go abroad
ins Ausland gehen
to travel abroad
ins Ausland reisen
to abscond abroad
sich Akk ins Ausland absetzen
he’s currently abroad on business
er ist momentan geschäftlich im Ausland
to take up residency abroad
seinen Wohnsitz ins Ausland verlegen
[to return [or come back]] from abroad
aus dem Ausland [zurückkehren]
to bruit sth abroad [or around] [or about]
etw überall herumerzählen
to post a diplomatic representative abroad
einen diplomatischen Vertreter ins Ausland entsenden
to work at the hospital/abroad
im Krankenhaus/im Ausland arbeiten
there is a rumour abroad that …
es geht [o. kursiert] das Gerücht, dass …
is she serious about going to live abroad?
ist das ihr Ernst, im Ausland leben zu wollen?
to replenish coal stocks with imports from abroad
die Kohlenvorräte durch Importe aus dem Ausland aufstocken
the group has affiliations with several organizations abroad
dem Konzern sind mehrere Organisationen im Ausland angegliedert
in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job
weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job
my parents paid for me to spend a year abroad
meine Eltern haben mir das Jahr im Ausland bezahlt
the BBC World Service was our mainstay while travelling abroad
der BBC World Service war unsere Stütze während unseres Auslandsaufenthalts

Question 357

enact / reenact

enact: to enact sth
etw erlassen [o. gesetzlich verordnen]

to enact a plan
einen Plan ausführen

to enact a part/role
einen Part/eine Rolle spielen

re-enact:
ein Gesetz wieder in Kraft setzen

etw wiederholen

Answer 357

enact
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪˈnækt/ US

LAW
to make a law or a rule become official:
The government is to enact a law aimed at improving safety on construction sites.

enactment

noun [ C or U ]
There must be consultation with employer and employee representatives before the enactment of new regulations.

enact [iˈnӕkt]
♦ verb
1 to act (a rôle, scene etc ) not necessarily on stage.
بازی کردن؛ اجرا کردن
2 to make into a law or pass a law: to enact a new sexual harassment law; enact the bill.
وضع کردن؛ تصویب کردن
eˈnactment
♦ noun
.
تصویب؛ مصوبه؛ اجرا

/en akt´, in-/
vt.
● (لایحه و غیره) وضع کردن،تصویب کردن،به صورت قانون درآوردن،رواگاندن
the legislative branch enacts laws and the executive branch carries these laws out
قوه‌ی مقننه قانون وضع می کند و قوه‌ی مجریه این قوانین را به اجرا درمی‌آورد.
● (در نمایش و غیره) بازی کردن،ایفا کردن،(مجازی - نقش یا صحنه) اجرا کردن
the scene now being enacted in the courtroom
صحنه‌ای که اکنون در دادگاه در شرف اجرا می باشد.

to enact a play
ein Stück aufführen
to enact a plan
einen Plan ausführen
to enact sth mimetically
etw pantomimisch darstellen
to enact legislation
Gesetze erlassen
to enact a part/role
einen Part/eine Rolle spielen
to re-enact a crime
ein Verbrechen nachvollziehen
to re-enact a law
ein Gesetz wieder in Kraft setzen

Question 358

bribe

ger: Bestechung

Answer 358

US UK AU bribe [braib]
♦ noun
a gift offered to persuade a person to do something, usually dishonest: Policemen are not allowed to accept bribes.
رشوه

♦ verb
to give (someone) a bribe: He bribed the guards to let him out of prison.
رشوه دادن
ˈbribery
♦ noun
.
رشوه خواری

/brīb/
n., vi., vt.
● رشوه،رشوت،پاره،بلکفد،بلکفت
the employee admitted that he had been receiving bribes
کارمند اعتراف کرد که رشوه می‌گرفته است.
bribable
پاره‌ستان،رشوه‌خوار
● حق‌السکوت،هر چیزی که شخص را وادار به کاری خلاف قانون یا وجدان کند
● رشوه دادن،پاره دادن،بلکفد دادن
he tried to bribe the judge
کوشید به قاضی رشوه بدهد.

Question 359

incentive

ger: Anreiz

Answer 359

incentive
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ɪnˈsen.tɪv/ US /ɪnˈsen.t̬ɪv/

C2
something that encourages a person to do something:

Tax incentives have been very effective in encouraging people to save and invest more of their income.

[ + to infinitive ] There is little incentive for people to leave their cars at home when public transport remains so expensive.

Bonus payments provide an incentive to work harder.

incentive [inˈsentiv]
♦ noun
something that encourages etc : Hope of promotion was an incentive to hard work.
مشوق؛ انگیزه

in sent´iv/
adj., n.
● انگیزه،انگیزان،مشوق،محرک
for some people money is a major incentive
برای برخی از مردم،پول انگیزه‌ی بزرگی است.
● شوق،دلگرمی،اشتیاق

adjective
[in·cen·tive || ɪn’sentɪv]
provocative, stimulating, inciting, encouraging
noun
[in·cen·tive || ɪn’sentɪv]
stimulus, inducement, enticement, encouragement

incentive bonus
Bonus m
incentive price
Kennenlernpreis m
strong incentive
großer Anreiz
incentive offer
Werbegeschenk nt
incentive discount
Treuerabatt m
to offer an incentive
einen Anreiz geben
powerful incentive [or stimulus]
mächtiger [o. starker] Anreiz
to provide an incentive to do sth
einen Anreiz schaffen, etw zu tun

Question 360

thus

ger: folglich, dadurch

Answer 360

thus
adverb formal
UK /ðʌs/ US /ðʌs/

in this way:
Bend from the waist, thus.

B2
with this result:

They planned to reduce staff and thus to cut costs.

thus far

as far as this or until now:

We haven’t had any problems thus far.

The publishers claim that the book constitutes ‘the first sequential exposition of events and thus of the history of the revolution’.
Thus the Romans left Britain.
Exercise made us more hungry and thus our food supplies ran out.
Fold the sheets thus.

thus [ðas]
♦ adverb
(referring to something mentioned immediately before or after) in this or that way or manner: He spoke thus; Thus, he was able to finish the work quickly.
بدین گونه؛ بدین ترتیب

/thus/
adv.
● بدین طریق،بدین گونه،بدین نحو،این جور،این طور
Thus Spake Zarathustra
زرتشت چنین گفت
she described the situation thus …
وضعیت را این جور توصیف کرد …
the information thus collected was printed in newspapers
اطلاعاتی که از این راه به دست آمده بود در روزنامه‌ها چاپ شد.
● بنابراین،در نتیجه،بدین ترتیب،از اینرو
he was sick and old and thus incapable of climbing that mountain
او بیمار و پیر بود و بنابراین نمی‌توانست از آن کوه بالا برود.
● مثلا
people are ungrateful; thus a man I know was kicked out of the house by his own children
مردم نمک‌نشناس هستند; مثلا مردی را می‌شناسم که فرزندان خودش او را از خانه بیرون کرده‌اند.
* thus far
1- تا کنون،تا حالا 2- تا این میزان،تا این درجه

thus (therefore):
thus
folglich

2. thus (in this way):
   thus
   so
   thus
   auf diese Weise

thus ˈfar ADV
1. thus far (up till now):
thus far
bisher
thus far
CH a. bis anhin

2. thus far (up to this point):
   thus far
   so weit

Question 361

broad

ger: breite

Answer 361

broad [broːd]
♦ adjective
1 wide; great in size from side to side: a broad street.
پهن؛ عریض
2 from side to side: two metres broad.
پهنا
3 general; not detailed: We discussed the plans in broad outline.
کلی؛ اصلی
ˈbroaden
♦ verb
to make or become broad or broader.
پهن کردن؛ عریض کردن
ˈbroadly
♦ adverb
generally: Broadly speaking, I’d say your chances are poor.
بطور کلی
broad daylight
full daylight: The child was attacked in broad daylight.
روز روشن
ˌbroad-ˈminded
♦ adjective
ready to allow others to think or act as they choose without criticizing them: a broad-minded headmaster.
روشنفکر
broadside on
sideways: The ships collided broadside on.
هر یک از دو پهلوی کشتی

/brôd/
adj., adv., n.
● پهن،عریض،پر پهنا
a broad street
خیابان پهن
Arvand river is broad
اروندرود عریض است.
a tall man with broad shoulders
مردی قدبلند با شانه‌های پهن
● گسترده،پهناور،وسیع،جامع،گشاده،فراخناک
broad prairies
دشت‌های پهناور
the broad expanse of the sea
گستره‌ی پهناور دریا
a broad smile
لبخندی باز
with a broad grin
بانیش باز
● باز،صاف،پخش
broad daylight
روز روشن
● آسان فهم،آشکار،واضح
a broad hint
اشاره‌ای واضح
● آزاده،لیبرال،اغماضگر،آزادمنش،پر مدارا،با گذشت
this artist has a broad range of interests
این هنرمند علایق گسترده‌ای دارد.
broad-minded
گسترده‌نگر،روشنفکر
● بی‌ادبانه،خارج از نزاکت،قبیح
a broad joke
شوخی خارج از نزاکت
● کلی،اصلی
a broad outline
خلاصه‌ی کلی
the broad policy objectives of the government
هدف‌های کلی سیاست خارجی دولت
● (زبان‌شناسی) هجای بلند (مثل صدای A در واژه‌ی: father)،(در مورد لهجه و گویش محلی) غلیظ
a broad Kashy accent
لهجه‌ی کاشی غلیظ
● (امریکا - خودمانی - ناخوشایند) زن،ضعیفه
* a broad education
تحصیلات گسترده (در چند رشته)

broad span
große Spannbreite [der Hand]
broad shoulders
breite Schultern
broad in the beam scherzh dated
breit gebaut
a broad accent/grin
ein breiter Akzent/ein breites Grinsen
a broad description/generalization
eine grobe Beschreibung/Verallgemeinerung
in broad daylight
am helllichten Tag[e]
a broad range/spectrum
eine breite Palette/ein breites Spektrum
a broad expanse
eine weite Ausdehnung
broad/pronounced accent
breiter/starker Akzent
broad-leaved endive
Breitblattendivie f
broad-leaved plant
breitblättrige Pflanze
broad-leaved tree
Baum m mit breitblättrigem Laub
broad-spectrum antibiotic
Breitbandantibiotikum nt
broad comedy/humour
derbe Komödie/derber Humor
the broad [or Am usu big] picture
die allgemeine Situation
to be in broad agreement
weitgehend übereinstimmen [o. einer Meinung sein]
to have a broad appeal
sich allgemeiner Beliebtheit erfreuen
to be broad in the beam
breite Hüften haben
to drop [or give] a broad hint
einen Wink mit dem Zaunpfahl geben

Question 362

embrace

ger: umarmen

Answer 362

embrace [imˈbreis]
♦ verb
to take (a person etc ) in the arms; to hug: She embraced her brother warmly.
در آغوش گرفتن؛ بقل کردن

♦ noun
a clasping in the arms; a hug: a loving embrace.
در آغوش گیری

[emˈbrās]
verb - embrace
پذیرفتن: accept, embrace, admit, receive, allow, hear
در اغوش گرفتن: embrace, hug, clasp, cuddle, embosom, enclasp
در بر گرفتن: encompass, embrace, infold, snuggle, enclasp, enfold
بغل کردن: hug, embrace, embosom
شامل بودن: include, contain, subtend, comprise, consist, embrace
noun - embrace
اغوش: arms, embrace, armful, fagot

Question 363

compute
ger: rechnen

calculate
ger: kalkulieren

Answer 363

US UK AU compute [kəmˈpjuːt]
♦ verb
to calculate or estimate.
محاسبه کردن
ˌcompuˈtation [kom-]
♦ noun
.
محاسبه

/kǝm pyōōt´/
vt., vi.
● محاسبه کردن،حساب کردن (معمولا با ماشین)،آماردن،شمارگری کردن،آماریدن
we can now compute the distance between the Moon and the Earth accurately
اکنون می‌توانیم فاصله‌ی ماه از زمین را دقیقا محاسبه کنیم.
● (با بکار بردن کامپیوتر) حساب کردن،تعیین کردن،بررسی کردن،رایانگری کردن،کامپیوتر کاری کردن
in the future, computing will be as important as literacy
در آینده کار با کامپیوتر به اهمیت داشتن سواد خواهد بود.
● محاسبه،شمارگری،آمارش (بیشتر در این عبارت: نشمردنی،بی‌شمار،محاسبه ناپذیر = beyond compute)

😎 calculate

calculate [ˈkӕlkjuleit]
♦ verb
to count or estimate, using numbers: Calculate the number of days in a century.
محاسبه کردن
ˈcalculable
♦ adjective
.
محاسبه پذیر؛ قابل پیش بینی
ˌcalcuˈlation
♦ noun
.
محاسبه
ˈcalculator
♦ noun
a machine for calculating: Use a calculator for adding all those numbers.
ماشین حساب

Arianpur-OpenDictionary
/kal´kyōō lāt´, -kyǝ-/
vt.
● محاسبه کردن،حساب کردن،آماردن،آماریدن
Nasser carefully calculated the amount he owed
ناصر مبلغ بدهی خود را دقیقا حساب کرد.
● برآورد کردن،(در اثر محاسبه) برداشت کردن،انگشتن،نتیجه گرفتن
actions whose consequences could in no way be calculated
اعمالی که نتایج آن به هیچ‌وجه برآوردشدنی نبود
● منظور داشتن
a tale calculated to mislead the reader
داستانی که منظور آن گمراه کردن خواننده است
● (گویش محلی) فکر کردن،در نظر گرفتن،در نظر داشتن،تمایل داشتن (به انجام کاری)
my uncle was calculating on the project as completed
عمویم پیش خودش حساب می‌کرد که آن پروژه تکمیل شده است.
● متکی بودن بر،اطمینان کردن به

Question 364

blur

ger: verschwimmen

Answer 364

blur
noun [ S ]
UK /blɜːr/ US /blɝː/

something that you cannot see clearly:
If I don’t wear my glasses, everything is just a blur.

something that you cannot remember or understand clearly:

It all happened so long ago that it’s just a blur to me now.

The last few days seem to have gone by in a blur.

to blur a distinction
Unterschiede verwischen
to blur a picture
die Konturen eines Bildes verschwimmen lassen
übtr it’s all just a blur to me now
ich erinnere mich nur noch vage daran
the last few days have gone by in a blur
die letzten Tage sind einfach an mir vorbeigerauscht

blur [bləː]
♦ noun
something not clearly seen: Everything is just a blur when I take my spectacles off.
مات؛ کدر

♦ verb– past tense, past participle blurred –
to make or become unclear: The rain blurred my vision.
نامشخص شدن؛ کدر کردن

/blu_r/
n., vt., vi.
● (در اثر تاریکی یا زدودن و غیره) نامشخص شدن،کدر کردن یا شدن،مات کردن یا شدن،(تقریبا ولی نه کاملا) محو کردن یا شدن
tears blurred his vision
اشک دید او را مختل کرد.
the picture you took is blurred
عکسی که انداختی تار است.
the line between art and reality became blurred in his mind
حدفاصل بین هنر و واقعیت از ذهن او زدوده شده بود.
● کدر،مات،نامشخص،محو
in very fast speeds everything becomes a blur
در سرعت‌های خیلی زیاد همه چیز به نظر محو می‌آید.
● لکه یا آلوگی (به ویژه اگر چیزها را کدر یا نامشخص کند)
● هرچیزی که (به نظر یا به فکر) مبهم و کدر باشد
● (با لکه‌دار کردن و غیره تصویر و غیره را) محو یا نامشخص کردن
the child had smeared paint over the picture and had blurred its details
کودک روی عکس رنگ مالیده بود و جزئیات آن را محو کرده بود.
● (قدیمی) ن

Question 365

greet

Answer 365

greet [griːt]
♦ verb
to welcome: She greeted me when I arrived.
خوش آمد گفتن
ˈgreeting
♦ noun
friendly words or actions used in welcome.
سلام و تعارف
ˈgreetings
♦ noun plural
a friendly message: Christmas greetings.
تبریکات

greet
verb
UK /ɡriːt/ US /ɡriːt/

B1 [ T ]
to welcome someone with particular words or a particular action, or to react to something in the stated way:
He greeted me at the door.
The teacher greeted each child with a friendly “Hello!”
The unions have greeted the decision with delight/anger.

[ T often passive ]
If you are greeted by a sight, sound, or smell, you notice it immediately when you arrive somewhere:
As we walked into the house, we were greeted by a wonderful smell of baking.
More examples
The dog trotted down the path to greet me.
She ran excitedly down the hall to greet her cousins.
‘Hi’ is an informal way of greeting people.
The new president was greeted by an ecstatic crowd.
The headteacher greeted us very formally.

Question 366

enhance / enhancement

ger: erhöhen/ verbessern

Answer 366

enhance
verb [ T ]
US /ɪnˈhæns/

to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something:
The marinade enhances the flavor of the fish.
The county took steps to enhance water quality.

enhancement

noun [ C/U ] US /ɪnˈhæns·mənt/
[ C ] The new system is a major enhancement in security.
[ U ] Enhancement of local transportation is a priority.

enhance [inˈhaːns]
♦ verb
to make to appear greater or better.
بهسازی کردن

/en hans´, -häns´; in-/
vt.
● (هزینه یا ارزش یا جذابیت) بالابردن،زیاد کردن،افزودن،برافزودن
music enhanced our enjoyment of the dinner
موسیقی لذت ما را از شام بیشتر کرد.
a blue dress enhanced the beauty of that girl
پیراهن آبی بر زیبایی آن دختر می‌افزود.
● (وضع یا کیفیت) بهتر کردن،بهسازی کردن
we must try to enhance the quality of our products
باید بکوشیم تا کیفیت فرآورده‌های خود را بهتر کنیم.
● (با کامپیوتر یا سایر ابزار کیفیت و روشنی تصویر را بهتر کردن) بهبود دادن

to enhance one’s chances
seine Chancen erhöhen [o. verbessern]
to enhance sb’s memory
jds Erinnerungen [wieder] lebendig werden lassen
to enhance one’s eyebrows/eyes
seine Augenbrauen/Augen betonen
to enhance the price of sth
etw verteuern

Question 367

frequent

ger: frequent

Answer 367

frequent [ˈfriːkwənt]
♦ adjective
happening often: He made frequent journeys.
مکرر
[friˈkwent]verb
to visit often: He used to frequent the George Hotel.
همیشه رفتن به
ˈfrequency– plural ˈfrequencies –
♦ noun
1 the state of happening often: The frequency of her visits surprised him.
تکرار
2 (in electricity, radio etc ) the number of waves, vibrations etc per second: At what frequency does the sound occur?
بسامد
3 a set wavelength on which radio stations regularly broadcast: I regularly listen to this frequency in order to hear my favourite music.
فرکانس
ˈfrequently
♦ adverb
often: He frequently arrived late.
اغلب

/frē´kwǝnt, frē kwent´, frē´kwent´, -kwǝnt/
adj., vt.
● مکرر،پی در پی،بس رخده،چند باره،بسایند،بسامدین
their visits became more frequent
ملاقات‌های آنها مرتب تکرار می‌شد.
his frequent absences
غیبت‌های پی در پی او
● دایم،مداوم،دم به دم،همیشگی،عادی
a frequent guest at my father’s house
مهمان همیشگی منزل پدرم
● (در اصل) پر،مملو،شلوغ
● همیشه رفتن به،(اغلب) بودن در
in his youth he frequented the theater, in his old age the church
در جوانی مرتبا به تماشاخانه می رفت و در پیری مرتبا به کلیسا.

frequently
adverb
UK /ˈfriː.kwənt.li/ US /ˈfriː.kwənt.li/

B1
often:
frequently asked questions
I see him frequently.
The buses run less frequently on Sundays.

They frequently hold conferences at that hotel.

White marble is frequently streaked with grey, black or green.

As a child, she frequently withdrew into her own fantasy world.

Instead of defending traditional values, the church frequently seems weak-kneed and irresolute.

She’s written a program to find words which frequently occur together.

Question 368

retreat

Answer 368

retreat
noun
UK /rɪˈtriːt/ US /rɪˈtriːt/
retreat noun (POSITION)

C2 [ C usually singular, U ]
a move back by soldiers or an army, either because they have been defeated or in order to avoid fighting:
the retreat from Dunkirk
Enemy soldiers are now in (full) retreat.

C2 [ C ]
a private and safe place:
a country/mountain/lakeside retreat

[ C or U ]
a period of time used to pray and study quietly, or to think carefully, away from normal activities and duties:

We went on (a) retreat at/to a monastery in Wales.
phrases

retreat noun (DECISION)

[ C ]
a change from previous beliefs or behaviour:
The professor’s speech marked/signalled a retreat from his usual extreme views.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases

retreat noun (PRICE)

[ S or U ]
a situation in which the price of something goes down:
Over the past few weeks we have seen the currency’s big retreat from its historic high.

religious retreat (for Roman Catholics)
Exerzitien pl
to sound the retreat MILIT
zum Rückzug blasen
to go on retreat REL
in Klausur gehen
to sound a retreat
zum Rückzug blasen
to cover sb’s retreat
jds Rückzug decken
to retreat in disorder MILIT
sich Akk ungeordnet zurückziehen
übtr to retreat into oneself
sich Akk in sich Akk selbst zurückziehen
a tactical retreat MILIT
ein taktischer Rückzug
to beat a [hasty] retreat
[schnell] einen Rückzieher machen
to retreat into the shade
sich Akk in den Schatten zurückziehen
to retreat from one’s beliefs
seine Überzeugungen ändern
to retreat from one’s principles
von seinen Prinzipien abweichen
to beat a hasty retreat ugs
Fersengeld geben
to retreat into a fantasy world
sich Akk in eine Fantasiewelt flüchten
the retreat quickly turned into a rout
der Rückzug endete rasch im Chaos
to retreat from one’s promises/proposals
seine Versprechen/Vorschläge zurücknehmen
to mark [or signal] a retreat from sth
eine Abweichung von etw Dat darstellen
enemy soldiers are now in full retreat
die feindlichen Soldaten haben jetzt den totalen Rückzug angetreten

retreat [riˈtriːt]
♦ verb
1 to move back or away from a battle (usually because the enemy is winning): After a hard struggle, they were finally forced to retreat.
عقب نشینی کردن
2 to withdraw; to take oneself away: He retreated to the peace of his own room.
پس راندن

♦ noun
1 the act of retreating (from a battle, danger etc ): After the retreat, the soldiers rallied once more.
صف آرایی
2 a signal to retreat: The bugler sounded the retreat.
فرمان با شیپور عقب نشینی
3 (a place to which a person can go for) a period of rest, religious meditation etc : He has gone to a retreat to pray.
خلوت گاه؛ جای دنج

/ri trēt´/
n., vi., vt.
● عقب‌نشینی،پس نشینی،کالیدن
the German retreat in the face of the British attack
عقب‌نشینی آلمان‌ها در برابر حمله‌ی انگلیسی‌ها
● عقب‌نشینی کردن
the enemy is retreating in every front
دشمن در همه‌ی جبهه‌ها در حال عقب‌نشینی است.
● خلوتگاه،خلوت،جای دنج،رامشگاه،آسودگاه،ملجا
a quiet village that has become a retreat for the city’s writers and artists
یک دهکده‌ی آرام که ملجا نویسندگان و هنرمندان شهر شده است.
his weekend retreat is a Karaj garden
خلوتگاه آخر هفته‌ی او باغی در کرج است.
● پسروی،پسرفت،رجعت،(مجازی) کناره‌گیری،گریز،فرار
his retreat from the realities of life
گریز از واقعیات زندگی
the retreat of the forest
پسرفت جنگل
the final retreat of ice during the Third Ice Age
پسرفت نهایی یخ در دوران سوم یخبندان
● پسرفتن،پسروی کردن،رجعت کردن،بازگشتن
once again, Asghar retreated into a world of his own fantasies
اصغر یک بار دیگر به جهان تخیلات خود رجعت کرد.
● تو رفتن،تورفتگی داشتن،به عقب شیب داشتن،پس خمش
a retreating chin
چانه‌ی تورفته
the retreating wing tip of an airplane
نوک عقب رفته‌ی بال هواپیما
● (سالمندان یا بیماران روانی) آسایشگاه
● (ارتش) فرمان یا شیپور عقب‌نشینی،شیپور شامگاه،مراسم شامگاه،مراسم فروآوری پرچم (در شامگاه)
● (شطرنج) عقب‌نشینی مهره
* beat a retreat
1- (ارتش) زدن طبل عقب نشینی 2- با شتاب عقب‌نشینی کردن
* in retreat
1- در حال عقب‌نشینی 2- در خلوت

Question 369

ingenuous

disingenuous

Answer 369

ingenuous
adjective formal
UK /ɪnˈdʒen.ju.əs/ US /ɪnˈdʒen.ju.əs/

honest, sincere, and trusting, sometimes in a way that seems silly:
It has to be said it was rather ingenuous of him to ask a complete stranger to take care of his luggage.

disingenuous
adjective formal
UK /ˌdɪs.ɪnˈdʒen.ju.əs/ US /ˌdɪs.ɪnˈdʒen.ju.əs/

(of a person or their behaviour) slightly dishonest, or not speaking the complete truth:
It was disingenuous of her to claim she had no financial interest in the case.

disingenuous manner
verlogene Art
disingenuous smile
verlogenes Lächeln
disingenuous look
verschlagener Blick

[ˌdisinˈjenyo͞oəs]
adjective - disingenuous
دو رو: insincere, disingenuous, reversible, hypocritical, Januslike, double-faced
بدون صراحت لهجه: disingenuous
بدون صمیمیت: disingenuous

Question 370

manner

ger: manner

Answer 370

manner [ˈmӕnə]
♦ noun
1 a way in which anything is done etc : She greeted me in a friendly manner.
حالت
2 the way in which a person behaves, speaks etc : I don’t like her manner.
رفتار
3 (in plural ) (polite) behaviour, usually towards others: Why doesn’t she teach her children (good) manners?
ادب
-ˈmannered
having, or showing, manners of a certain kind: a well- / bad-mannered person.
دارای رفتار بخصوص
ˈmannerism
♦ noun
an odd and obvious habit in a person’s behaviour, speech etc : He scratches his ear when he talks and has other mannerisms.
اطوار؛ عادت
all manner of
all kinds of: He has all manner of problems.
همه نوع
in a manner of speaking
in a certain way: I suppose, in a manner of speaking, I am an engineer.
قطعا

/man´ǝr/
n.
● روش،طرز،طور،طریق،روال
the manner of opening this box
طرز باز کردن این جعبه
he spoke in an offensive manner
او به طرز زننده‌ای حرف می‌زد.
food prepared in the Chinese manner
خوراکی که به روش چینی تهیه شده است
● (طرز) رفتار،خو،عادت،لحن،هنجار
his sarcastic manner
رفتار سخره آمیز او
he spoke to all the children as was his manner
او طبق عادت با همه‌ی بچه ها صحبت کرد.
● (جمع) سلوک،رفتار اجتماعی،سنت‌ها،باب روز،آداب (ادب)،نزاکت
a comedy of manners
شادمایش (کمدی) آداب اجتماعی
good manners
نیک رفتاری،رفتار پسندیده
bad manners
بی‌ادبی،زشت رفتاری،رفتار ناپسند
a child who has no manners
طفلی که ادب ندارد
the licentious manners of a corrupt society
رفتار بی‌بندوبار یک اجتماع فاسد
this novel is a study in the manners of this class
این رمان،پژوهشی است در چگونگی رفتار این طبقه.
● (هنر و ادبیات و غیره) سبک،اسلوب
different jazz manners
سبک های مختلف موسیقی جاز
paintings done in his early manner
نقاشی هایی که به سبک ابتدایی او کشیده شده است
● گونه،نوع،جور،قسم،طور
what manner of man is he?
او چه طور آدمی است‌؟
all manner of things
همه جور چیز
he picked up all manner of more or less important information
او همه گونه اطلاعات کم و بیش مهم را کسب کرد.
* all manner of
همه جور،همه قبیل،همه نوع
* by any manner of means
1- اصلا،به هیچ وجه 2- به هر صورت،به هر طریق
* by all manner of means
البته،حتما،هرطور که شده،به هرطریق
* by no manner of means
1- ابدا،هرگز،به هیچ وجه 2- به هر صورت،به هر طریق
* in a manner born
به اصطلاح،از برخی نظرها،تااندازه‌ای
* manners make the man
ارزش مرد به رفتار اوست
* to the manner born
آموخته از بدو زندگی،خوگرفته از زمان تولد،طبیعتا مناسب برای

direct manner
direkte Art
professional manner
professionelles Auftreten
intimidating manner
einschüchternde Art
suave manner
weltmännische/zuvorkommende Art
amicable manner
freundliche [o. liebenswürdige] Art
engaging manner
einnehmende Art
vainglorious manner
hochnäsige Art
regal manner
Vornehmtuerei nt abw

Question 371

accelerate

ger: beschleunigen

Answer 371

accelerate
verb
US /ɪkˈsel·əˌreɪt, æk-/
accelerate verb (GO FASTER)

to move more quickly, or to make something happen faster or sooner:
[ I ] He stepped on the gas and accelerated rapidly to pass a car.

accelerate verb (INCREASE RATE)
[ T ] PHYSICS
to make something, esp. a process or a very small piece of matter, move faster

to happen or make something happen sooner or faster:

Inflation is likely to accelerate this year, adding further upward pressure on

interest rates.
They use special chemicals to accelerate the growth of crops.

accelerate [əkˈseləreit]
♦ verb
1 to increase speed: The driver accelerated to pass the other car.
تسریع کردن؛ تندتر رفتن
2 to make (something) happen sooner: Worry accelerated his death.
جلو انداختن
acˌceleˈration
♦ noun
.
شتاب
acˈcelerator
♦ noun
a pedal, lever etc that controls the speed or acceleration of a machine.
پدال گاز

Question 372

escalate

ger: eskalieren

Answer 372

escalate [ˈeskəleit]
♦ verb
to increase or enlarge rapidly: Prices are escalating.
افزایش یافتن؛ بالا رفتن
ˌescaˈlation
♦ noun
.
تشدید؛ افزایش

es´kǝ lāt´/
vi., vt.
● (با پله برقی) بالارفتن یا بردن
● (جنگ و آتش سوزی و غیره) بالا گرفتن،فزونی یافتن،تشدید کردن،شدید کردن یا شدن،(هر چیز ناخوشایند) زیاد شدن،رسیدن (به مرحله‌ی بدتر)،از مهار خارج شدن،از دست رفتن
their conflicts escalated and ended up in a destructive war
اختلافات آنها بالا گرفت و به جنگ ویرانگری منتهی شد.
price escalation
بالا رفتن (یا بالا بردن) قیمت‌ها
by doing so, you escalate the problem!
با این کار مسئله را تشدید می‌کنی‌!
the two tribe’s hostility escalated into war
کار دشمنی آن دو قبیله به جنگ کشید.

Question 373

charity

GER: barmherzig

Answer 373

charity [ˈtʃӕrəti]– plural ˈcharities –
♦ noun
1 kindness (especially in giving money to poor people): She gave clothes to the gypsies out of charity.
مهربانی
2 an organization set up to collect money for the needy, for medical research etc : Many charities sent money to help the victims of the disaster.
موسسه خیریه
ˈcharitable
♦ adjective
1 (negative uncharitable ) kind.
خیرخواه؛ بخشنده
2 of a charity: a charitable organization.
خیریه
ˈcharitably
♦ adverb
.
خیرخواهانه

char´i tē/
n., pl.
● (اصول مسیحیت) محبت خدا نسبت به بشر و عشق و گذشت انسان‌ها نسبت به یکدیگر
● نیکوکاری،مهر،محبت،حسن نیت،نیک اندیشی،نیکخواهی،احسان
the widow and her baby depended on the charity of their neighbors
بیوه زن و فرزند نوزاد او متکی به احسان همسایگان بودند.
● گذشت (از تقصیر و گناه دیگران)،رحمت،اغماض،چشم پوشی،سعه‌ی صدر
she had enough charity to forgive her husband’s killers
او آن قدر گذشت داشت که قاتلان شوهرش را بخشید.
● سخاوت (در دادن پول به فقیران)،دهش،دهشمندی
● صدقه،(جمع) خیرات،اعانه
● بنیاد نیکوکاری،موسسه‌ی خیریه
he left his belongings to local charities
او دارایی خود را برای سازمان‌های خیریه‌ی محلی به جای گذاشت.
* charity begins at home
چراغی که به خانه رواست به مسجد حرام است،اول به اهل بیت خودت احسان کن

charity
noun
UK /ˈtʃær.ə.ti/ US /ˈtʃer.ə.t̬i/
charity noun (GIVING)

[ C ]
an organization whose purpose is to give money, food, or help to those who need it, or to carry out activities such as medical research that will help people in need, and not to make a profit:
Proceeds from the sale of these cards will go to (= be given to) local charities.
UNICEF is an international charity.
a cancer research charity

B1 [ U ]
help, especially in the form of money, given freely to people who are in need, for example because they are ill, poor, or have no home, and organizations that provide this help:
She does a lot of work for charity.
People tend to give to (= give money to) charity at Christmas time.
They did a charity performance on the first night, to raise money for AIDS research.

charity sale
Wohltätigkeitsbasar m
Christian charity
christliche Nächstenliebe
charity work
ehrenamtliche Arbeit [für einen wohltätigen Zweck]
human charity
Nächstenliebe f
registered charity
eingetragene [o. offiziell anerkannte] Hilfsorganisation
charity begins at home Sprichw
man muss zuerst an die eigene Familie denken
as cold as charity (of low temperature)
eiskalt
to depend on charity
auf Sozialhilfe angewiesen sein
to show charity
barmherzig sein
to accept charity
Almosen annehmen
international/local charity
internationale/örtliche Wohltätigkeitsorganisation
charity concert/programme
Benefizkonzert nt /Benefizveranstaltung f
have faith, hope and charity
verwirkliche Glauben, Hoffnung und Großzügigkeit
the proceeds go to charity
die Erträge sind für wohltätige Zwecke bestimmt
to donate money to charity
Geld für wohltätige Zwecke spenden
an act of charity/kindness
ein Akt m der Nächstenliebe/Güte

Question 374

salute

ger: salutieren

Answer 374

salute [səˈluːt]
♦ verb
1 (especially in the forces) to raise the (usually right) hand to the forehead to show respect: They saluted their commanding officer.
اداي احترام كردن
2 to honour by firing eg large guns: They saluted the Queen by firing one hundred guns.
احترامات نظامي به جا آوردن

♦ noun
an act of saluting: The officer gave a salute; a 21-gun salute.
اداي احترام

/sǝ lōōt´/
vt., vi.
● سلام کردن،ادای احترام کردن،درود گفتن،(به احترام) سر خم کردن،کلاه از سر برداشتن،خوشامد گفتن
the students saluted the teacher cheerfully
دانش‌آموزان با گشاده‌رویی به معلم سلام کردند.
● (ارتش) سلام نظامی دادن،(با خم کردن سر پرچم یا شلیک گلوله و غیره) احترام گذاشتن،درود فرستادن
officers are required to salute their superiors
افسران ملزم هستند که به مافوق خود سلام بدهند.
● مورد تحسین و تکریم قرار دادن،بزرگداشت کردن
we salute those who gave their lives for freedom
به آنان‌که جان خود را فدای آزادی کردند درود می‌فرستیم.
● سلام،درود،سلام و تعارف،ادای احترام،خوشامدگویی
she did not answer my salute
به ادای احترام من پاسخ نداد.
● مراسم سلام،مراسم درود،درودگویی،بزرگداشت،قدردانی
the party was a salute to the founders of this museum
مهمانی به مناسبت بزرگداشت از موسسان این موزه برگزار شد.
● (ارتش) طرز قرارگیری دست و بدن یا تفنگ و غیره هنگام اجرای سلام نظامی،سلام نظامی
to stand at salute
به‌حالت خبردار و سلام نظامی ایستادن
a gun salute
مراسم احترام با شلیک توپ

snappy salute
zackiger Gruß
to take the salute
die Parade abnehmen
to salute the flag
vor der Fahne salutieren
to give a salute
salutieren
to fire a salute
Salut schießen
to salute the colours
die Fahne grüßen
the soldier gave a smart salute
der Soldat salutierte zackig
she raised her arms in a salute
sie erhob ihre Arme zum Gruß liter
to return a blow/a salute/a wave
zurückschlagen/-grüßen/-winken
I salute their efforts to stem the tide of poverty in this country
ich verneige mich vor ihren Bemühungen, die Flut der Armut in diesem Land einzudämmen

Question 375

snitch

ger: petzen, klauen

Eng: [ˈtelˌtāl]
noun - telltale

Answer 375

snitch sniCH]

snitch verb (TELL SECRETLY)
[ I ]
to secretly tell someone in authority that someone else has done something bad, often in order to cause trouble:
If you keep snitching on your friends, you won’t have many left.

snitch verb (STEAL)
[ T ]
to steal, or to take without permission:
I snitched a pencil from your desk – hope you don’t mind.

snitch
Petze f abw sl
snitch
Tratsche f abw ugs

Question 376

suburb

ger: Vorstadt f Vorort m

Answer 376

B2 [ C ]
an area on the edge of a large town or city where people who work in the town or city often live:
Box Hill is a suburb of Melbourne.
We drove from middle-class suburbs to a very poor inner-city area.

suburb [ˈsabəːb]
♦ noun
(often in plural ) an area of houses on the outskirts of a city, town etc : Edgbaston is a suburb of Birmingham; They decided to move out to the suburbs.
حومه
suˈburban
♦ adjective
of suburbs: suburban housing.
حومه اي
suˈburbia [-biə]
♦ noun
the suburbs.
حومه نشيني

outer suburb
Stadtrandsiedlung f
bedroom suburb [or town]
Schlafstadt f ugs
a lily-white suburb
ein nur von Weißen bewohnter Vorort

Question 377

pedophile

ger: Pädophile(r) m

Answer 377

pedophile

pē´dō fīl´, -dǝ-/
n.
● لواط کار،بچه باز

pedophilia

/pē´dō fil´ē ǝ/
n.
● (میل مقاربت جنسی با کودکان) بچه بازی،کودک

Question 378

janitor

ger: Hausmeister

Answer 378

janitor [ˈdʒӕnitə]– feminine ˈjanitress –
♦ noun
a caretaker or a doorkeeper.
سرایدار؛ دربان

Question 379

scalpel

ger:
Skalpell nt

Answer 379

scalpel [ˈskӕlpəl]
♦ noun
a small knife with a thin blade, used in surgical operations.
چاقوي كوچك جراحي

Question 380

palatable

ger: annehmbar, akzeptabel, Schmeckhaft

Answer 380

palatable adjective (TASTE)

formal
Palatable food or drink has a pleasant taste:
a very palatable wine
The meal was barely palatable.

palatable adjective (ACCEPTABLE)

acceptable:
I’m afraid the members won’t find all these changes very palatable.

palatable
adjective
US /ˈpæl·ə·t̬ə·bəl/

good enough to eat or drink:
They could make powdered eggs into palatable omelets.

If something is palatable, it is acceptable:
The city council has tried to make property taxes more palatable by giving homeowners more time to pay them.

Question 381

misogyny

ger:
Misogynie f
Frauenfeindlichkeit

Answer 381

misogyny
noun [ U ]
UK /mɪˈsɒdʒ.ən.i/ US /mɪˈsɑː.dʒən.i/

feelings of hating women, or the belief that men are much better than women

[məˈsäjənē]
noun - misogyny
تنفر از زن: misogyny

Question 382

divisive

ger: polarisierend , entzweiend

Answer 382

divisive
adjective
UK /dɪˈvaɪ.sɪv/ US /dɪˈvaɪ.sɪv/

used to describe something that causes great and sometimes unfriendly disagreement within a group of people:
The Vietnam war was an extremely divisive issue in the US

tending to cause disagreements that separate people into opposing groups:
The campaign for the mayor’s office was racially divisive.

divisive
entzweiend
to be a divisive element within the family
ein Streitpunkt innerhalb der Familie sein
divisive issue
Streitfrage f
to be a highly divisive issue
ein höchst kontroverses Thema sein

Question 383

pube

pube (a pubic hair) ugs
[einzelnes] Schamhaar

Answer 383

pube
noun [ C often plural ] informal
UK /pjuːb/ US /pjuːb/

one of the short, curly hairs that grow around the sexual organs after puberty

Question 384

intimacy

ger: Intimität

Answer 384

intimacy
noun
UK /ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/ US /ˈɪn.t̬ə.mə.si/

[ U ]
a situation in which you have a close friendship or sexual relationship with someone:
Intimacy between teachers and students is not recommended.

[ C usually plural ]
things that are said or done only by people who have a close relationship with each other:
It was obvious from their witty intimacies that they had been good friends for many years.

intimacy between teachers and pupils
eine [zu] enge Beziehung zwischen Lehrern und Schülern

Question 385

doom / gloom

Answer 385

doom [duːm]
♦ noun
fate, especially something terrible and final which is about to happen (to one): The whole place had an atmosphere of doom; His doom was inevitable.
سرنوشت شوم؛ بدشگونی

♦ verb
to condemn; to make certain to come to harm, fail etc : His crippled leg doomed him to long periods of unemployment; The project was doomed to failure; He was doomed from the moment he first took drugs.
دچار عقوبت کردن؛ به سرنوشت بدی دچار کردن
doom [duːm]
♦ noun
fate, especially something terrible and final which is about to happen (to one): The whole place had an atmosphere of doom; His doom was inevitable.
سرنوشت شوم؛ بدشگونی

♦ verb
to condemn; to make certain to come to harm, fail etc : His crippled leg doomed him to long periods of unemployment; The project was doomed to failure; He was doomed from the moment he first took drugs.
دچار عقوبت کردن؛ به سرنوشت بدی دچار کردن

🤣gloom [gluːm]
♦ noun
1 a state of not quite complete darkness: I could not tell the colour of the car in the gloom.
تیرگی؛ کم نوری
2 sadness: The king’s death cast a gloom over the whole country.
اندوه
ˈgloomy
♦ adjective
1 sad or depressed: Don’t look so gloomy.
محزون؛ افسرده
2 depressing: gloomy news.
غمگین کننده
3 dim; dark: gloomy rooms.
نیمه تاریک
ˈgloominess
♦ noun
.
افسردگی؛ تاریکی

Question 386

cult

ger: Sekte

Answer 386

cult [kalt]
♦ noun
a particular system of (religious) belief or worship: a strange new religious cult; Physical fitness has become a cult with him.
فرقه

/kult/
n.
● فرقه (گروه شبه مذهبی که معمولا در یکجا با هم زندگی کرده و تحت نفوذ رهبر پرجذبه‌ای قرار دارند و از عقاید افراطی یا غیرسنتی پیروی می‌کنند)
the leader of the cult was a charismatic man who enjoyed the complete obedience of his followers
رهبر آن فرقه مرد پرجذبه‌ای بود که از اطاعت کامل پیروانش برخوردار بود.
● مراسم مذهبی،آیین نیایش،پرستش
the cult of the Virgin Mary in medieval times
آیین نیایش مریم باکره در قرون وسطی
● (پرستش شخص یا عقاید یا روش‌های بخصوصی به ویژه برای مدتی کوتاه) تب و تاب،سینه چاکی،آتش زود خاموش،موج
the love of the Beatles became like a cult
شیفتگی نسبت به بیتل‌ها تبدیل به (نوعی) کیش شد.
modern artistic cults
گرایش‌های هنری نوین
the cult of art-for-art’s sake
مکتب هنر برای هنر
the cult of money and success
پرستش پول و موفقیت
● پیروان،اعضای فرقه

Question 387

hilarious

ger:
urkomisch
zum Brüllen

Answer 387

hilarious
adjective
UK /hɪˈleə.ri.əs/ US /hɪˈler.i.əs/

C1
extremely funny and causing a lot of laughter:
He didn’t like the film at all - I thought it was hilarious.

hilarious
adjective
US /hɪˈleər·i·əs/

extremely amusing and causing a lot of laughter:
Her jokes are absolutely hilarious.

hilarious [hiˈleəriəs]
♦ adjective
very funny: a hilarious comedy.
نشاط آور
hiˈlariously
♦ adverb
.
بطور با نشاط
hiˈlarity [-ˈlӕ-]
♦ noun
amusement; laughter.
نشاط

/hi ler´ē ǝs/
adj.
● شاد،مسرت بخش،خنده‌آور،مضحک
the hilarious account of their meeting
شرح خنده‌دار ملاقات آنها
the show was very hilarious
نمایش بسیار فکاهی بود.
● پر سروصدا و شادی،شاد و خرم

Question 388

resign

ger: kündigen / Vom einem Amt zurück treten

Answer 388

resign [rəˈzain]
♦ verb
1 to leave a job etc : If he criticizes my work again I’ll resign; He resigned (from) his post.
استعفا دادن؛ کناره گیری کردن
2 (with to ) to make (oneself) accept (a situation, fact etc ) with patience and calmness: He has resigned himself to the possibility that he may never walk again.
به خود قبولاندن
resignation [rezigˈneiʃən]
♦ noun
1 the act of resigning.
استعفا
2 a letter etc stating that one is resigning: You will receive my resignation tomorrow.
استعفانامه
3 (the state of having or showing) patient, calm acceptance (of a situation, fact etc ): He accepted his fate with resignation.
قبول؛ پذیرش
reˈsigned
♦ adjective
(often with to ) having or showing patient, calm acceptance (of a fact, situation etc ): He is resigned to his fate.
بردبار

/ri zīn´/
vt., vi.
● استعفا دادن،مستعفی شدن،کناره‌گیری کردن
to resign one’s post
از مقام خود کناره‌گیری کردن
the minister of the interior resigned
وزیر کشور استعفا داد.
Ahmad was forced to resign
احمد را وادار به استعفا کردند.
● صرفنظر کردن،دست برداشتن،چشم پوشیدن،تفویض کردن
she resigned all her rights in that property
از کلیه‌ی حقوق خود نسبت به آن ملک چشم پوشید.
● سپردن،واگذار کردن
she resigned the child to my care
بچه رابه من سپرد.
● (معمولا با: -self) رضایت دادن،به خود قبولاندن،پذیرفتن
he is resigned to his fate
او سرنوشت خود را پذیرفته است.
she resigned herself to a life of poverty and solitude
او خود را با زندگی در فقر و تنهایی آشتی داد

Question 389

solitude

ger: Abgeschiedenheit / allein

Answer 389

solitude
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈsɒl.ɪ.tʃuːd/ US /ˈsɑː.lə.tuːd/

C1
the situation of being alone without other people:

a life of solitude

After months of solitude at sea it felt strange to be in company.

It provides one with a chance to reflect on spiritual matters in solitude.

He prefers the solitude of the country to the chaos of the city.

in solitude
alleine
to live in solitude
in völliger Abgeschiedenheit leben

Question 390

arrange

ger: arrangieren

Answer 390

arrange
verb
US /əˈreɪndʒ/
arrange verb (PLAN)

[ I/T ]
to plan or make preparations for something or for something to happen:
[ T ] He arranged a meeting between the two leaders.
[ + to infinitive ] My friends arranged to eat with me.
[ I ] Shelly arranged for the publication of her thesis.

arrange verb (PUT IN POSITION)

[ T ]
to put something in a particular order:
We arranged the chairs in a circle.
Books should be arranged alphabetically by author.

arrange verb (WRITE MUSIC)

[ T ]
to write the parts of a piece of music so that it can be played by a particular instrument or instruments

arranger

noun [ C ] US /əˈreɪn·dʒər/
Ellington was a composer, arranger, and pianist.

arrange [əˈreindʒ]
♦ verb
1 to put in some sort of order: Arrange these books in alphabetical order; She arranged the flowers in a vase.
مرتب کردن
2 to plan or make decisions (about future events): We have arranged a meeting for next week; I have arranged to meet him tomorrow.
ترتیب دادن؛ مقرر داشتن
3 to make (a piece of music) suitable for particular voices or instruments: music arranged for choir and orchestra.
تنظیم کردن
arˈrangement
♦ noun
I like the arrangement of the furniture; flower-arrangements; They’ve finally come to some sort of arrangement about sharing expenses; a new arrangement for guitar and orchestra.
آرایش؛ ترتیب
arˈrangements
♦ noun plural
plans; preparations: Have you made any arrangments for a meeting with him?; funeral arrangements.
ترتیب؛ قرار

/ǝ rānj´/
vt., vi.
● مرتب کردن،آراستن،پیراستن
Pari arranged the chairs around the table
پری صندلی‌ها را دور میز چید.
Homa swept and arranged the room
هما اتاق را جارو و مرتب کرد.
● کلاسه کردن،طبقه‌بندی کردن،سوا کردن،سازمند کردن،سازوار کردن
Mina arranged the pictures in three boxes
مینا عکس‌ها را در سه جعبه دسته کرد.
● تهیه کردن،آماده کردن
to arrange a program of entertainment
برنامه‌ی سرگرمی را ریختن
● توافق کردن،قرار گذاشتن
I have arranged with Julie to go with them
با جولی قرار گذاشته‌ام که با آنها بروم.
● ترتیب دادن،مقرر داشتن
I have arranged for you to meet with the minister
ترتیبش را داده‌ام که با وزیر ملاقات کنی.
please arrange to have a taxi bring us from the airport
لطفا ترتیبی دهید که یک تاکسی مارا از فرودگاه بیاورد.
this bank arranges temporary loans, too
این بانک وام موقت هم فراهم می‌کند.
● قطعه‌ی موسیقی را با آلات موسیقی دیگر یا آوازهای دیگر اجرا کردن،(موسیقی) اقتباس کردن،قطعه‌ی موسیقی را دگرسان کردن،جرح و تعدیل کردن
folk songs arranged by Sherry Fiorendino
آوازهای محلی به اقتباس و آرایش شری فیورندینو

ger:

ar•ran•gie•ren [arã’ʒiːrən, -‘ʒiːɐn]; arrangierte, hat arrangiert; [Vt]

1. etwas arrangieren die nötigen Vorbereitungen treffen, damit etwas durchgeführt werden kann ≈ organisieren:

ein Gespräch, ein Treffen zwischen Staatsmännern arrangieren

2. etwas arrangieren etwas künstlerisch anordnen:

Blumen kunstvoll arrangieren

3. etwas arrangieren ein Musikstück für eine bestimmte Besetzung od. Aufführung bearbeiten; [Vr]
4. jemand arrangiert sich mit jemandem; arrangieren sich meist zwei Personen schließen einen Kompromiss:

Wir waren unterschiedlicher Meinung, konnten uns aber in den wichtigen Punkten arrangieren

5. sich (mit etwas) arrangieren sich mit den gegebenen Umständen abfinden ≈ sich mit etwas zufriedengeben:

Der Autor musste sich mit den politischen Verhältnissen seines Landes arrangieren
|| zu
2. und
3. Ar•ran•ge•ment [arãʒ(ə)’mãː] das; -s, -s

Question 391

negotiate

ger: aushandeln

Answer 391

negotiate verb (DISCUSS)

C1 [ I or T ]
to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with them:

The government has refused to negotiate with the strikers.

I’m negotiating for a new contract.

I’ve managed to negotiate (= get by discussion) a five percent pay increase with my boss.

negotiate verb (MANAGE TO DO)

[ T ]
to manage to travel along a difficult route:
The only way to negotiate the muddy hillside is on foot.

[ T ]
to deal with something difficult:
The company’s had some tricky problems to negotiate in its first year in business.

negotiate [niˈgəuʃieit]
♦ verb
1 to bargain or discuss a subject in order to agree.
مذاکره کردن
2 to arrange (a treaty, payment etc ), usually after a long discussion.
وارد معامله شدن
3 to get past (an obstacle or difficulty).
طی کردن
neˈgotiator
♦ noun
.
مذاکره کننده
neˌgotiˈation
♦ noun
Negotiations ended without any settlement being reached; The dispute was settled by negotiation.
گفتگوها

ni gō´shē āt´, -sē-/
vi., vt.
● مذاکره کردن،گفتگوکردن،چک و چانه زدن،مورد بحث قرار دادن،جستارزدن
the two sides negotiated a new peace treaty
طرفین درباره‌ی یک قرارداد جدید صلح مذاکره کردند.
he wanted to negotiate before naming a price
او می‌خواست قبل از ذکر قیمت چک و چانه بزند.
● (پس از مذاکره) به توافق رسیدن،(با موفقیت) انجام دادن
he negotiated them into doing exactly what he wanted
طی مذاکره آنها راواداشت که درست آن طوری که می‌خواست عمل کنند.
he negotiated his business with remarkable skill
او با مهارت چشمگیر معاملات بازرگانی خود را انجام می‌داد.
● (اوراق بهادار و سهام و غیره) دادوستد کردن،انتقال دادن
● (به سختی) عبور کردن،گذشتن (از)،پیش رفتن،طی کردن
to negotiate a deep river
به سختی از رود ژرف رد شدن
we carefully negotiated the winding road
ما با دقت راه پر پیچ و خم را طی کردیم.

to negotiate a contract
einen Vertrag verhandeln
to negotiate securities
Sicherheiten übertragen
to negotiate a loan/treaty
einen Darlehensvertrag/Vertrag abschließen
(cash in) to negotiate a cheque [or Am check]
einen Scheck einlösen
to negotiate a peace with sb/sth
ein Friedensabkommen mit jdm/etw aushandeln
to negotiate [or overcome]/remove an obstacle
ein Hindernis überwinden/beseitigen
to negotiate [or reach] a settlement [with sb]
[mit jdm] eine Einigung erzielen
the firm continues to play the field and negotiate with other companies
die Firma sondiert das Terrain und verhandelt mit weiteren Firmen

Question 392

debt

ger: debt

Answer 392

debt
noun [ C or U ]
UK /det/ US /det/

B2
something, especially money, that is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something:

He managed to pay off his debts in two years.

The company ran up huge debts.

They are in debt to (= owe money to) the bank.

He got into debt (= borrowed money) after he lost his job.

The company is deep in debt (= owes a lot of money).

debt
noun [ C ]
US /det/

something owed, esp. money:
He managed to pay off his debts in two years.

If you are in debt, you owe money:
We seem to be perpetually in debt.

If you go into debt, you borrow money.

US UK AU debt [det]
♦ noun
what one person owes to another: His debts amount to over $3,000; a debt of gratitude.
بدهی؛ قرض
ˈdebtor
♦ noun
a person who owes a debt.
مدیون؛ بدهکار
in debt
owing money.
بدهی؛ قرض

outstanding debt
aufgenommener Kredit m
unsecured debt
ungesicherte Verbindlichkeit
funded debt (of British National Debt)
langfristige Verpflichtungen pl
debt collection
Schuldeneintreibung f
personal debt
Privatschulden pl
irredeemable debt
nicht tilgbare Schuld fachspr
bonded debt
Obligationsschuld f
delinquent debt
überfällige Schuld
a debt of gratitude
eine Dankesschuld geh
to fall into debt
sich Akk verschulden
deferral of debt repayment
Moratorium nt
deferment of debt repayment
Moratorium nt
to reschedule a debt
umschulden
allowance for bad debt
Kursverlustentschädigung f
to sink a debt
eine Schuld tilgen
to sink into debt
in Schulden geraten
to fund a debt
einen Kredit konsolidieren

Question 393

simultaneous / simultaneously

ger: simultan

Answer 393

simultaneous
adjective [ not gradable ]
US /ˌsɑɪ·məlˈteɪ·ni·əs, ˌsɪm·əl-/

happening or existing at exactly the same time:

The report will be broadcast in Russian with simultaneous English translation.

simultaneously

adverb [ not gradable ] US /ˌsɑɪ·məlˈteɪ·ni·əs·li, ˌsɪm·əl-/

To drive a car, you’ve got to learn to do several things simultaneously.

simultaneous [siməlˈteiniəs, (American) sai-]
♦ adjective
happening, or done, at exactly the same time: He fell, and there was a simultaneous gasp from the crowd.
همزمان
ˌsimulˈtaneously
♦ adverb
.
به طور همزمان

/sī´mǝl tā´nē ǝs/
adj.
● همزمان،مقارن،توام
simultaneous translation
ترجمه‌ی همزمان
two different biographies of him were published simultaneously
دو زندگینامه‌ی مختلف او همزمان منتشر شدند

simultaneous translator
Simultandolmetscher(in) m (f)
simultaneous translation
Simultandolmetschen nt

simultan

si·mul·tan
Adj. si·mul·tan
simultan nicht steig. gleichzeitig Das Interview wird simultan übersetzt.
PONS Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache, © PONS GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany 2015.
si•mul•tan Adj; nur attr oder adv, geschr
1. ≈ gleichzeitig: Der Schachweltmeister spielte simultan gegen mehrere Gegner
|| K-: Simultanschach, Simultanspiel
2. simultan übersetzen, dolmetschen übersetzen od. dolmetschen, während der Sprecher spricht (u. nicht auf Pausen warten)
|| K-: Simultandolmetscher, Simultanübersetzung

Question 394

withdrawal

ger: Rücktritt / Abhebung

Answer 394

withdrawal noun (TAKING OUT)

C2 [ C or U ]

when you take money out of a bank account:
The bank became suspicious after several large withdrawals were made from his account in a single week.

[ C or U ]

the process or action of a military force moving out of an area:
The commander-in-chief was given 36 hours to secure a withdrawal of his troops from the combat zone.

withdrawal noun (NOT AVAILABLE)

C2 [ U ]
the act or process of taking something away so that it is no longer available, or of someone stopping being involved in an activity:
Doctors demanded the withdrawal of the drug (from the market) after several cases of dangerous side-effects were reported.
Her sudden withdrawal from the championship caused a lot of press speculation about her health.

withdrawal noun (NO CONTACT)

[ U ]
behaviour in which someone prefers to be alone and does not want to talk to other people:
Withdrawal is a classic symptom of depression.

early withdrawal
vorzeitige Abhebung
withdrawal plan (for loan)
Auszahl[ungs]plan m
withdrawal date
Abhebungsdatum nt
withdrawal amount
Abhebungsbetrag m
partial withdrawal
Teilrückzug m
withdrawal from a contract
Rücktritt m von einem Vertrag
to make a withdrawal
Geld abheben
phased withdrawal of troops
schrittweiser Truppenrückzug
withdrawal of funds
Entzug m von Geldern
a strategic withdrawal
ein strategischer Rückzug
to suffer [from] withdrawal symptoms also übtr
an Entzugserscheinungen leiden a. übtr
withdrawal without penalty at seven days’ notice
bei Einhaltung der 7-tägigen Kündigungsfrist entstehen keine Gebühren
her sudden withdrawal from the championship …
ihr plötzlicher Startverzicht bei den Meisterschaften …
to make a withdrawal from a bank
Geld bei einer Bank abheben
you must give seven days’ notice of withdrawal
Sie haben sieben Tage Kündigungsfrist

Question 395

suspense / Suspension

ger: suspendieren / suspension

Answer 395

suspense
noun [ U ]
UK /səˈspens/ US /səˈspens/

C2
the feeling of excitement or nervousness that you have when you are waiting for something to happen and are uncertain about what it is going to be:
She kept him in suspense for several days before she said that

she would marry him.
The suspense is killing me (= I am extremely eager to know what is going to happen).
There is a gradual build-up of suspense throughout the film, until it comes to an unexpected ending.

suspense
noun [ U ]
US /səˈspens/

a feeling of excitement or anxiety while waiting for something uncertain to happen:
The suspense of waiting for her answer nearly drove him crazy.

suspension
noun
UK /səˈspen.ʃən/ US /səˈspen.ʃən/
suspension noun (STOP)

[ U ]
the act of stopping something happening, operating, etc. for a period of time:
The suspension of fighting is to take effect at 6 a.m. on Monday.
There have been calls for the drug’s immediate suspension, following reports that it has dangerous side effects.

[ C or U ]
a punishment in which a person is temporarily not allowed to work, go to school, or take part in an activity:
The union is protesting about the suspension of a restaurant worker.
The player is likely to receive a three-game suspension following an incident in yesterday’s game.

● بلاتکلیفی،پا در هوایی،نامعلومی،انتظار
the outcome of that deed was still in suspense
پیامد آن عمل هنوز نامعلوم بود.
● هیجان،شورمندی،انگیختگی،شورانگیزی
the novel’s ending is full of suspense
پایان آن رمان بسیار شورانگیز است.
● دلهره،دلواپسی،نگرانی
the suspense and terror caused by his illness
دلهره و وحشتی که بیماری او به وجود آورد

Question 396

supreme

ger: Oberste, höchste

Answer 396

supreme
adjective
UK /suːˈpriːm/ US /suːˈpriːm/

C1
having the highest rank, level, or importance:

the supreme commander of the armed forces
the Supreme Court
The country’s present constitution gives supreme authority to the presidency.
Beethoven reigns supreme among classical composers.

supremely

adverb [ not gradable ] US /səˈprim·li, su-/
He was supremely self-confident.

supreme [suˈpriːm]
♦ adjective
1 the highest, greatest, or most powerful: the supreme ruler.
بالاترين
2 the greatest possible: an act of supreme courage.
بيشترين
suˈpremely
♦ adverb
.
فوق العاده
supremacy [suˈpreməsi]
♦ noun
the state of being the greatest or most powerful: How did Rome maintain her supremacy over the rest of the world for so long?
بلندي
the Supreme Court
♦ noun
the highest court of law in (a state of) the USA and many other countries.
دادگاه درجه اعلا

/-prēm´/
adj.
● عالی،زبرین،کل
supreme commander of the allied forces
فرمانده کل نیروهای متحدین
● سرپنجه،مهست،مهترین،والاترین،بالاترین،عالی‌ترین
a supreme sacrifice
بالاترین فداکاری
● نهایی،اشد،سخت ترین
a supreme test of his courage
آزمون نهایی شجاعت او
● محض،کامل،صرف
a supreme fool
احمق کامل
● تعالی،متعال
Supreme Being
خداوند تعالی

supreme moment
Höhepunkt m
supreme authority
höchste [Regierungs]gewalt
turkey supreme
≈ Trutengeschnetzeltes nt CH (in Sahnesauce)
supreme commander
Oberbefehlshaber(in) m (f)
supreme ruler
oberster Herrscher/oberste Herrscherin
Supreme Court [of Judicature]
oberster Gerichtshof für England und Wales
to show supreme courage
größten Mut beweisen
to reign supreme
absolut herrschen
Supreme Court justice
Richter(in) m (f) am Obersten Bundesgericht
the Supreme Soviet
der Oberste Sowjet hist
the sovereign [or supreme] pontiff
der Oberhirte geh
the supreme irony was that …
die größte Ironie bestand darin, dass …
to make the supreme sacrifice liter
[sein Leben] opfern
death is the supreme leveller
im Tod sind [wir] alle gleich geh
the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet hist
das Präsidium des Obersten Sowjets

Question 397

unanimously

ger: einstimmig

Answer 397

unanimously
adverb
UK /juːˈnæn.ɪ.məs.li/ US /juːˈnæn.ə.məs.li/

C2
in a way that is agreed or supported by everyone in a group:

All four proposals to the committee were unanimously approved.

The Board voted unanimously to terminate his three-year contract.

the resolution was passed unanimously
die Resolution wurde einstimmig angenommen
they balloted unanimously to accept the deal
der Vorschlag wurde einstimmig angenommen
his motion was carried unanimously/by 210 votes to 160
sein Antrag wurde einstimmig/mit 210 zu 160 Stimmen angenommen

Question 398

tariff

ger: zoll

Answer 398

tariff
noun [ C ]
US /ˈtær·ɪf/

SOCIAL STUDIES
a government charge on goods entering or leaving a country:
import tariffs

tariff
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈtærɪf/ US

a tax on goods coming into or going out of a country:

Prices and tariffs change all the time, so it’s difficult to say what you will get for your money.

a tariff on sth
The tariff on optical cables is 8.4%.

impose/set/reduce tariffs
The US has imposed new tariffs on chocolate from Brazil.

cut/eliminate/remove tariffs
An agreement was reached to eliminate tariffs on information technology products.

high/low/steep tariffs on sth High tariffs on furniture imports are still imposed by some developing countries to protect local carpenters.

tariff barriers/protection/rates The protectionist wall of high tariff barriers and import restrictions is being breached.

an increase/a reduction in tariffs

agricultural/industrial tariffs

customs/export/import tariffs

tariff concessions/cuts/reductions

tariff [ˈtӕrif]
♦ noun
1 a list of prices or charges eg in a hotel: A copy of the tariff is placed in each bedroom.
فهرست قیمت ها
2 (a list of) taxes to be paid on imported or exported goods: the customs tariff.
تعرفه گمرکی

preferential tariff
Präferenzzoll m
retaliatory tariff
Kampfzoll m
differential tariff
Staffeltarif m
customs tariff law[s]
Zolltarifgesetz nt
customs tariff ruling
Zollauskunft f
tariff for rooms
Zimmerpreis m
flat price/tariff
Einheitspreis/Einheitstarif m fachspr
pay/price/tariff differential
Lohn-/Preis-/Tarifgefälle nt

Question 399

lend

• lend a hand (to)
• lend an ear (to)
• lend itself (or oneself) to

ger: leihen

Answer 399

lend [lend]– past tense, past participle lent [lent] –
♦ verb
1 to give (someone) the use of for a time: She had forgotten her umbrella so I lent her mine to go home with.
قرض دادن
2 to give or add (a quality) to: Desperation lent him strength.
بخشیدن
lend itself to
to be suitable for or adapt easily to: The play lends itself to performance by children.
به درد کاری خوردن
see also borrow

• Lend a hand with these parcels, please.
لطفا یک کمکی کن این بسته ها رو برداریم.
• If you will lend me the money, I shall be much obliged to you.
اگر به من پول قرض بدهی،من بیشتر نسبت به تو وفادار خواهم شد.

/lend/
vi., vt.
● وام دادن،قرض دادن،عاریه دادن (در برابر: وام گرفتن یا قرض کردن borrow)
I will borrow money from my father and lend some of it to my brother
از پدرم پول قرض خواهم کرد و مقداری از آن را به برادرم قرض خواهم داد.
the bank lends money to business people
بانک به کاسب‌کاران وام می‌دهد.
can you lend me some money until tomorrow?
آیا می‌توانی تا فردا قدری پول به من قرض بدهی‌؟
● (موقتا) دادن به،(مجازی) بخشیدن
David lent me his bicycle for a day
دیوید دوچرخه‌اش را برای یک روز به من داد.
the neighbors lent us knives and forks
همسایه‌ها کارد و چنگال به ما قرض دادند.
the paintings in this room have been lent by private collectors
نقاشی‌های این اتاق توسط صاحبان خصوصی آنها به طور موقت امانت داده شده است.
light lends cheer to a room
نور به اتاق حالت شادی می‌بخشد (اتاق را دلباز می‌کند).
his presence lends more legitimacy to the meeting
حضور او به جلسه قانونیت بیشتری می‌دهد.
● رباخواری کردن،قرض با بهره دادن
* lend a hand (to)
کمک کردن (به)
* lend an ear (to)
گوش دادن
* lend itself (or oneself) to
به درد خوردن،به‌کار آمدن،مناسب بودن برای

Question 400

purchase

Answer 400

purchase
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ˈpɜː.tʃəs/ US /ˈpɝː.tʃəs/

B2
to buy something:
Tickets must be purchased two weeks in advance.
Except under clearly defined circumstances, it is illegal in Britain for a company to purchase its own shares.
She purchased her first house with the money.

purchase [ˈpəːtʃəs]
♦ verb
to buy: I purchased a new house.
خریدن

♦ noun
1 anything that has been bought: She carried her purchases home in a bag.
چیز خریداری شده
2 the act of buying: The purchase of a car should never be a hasty matter.
خرید
ˈpurchaser
♦ noun
a buyer.
خریدار

/pu_r´chǝs/
vt.
● خریدن،ابتیاع کردن
to purchase another shirt
یک پیراهن دیگر خریدن
● (با زحمت یا فداکاری و غیره) به‌دست آوردن،کسب کردن
to purchase one’s life at the expense of one’s honor
با از دست دادن شرافت جان خود را خریدن
a dearly purchased victory
پیروزی که بسیار گران تمام شده است
● (حقوق) شرا،انتقال قانونی ملک که ناشی از ارث نباشد
● خرید،ابتیاع
the purchase of a new home
خرید یک خانه‌ی نو
date of purchase
تاریخ خرید
to make a purchase
خرید کردن
● جاپا،جادست،دستگیره،تکیه گاه
we had difficulty getting any purchase on the steep rock
در پیدا کردن جاپا بر آن صخره‌ی پر شیب دچار اشکال شدیم.
● چیز خریداری شده
she showed us her new purchase with pride
او خرید تازه‌ی خود را با سر بلندی به ما نشان داد.
● (نادر) درآمد،بازده
● (کشتیرانی) رجوع شود به: tackle

compulsory purchase Brit JUR
Enteignung f fachspr
purchase receipt (from a cash machine)
Kassenbon m
accelerated purchase
vorgezogener Kauf
purchase price
[Ein]kauf[s]preis m
purchase invoice
Eingangsrechnung f
purchase account
Einkaufskonto nt
sale and purchase agreement
Kaufvertrag m
to purchase the anchor
den Anker hieven [o. lichten]
to make a purchase
einen Kauf tätigen
call purchase [or sale]
Erwerb m einer Kaufoption
authority to purchase WIRTSCH, JUR
Ankaufsermächtigung f
proof of purchase
Kaufbeleg m
purchase budget/discount
Einkaufsbudget nt /Einkaufsrabatt m

Question 401

quest

• in quest of
  ger: auf der Suche nach

ger: suche

Answer 401

quest [kwest]
♦ noun
a search: the quest for gold; the quest for truth.
جستجو

/kwest/
n., vi., vt.
● جستجو،جست،پژوهش،دنبال روی،تجسس
in quest of a definitive cure for cancer
در جستجوی درمان قطعی سرطان
the quest for gold cost him his life
دنبال طلا گشتن به قیمت جانش تمام شد.
we will continue our quest for a solution
ما به پژوهش خود برای یافتن راه حل ادامه خواهیم داد.
● (به ویژه در مورد شوالیه‌ها و دلاوران قرون وسطی) سفر در جستجوی ماجرا،سفر اکتشافی
Don Quixote’s first quest
اولین سفر اکتشافی دن کیشوت
● کسانی که در جستجو شرکت می‌کنند،جست انبازان
● (قدیمی) هیات تحقیق و بازجویی
● (به ویژه سگ شکاری) دنبال شکار رفتن
the dogs started questing
سگ‌ها شروع کردند به جستجوی شکار.
● جستجو کردن،استفسار کردن،پرس و جو کردن،پژوهیدن،پوییدن
she was questing ceaselessly for information
لاینقطع دنبال اطلاعات می‌گشت.
* in quest of
در جستجوی،درطلب،به دنبال،در پی

in quest of sth
auf der Suche nach etw Dat
quest for truth
Wahrheitssuche f
a quest for a treasure
eine Schatzsuche
the quest for the Holy Grail
die Suche nach dem Heiligen Gral
to go in quest of sb/sth veraltet liter
sich Akk auf die Suche nach jdm/etw begeben [o. CH machen] geh
the attribution of this painting to Picasso has never been questioned
dass man dieses Bild Picasso zuschreibt, ist nie in Zweifel gezogen worden

Question 402

corollary

ger: Korollar

corollary
logische Konsequenz

Answer 402

corollary
noun [ C ] formal
UK /kəˈrɒl.ər.i/ US /ˈkɔːr.ə.ler.i/

something that results from something else:
Unfortunately, violence is the inevitable corollary of such a revolutionary change in society.

Question 403

hypothesis

ger. hypothese

premise

ger: Prämisse , Voraussetzung

Answer 403

hypothesis
noun [ C ]
UK /haɪˈpɒθ.ə.sɪs/ US /haɪˈpɑː.θə.sɪs/
plural hypotheses UK/haɪˈpɒθ.ə.siːz/ US/haɪˈpɑː.θə.siːz/

C2
an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved:
Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested.

hypothesis [haiˈpoθəsis]– plural hyˈpotheses [-siːz] –
♦ noun
an unproved theory or point of view put forward, eg for the sake of argument.
فرضيه
hypothetical [haipəˈθetikəl]
♦ adjective
imaginary; supposed.
فرضی
hypothetically [haipəˈθetikəli]
♦ adverb
.

/hī päth´ǝ sis, hi-/
n., pl.
● (ظن یا پندار یا گمان اثبات نشده که موقتا برای دستیابی به برخی دانستنی‌ها یا برای بررسی بیشتر بکار می‌رود) فرضیه،پی‌نهشت،برانگاشت،نهشته،گمانه،فرض
to prove or disprove a hypothesis
فرضیه‌ای را اثبات یا رد کردن
a proven hypothesis becomes a theory and an established theory becomes a law
فرضیه‌ی اثبات شده تبدیل می‌شود به نگره و نگره‌ی بسیار محقق تبدیل می‌شود به قانون.
a working hypothesis
فرضیه‌ای که موقتا برای راه انداختن کارها به درد می‌خورد

🤪 premise

premise
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈprem.ɪs/ US /ˈprem.ɪs/

an idea or theory on which a statement or action is based:
[ + that ] They had started with the premise that all men are created equal.
The research project is based on the premise stated earlier.

premise
verb [ T ] formal
UK /prɪˈmaɪz/ /ˈprem.ɪs/ US /prɪˈmaɪz/ /ˈprem.ɪs/

to base a theory, argument, etc. on an idea, thought, or belief:
He premised his argument on several incorrect assumptions.

Question 404

camaraderie/ comrade

ger: Kameradschaft, Kamerad

When you’ve been climbing alone for hours, there’s a tremendous sense of camaraderie when you meet another climber.

Answer 404

comrade
noun [ C ]
US /ˈkɑm·ræd/

a friend or trusted companion, esp. one with whom you have been involved in difficult or dangerous activities, or another soldier in a soldier’s group:

After 20 years he reunited with comrades from his army unit.

US UK AU comrade [ˈkomrid, (American) -rӕd]
♦ noun
a close companion: his comrades in battle.
یار؛ رفیق
ˈcomradeship
♦ noun
the comradeship of the office.
دوستی؛ رفاقت
comrade [ˈkomrid, (American) -rӕd]
♦ noun
a close companion: his comrades in battle.
یار؛ رفیق
ˈcomradeship
♦ noun
the comradeship of the office.
دوستی؛ رفاقت

camaraderie
noun [ S or U ]
UK /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dər.i/ US /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dɚ.i/

a feeling of friendliness towards people that you work or share an experience with:

When you’ve been climbing alone for hours, there’s a tremendous sense of camaraderie when you meet another climber.

Question 405

rid

ger. loswerden

Answer 405

rid
adjective
UK /rɪd/ US /rɪd/
be rid of something/someone

to not now have an unwanted or unpleasant task, object, or person:
I didn’t enjoy marking those papers and I was glad to be rid of them.

get rid of something
B1
to remove or throw away something unwanted:
That cream got rid of my skin rash.
I used weedkiller to get rid of the weeds in the garden.

B1
to sell an old or unwanted possession:
Have you managed to get rid of your old Volvo yet?

get rid of someone

C1
to send away someone annoying or to persuade them to leave:
We got rid of our unwelcome guests by saying we had to go to bed.

rid [rid]– present participle ˈridding : past tense, past participle rid –
♦ verb
(with of ); to free (someone etc ) from: We must try to rid the town of rats.
خلاص کردن؛ رها کردن
be rid of, *get rid of
to have removed, to remove; to free oneself from: I thought I’d never get rid of these weeds; I’m rid of my debts at last.
از شر چیزی خلاص شدن
good riddance [ˈridəns]
I am happy to have got rid of it, him etc : I’ve thrown out all those old books, and good riddance (to the lot of them)!
خلاصی از شر چیزی

Once a bad habit is formed, it is hard to get rid of it.
زمانی که یک عادت شکل گرفت.خلاص شدن از آن سخت است
• It’s easy to make friends, but hard to get rid of them.
دوست شدن آسان است، ولی از شر آنها خلاص شدن سخت است.

lifehacks to get rid of … ugs
mit Trick 17 gegen … ugs
to get rid of sb
jdn loswerden
to get rid of one’s accent
seinen Akzent verlieren
to get rid of sb/sth
jdn/etw loswerden
the cream got rid of my skin rash
durch die Creme bin ich meinen Hautausschlag losgeworden
the takeover was not about getting rid of competition
die Übernahme sollte nicht die Konkurrenz ausschalten
he rid himself of all worry during his weekend vacation
bei seinem Wochenendurlaub ließ er [endlich einmal] all seine Sorgen hinter sich
the horses swished their tails to get rid of the flies
die Pferde schlugen mit ihrem Schweif, um die Fliegen loszuwerden

Question 406

facsimile

ger:Faksimile

Answer 406

facsimile
noun [ C ]
UK /fækˈsɪm.əl.i/ US /fækˈsɪm.əl.i/

an exact copy, especially of a document:
a facsimile of the original manuscript

facsimile [fӕkˈsiməli]
♦ noun
1 an exact copy.
کپی
2 a fax.
دورنگار

♦ adjective
a facsimile edition of an eighteenth-century book.
رونوشت

Question 407

vulnerable

ger: verwundbar

Answer 407

vulnerable
adjective
UK /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/ /ˈvʌn.rə.bəl/ US /ˈvʌl.nɚ.ə.bəl/

C2
able to be easily physically or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked:

I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
It is on economic policy that the government is most vulnerable.
Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the city to avoid.

vulnerable [ˈvalnərəbl]
♦ adjective
unprotected against attack; liable to be hurt or damaged: Small animals are often vulnerable to attack.
آسیب پذیر
ˌvulneraˈbility
♦ noun
.
آسیب پذیری

/vul´nǝr ǝ bǝl/
adj.
● آسیب‌پذیر،زخم‌پذیر،صدمه‌پذیر
a vulnerable garrison
یک پادگان آسیب‌پذیر
● تک پذیر،حمله‌پذیر،انتقادپذیر
a vulnerable statement
یک اظهار انتقادپذیر
● حساس،بی

vulnerable spot
schwache Stelle
to feel vulnerable
sich Akk verwundbar fühlen
to be in a vulnerable position
in einer prekären Lage sein
to be vulnerable to attack/criticism
Angriffen/Kritik ausgesetzt sein
small companies such as ours are very vulnerable in a recession
Kleinunternehmen wie unseres sind äußerst rezessionsanfällig

Question 408

bounce

• the bounce
• bounce back

Answer 408

bounce [bauns]
♦ verb
1 to (cause to) spring or jump back from a solid surface.
جهیدن؛ ورجه وورجه کردن
2 (of a cheque) to be sent back unpaid, because of lack of money in a bank account.
برگشت خوردن

♦ noun
1 (of a ball etc ) an act of springing back: With one bounce the ball went over the net.
جهش
2 energy: She has a lot of bounce.
انرژی
ˈbouncing
♦ adjective
strong and lively: a bouncing baby.
پر جنب و جوش

/bouns/
n., vt., vi.
● (مانند توپی که به زمین بخورد) جهیدن،ورجه‌ورجه کردن،ورجهیدن،جهاندن،سیستن،جهمند بودن
the grenade bounced twice and exploded
نارنجک دو بار جهش کرد و منفجر شد.
he kept bouncing the ball off the floor
مرتب توپ را به کف اتاق می‌زد.
before serving the ball, she bounced it once
پیش از زدن توپ یکبار آن را ورجهانید.
● جهش،ورجهش،ورجه‌ورجه،جهندگی،جهمندی
the ball has lost its bounce
گوی،جهندگی خود را از دست داده است.
● (خودمانی - معمول در قمار خانه یا میخانه) آدم مزاحم یا بد مست را بیرون انداختن،اخراج
the drunken man was bounced out of the tavern
مرد مست را از میخانه بیرون کردند.
● ورپریدن،ناگهان پریدن،برجستن
to bounce out of bed
از بستر ورجستن (با سرعت بلند شدن)
he bounced up and cut off his two ears
برجست و از او دو گوش ببرید
● (بانکداری) چک بی‌محل را برگرداندن،وازدن،واخواست شدن
due to insufficient funds, my check bounced
به خاطر نبودن وجه کافی در حساب چکم واخواست شد (برگشت خورد).
● (انگلیس) گستاخی،هارت و پورت
● (عامیانه) پویایی،انرژی،پرتکاپویی،انعطاف،سرسختی
● بالا و پایین پریدن
the children were bouncing on the mattress
بچه‌ها روی تشک ورجه وورجه می‌کردند.
I was bouncing my grandson on my knee
نوه‌ام را روی زانوی خود بالا و پایین می‌انداختم.
* bounce back
(عامیانه - انرژی یا جرات و غیره) دوباره به دست آوردن،به حال اول بازگشتن
* the bounce
(امریکا - خودمانی) اخراج،(به زور) بیرون انداخته شدن

to bounce the ball
den Ball aufspringen lassen
to bounce a baby
ein Baby schaukeln
a bad bounce
ungünstig abgeschlagener Ball
to bounce into the room übtr
ins Zimmer stürzen
to give sb the bounce
jdn hinauswerfen ugs
to bounce a cheque [or Am check]
einen Scheck platzenlassen
to be beaten by the bounce
nicht mehr an den Ball kommen
to bounce off at an angle
schräg abprallen
to bounce the ball back [to sb]
den Ball [zu jdm] zurückwerfen

Question 409

muddle

ger: etw durcheinanderbringen,
durcheinandergeraten

• muddle through

Answer 409

muddle
noun [ S or U ]
UK /ˈmʌd.əl/ US /ˈmʌd.əl/

C2
an untidy or confused state:

The documents were in a muddle.
Whenever I go to Europe I get in a muddle about/over (= become confused about) how much things cost.

AU muddle [ˈmadl]
♦ verb
to confuse or mix up: Don’t talk while I’m counting, or you’ll muddle me.
گيج کردن

♦ noun
a state of confusion: These papers keep getting in a muddle.
درهم وبرهم
ˈmuddled
♦ adjective
muddled thinking.
درهم و برهم
ˈmuddle-headed
♦ adjective
incapable of clear thinking: Men think that all women are muddle-headed.
کودن
muddle along/through
to progress in spite of one’s unsatisfactory methods and foolish mistakes.
اشتباه کردن
muddle up
to confuse (eg two different things): I’m always muddling the twins up; I’ve muddled up these book orders.
گيج کردن

/mud´’l/
vt., vi.
● درهم و برهمی،آشفتگی،نابسامانی،خرتوخری،بلبشویی،پریشانی
the country’s tax situation is a muddle
وضع مالیاتی کشور در هم و برهم است.
● درهم و برهم کردن،به هم زدن،نابسامان کردن،آشفته کردن،شولیدن،پریشان کردن
muddled thinking
تفکر مبهم و آشفته
● (مثلا با نوشابه‌ی الکلی) گیج کردن،سردرگم کردن،مست کردن
the drink muddled him and his voice became loud
مشروب او را مست کرد و صدایش بلند شد.
● با گیجی عمل کردن (یا اندیشیدن)
he muddled around the house for weeks
او هفته‌ها در خانه دستخوش سردرگمی بود.
● گیجی،سردرگمی
unless you overcome your present muddle, your job is at risk
اگر بر سردرگمی فعلی خود فائق نشوی شغلت در خطر است.
● (در اصل) گل آلود کردن
he muddled the brook with his splashing
با جست و خیز خود،جوی را گل آلود کرد.
* muddle through
(انگلیس) با وجود اشتباه و شورتی گری انجام دادن یا موفق شدن،بالاخره کامیاب شدن
they suffered a few disasters before muddling through to victory
با چند فاجعه روبرو شدند ولی با این وجود به پیروزی دست یافتند.

to get in a muddle
durcheinandergeraten
to get sth in[to] a muddle
etw durcheinanderbringen

Question 410

fungible / fungibility

ger: Fungibilität, fungibel

Answer 410

fungible
adjective FINANCE & ECONOMICS specialized
UK /ˈfʌn.dʒ.ə.bəl/ US /ˈfʌn.dʒ.ə.bəl/

easy to exchange or trade for something else of the same type and value:

fungible goods/commodities
fungible assets/bonds

/fun´jǝ bǝl/
adj., n.
● (حقوق) قابل تبدیل به پول،تبدیل پذیر،معاوضه پذیر،پایاپا
fungible goods such as petroleum or wheat are different from non-fungible goods such as rugs or paintings
کالاهای قابل معاوضه مانند نفت و گندم با کالاهای غیر قابل معاوضه مانند فرش و نقاشی فرق دارند.
● کالای پایاپا،هر چیز معاوضه پذیر،کالای مثلی
some tribes use fungibles instead of money
برخی قبایل از کالاهای پایاپا به جای پول استفاده می‌کنند.

fungible
fungibel

fungible
vertretbar

fungible nature
Fungibilität f

fungible nature
Fungibilität f

Question 411

facility

Answer 411

facility
noun
UK /fəˈsɪl.ə.ti/ US /fəˈsɪl.ə.t̬i/
facility noun (BUILDING)

B1 [ C ]
a place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens:
a nuclear research facility
a military facility
a new sports facility

facilities B1 [ plural ]

the buildings, equipment, and services provided for a particular purpose:
shopping facilities

facility noun (ABILITY)

B2 [ C or U ]
an ability to do something easily or well:
His facility for languages is astonishing.

[ C or U ]
a feature of a product that allows you to do something:
a computer with a speech recognition facility
UK He asked the bank to increase his overdraft facility.

facility [fəˈsiləti]
♦ noun
1 ease or quickness: She showed great facility in learning languages.
سهولت
2 a skill: He has a great facility for always being right.
مهارت

♦ noun plural
faˈcilities the means to do something: There are facilities for cooking.
وسایل؛ امکانات

fǝ sil´ǝ tē/
n., pl.
● آسانی،سهولت،نادشواری
Julie is learning Spanish with great facility
جولی به آسانی اسپانیایی یاد می‌گیرد.
● مهارت،زبردستی،چیره دستی،سبکدستی،استادی،هنرمندی،تردستی
the facility with which he plays the piano is astounding
مهارت او در پیانو زدن شگفت‌انگیز است.
● توانایی،استعداد،قابلیت،آمایی،آمابود،ویرایی،فرزامی
Mehri has a facility for languages
مهری در (یادگیری) زبان استعداد دارد.
● (معمولا جمع) تسهیلات،آسان‌کردها،آسانگان،افزارگان،آسان ساز (ها)،وسایل،امکانات
this hotel offers the latest facilities
این هتل دارای آخرین تسهیلات می‌باشد.
sports facilities
افزارگان ورزشی
a swimming pool is one of the facilities planned for this building
استخر شنا یکی دیگر از تسهیلاتی است که در این ساختمان پیش‌بینی شده است.
● ساختمان،اتاق ویژه
a new facility for outpatient treatment
ساختمان تازه‌ای برای درمان بیماران سرپایی
● (نادر) خوش معاملگی،ملایمت،خوش برخوردی،سخت‌گیر نبودن

research facility
Forschungszentrum nt
memory facility TEL
Speicherfunktion f
holiday facility
Ferienanlage f
overdraft facility
Überziehungsrahmen m A
refinancing facility
Refinanzierungsfazilität f
military facility
militärische Anlage
rediscount facility
Rediskontfazilität f
facility for languages
Sprachbegabung f
facility of style
stilistische Gewandtheit
facility [arrangement] fee
Provision f für eine Kreditgarantie oder andere Fazilitäten
research institute/facility
Forschungsinstitut nt /Forschungsanstalt f
to learn sth with great facility
etw mit großer Leichtigkeit lernen
a bank account with an overdraft facility
ein Bankkonto [o. A -rahmen] mit Überziehungsmöglichkeit nt
to have a facility for memorizing numbers
ein gutes Zahlengedächtnis haben
to sabotage a facility/a nuclear power station
einen Sabotageakt [o. Anschlag] auf eine Einrichtung/ein Atomkraftwerk verüben

Question 412

patsy

ger:
leichtgläubige Person

Answer 412

patsy
noun [ C ] slang
US /ˈpæt·si/

a person who is easily cheated or made to suffer:
He claimed he was a patsy being framed by the police.

listen, no one makes a patsy of me
hör mal, ich lass mich doch nicht verarschen sl

Question 413

comply

Answer 413

comply
verb [ I ] formal
UK /kəmˈplaɪ/ US /kəmˈplaɪ/

C1
to act according to an order, set of rules, or request:

He’s been ordered to have the dog destroyed because it’s dangerous, but he refuses to comply.

There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations.

comply [kəmˈplai]
♦ verb
to act in the way that someone else has commanded or wished: You must comply (with her wishes).
پیروی کردن
comˈpliance
♦ noun
.
اطاعت؛ پیروی
comˈpliant
♦ adjective
willing to comply.
مطیع؛ فرمان بردار

/kǝm plī´/
vt.
● پیروی کردن (از حکم یا قانون و غیره)،اطاعت کردن
he complied with all of the regulations
او از همه‌ی مقررات پیروی کرد.

to comply with the regulations
die Bestimmungen erfüllen
to comply with the terms
die Bedingungen erfüllen
to comply with the law/the rules
das Gesetz/die Regeln einhalten
to refuse to comply with an order
sich Akk weigern, einem Befehl Folge zu leisten
there are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations
bei Regelverstößen drohen strenge Strafen

Question 414

livelihood

ger:
Lebensunterhal

Answer 414

livelihood [ˈlaivlihud]
♦ noun
a means of living, especially of earning enough money to feed oneself etc .
معاش

livelihood
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˈlaɪv.li.hʊd/ US /ˈlaɪv.li.hʊd/

(the way someone earns) the money people need to pay for food, a place to live, clothing, etc.:

Many ship workers could lose their livelihoods because of

falling orders for new ships.
That farm is his livelihood.

Question 415

flourish

ger: florieren , blühen

Answer 415

flourish
verb
US /ˈflɜr·ɪʃ, ˈflʌr-/
flourish verb (SUCCEED)

[ I ]
to grow or develop successfully:
Parts of the city continue to flourish.
This is the perfect environment for our company to flourish and expand in.

flourish verb (WAVE)

[ T ]
to move something in your hand in order to make people look at it:
She ran up to her father, flourishing her diploma.

to be successful, for example, by making a lot of money or developing quickly:
Thanks to a lot of effort and the support of local people, the business flourished.

flourish [ˈflariʃ, (American) ˈflə:-]
♦ verb
1 to be healthy; to grow well; to thrive: My plants are flourishing.
شکفتن؛ رشد کردن
2 to be successful or active: His business is flourishing.
رونق گرفتن
3 to hold or wave something as a show, threat etc : He flourished his sword.
در هوا تکان دادن

♦ noun
1 an ornamental stroke of the pen in writing: His writing was full of flourishes.
ریزه کاری های خوشنویسی
2 an impressive, sweeping movement (with the hand or something held in it): He bowed and made a flourish with his hat.
ژست نمایشی
3 an ornamental passage of music: There was a flourish on the trumpets.
آهنگ پر آذین
ˈflourishing
♦ adjective
1 successful: a flourishing business.
رو به رونق
2 growing well: flourishing crops.
شکوفا شده

flu_r´ish/
vi., vt., n.
● (در اصل) شکوفه کردن،گل دادن
● شکوفا بودن یا شدن،رونق گرفتن،(کار و کاسبی) گرفتن،رو به رشد و توسعه‌ی سریع بودن،شکفیدن،شکفتن
the two brothers’ business flourished and they both became rich
کاسبی آن دو برادر رونق گرفت و هردو پولدار شدند.
the country’s foreign trade was flourishing
بازرگانی برون مرزی کشور شکوفا بود.
under Shah Abbas, the arts flourished
در زمان شاه عباس هنر شکوفا شد.
● (فعالیت یا پیشرفت و غیره) به اوج رسیدن،در عنفوان بودن
the baroque style flourished in the seventeenth century
سبک باروک در سده‌ی هفدهم به اوج خود رسید.
● (دستان خود یا شمشیر یا پرچم و غیره را) در هوا تکان دادن،به اهتزاز درآوردن،پس و پیش بردن،اهتزاز،تکان (در هوا)
the victorious soldiers flourished their swords over their heads
سربازان پیروزمند شمشیرهای خود را بالای سرشان تکان دادند.
she ran out of the room flourishing a letter
در حالی که نامه‌ای را در دست تکان می‌داد از اتاق بیرون دوید.
● (نادر) با سبکی پرآذین نوشتن،تصنعات هنری بیش از حد به کار بردن
● (نادر) شیپورها را به صدا درآوردن
● (نادر) رونق،موفقیت،گرمی کار و کاسبی
● (حرکت بدن) خودنمایانه،با ژست مخصوص،به طور نمایشی،پیچ و تاب
he pulled the knife out of his pocket with a flourish
با ژست چاقو را از جیبش درآورد.
● (در نوشتن و دستخط) تزئینات و قوس‌های خوشنویسی،ریزه‌کاری‌های خوشنویسی
his signature is full of flourishes
امضای او پراز خط و قوس است.
● (موسیقی) فان‌فار،آهنگ پرآذین
● (مهجور) شکوفیدن،گل‌کردن

Question 416

encyclopedia

ger. Enzyklopädie f geh

Answer 416

encyclop(a)edia [insaikləˈpiːdiə]
♦ noun
a reference work containing information on every branch of knowledge, or on one particular branch: an encyclopaedia of jazz; If you do not know the capital city of Hungary, look it up in an encyclopaedia.
دایره المعارف؛ دانشنامه
enˌcycloˈp(a)edic
♦ adjective
.
دایره المعارفی

encyclopedia
noun [ C ] (UK also encyclopaedia)
UK /ɪnˌsaɪ.kləˈpiː.di.ə/ US /ɪnˌsaɪ.kləˈpiː.di.ə/

a book or set of books containing many articles arranged in alphabetical order that deal either with the whole of human knowledge or with a particular part of it, or a similar set of articles on the internet:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
The library was full of dictionaries, encyclopaedias, poetry, and plays.

Question 417

reciprocation / reciprocate

ger: sich Akk revanchieren mit +Dat oder für

zurückgeben

Reziprozität

Answer 417

to reciprocate help/a favour
sich Akk für die Hilfe/einen Gefallen revanchieren

to reciprocate love/trust
Liebe/Vertrauen erwidern [o. zurückgeben]

reciprocation
noun [ U ] formal
UK /rɪˌsɪp.rəˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /rɪˌsɪp.rəˈkeɪ.ʃən/

the fact of feeling or behaving towards someone else in the same way as they feel or behave towards you:

Our relationship is based upon reciprocation.

He didn’t expect any reciprocation of affection.

“There has always been a reciprocation between audiences and dancers,” she said.
She had liked him for a while, but had never considered any possibility of reciprocation.
“We gave so much for you, where’s the reciprocation?” he shouted.

reciprocate
verb
UK /rɪˈsɪp.rə.keɪt/ US /rɪˈsɪp.rə.keɪt/

[ I or T ] formal
to share the same feelings as someone else, or to behave in the same way as someone else:
Sadly, my feelings for him were not reciprocated.
We invited them to dinner and a week later they reciprocated.

reciprocate with
sich Akk revanchieren mit +Dat

Question 418

consistency

ger: Konsistenz

Answer 418

consistency noun (BEING THE SAME)

[ U ]
the quality of always behaving or performing in a similar way, or of always happening in a similar way:

They’ve won a few games this season but they lack consistency.
It’s important to show some consistency in your work.

consistency noun (THICKNESS)

[ C/U ]
the quality expressing how thick or firm a mixture is, esp. a liquid:
[ C ] It had a consistency like that of thick glue.

consistency noun (NO VARIETY)

[ U ]
the state or condition of always happening or behaving in the same way:
The team’s success will depend on the consistency of its pitching.

sth lacks consistency
etw Dat mangelt es an Konsistenz geh
melt the chocolate to a pouring consistency
die Schokolade zum Schmelzen bringen, bis sie flüssig wird

Question 419

scarcity

ger:
Knappheit f

Answer 419

scarcity
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈskeə.sə.ti/ US /ˈsker.sə.t̬i/

C2
a situation in which something is not easy to find or get:
the scarcity of skilled workers

a lack of something:
[ C ] A scarcity of flour makes bread, cake, and other baked goods more expensive.

Question 420

exasperate

ger: jdn verärgern [o. ugs auf die Palme bringen]

Answer 420

exasperate
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪɡˈzɑː.spə.reɪt/ US /ɪɡˈzæs.pə.reɪt/

to make someone very annoyed, usually when they can do nothing to solve a problem

His assistant’s carelessness is exasperating him.

US UK AU exasperate [igˈzaːspəreit]
♦ verb
to irritate (someone) very much indeed: He was exasperated by the continual interruptions.
آزار دادن؛ خشمگین کردن
exˌaspeˈration
♦ noun
She hit the child in exasperation.
خشم؛ عصبانیت

Question 421

traction

ger: antrieb

Answer 421

to gain traction: to become popular

traction
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈtræk.ʃən/ US /ˈtræk.ʃən/
traction noun [U] (WHEEL/TYRE)

the ability of a wheel or tyre to hold the ground without sliding:

In deep snow, people should use snow tyres on their vehicles to give them better traction.

electric traction
Elektroantrieb m
to lose traction
Bodenhaftung f verlieren
to be in [or on] traction
im Streckverband liegen

trak´shǝn/
n.
● (بار یا وسیله‌ی نقلیه و غیره) کشیدن،یدک‌کشی،حمل (از طریق کشیدن با طناب و غیره)
● کشش (در مقابل: رانش pulsion)
● نیروی کششی
electric traction
کشش به وسیله‌ی برق،نیروی کششی برقی
● (تایر اتومبیل و چرخ) اصطکاک،اصطکاک چرخ،سطح اصطکاک،چکمان گیری
snow tires give the wheels better traction
تایر یخ شکن اصطکاک بهتری به چرخ‌ها می‌دهد.
● (جا انداختن استخوان و غیره) ماهیچه کشی،کشیدن عضله

Question 422

facial

ger: Gesicht

Answer 422

facial
adjective
UK /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl/ US /ˈfeɪ.ʃəl/

C2
of or on the face:
facial hair
facial cleansers and moisturizers
facial expressions

/fā´shǝl/
adj., n.
● وابسته به صورت،سیمایی،رخساری،چهری،چهره‌ای،رخی
the twins had exactly the same facial features
اسباب صورت دوقلوها کاملا یک‌جور بود.
● ماساژ صورت (و مالیدن کرم و غیره)

facial cleanser
Reinigungscreme [o. -milch] für das Gesicht f
facial recognition
Gesichtserkennung f
facial oil
Gesichtsöl nt
facial injury
Verletzung f im Gesicht
facial expression
Gesichtsausdruck m
facial hair
Barthaare pl
facial contortions
Grimassen pl
to get a facial
sich Dat einer Gesichtsbehandlung unterziehen
irreversible facial injury MED
irreversible Gesichtsverletzung
rapturous facial expression
hingerissener Gesichtsausdruck
to have finely chiselled [facial] features
ein fein geschnittenes Gesicht [o. Profil] haben
to have a [nervous [or facial]] twitch
nervöse Zuckungen haben
to bear a strong facial resemblance to sb
jdm wie aus dem Gesicht geschnitten sein
she has something of her mother’s facial features
sie hat etwas von den Gesichtszügen ihrer Mutter

Question 423

Skull

ger: Schädel

Answer 423

skull [skal]
♦ noun
the bony case that encloses the brain: He’s fractured his skull.
جمجمه

/skul/
n., vt.
● جمجمه،استخوان سر (شامل کاسه‌ی سرو فک‌ها و استخوان آهیانه)،کاچک
● (معمولا با تداعی منفی یا مزاح آمیز) کله،سر،مخ
a thick skull
کله خر
an empty skull
کله پوک،بی‌مخ
● (بر سر کسی) کوفتن،تو سری زدن
* out of one’s skull
(خودمانی) احمق،بی شعور،بی مغز،بی کله

skull
noun [ C ]
UK /skʌl/ US /skʌl/

C2
the bones of the head that surround the brain and give the head its shape:
The soldiers discovered a pile of human skulls and bones.

Question 424

inferior

ger:
minderwertig, unterlegen

Answer 424

inferior
adjective
UK /ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ər/ US /ɪnˈfɪr.i.ɚ/

C1
not good, or not as good as someone or something else:

These products are inferior to those we bought last year.
She cited cases in which women had received inferior healthcare.
It was clear the group were regarded as intellectually/morally/socially inferior.

US UK AU inferior [inˈfiəriə]
♦ adjective
(sometimes with to )
1 of poor, or poorer, quality etc : This carpet is inferior to that.
نامرغوب؛ بنجل
2 lower in rank: Is a colonel inferior to a brigadier?
زیردست
inˌferiˈority [-ˈo-]
♦ noun
.
پستی؛ دون پایگی

inferior court JUR
untergeordnetes Gericht
socially inferior
sozial niedrig gestellt
inferior letters/numbers
tief stehende Buchstaben/Ziffern [o. Indizes pl fachspr ]
intellectually/morally inferior
geistig/moralisch unterlegen
to feel inferior to sb
sich Akk jdm [gegenüber] unterlegen fühlen

Question 425

corpse

ger:
Leiche

Answer 425

corpse [koːps]
♦ noun
a dead body, especially of a human being: Don’t move the corpse before you send for the police.
جنازه

/kôrps/
n.
● لاش،جسد،نعش،مردار،جنازه
they wrapped the sailor’s corpse in a flag and threw it into the sea
جسد ملوان را در پرچم پیچیدند و به دریا افکندند.
● (مهجور) تن،بدن،پیکر،جثه
● (هر چیزی که دیگر به درد نخور باشد) لاشه

Question 426

mutilate

ger: verstümmeln

but to mutilate the corpose, tear its flesh, and drink its blood

Answer 426

mutilate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈmjuː.tɪ.leɪt/ US /ˈmjuː.t̬əl.eɪt/

to damage something severely, especially by violently removing a part:
Her body had been mutilated beyond recognition.
Self-hatred apparently drove her to mutilate her own face.

to mutilate sb
jdn verstümmeln
to mutilate sth
etw verstümmeln
to mutilate sth übtr
etw verschandeln

Question 427

enlightenment

many Enlightenment thinkers believed humans made choices about breaking the law of their own free will

ger:
Erleuchtung f, Aufklärung

Answer 427

[enˈlītnmənt]
noun - enlightenment
روشن فکری: enlightenment

enlightenment
noun [ U ]
UK /ɪnˈlaɪ.tən.mənt/ US /ɪnˈlaɪ.t̬ən.mənt/

the state of understanding something:

Can you give me any enlightenment on what happened?

enlightenment is man’s emergence from … (Immanuel Kant) PHILOS
Aufklärung is der Ausgang des Menschen aus …

Question 428

debunk

ger: to debunk a myth/theory
einen Mythos/eine Theorie [an den/die viele glauben] stürzen [o. widerlegen]

to debunk sb
jdn diskreditieren

Answer 428

debunk : proven false

to show that something is less important, less good, or less true than it has been made to appear:

The writer’s aim was to debunk the myth that had grown up around the actress.

[diˈbəNGk]
verb - debunk
کم ارزش کردن: debunk, belittle, abase, downgrade
کسی را اگاه و هدایت کردن: debunk

he spent his life debunking communism
او عمر خود را صرف پرده‌برداری عیوب کمونیسم کرد.

debunk
verb [ T ] informal
UK /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/ US /ˌdiːˈbʌŋk/

to show that something is less important, less good, or less true than it has been made to appear:
The writer’s aim was to debunk the myth that had grown up around the actress.

Question 429

indentation

ger: Vertiefung

Answer 429

indentation
noun
UK /ˌɪn.denˈteɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌɪn.denˈteɪ.ʃən/
indentation noun (HOLE)

[ C ]
a hole or mark on the surface of something:

The heels of her shoes had left indentations in the mud.

indentation
noun [ C ]
US /ˌɪnˌdenˈteɪ·ʃən/

a part of a surface that curves inward:
If a surgeon takes out too much fat, he may leave indentations in the skin.

indentation (depression)
Vertiefung f
indentation in cheek, head
Kerbe f
indentation in car, metal
Beule f
indentation in rock, coastline
Einbuchtung f
indentation (cut)
[Ein]schnitt m

Question 430

atavistic

ger: atavistic
atavistisch fachspr

Answer 430

atavistic / primitive

atavistic
adjective formal
UK /ˌæt.əˈvɪs.tɪk/ US /ˌæt̬.əˈvɪs.tɪk/

happening because of a very old habit from a long time ago in human history, not because of a conscious decision or because it is necessary now:
an atavistic fear of the dark

ger:

atavistisch
Adjektiv

Positiv Komparativ Superlativ
atavistisch atavistischer am atavistischsten
Alle weiteren Formen: Flexion:atavistisch
Worttrennung:

ata·vis·tisch, Komparativ: ata·vis·ti·scher, Superlativ: am ata·vis·tischs·ten
Aussprache:

IPA: [ataˈvɪstɪʃ], Komparativ: [ataˈvɪstɪʃɐ], Superlativ: [ataˈvɪstɪʃstn̩]
Hörbeispiele: —, Komparativ: —, Superlativ: —
Reime: -ɪstɪʃ
Bedeutungen:

[1] uralt und überholt
Herkunft:

Ableitung zu Atavismus mit dem Derivatem -isch
Beispiele:

[1] „Die Fremdenfeindlichkeit ging so bald einher mit der atavistischen Neigung, den Boten für die überbrachte Nachricht verantwortlich zu machen.“[1]

Question 431

innate / inborn

ger: angeboren /
innate immune system
angeborenes Immunsystem

Answer 431

innate
adjective
UK /ɪˈneɪt/ US /ɪˈneɪt/

C2
An innate quality or ability is one that you were born with, not one you have learned:

Cyril’s most impressive quality was his innate goodness.

/in´nāt´, in´āt´; in nāt´, i nāt´/
adj.
● مادرزاد(ی)،درون زاد،ذاتی،فطری،غیر اکتسابی،جبلی،سرشتی
an innate talent for painting
استعداد ذاتی برای نقاشی
● درونی،اصلی و ریشه‌دار،نهادی
the innate defect in this plan
نقص بنیادین این طرح
● (گیاه شناسی - قرار گرفته بر سر پایه: مانند بساک) سرپایی

adjective - innate
ذاتی: inherent, intrinsic, essential, innate, natural, substantial
درونی: internal, inner, innermost, inward, interior, innate
فطری: innate, natural, indigenous, inborn, inartificial, inbred
غریزی: instinctive, innate, inbred, natural
طبیعی: natural, normal, physical, indigenous, inherent, innate
جبلی: innate, inbred, essential, inborn, natural, inwrought
مادرزاد: innate
لاینفک: inseparable, essential, innate
درون زاد: endogenous, inborn, innate
اصلی: main, original, principal, basic, primary, innate
داخلی: internal, interior, inner, indoor, inward, innate
چسبنده: sticky, adhesive, gummy, gooey, viscid, innate

Question 432

scrawl

ger: to scrawl sth
etw [hin]kritzeln
to scrawl a note to sb
jdm eine Nachricht hinkritzeln

“She was shocked, though, to discover that, because the employee had read the “½” in her scrawled message as a “2,”

Excerpt From
Influence Science and Practice
Robert B. Cialdini
https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewBook?id=0
This material may be protected by copyright.

Answer 432

scrawl
verb [ T ]
UK /skrɔːl/ US /skrɑːl/

to write something quickly, without trying to make your writing tidy or easy to read:
I scrawled a quick note to Judith and put it under her door.
Someone had scrawled graffiti across the wall.

scrawl [skroːl]
♦ verb
to write untidily or hastily: I scrawled a hasty note to her.
ناخوانا نوشتن

♦ noun
untidy or bad handwriting: I hope you can read this scrawl.
نوشته ناخوانا

to scrawl one’s signature
seine Unterschrift [hin]kritzeln [o. ugs hinschmieren]
to scrawl a note to sb
jdm eine Nachricht hinkritzeln

Question 432

scrawl

ger: to scrawl sth
etw [hin]kritzeln
to scrawl a note to sb
jdm eine Nachricht hinkritzeln

“She was shocked, though, to discover that, because the employee had read the “½” in her scrawled message as a “2,”

Excerpt From
Influence Science and Practice
Robert B. Cialdini
https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewBook?id=0
This material may be protected by copyright.

Answer 432

scrawl
verb [ T ]
UK /skrɔːl/ US /skrɑːl/

to write something quickly, without trying to make your writing tidy or easy to read:
I scrawled a quick note to Judith and put it under her door.
Someone had scrawled graffiti across the wall.

scrawl [skroːl]
♦ verb
to write untidily or hastily: I scrawled a hasty note to her.
ناخوانا نوشتن

♦ noun
untidy or bad handwriting: I hope you can read this scrawl.
نوشته ناخوانا

to scrawl one’s signature
seine Unterschrift [hin]kritzeln [o. ugs hinschmieren]
to scrawl a note to sb
jdm eine Nachricht hinkritzeln

Question 433

ethology

ger:
Verhaltensforschung f
Ethologie f

Answer 433

ethology

ethology
noun [ U ]
UK/iːˈθɒl.ə.dʒi/ US /iːˈθɑː.lə.dʒi/

the scientific study of the behaviour of animals in their natural environment:
The documentary was about ethology, the study of animal behaviour, and about Konrad Lorenz, one of the field’s founders.

The discovery and translation of the bee’s “dance” is one of the great achievements of modern ethology.

Question 434

trigger

ger: auslösen

Answer 434

trigger
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈtrɪɡ.ər/ US /ˈtrɪɡ.ɚ/

C1
to cause something to start:
Some people find that certain foods trigger their headaches.
Ultraviolet-B radiation triggers the skin to produce vitamin D.
The racial killings at the weekend have triggered off a wave of protests.

informal
to cause a strong emotional reaction of fear, shock, anger, or worry in someone, especially because they are made to remember something bad that has happened in the past:
Seeing him come towards me just triggered me and I screamed.
He could be triggered by a loud noise.

trigger [ˈtrigə]
♦ noun
1 a small lever on a gun, which is pulled to make the gun fire: He aimed the rifle at her but did not pull the trigger.
ماشه
2 anything which starts a series of actions or reactions.
علت؛ سبب

♦ verb
(often with off ) to start (a series of events): The attack triggered (off) a full-scale war.
راه انداختن؛ موجب شدن

/trig´ǝr/
n., vt.
● (سلاح آتشین) ماشه
he put his finger on the trigger and got ready to fire
انگشت خود را روی ماشه گذاشت و آماده‌ی تیراندازی شد.
to pull the trigger
ماشه را کشیدن
● (فنر و غیره) ضامن،گیره،رها ساز
● (عمل یا حرف و غیره) واکنش‌انگیز،علت،موجب،سبب،انگیزان،شوند،انگیزه
to use an A-bomb as trigger for an H-bomb
یک بمب اتمی را به عنوان واکنش‌انگیز بمب هیدروژنی به کار بردن
the smell of food can be a trigger for salivation
بوی خوراک می‌تواند موجب ترشح آب دهان بشود.
● ماشه را کشیدن،گیره را رها کردن
● انگیزاندن،راه انداختن،موجب شدن،سبب شدن
his speech triggered the riot
سخنرانی او موجب شورش شد.
to trigger an atomic reaction
واکنش اتمی را انگیزاندن
* quick on the trigger
(عامیانه) 1- تند دست در تیر اندازی 2- هشیار،فرز،تند کار،زرنگ،زبل
* trigger mechanism
کوشبار کار انداز،مکانیزم انگیزان،اسباب به کار اندازی

to pull the trigger
abdrücken
to trigger an alarm
einen Alarm auslösen
to trigger a riot
Unruhen auslösen
to squeeze the trigger
auf den Abzug drücken
to trigger protests
zu Protesten führen
to be quick on the trigger ugs
fix sein ugs
to have a hair-trigger temper
reizbar sein
to trigger [or spark] [or cause] a sell-off of shares
den Verkauf von Aktien verursachen [o. auslösen]

Question 435

reliance on

ger: auf etwas Akk angewiesen sein

Answer 435

reliance
noun [ U ]
UK /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/ US /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/

C2
the state of depending on or trusting in something or someone:

The region’s reliance on tourism is unwise.

You place too much reliance on her ideas and expertise.

to place reliance on sth
sich Akk auf etw Akk verlassen
to build sb’s self-reliance
jds Selbstvertrauen stärken
sb cannot avoid reliance on sth
jd ist auf etw Akk angewiesen
the region’s reliance on tourism is unwise
es ist unklug, dass die Region sich nur auf den Tourismus verlässt
to place reliance on sb/sth
Vertrauen in jdn/etw setzen

Question 436

squawk

ger: kreischen

Answer 436

squawk
noun [ C ]
UK /skwɔːk/ US /skwɑːk/

an unpleasantly loud, sharp noise made by a bird:

The owl flew off with a squawk.
I peered up through the leaves but a piercing squawk warned me away.

a loud and unpleasant shout, scream, cry, etc.:

He emitted strange and inappropriate high-pitched squawks of laughter throughout the performance.

informal disapproving
a noisy complaint about something:

We may expect the usual squawks about how we’re selling our national treasures to foreigners.

squawk [skwoːk]
♦ noun
a loud harsh cry made eg by an excited or angry bird: The hen gave a squawk when she saw the fox.
جيغ كشيدن

♦ verb
to make a sound of this sort.
جيغ

squawk of outrage
Gezeter nt abw
squawk of protest
Protestgeschrei nt ugs

🤣ger:
krei•schen; kreischte, hat gekreischt; [Vt/i]

1. (etwas) kreischen (etwas) mit lauter und hoher Stimme schreien : „Achtung!“, kreischte sie
   || NB: Das Objekt ist immer ein Satz; [Vi]
2. ein hohes, schrilles Geräusch von sich geben Als der Zug bremsen musste, kreischten die Räder.

Question 437

vicious

ger: böse , gemein boshaft

Answer 437

vicious
adjective
UK /ˈvɪʃ.əs/ US /ˈvɪʃ.əs/

C2
Vicious people or actions show an intention or wish to hurt someone or something very badly:
a vicious thug
a vicious dog
The police said that this was one of the most vicious attacks they’d ever seen.
He gave her a vicious look.

C2
used to describe an object, condition, or remark that causes great physical or emotional pain:
a large collection of vicious medieval torture instruments
a vicious lie/accusation/rumour
I have a vicious headache.

AU vicious [ˈviʃəs]
♦ adjective
evil; cruel; likely to attack or cause harm: Keep back from that dog – it’s vicious.
بدجنس؛ بی رحم
ˈviciously
♦ adverb
.
بدجنسانه
ˈviciousness
♦ noun
.
بدجنسی؛ شرارت

/vish´ǝs/
adj.
● خبیث،بدجنس،بدنهاد،شرور،بی‌رحم
a vicious stepmother
نامادری بدجنس
● شریرانه،شرارت‌آمیز،بدجنسانه،خباثت‌آمیز،بدخواهانه
a vicious rumor
یک شایعه‌ی بدخواهانه
Stalin’s vicious policies
سیاست‌های شریرانه‌ی استالین
● بد،بدخیم،خطرناک
a vicious tumor
یک غده‌ی بدخیم
● ناقص،معیوب،ناپسند
a vicious line of reasoning
طرز استدلال ناپسند
● شدید،ستهم،سخت،جانانه،جانفرسا
a vicious rainstorm
توفان و باران شدید
a vicious blow to the head
یک ضربه‌ی جانانه به سر

vicious wind
heftiger Wind
vicious look
böser Blick
vicious gossip
gehässiges Gerede abw
vicious attack
heimtückischer Überfall
vicious dog
bissiger Hund
vicious fighting
brutaler Kampf
a vicious circle
ein Teufelskreis m
vicious crime/murder
grauenhaftes Verbrechen/grauenhafter Mord
to be trapped in a vicious cycle
in einem Teufelskreis gefangen sein
keep back from that vicious dog, children
bleibt von diesem bösartigen Hund weg, Kinder
to be trapped in a vicious circle
in einem Teufelskreis gefangen sein
to be [or get] caught in a vicious cycle
in einen Teufelskreis geraten
I had a vicious headache all day yesterday
ich hatte gestern den ganzen Tag über brutale Kopfschmerzen ugs
to be [or get] caught in a vicious circle
in einen Teufelskreis geraten
the whole story was a vicious libel on my character
die ganze Geschichte war eine gemeine Verleumdung gegen mich
we had a vicious bout of gastro-enteritis in the family
meine ganze Familie lag mit einer fiesen Magen-Darm-Grippe danieder

Question 438

courtship

eng:
Zeit f der jungen Liebe

Answer 438

courtship
noun [ C or U ] old-fashioned or formal
UK /ˈkɔːt.ʃɪp/ US /ˈkɔːrt.ʃɪp/

the time when people have a romantic relationship with the intention of getting married:
They had a passionate courtship and a long, loving marriage.

if we ever got along, it was during our courtship
falls wir je miteinander ausgekommen sind, dann in der Verlobungszeit

Question 439

cue

ger: Zeichen, signal

Answer 439

cue1 [kjuː]
♦ noun
the last words of another actor’s speech etc , serving as a sign to an actor to speak etc : Your cue is `– whatever the vicar says!’
اشاره؛ سر نخ

cue noun [C] (SIGNAL)

a word or action in a play or film that is used as a signal by a performer to begin saying or doing something

a signal for someone to do something:
[ + to infinitive ] They started washing up, so that was our cue to leave the party.
on cue

If something happens on cue, it happens just after someone has said or thought it would happen:
I was just wondering where Sarah was, when, right on cue, she came in.
See more
take your cue from someone

to take notice of someone’s words or behaviour so that you know what you should do:

to miss one’s cue
sein Stichwort verpassen
[right] on cue
wie gerufen
to cue in sb [or to cue sb in]
jdm das Stichwort geben
to throw sb a cue
jdm ein Stichwort geben
to take one’s cue from sb (follow sb’s advice)
jds Zeichen Folge leisten
to take one’s cue from sth
sich Akk von etw Dat inspirieren lassen

Question 440

A

Question 441

dupe

ger: düpieren

Answer 441

dupe
verb [ T ]
UK /dʒuːp/ US /duːp/

to deceive someone, usually by making that person do something that they did not intend to do:

The girls were duped by drug smugglers into carrying heroin for them.

dupe [djuːp]
♦ noun
a person who is cheated or deceived: She had been the dupe of a dishonest rogue.
آدم فریب خورده

♦ verb
to deceive or trick: He duped me into thinking he had gone home.
فریب دادن

Question 442

lore

In marketing lore

ger: [überliefertes] Wissen

Answer 442

lore
noun [ U ]
UK /lɔːr/ US /lɔːr/

traditional knowledge and stories about a subject:
According to local lore, the water has healing properties.

He published several books on Indian lore and hunting.

lore [loː]
♦ noun
knowledge handed down on a subject: the lore of the sea.
فرهنگ نژادی

common lore
[alte] Volksweisheit f
gypsy lore often abw
Zigeunerweisheit f oft abw

Question 443

cunning

ger: gerissen

Answer 443

cunning
adjective
UK /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/ US /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/
cunning adjective (CLEVER)

C2
Cunning people are clever at planning something so that they get what they want, especially by tricking other people, or things that are cleverly made for a particular purpose:

a cunning plan/ploy
He’s a very cunning man.

cunning
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/ US /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/

the quality or skill of being clever at planning something so you get what you want, especially by tricking other people:
We need to show some cunning if we want to defeat the enemy.

cunning [ˈkaniŋ]
♦ adjective
1 sly; clever in a deceitful way: cunning tricks.
فریبکار؛ مکار
2 clever: a cunning device.
زرنگ؛ زیرک

♦ noun
slyness or deceitful cleverness: full of cunning.
مکر؛ فریبکاری
ˈcunningly
♦ adverb
cunningly disguised.
مکارانه

/kun´iŋ/
adj., n.
● مکار،محیل،گربز،جربز،طرار،فریبکار،دغل،نیرنگ باز
a cunning old man
پیرمرد حیله‌گر
● مکر،حیله،گربزی،فریبکاری،دغلی،نیرنگ‌بازی
he achieved his aim by lying and cunning
او با دروغگویی و نیرنگ بازی به هدف خود رسید.
● ماهرانه،تردستانه،چیره دستانه،با زرنگی،زبردستانه،هنرمندانه
in his films he makes cunning use of colors and sounds
او در فیلم‌های خود رنگ و صدا را هنرمندانه به کار می‌گیرد.
● (نادر) زرنگ،ماهر،چیره‌دست
● (نادر) زرنگی،مهارت،چیره‌دستی
● (امریکا - عامیانه) ملیح،تو دل برو،جذاب
a cunning little baby
بچه‌ی ریزه میزه و جذاب

she is diabolically cunning
sie ist eine ganz Ausgebuffte sl
to develop cunning defences
raffinierte Schutzmechanismen entwickeln
a cunning plan
ein gerissener Plan
a cunning look
ein listiger Blick
as cunning as a fox
schlau wie ein Fuchs
devilishly clever [or cunning]/handsome/hot
verdammt schlau/gut aussehend/heiß
to show a bit of cunning
sich Akk klug anstellen
to be as cunning as a fox
ein schlauer Fuchs sein
it was cunning of the managing director to …
es war ziemlich clever von dem Geschäftsführer, …

Question 444

cunning

ger: gerissen

Answer 444

cunning
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/ US /ˈkʌn.ɪŋ/

the quality or skill of being clever at planning something so you get what you want, especially by tricking other people:

We need to show some cunning if we want to defeat the enemy.

cunning [ˈkaniŋ]
♦ adjective
1 sly; clever in a deceitful way: cunning tricks.
فریبکار؛ مکار
2 clever: a cunning device.
زرنگ؛ زیرک

♦ noun
slyness or deceitful cleverness: full of cunning.
مکر؛ فریبکاری
ˈcunningly
♦ adverb
cunningly disguised.
مکارانه

/kun´iŋ/
adj., n.
● مکار،محیل،گربز،جربز،طرار،فریبکار،دغل،نیرنگ باز
a cunning old man
پیرمرد حیله‌گر
● مکر،حیله،گربزی،فریبکاری،دغلی،نیرنگ‌بازی
he achieved his aim by lying and cunning
او با دروغگویی و نیرنگ بازی به هدف خود رسید.
● ماهرانه،تردستانه،چیره دستانه،با زرنگی،زبردستانه،هنرمندانه
in his films he makes cunning use of colors and sounds
او در فیلم‌های خود رنگ و صدا را هنرمندانه به کار می‌گیرد.
● (نادر) زرنگ،ماهر،چیره‌دست
● (نادر) زرنگی،مهارت،چیره‌دستی
● (امریکا - عامیانه) ملیح،تو دل برو،جذاب
a cunning little baby
بچه‌ی ریزه میزه و جذاب

she is diabolically cunning
sie ist eine ganz Ausgebuffte sl
to develop cunning defences
raffinierte Schutzmechanismen entwickeln
a cunning plan
ein gerissener Plan
a cunning look
ein listiger Blick
as cunning as a fox
schlau wie ein Fuchs
devilishly clever [or cunning]/handsome/hot
verdammt schlau/gut aussehend/heiß
to show a bit of cunning
sich Akk klug anstellen
to be as cunning as a fox
ein schlauer Fuchs sein
it was cunning of the managing director to …
es war ziemlich clever von dem Geschäftsführer, …

Question 445

devious

ger: krụmm, unaufrichtig

Answer 445

devious
adjective
UK /ˈdiː.vi.əs/ US /ˈdiː.vi.əs/
devious adjective (DISHONEST)

Devious people or plans and methods are dishonest, often in a complicated way, but often also clever and successful:

You have to be devious if you’re going to succeed in business.

a devious scheme

using indirect ways to get what you want, esp. without showing your real purpose:

devious methods

Devious also means indirect:

They went by a devious route.

US UK AU devious [ˈdiːviəs]
♦ adjective
not direct; not straightforward: We climbed the hill by a devious route; He used devious methods to get what he wanted.
راه پر پیچ و خم؛ غیر مستقیم؛ کجراه
ˈdeviously
♦ adverb
.
با حیله گری
ˈdeviousness
♦ noun
.
حقه بازی

/dē´vē ǝs/
adj.
● نادرست،دغل،ناراست خوی،مزور،حیله‌گر،ترفندباز
he got rich by devious means
او با نادرستی ثروتمند شد.
deviousness cannot be concealed for too long
حقه‌بازی را نمی‌شود برای مدت طولانی پنهان نگه داشت.
● منحرف،کجراه،کژرو،گمراه
devious winds
بادهای منحرف (هریک از طرفی می‌وزد)
● غیرمستقیم،پرپیچ و خم،دور و دراز
a devious path along the river
راه پریپچ و خمی در راستای رودخانه
a devious coast
ساحل ناراست (پرپیچ و خم)
● مزورانه،نادرستانه،ترفندآمیز
his devious arguments in opposition to peace
استدلال‌های دغلبازانه‌ی او در مخالفت با صلح

to take a devious route
einen Umweg fahren
her saintly manner concealed a devious mind
hinter ihrer Frömmlerei verbarg sich ein hinterhältiges Wesen

Question 446

deceive

ger: jdn betrügen [o. täuschen]

Answer 446

deceive
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈsiːv/ US /dɪˈsiːv/

B2
to persuade someone that something false is the truth, or to keep the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage:

The company deceived customers by selling old computers as new ones.

The sound of the door closing deceived me into thinking they had gone out.

deceive [diˈsiːv]
♦ verb
to mislead or cause to make mistakes, usually by giving or suggesting false information: He was deceived by her innocent appearance.
فریب دادن؛ گول زدن
deceive is spelt with -ei- .

/dē sēv´, di-/
vt., vi.
● فریب دادن،فریفتن،گول زدن،نیرنگ به کار بردن،تقلب کردن،آورندیدن،کنوریدن
he even deceived his own mother
او حتی مادر خود را هم گول می‌زد.
he was deceived into buying stolen goods
با فریب به او مال دزدی فروختند.

to deceive sb
jdn betrügen [o. täuschen]
the sound of the door closing deceived me into thinking they had gone out
das Geräusch der zufallenden Tür ließ mich fälschlich annehmen, sie seien ausgegangen
for a moment she thought her eyes were deceiving her
einen Augenblick lang traute sie ihren [eigenen] Augen nicht
to deceive oneself
sich Akk [selbst] täuschen
to deceive oneself
sich Dat etwas vormachen ugs
to be deceived by sth
von etw Dat getäuscht werden
to be deceived by sth
sich Akk von etw Dat täuschen lassen

Question 447

court

• appear in court
• go to court
• hold court
• in one’s court
• laugh (someone) out of court
• off court
• on court
• out of court
• pay court to

Answer 447

court [koːt]
♦ noun
1 a place where legal cases are heard: a magistrates’ court; the High Court.
دادگاه
2 the judges and officials of a legal court: The accused is to appear before the court on Friday.
قاضی و هیئت منصفه
3 a marked-out space for certain games: a tennis-court; a squash court.
زمین بازی
4 the officials, councillors etc of a king or queen: the court of King James.
درباریان
5 the palace of a king or queen: Hampton Court.
دربار
6 an open space surrounded by houses or by the parts of one house.
حیاط؛ محوطۀ میان چند ساختمان

♦ verb
1 to try to win the love of; to woo.
عشق بازی کردن؛ اظهار عشق کردن
2 to try to gain (admiration etc ).
دنبال چیزی رفتن
3 to seem to be deliberately risking (disaster etc ).
مخاطره آمیز بودن
ˈcourtier [-tiə]
♦ noun
a member of the court of a king or queen: He was one of King James’ courtiers.
درباری؛ ملازم
ˈcourtly
♦ adjective
having fine manners.
آراسته و باوقار
ˈcourtliness
♦ noun
.
ادب؛ وقار
ˈcourtship
♦ noun
courting or wooing.
عشق بازی؛ خواستگاری
ˈcourthouse
♦ noun
a building where legal cases are held.
ساختمان دادگستری
ˌcourt-ˈmartial– plural ˌcourts-ˈmartial –
♦ noun
a court held by officers of the armed forces to try offences against discipline.
دادگاه نظامی
ˈcourtyard
♦ noun
a court or enclosed ground beside, or surrounded by, a building: the courtyard of the castle.
حیاط؛ محوطه
court [koːt]
♦ noun
1 a place where legal cases are heard: a magistrates’ court; the High Court.
دادگاه
2 the judges and officials of a legal court: The accused is to appear before the court on Friday.
قاضی و هیئت منصفه
3 a marked-out space for certain games: a tennis-court; a squash court.
زمین بازی
4 the officials, councillors etc of a king or queen: the court of King James.
درباریان
5 the palace of a king or queen: Hampton Court.
دربار
6 an open space surrounded by houses or by the parts of one house.
حیاط؛ محوطۀ میان چند ساختمان

♦ verb
1 to try to win the love of; to woo.
عشق بازی کردن؛ اظهار عشق کردن
2 to try to gain (admiration etc ).
دنبال چیزی رفتن
3 to seem to be deliberately risking (disaster etc ).
مخاطره آمیز بودن
ˈcourtier [-tiə]
♦ noun
a member of the court of a king or queen: He was one of King James’ courtiers.
درباری؛ ملازم
ˈcourtly
♦ adjective
having fine manners.
آراسته و باوقار
ˈcourtliness
♦ noun
.
ادب؛ وقار
ˈcourtship
♦ noun
courting or wooing.
عشق بازی؛ خواستگاری
ˈcourthouse
♦ noun
a building where legal cases are held.
ساختمان دادگستری
ˌcourt-ˈmartial– plural ˌcourts-ˈmartial –
♦ noun
a court held by officers of the armed forces to try offences against discipline.
دادگاه نظامی
ˈcourtyard
♦ noun
a court or enclosed ground beside, or surrounded by, a building: the courtyard of the castle.
حیاط؛ محوطه

/kôrt/
n., vt., vi., adj.
● حیاط،محوطه‌ی میان چند ساختمان (courtyard هم می‌گویند)
there were four buildings around the central court
چهار ساختمان در اطراف محوطه‌ی مرکزی قرار داشتند.
● (تنیس و والیبال و بسکتبال و غیره) زمین بازی،محوطه‌ی بازی،پهنه
a tennis court
زمین تنیس
a basketball court
پهنه‌ی بسکتبال
an indoor court
پهنه (یا زمین) سرپوشیده
both off and on court, Hossein has acted like a gentleman
هم در زمین بازی و هم در خارج از آن حسین رفتار رادمردانه‌ای داشته است.
● دادگاه،محکمه‌ی قضایی،قاضی و هیئت منصفه،دادگاهی
a divorce court
داگاه طلاق
the court dismissed the charges
دادگاه اتهامات وارده را رد کرد.
this matter should be left to the courts
این قضیه باید به محاکم قضایی ارجاع شود.
● دربار،آستان،بارگاه،درباری،درباریان
the king invited him to the court
پادشاه او را به دربار دعوت کرد.
a court painter
نقاش درباری
a court jester
دلقک دربار
● کوی (معمولا کوتاه و بن‌بست)،کوچه بن‌بست
● (امریکا) متل (motor court هم می‌گویند)
● چاپلوسی،تملق،چرب زبانی،لاده،شیره مالی،خواستاری
● چاپلوسی کردن،تملق گفتن،شیره‌مالی کردن،ناز کشیدن،منت کشیدن،خواستار بودن
● خواستگاری،عشقبازی،مهرورزی،نامزدبازی
● خواستگاری کردن،نامزد بازی کردن،عشقبازی کردن
he courted the girl and then married her
از دختر خواستگاری کرد و سپس او را گرفت.
● (انگلیس - در شرکت‌های بزرگ) هیئت مدیره،گروه مدیران
● دنبال چیزی رفتن
to court publicity
دنبال شهرت رفتن
don’t court trouble!
پی دردسر نرو!
he has been courting success for a long time
او مدت‌ها در جستجوی موفقیت بوده است.
she seems to be courting insults
مثل اینکه هوس توهین شنیدن به سرش زده است.
* appear in court
در دادگاه حاضر شدن
* go to court
به دادگاه رجوع کردن،به دادگاه شکایت کردن،دادخواهی کردن
* hold court
1- دربار برپا کردن 2- معرکه گرفتن،مرکز توجه شدن
* in one’s court
1- (تنیس و بسکتبال و غیره) در نیمه‌ی زمین خود 2- در اختیار و کنترل شخصی
* laugh (someone) out of court
مفتضح کردن،از میدان بدر کردن
* off court
در بیرون زمین بازی،در خارج
* on court
در زمین بازی،هنگام مسابقه
* out of court
1- بدون مراجعه به دادگاه (و از طریق مصالحه یا کدخدا منشی) 2- کم‌اهمیت،ناچیز
* pay court to
1- خواستگاری کردن،مهرجویی کردن،نامزد بازی کردن 2- منت کشیدن،تملق گفتن

Question 448

delicate

ger: empfindlich, fein, zart

Answer 448

US UK AU delicate [ˈdelikət]
♦ adjective
1 requiring special treatment or careful handling: delicate china; a delicate situation/problem.
حساس؛ آسیب پذیر
2 of fine texture etc ; dainty: a delicate pattern; the delicate skin of a child.
لطیف؛ دارای ظرافت و حساسیت
3 able to do fine, accurate work: a delicate instrument.
دقیق؛ حساس
4 subtle: a delicate wine; a delicate shade of blue.
خوشایند؛ ظریف
ˈdelicately
♦ adverb
.
با ظرافت؛ با دلپذیری
ˈdelicacy– plural ˈdelicacies –
♦ noun
1 the state or quality of being delicate.
حساسیت؛ ظرافت
2 something delicious and special to eat: Caviare is a delicacy.
خوشمزگی؛ خوشایندی

/del´i kit/
adj., n.
● خوشایند،دلچسب،دلپذیر،لذیذ
a delicate flavor
طعم لذیذ
a delicate odor
بوی خوش
delicate colors
رنگ‌های دلپذیر
a delicate red color
رنگ قرمز ملایم
● (ساختمان یا بافت یا کیفیت) ظریف،لطیف،نازک،نرم،پاژ،نازک سرشت،پر ریزه‌کاری
delicate cloth
پارچه‌ی نرم و نازک
a child’s delicate skin
پوست لطیف کودک
a delicate design
طرح ظریف
● موشکافانه،دارای ظرافت و حساسیت
a delicate difference
تفاوت ظریف و اندک
● زودشکن،زودآسیب،گزندپذیر،آسیب‌پذیر،حساس،نرم‌دل،علیل مزاج،زود بیمار،مافنگی
a delicate stomach
معده‌ی حساس
a delicate vase
گلدان ظریف (زود شکننده)
a delicate child
کودک رنجور
● (وضع و غیره) حساس،سرنوشت ساز،اندیش سز (سزاوار اندیشه و تعمق و مهارت)
a delicate situation
وضعیت حساس
a delicate balance of powers
موازنه‌ی دقیق نیروها
● با ملاحظه،ملاحظه‌کار،پاسگر،پایشگر،نازک‌بین
he reported the bad news as delicately as he could
او آن خبر بد را با ملاحظه کاری تمام گزارش داد.
● موشکاف،موی‌بین،زودانگیخت،پرمهارت،زود دریاب
a delicate instrument
ابزار دقیق و حساس
he has a delicate ear for music
گوش او نسبت به موسیقی حساس است.
a delicate sense of smell
حس بویایی حساس
● زودرنج،مشکل پسند،نازک نارنجی
● (قدیم) رجوع شود به: delicacy

delicate aroma
zartes Aroma
delicate flavour
feiner Geschmack
delicate features
feine Gesichtszüge
delicate china
zartes Porzellan
delicate cycle (in washing machine)
Feinwaschgang m
to strike a delicate balance
ein Gleichgewicht vorsichtig bewahren
to have a delicate stomach
einen empfindlichen Magen haben
a delicate shade of pink
ein zartes Rosa
to be in a delicate condition veraltet
in anderen Umständen sein veraltend
repairing this old watch is a very delicate operation
das Reparieren dieser alten Uhr ist eine sehr diffizile Angelegenheit
to upset [or disturb] the [delicate] balance between two things
das [empfindliche] Gleichgewicht zwischen zwei Dingen durcheinanderbringen
I have a problem of a rather delicate nature
ich habe da ein ziemlich heikles Problem
this is a very delicate situation and it needs to be handled sensitively
dies ist eine sehr heikle Situation, und man muss hier Fingerspitzengefühl beweisen

Question 449

frown

• frown upon (or on)

ger:
etw missbilligen
die Stirn runzeln

“Violent or overt power moves were frowned upon”

Answer 449

frown [fraun]
♦ verb
to make the forehead wrinkle and the eyebrows move down (as a sign of worry, disapproval, deep thought etc ): He frowned at her bad behaviour.
اخم کردن

♦ noun
such a movement of the forehead and eyebrows: a frown of disapproval.
اخم
frown on/upon
to disapprove of (something): My family frowns (up) on smoking and drinking.
ناپسند شمردن

/froun/
vi., vt., n.
● اخم کردن،ابرو در هم کشیدن،سگرمه در هم کشیدن،عبوس شدن،(با: on یا upon) با اخم نگاه کردن (به)،(مجازی) با بی میلی نگاه کردن به،ناچیز پنداشتن،از سر سیری (به چیزی) نگاه کردن،ناپسند شمردن،ناخشنودی نشان دادن
when she saw us, she frowned
وقتی ما را دید اخم کرد.
he raised his hand and frowned at his watch
دست خود را بالا آورد و با اخم به ساعتش نگاه کرد.
the natives frowned upon the way we dressed
بومیان از طرز لباس پوشیدن ما خوششان نمی‌آمد.
ten thousand dollars a month is nothing to frown at
ده هزار دلار در ماه پولی نیست که بتوان از آن چشم پوشی کرد.
● اخم
an old man with a perpetual frown
پیرمردی با اخم همیشگی
when he saw me, his frown became deeper
وقتی مرا دید اخم او ژرف‌تر شد.
● ناخشنودی،عبوسی،ترش‌رویی
* frown upon (or on)
ناپسند شمردن،ناخشنودی نشان دادن،مذموم شمردن
gambling is frowned upon in this country
در این کشور قمار را بد می‌دانند.

preoccupied frown
besorgtes Stirnrunzeln
to frown on sth
etw missbilligen
to frown severely
streng die Stirn runzeln
to put on a frown übtr
die Stirn runzeln
no frown ever disturbed his placid countenance
ruhig wie er war, verzog er nie auch nur eine Miene
she threw him a warning frown as he prepared to scold the child
sie warf ihm einen warnenden Blick zu, als er das Kind ausschimpfen wollte

Question 450

dilemma

ger: Dilemma , Zwangslage

Answer 450

dilemma [diˈlemə, ˈdailemə]
♦ noun
a position or situation giving two choices, neither pleasant: His dilemma was whether to leave the party early so as to get a lift in his friend’s car, or to stay and walk eight kilometres home.
تنگنا؛ دو راهی ناخوشایند

/di lem´ǝ, dī-/
n.
● (لزوم انتخاب یکی از دو چیز ناخوشایند) برهان ذوالحدین،احراج،قیاس دو حدی،گزین دژسویه
● تنگنا،مخمصه،معضل،وضع دشوار،دو راهی خطرناک،مخطور
our dilemma was whether to lower prices or to accept fewer sales
معضل ما این بود که اگر قیمت‌ها را کم نمی‌کردیم فروش ما کم می‌شد.
● معما
that subject gradually evolved into a dilemma
آن موضوع کم‌کم به صورت معمایی درآمد.

dilemma
noun [ C ]
UK /daɪˈlem.ə/ /dɪˈlem.ə/ US /daɪˈlem.ə/ /dɪˈlem.ə/

B2
a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do:
The president is clearly in a dilemma about/over how to tackle the crisis.
She faces the dilemma of disobeying her father or losing the man she loves.
a moral/ethical dilemma

Question 451

coercion

ger: Zwang

Answer 451

coercion
noun [ U ] formal
UK /kəʊˈɜː.ʃən/ US /koʊˈɝː.ʃən/

the use of force to persuade someone to do something that they are unwilling to do:
He claimed the police had used coercion, threats, and promises to obtain the statement illegally.

to do sth under coercion
unter Zwang handeln

Question 452

treachery

ger: Verrat m

Answer 452

treachery
noun [ U ] formal
UK /ˈtretʃ.ər.i/ US /ˈtretʃ.ɚ.i/

behaviour that deceives or is not loyal to someone who trusts you:
From his cell on board ship, the captain wrote about the treachery of his crew

a play about treachery and betrayal

Question 453

vigilance

ger: Wachsamkeit

Answer 453

vigilance
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈvɪdʒ.əl.əns/ US /ˈvɪdʒ.əl.əns/

more careful attention, especially in order to notice possible danger:
The police said that it was thanks to the vigilance of a neighbour that the fire was discovered before it could spread.

vigilance [ˈvidʒiləns]
♦ noun
watchfulness or readiness for danger: He watched her with the vigilance of a hawk.
هشیاری؛ مراقبت
ˈvigilant
♦ adjective
.
هشیار؛ مراقب

/vij´ǝ lǝns/
n.
● هشیاری،گوش به زنگی،مراقبت،مواظبت،ترصد،حراست،نگاهبانی
constant vigilance against the spread of disease

to escape sb’s vigilance
jds wachsamen Auge entgehen
to urge caution/vigilance
zur Vorsicht/Wachsamkeit mahnen
to slacken vigilance
unaufmerksam werden

Question 454

willies

ger:
sth gives sb the willies
bei etw Dat wird jdm ganz mulmig ugs

Answer 454

willie
noun (also willy)
UK /ˈwɪl.i/ US /ˈwɪl.i/
the willies [ plural ] informal

a feeling of nervousness and fear, especially caused by something strange or threatening:
Spending a night in the house alone always gives me the willies.
Seeing something in the shadows, I suddenly got the willies and ran.

sth gives sb the willies
bei etw Dat wird jdm ganz mulmig ugs
sb gets/has the willies
jdm wird ganz anders [zumute] ugs
this place gives me the willies
hier wird mir ganz mulmig zumute
I suddenly got the willies and ran away
plötzlich kriegte ich Panik und rannte weg

Question 455

boomer

ger:
Angehörige(r) f(m) der Nachkriegsgeneration

Answer 455

boomer
noun [ C ] informal
UK /ˈbuː.mər/ US /ˈbuː.mɚ/
boomer noun [C] (PERSON)

sometimes disapproving
a person born during the period between approximately 1945 and 1965 following the Second World War, when there was a baby boom (= a large increase in the number of babies born), also used to refer to an older person in general:

Many boomers are in a position to afford a second or third home.

Large numbers of boomers are suffering from hypertension, but following them will be their kids and grandkids.

Compare
baby boomerGeneration XGeneration Ymillennial

OK boomer humorous

a phrase used for replying to something said, usually by an older person, that suggests there is no use arguing with them because they do not know what they are talking about:
“Millennials expect life to be easy.”—”OK boomer.”

Question 456

martyr

ger: Märtyrer/in

Answer 456

martyr
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈmɑː.tər/ US /ˈmɑːr.t̬ɚ/

a person who suffers very much or is killed because of their religious or political beliefs, and is often admired because of it:

a Christian/Islamic/religious martyr

She fought against racism all her life and died a martyr to the cause.

martyr [ˈmaːtə]
♦ noun
1 a person who suffers death or hardship for what he or she believes: St Joan is said to have been a martyr.
فدایی
2 a person who continually suffers from a disease, difficulty etc : She is a martyr to rheumatism.
جانباز

♦ verb
to put (someone) to death or cause (him) to suffer greatly for his beliefs: Saint Joan was martyred by the English.
شهید شدن
ˈmartyrdom
♦ noun
the suffering or death of a martyr.
شهید

/märt´ǝr/
n., vt.
● شهید
anyone who dies for his faith and ideas is considered a martyr
هر کسی که به خاطر ایمان و عقیده‌ی خود کشته شود شهید محسوب می‌شود.
the martyrs of Islam
شهدای اسلام
● (معمولا مزاح آمیز) کسی که راحتی و منافع خود را فدای دیگران می‌کند (معمولا به خاطر جلب توجه و همدردی)
she cleans our shoes every night because she enjoys being a martyr
او هر شب کفش‌های ما را تمیز می‌کند چون دوست دارد خود را مظلوم جلوه دهد.
to make a martyr of oneself
به خود ستم روا داشتن
● (خودمانی - پیش از: to) درد کشیدن،رنج بردن،ستم کشیدن
she is a martyr to her rheumatism
او از رماتیسم رنج می‌برد.
● شهید کردن
to be martyred
شهید شدن
they martyred him for his beliefs
او را به خاطر عقایدش شهید کردند.
● شکنجه کردن،ستم روا داشتن،تحت آزار و شکنجه قرار دادن

to die a martyr
den Märtyrertod sterben
leftist hero/martyr
Held(in) m (f) /Märtyrer(in) m (f) der Linken
to be a martyr to arthritis übtr
fürchterlich unter Arthritis leiden
to make a martyr of sb
jdn zum Märtyrer/zur Märtyrerin machen
to make a martyr of oneself übtr
sich Akk zum Märtyrer/zur Märtyrerin stilisieren geh
to act the fool/innocent/martyr
den Idioten/Unschuldigen/Märtyrer spielen

Question 457

terminate

Answer 457

terminate
verb [ I/T ] fml
US /ˈtɜr·məˌneɪt/

to end or stop, or to cause something to end or stop:
[ I ] Trains that used to terminate in Hoboken now run into New York.
[ T ] It sounded like she was trying to terminate the conversation.

An employee who is terminated no longer has a job:
[ T ] Employees can be terminated if they miss too many days of work without good reason.
termination

noun [ C/U ] US /ˌtɜr·məˈneɪ·ʃən/
[ U ] The contract provides for termination after two years.

termination
noun
UK /ˌtɜː.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌtɝː.məˈneɪ.ʃən/
termination noun (ENDING)

terminate [ˈtəːmineit]
♦ verb
to bring or come to an end or limit: She terminated the conversation.
پایان دادن
termiˈnation
♦ noun
.
پایان

/tu_r´mǝ nāt´/
vt., vi.
● پایان دادن یا یافتن،خاتمه دادن یا یافتن،فرجامیدن،به اتمام رساندن یا رسیدن
to terminate a conference
کنفرانس را به پایان رساندن
his heart attack terminated the interview
سکته‌ی قلبی او،مصاحبه را خاتمه داد.
the fight terminated with his victory
مشت‌بازی با پیروزی او به پایان رسید.
this railway terminates in Kerman
این خط آهن در کرمان خاتمه می‌یابد.
● به خدمت کسی خاتمه دادن،(از خدمت) منفصل کردن
he was terminated last year
پارسال به خدمت او خاتمه دادند.
● متوقف کردن
● منقضی شدن

[ U ] formal
the act of ending something or the end of something:
The termination of the bus service was a severe blow to many villagers.

to terminate a pregnancy
eine Schwangerschaft abbrechen
to terminate a contract
einen Vertrag aufheben
this train will terminate at the next stop
der nächste Bahnhof ist Endstation

Question 458

deceased

ger: verstorben

Answer 458

deceased
noun [ C ] formal
UK /dɪˈsiːst/ US /dɪˈsiːst/
plural the deceased
the deceased

C2
a person who has recently died:
The deceased shot her mother before killing herself.
Five of the deceased were employed by the club.

deceased [diˈsiːst]
♦ adjective
dead: His parents, now deceased, were very wealthy.
مرده؛ مرحوم
the deceased
in law, the dead person already mentioned, especially one who has recently died: Were you a friend of the deceased?
متوفی؛ مرحوم

/dē sēst´, di-/
adj.
● مرده،متوفی،مرحوم
the house belongs to one deceased brother and two living sisters
خانه،متعلق به یک برادر مرحوم و دو خواهر در قید حیات است.
* the deceased
(بیشتر حقوقی و در مورد شخص تازه مرده) متوفی،مرحوم
the deceased has two sons and three daughters
آن مرحوم دو پسر و سه دختر دارد.

recently deceased
kürzlich verstorben
thereinafter referred to as the deceased
im Folgenden als der/die Verstorbene bezeichnet

Question 459

notwithstanding

ger: notwithstanding
ungeachtet +Gen / nichtsdestoweniger

Answer 459

notwithstanding
preposition, adverb formal
UK /ˌnɒt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/ US /ˌnɑːt.wɪðˈstæn.dɪŋ/

C1
despite the fact or thing mentioned:

Notwithstanding some members’ objections, I think we must go ahead with the plan.

Injuries notwithstanding, the team won the semifinal.

notwithstanding [notwiðˈstandiŋ]
♦ preposition
in spite of: Notwithstanding the bad weather, the ship arrived on time.
باوجود اينکه؛ على رغم

/nāt´with stan´ diŋ/
prep., conj., adv.
● علیرغم،با وجود،به رغم
he flew on, notwithstanding the storm
با وجود طوفان به پرواز ادامه داد.
he continues his criticism, government threats notwithstanding
علی‌رغم تهدیدهای دولت،او به انتقاد خود ادامه می‌دهد.
● با این وجود،با همه‌ی این‌ها،به هر حال
he should have been told notwithstanding
با این حال بایستی به او اطلاع داده می‌شد.
● گرچه،هرچند،گواینکه،باآنکه
he was still unknown, notwithstanding he had lived here many years
گرچه سال‌ها اینجا زندگی کرده بود هنوز هم کسی او را نمی‌شناخت.

Question 460

pact

ger:
Pakt m / Bündnis

Answer 460

US UK AU pact [pӕkt]
♦ noun
an agreement, especially if formal and/or between the representatives of nations: They made a pact to help each other.
پیمان

/pakt/
n.
● معاهده،پیمان،سامه
a pact made between two nations
پیمانی که میان دو ملت بسته شده است
a non-aggression pact
پیمان عدم تجاوز
● عهد،قول و قرار
the pact we made with you is never to be broken
عهدی که با تو بستیم هرگز شکستنی نیست
we made a pact not to tell our secret to anyone
عهد کردیم که راز خود را به کسی نگوییم.

quadripartite pact
Viererpakt m
Stability and Growth Pact EU
Stabilitäts- und Wachstumspakt m
Lib-Lab pact
Parteibündnis zwischen den Liberalen und der Labourpartei in den 70er Jahren
non-aggression pact
Nichtangriffspakt m
this pact is for ever
dieser Pakt gilt für immer und ewig
to have a suicide pact
gemeinsamen Selbstmord verabredet haben

Question 461

copulate

ger: kopulieren

Answer 461

copulate
verb [ I ] formal
UK /ˈkɒp.jə.leɪt/ US /ˈkɑː.pjə.leɪt/

to have sex

copulation
noun [ U ] formal
UK /ˌkɒp.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌkɑː.pjəˈleɪ.ʃən/

the act of having sex:

The carvings often feature elaborate scenes of copulation.

Among grey seals, copulation may occur either on land or in the water.

copulate
kopulieren geh
copulate
sich Akk paaren

ger:

Bedeutungen:

[1] von Tieren: den Geschlechtsakt vollziehen; im abwertendem Sinne auch von Menschen
[2] altertümlich: zu Mann und Frau erklären (auch: copuli[e]ren)
[3] Botanik: ein Gehölz mit einem etwa gleich dicken Edelreis veredeln
Herkunft:

lateinisch: copulāre → la
Sinnverwandte Wörter:

[1] sich paaren; transitiv, Männchen das Weibchen: begatten, bespringen, besteigen
[1] siehe auch: WikiSaurus:koitieren
[2] vermählen, trauen
[3] pfropfen
Gegenwörter:

[3] okulieren
Oberbegriffe:

[3] veredeln
Unterbegriffe:

[1] Hunde, Katzen, Kaninchen: hecken, heckern; Hasen, Kaninchen: rammeln
zu begatten: Haustiere: decken; Geflügel: treten; Pferde: beschälen; Schalenwild: nageln
Beispiele:

[1] Fast wäre ich über zwei kopulierende Hunde gestolpert.
[2] Johann Müller, ein Zeugmacher, ist heute mit der Schneiderin Maria Roswitha Müllerin, geb. Lehmann, zweiter eheleiblicher Tochter des Ehren wohl geachten Bürgermeisters zu … nach 3-mahliger Proclamation in der Kirche zu … copulieret worden. (hist.)
[3] An dieser Stelle wurde der Baum kopuliert.
Wortbildungen:

Kopulation

Question 462

lobotomy

ger: Lobotomie

Answer 462

lobotomy
noun [ C ]
UK /ləˈbɒt.ə.mi/ US /ləˈbɑː.t̬ə.mi/

a medical operation in which cuts are made in or near the front part of the brain, used in the past for the treatment of severe mental problems

lobotomy
Lobotomie m
lobotomy
Leukotomie f

Question 462

catatonic

ger:
katatonisch

Answer 462

catatonic
adjective
UK /ˌkæt.əˈtɒn.ɪk/ US /ˌkæt̬.əˈtɑː.nɪk/

If someone is catatonic, they are stiff and not moving or reacting, as if dead.

Question 463

coast
seacoast

shore
seashore

ger: Küste, Strand

Answer 463

coast [kəust]
♦ noun
the side or border of land next to the sea: The coast was very rocky.
ساحل

♦ verb
to travel downhill (in a vehicle, on a bicycle etc ) without the use of any power such as the engine or pedalling: He coasted for two miles after the car ran out of petrol.
پایین رفتن؛ لیز خوردن
ˈcoastal
♦ adjective
of or near the coast: a coastal town.
ساحلی
ˈcoaster
♦ noun
1 a vessel that sails along near the coast.
کشتی کرانه رو
2 a small mat for putting under a drinking-glass etc .
زیر لیوانی
ˈcoastguard
♦ noun
a person or group of people, employed to watch the coast for smugglers, ships in distress etc .
گارد ساحلی

coast
noun [ C ]
US /koʊst/
coast noun [C] (LAND)

the land next to or close to the sea:
We lived on the southeast coast of Florida.

coast to coast

(also coast-to-coast)
from one side of the country to the other:
We travelled across America coast to coast.

mainly US (also coast-to-coast)
in every part of a country:
The visiting politician received coast-to-coast media attention.

US informal (also coast-to-coast)
in sports such as basketball, from one side of the playing area to the other:
He went coast-to-coast to beat them at the buzzer.

🤣 shore [ʃoː]
♦ noun

land bordering on the sea or on any large area of water: a walk along the shore; When the ship reached Gibraltar the passengers were allowed on shore.
ساحل

shore
noun
UK /ʃɔːr/ US /ʃɔːr/

B1 [ C or U ]
the land along the edge of a sea, lake, or wide river:
You can walk for miles along the shore.
The boat was about a mile from/off (the) shore when the engine suddenly died.

[ˈsēˌSHôr]
noun - seashore
ساحل دریا: seashore, seacoast

/-shôr´/
n.
● کرانه،دریا کنار،ساحل
she sells seashells by the seashore
او در کنار دریا گوش‌ماهی می‌فروشد.
● (حقوق) بخشی از کرانه که میان حد جزر و مد قرار دارد

Question 464

hatch

ger:Luke, Klappe

“Tinbergen noticed that newly hatched chicks would peck this spot whenever they wanted food”

Answer 464

hatch
verb
UK /hætʃ/ US /hætʃ/
hatch verb (EGG)

[ I or T ]
to (cause an egg to) break in order to allow a young animal to come out

hatch verb (PLAN)

[ T ]
to make a plan, especially a secret plan:
He hatched a plot to forge documents that would embarrass the company.

an opening through a wall, floor, etc., or the cover for it:
an escape hatch
a serving hatch

hatch1 [hӕtʃ]
♦ noun
(the door or cover of) an opening in a wall, floor, ship’s deck etc : There are two hatches between the kitchen and dining-room for serving food.
دريچه
ˈhatchway
♦ noun
an opening, especially in a ship’s deck.
دریچه

cargo hatch
Ladeluke f
to hatch a plot
einen Plan aushecken
to hatch an egg
ein Ei ausbrüten
down the hatch!
runter damit!
she slid the hatch open
sie schob die Luke auf
the eggs have started to hatch
die Küken haben begonnen zu schlüpfen

Question 465

peck

ger: piken..

Answer 465

peck
verb [ I/T ]
US /pek/

(of a bird) to hit, bite, or pick up something with the beak

peck
noun [ C ]
US /pek/

A peck is also a quick kiss:
Aunt Velma gave me a peck on the cheek

peck [pek]
♦ verb
1 (of birds) to strike or pick up with the beak, usually in order to eat: The birds pecked at the corn; The bird pecked his hand.
نوک زدن
2 to eat very little: She just pecks (at) her food.
کم خوردن
3 to kiss quickly and briefly: She pecked her mother on the cheek.
بوسیدن

♦ noun
1 a tap or bite with the beak: The bird gave him a painful peck on the hand.
ضربه نوک
2 a brief kiss: a peck on the cheek.
بوس
ˈpeckish
♦ adjective
rather hungry: I feel a bit peckish.
گرسنه

to peck a hole
ein Loch picken
to peck around
herumpicken
to peck at one’s typewriter
in die Tasten hämmern
to peck at one’s food
in seinem Essen herumstochern
to peck sb on the cheek
jdn flüchtig auf die Wange küssen
to have a peck of troubles
in großen Schwierigkeiten stecken
to give sb/sth a peck
nach jdm/etw hacken
to give sb a peck [on the cheek]
jdn flüchtig [auf die Wange] küssen

Question 466

attach

• to attach importance to

ger: etw [an etw Dat ] befestigen
to attach oneself to sb
sich Akk jdm anschließen
etw Dat Bedeutung beimessen
no blame attaches to you
dich trifft keine Schuld

“they pecked away just as if it were attached to their own mother”

Answer 466

attach [əˈtӕtʃ]
♦ verb
to fasten or join: I attached a label to my bag.
چسباندن؛ وصل کردن
atˈtached
♦ adjective
(with to ) fond of: I’m very attached to my brother.
دلبسته
atˈtachment
♦ noun
1 something extra attached: There are several attachments for this food-mixer.
مخلفات؛ ضمائم
2 (with for/to ) liking or affection: I feel attachment for this town.
دلبستگی به

to fasten or join one thing to something else:
attach sth to sth I attached a note to the report and left it in his office.

IT
to connect a piece of computer equipment to another:
attach sth to sth Use this cable to attach the printer to the computer.
The client software can be stored on one central computer that is attached to the network.

IT, COMMUNICATIONS
to send a document, picture, etc. with an email or letter:
I attach a copy of this month’s report which includes figures for the last quarter.

/ǝ tach´/
vt., vi.
● چسباندن،بستن به،پیوستن،الصاق کردن،وصل کردن،دوسیدن،دوسانیدن
a book on the cover of which a picture had been attached
کتابی که روی جلد آن عکس چسبانده شده بود
a wooden table with benches attached to it
میز چوبی با نیمکت‌هایی که به آن متصل هستند
to attach oneself to
خود را وصل کردن یا چسباندن به
● دلبستگی پیدا کردن
gradually, he became attached to his nurse
به تدریج نسبت به پرستار خود دلبستگی پیدا کرد.
● (امضا یا مهر یا تبصره و غیره) افزودن
please attach your signature here
لطفا اینجا را امضا کنید.
● قائل شدن
I attach great importance to this news
اهمیت زیادی برای این خبر قایلم.
● ناشی از
the advantages that attach to wealth
مزایای وابسته به ثروت
● (حقوق) ضبط کردن (ملک به دستور دادگاه)،توقیف کردن،حکم توقیف ملک صادر کردن
● (ارتش) موقتا به یگان دیگری منتقل کردن (سربازان یا رسته‌ها)،زیر امر قرار دادن
* to attach importance to
اهمیت دادن به،اهمیت قایل شدن

to attach a label (sticker)
einen Aufkleber aufkleben
to attach weight to sth
etw Dat Bedeutung beimessen
to attach value to sth
auf etw Akk Wert legen
to attach exaggerated importance to sth
etw Dat übertriebene Aufmerksamkeit schenken
to attach special significance to sth
etw Dat besondere Bedeutung beimessen
to attach importance to sth/doing sth
etw Dat Bedeutung beimessen
to attach certain conditions to sth
bestimmte Bedingungen an etw Akk knüpfen
to attach importance [or significance] to sth
etw Dat Bedeutung beimessen
to give [or attach] credence to sth
etw Dat Glauben schenken
I don’t attach much weight to his opinions
mir ist es relativ egal, was er denkt

Question 467

to take place

ger: stattfinden

The Olympic Games
take place every four years.

Answer 467

take place
idiom

to happen:
The story takes place in the 18th century.

Question 468

consist

ger: consist of
bestehen aus

Answer 468

US UK AU consist [kənˈsist]
♦ verb
(with of ) to be composed or made up: The house consists of six rooms.
متشکل بودن از
conˈsistency1
♦ noun
the degree of thickness or firmness: of the consistency of dough.
استحکام

/kǝn sist´/
vi.
● (با: of) داشتن،دارا بودن،متشکل بودن از،مشتمل بودن بر
water consists of hydrogen and oxygen
آب از هیدروژن و اکسیژن تشکیل شده است.
● (با: in) عبارت بود از،بستگی داشتن به،منوط بودن به،مبتنی بودن بر
wisedom does not consist only in knowing facts
خردمندی فقط به دانستن واقعیات نیست.
● (با: with) جور بودن با،توافق داشتن
his claim consists with facts
ادعای او با واقعیات مطابقت دارد.
● (قدیمی) وجود داشتن،بودن

Question 469

standoffish

ger:
reserviert

Answer 469

standoffish
adjective informal disapproving
UK /ˌstændˈɒf.ɪʃ/ US /ˌstændˈɑː.fɪʃ/

behaving in a slightly unfriendly and too formal way

کناره گیر: retiring, aloof, standoffish

Question 470

assess

ger: etw einschätzen [o. beurteilen]

Answer 470

assess [əˈses]
♦ verb
1 to estimate or judge the quality or quantity of: Can you assess my chances of winning?
برآورد کردن؛ ارزیابی کردن
2 to estimate in order to calculate tax due on: My income has been assessed wrongly.
مالیات بستن
asˈsessment
♦ noun
.
ارزیابی
asˈsessor
♦ noun
.
ارزیاب

/ǝ ses´/
vt.
● برآورد کردن،ارزیابی کردن،مالیات بستن،تقویم کردن
they assessed the amount of taxes due
مبلغ مالیات قابل پرداخت را برآورد کردند.
nobody could assess the real value of the old book
هیچکس نتوانست ارزش واقعی کتاب قدیمی را برآورد کند.
● بررسی کردن،سنجیدن،بر انداز کردن
they tried to assess the country’s economic situation
کوشیدند وضع اقتصادی کشور را ارزیابی کنند.

assess
verb [ T ]
UK /əˈses/ US /əˈses/

B2
to judge or decide the amount, value, quality, or importance of something:
The insurers will need to assess the flood damage.
They assessed the cost of the flood damage at £2,500.
Exams are not the only means of assessing a student’s ability.
It’s too early to assess the long-term consequences of the two countries’ union.
[ + question word ] We need to assess whether the project is worth doing.

to rightly assess sth
etw richtig einschätzen
to assess damage
einen Schaden schätzen
to assess damages at €1,000
die Schäden auf €1.000 schätzen
to assess [sth] by arbitrage JUR
[etw] arbitrieren
to assess the cost of sth
die Kosten für etw Akk veranschlagen
to assess the value of sth
den Wert einer S. Gen schätzen
it’s difficult to assess how they’ll react to our suggestions
man kann nicht voraussagen, wie sie unsere Vorschläge aufnehmen werden

Question 471

arbitrage

ger: arbitrieren / Arbitrage

Answer 471

arbitrage
noun [ U ] STOCK MARKET
UK /ˌɑːbɪˈtrɑːʒ/ US /ˈɑːrbɪtrɑːʒ/

the practice of buying something, such as shares or currency, in one place and selling them in another where you can get a higher price at the same time:

arbitrage buying/selling Traders said a rise in the peso’s value made Mexican share prices more expensive compared with shares sold in New York and sparked some arbitrage selling.

The importance of computers is that arbitrage opportunities can be quickly spotted and capitalized upon.

arbitrage margin
internationales Zinsgefälle
arbitrage syndicate
Arbitragekonsortium nt
arbitrage stocks
Arbitragewerte pl
risk arbitrage Am
Risikoarbitrage f
arbitrage in bullion
Goldarbitrage f
to assess [sth] by arbitrage JUR
[etw] arbitrieren

ger:

Bedeutungen:

[1] Wirtschaft: Ausnutzung von Preisunterschieden für ein und dasselbe Gut
Herkunft:

von französisch arbitrage → fr, von lateinisch arbitratus → la „Gutdünken, freie Wahl, freies Ermessen“
Beispiele:

[1] Man kann bei Geschäften mit der Arbitrage oft nur mit einer ausgesprochen geringen Gewinnspanne rechnen.
Wortbildungen:

Arbitrageur, Arbitragefreiheit

🤣 arbitrieren

Bedeutungen:

[1] Börse, Finanzwesen: ein Geschäft dadurch machen, dass man Kursunterschiede an den Börsen ausnutzt
[2] als Schiedsrichter/Vermittler (Arbiter) tätig sein
[3] veraltet: durch Schätzen ermitteln
Herkunft:

vom Substantiv Arbiter mit -ier und der Verb-Endung -en
Synonyme:

[3] schätzen, überschlagen, veranschlagen
Unterbegriffe:

[2] superarbitrieren
Beispiele:

[1] „Im Getreidehandel bietet die Ortsarbitrage noch am ehesten die Gelegenheit, ohne spekulatives Risiko zu arbitrieren.“[1]
[2] „Beim Anerbieten, zwischen mehreren Nationen zu arbitrieren - so berichtet Richard Miller in seiner Hammarskjöld-Biographie - bedurfte Mr. Hammarskjöld der sorgfältigen Beachtung zweier Umstände: […].“[2]
[3] „Vielmehr ist für jede einzelne Lehrerstelle das nach den individuellen Verhältnissen des Ortes und der besonderen Amtsstellung zur angemessenen Sustentation des Lehrers erforderliche Normaleinkommen zu arbitrieren.“ (1874)[3]
Wortbildungen:

Arbitrage, Arbitration, Arbitrator

Question 472

eager / overeager

ger: eifrig/ übereifrig

Answer 472

eager
adjective
UK /ˈiː.ɡər/ US /ˈiː.ɡɚ/

B2
wanting very much to do or have something, especially something interesting or enjoyable:

the children’s eager faces

[ + to infinitive ] She sounded very eager to meet you.

They crowded around the spokesperson, eager for any news.

jective [ not gradable ]
US /ˈi·ɡər/

having or showing desire or interest:
Lots of eager volunteers responded to the appeal for help.

eager [ˈiːgə]
♦ adjective
full of desire, interest etc ; keen; enthusiastic: He is always eager to win.
مشتاق؛ راغب
ˈeagerness
♦ noun
.
شوق؛ رغبت
ˈeagerly
♦ adverb
.
با رغبت؛ با بی قراری

Question 473

desperate

ge: to be desperate for sth
etw dringendst brauchen

verzweifelt

desperate to please

Answer 473

desperate
adjective
UK /ˈdes.pər.ət/ US /ˈdes.pɚ.ət/
desperate adjective (SERIOUS)

C2
very serious or bad:
desperate poverty
a desperate shortage of food/supplies
The situation is desperate - we have no food, very little water and no medical supplies.

very great or extreme:
The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help.
He has a desperate desire to succeed.
informal I’m in a desperate hurry.

desperate adjective (WANTING)

B2 [ usually after verb ]
needing or wanting something very much:
They are desperate for help.
UK humorous I’m desperate for a drink!
[ + to infinitive ] UK humorous He was desperate to tell someone his good news.

desperate [ˈdespərət]
♦ adjective
1 (sometimes used loosely ) despairingly reckless or violent: She was desperate to get into university; a desperate criminal.
مایوس؛ دست از جان کشیده
2 very bad or almost hopeless: We are in a desperate situation.
ناامید کننده؛ یأس آور
3 urgent and despairing: He made a desperate appeal for help.
مبرم؛ شدید
ˈdesperately
♦ adverb
.
ناامیدانه؛ شدیداً
ˌdespeˈration
♦ noun
In desperation we asked the police for help.
ناامیدی؛ ناچاری

/des´pǝr it/
adj.
● نومیدانه،از روی استیصال،از روی ناچاری،از روی ناگزیری،از روی درماندگی،مذبوحانه
a mother’s desperate attempts to revive her dead child
کوشش‌های مذبوحانه‌ی مادر برای احیای فرزند مرده‌اش
● نومید کننده،یاس آور
the situation was desperate and England stood alone against Hitler
وضعیت نومید کننده بود و انگلیس تنها در مقابل هیتلر ایستادگی می‌کرد.
● از جان گذشته،دست از جان شسته،خطرناک
hunger had made them so desperate that they would not flinch at anything
گرسنگی آنقدر جان آنها را به لب آورده بود که از هیچ کاری روگردان نبودند.
a desperate criminal
بزهکار از جان گذشته
● شدیدا نیازمند یا متمایل،تشنه‌ی چیزی
to be desperate for affection
تشنه‌ی محبت بودن
he was desperately in love with my sister
او سخت عاشق خواهرم بود.
the old woman was desperate for money
پیرزن سخت محتاج پول بود.
● وخیم،شدید،یاس‌انگیز،نومیدگر،حاد،مبرم
a desperate illness
بیماری وخیم
the country’s desperate need for reforms
نیاز مبرم کشور به اصلاحات
desperate poverty
فقر نومید کننده
desperate diseases must have desperate cures
بیماری‌های شدید نیاز به درمان جدی دارند
● نا امیدوار،نومید،مایوس
● بی‌تاب،هلاک،بی‌طاقت،مستاصل

desperate attempt
verzweifelter Versuch
desperate poverty
äußerste Armut
desperate situation
verzweifelte Lage
desperate solution
drastische Lösung
I’m in a desperate hurry
ich hab’s wahnsinnig eilig ugs
I’m desperate for a drink!
ich brauche jetzt schleunigst was zu trinken! ugs
to be in desperate straits
in extremen Schwierigkeiten stecken ugs
Kate was desperate for a piddle
Kate musste ganz dringend ugs
to be in desperate/dire straits
sich Akk in einer verzweifelten/schlimmen Notlage befinden
to be in desperate need of help
dringendst Hilfe brauchen
I was in desperate need of some reassurance
ich brauchte dringend etwas, das mir den Rücken stärkte
he put up a desperate struggle before his murder
er hatte sich verzweifelt zur Wehr gesetzt, bevor er ermordet wurde
the substitution of Smith by Brown was a last desperate attempt to save the match
Smith gegen Brown auszuwechseln war ein letzter, verzweifelter Versuch, das Spiel zu retten
he is getting desperate enough to take any job that turns up
er ist allmählich so verzweifelt, dass er bereit ist, jede Arbeit anzunehmen, die sich ihm bietet
these days it’s a desperate struggle just to keep my head above water
im Moment kämpfe ich ums nackte Überleben

Question 474

possess

ger: etw. besitzen / über etw. verfügen

Answer 474

possess [pəˈzes]
♦ verb
to own or have: How much money does he possess?
دارا بودن؛ داشتن
posˈsession [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 something which is owned by a person, country etc : She lost all her possessions in the fire.
دارایی
2 the state of possessing.
مالکیت
posˈsessive [-siv]
♦ adjective
1 showing that someone or something possesses an object etc : Yours', mine’, his', hers’, theirs' are possessive pronouns; your’, my', his’, `their’ are possessive adjectives.
ملکی
2 acting as though things and people are one’s personal possessions: a possessive mother.
تملک گرای
posˈsessively
♦ adverb
.
بطور ملکی
posˈsessiveness
♦ noun
.
تملک گرایی
posˈsessor
♦ noun
He is the proud possessor of a new car.
مالک

/pǝ zes´/
vt.
● مالک بودن،دارا بودن،داشتن،در تملک داشتن،برخوردار بودن،واجد بودن
he possessed not only power but also great wealth
او نه تنها قدرت داشت بلکه دارای ثروت زیادی هم بود.
he gave everything he possessed to his son
همه‌ی مایملک خود را به پسرش داد.
to possess knowledge and wisdom
از دانش و عقل برخوردار بودن
he does not possess the necessary courage
شجاعت لازم را ندارد.
● دانستن
he possessed several languages besides his native tongue
او علاوه بر زبان مادری به چند زبان دیگر مسلط بود.
● مستولی شدن،تحت نفوذ گرفتن،تحت تاثیر قرار دادن
he was possessed by jealousy
حسادت وجودش را تسخیر کرده بود.
the idea of conquering the world had possessed him
فکر تسخیر جهان هم و غم او شده بود.
utterly possessed by her charm, he proposed marriage
چون کاملا تحت تاثیر زیبایی او قرار گرفته بود پیشنهاد ازدواج کرد.
● (با زن) جماع کردن،(زن را) تصرف کردن
● (معمولا با: of) در اختیار کسی گذاشتن
he possessed me of the information I needed
اطلاعاتی را که لازم داشتم در اختیارم گذاشت.
● (قدیمی) به دست آوردن،گرفتن

Question 475

shut

• shut down
• shut in
• shut of
• shut off
• shut out
• shut up

Answer 475

shut [ʃat]– present participle ˈshutting : past tense, past participle shut –
♦ verb
1 to move (a door, window, lid etc ) so that it covers or fills an opening; to move (a drawer, book etc ) so that it is no longer open: Shut that door, please!; Shut your eyes and don’t look.
بستن
2 to become closed: The window shut with a bang.
تعطيل شدن
3 to close and usually lock (a building etc ) eg at the end of the day or when people no longer work there: The shops all shut at half past five; There’s a rumour that the factory is going to be shut.
تعطيل كردن
4 to keep in or out of some place or keep away from someone by shutting something: The dog was shut inside the house.
محبوس شدن

♦ adjective
closed.
تعطيل
shut down(of a factory etc ) to close or be closed, for a time or permanently: There is a rumour going round that the factory is going to (be) shut down (nounˈshut-down )
.
تعطيل شئن
shut off
1 to stop an engine working, a liquid flowing etc : I’ll need to shut the gas off before I repair the fire.
خاموش كردن ؛ قطع كردن
2 to keep away (from); to make separate (from): He shut himself off from the rest of the world.
جدا نگه داشتن
shut up
1 to (cause to) stop speaking: Tell them to shut up!; That’ll shut him up!
ساكت شدن
2 to close and lock: It’s time to shut up the shop.
تعطيل كردن

• She shut the door.
  او در را بست.
• Just shut up and get on with your work!
  خفشو و برو پی کارت !
• Why don’t you shut up?
  چرا خفه نمی شی
• You should keep your mouth shut.
  تو باید دهنت رو بسته نگاه داری

/shut/
adj., n., vi., vt.
● بستن
Mehri shut her eyes
مهری چشمانش را بست.
Julie shut the book and got up
جولی کتاب را بست و از جا برخاست.
please shut the door
لطفا در را ببندید.
● مسدود کردن،گرفتن،کیپ کردن
I shut the hole with a piece of cloth
سوراخ را با یک تکه پارچه مسدود کردم.
shut the bottle top tightly
در بطری را کیپ کن.
● از رفت و آمد جلوگیری کردن،عبور و مرور را قطع کردن
● محبوس کردن،زندانی کردن
the bird is shut in a cage
پرنده در قفس گرفتار است.
they shut him in a dungeon
او را در دخمه‌ای زندانی کردند.
● تعطیل کردن
the factory has been shut for two years
دو سال است که کارخانه تعطیل شده‌است.
● بسته،مسدود،تعطیل
a shut window
پنجره‌ی بسته
● عمل بستن،بسته بودن،انسداد
* shut down
1- بستن،تعطیل
they shut down universities for two years
دانشگاه‌ها را دو سال تعطیل کردند.

2- (ابر یا تاریکی یا مه و غیره) فراگرفتن 3- (کامپیوتر) خاموش کردن
* shut in
محاصره کردن،دور (چیزی را) گرفتن،احاطه کردن
* shut of
(محلی) خلاص (از شر چیزی)،رها
* shut off
1- منزوی کردن،جدا کردن 2- (لوله یا شیر یا مجرا) مسدود کردن،بستن
* shut out
(صدا یا منظره و غیره) سد کردن،جلوگیری کردن،راه ندادن،(ورزش) امتیاز ندادن
* shut up
1- زندانی کردن،حبس کردن 2- (راه یا در و غیره) مسدود کردن،بستن 3- (عامیانه) حرف نزدن،دهان فروبستن،مانع صحبت یا بیان‌شدن 4- (به صورت امر) خفه شو!،ساکت‌!

shut curtains
zugezogene Vorhänge
shut it! ugs!
Klappe! sl
shut-down/shut-off valve
Schließ-/Sperrventil nt
a shut in feeling
ein Gefühl nt des Eingesperrtseins [o. der Enge]
to feel shut in
sich Akk eingesperrt fühlen
do shut up, Sarah
halte bloß deinen Mund, Sarah
with one’s eyes shut ugs
blind
to snap sth shut book
etw zuklappen
to shut off funds
Geldmittel sperren
to shut off signals
Signale verhindern
to shut off streets
Straßen sperren
oh, shut your trap!
ach, halt’s Maul! derb
to shut out pain
Schmerz ausschalten
to shut up shop übtr (stop business)
seine Tätigkeit einstellen
shut the fuck up!
halt verdammt noch mal das Maul! derb
the window slammed shut
das Fenster schlug zu
to shut a book
ein Buch zuklappen

Question 476

step out

ger:
[kurz] weggehen / ausschreiten
to step out with sb
mit jdm ausgehen

I was cycling home yesterday
when a man stepped out into the
road in front of me.

Answer 476

step out
phrasal verb with step verb [ I always + adv/prep ]
US /step/
-pp-
-pp-

to leave a place, esp. for a short time:
Mr. Taylor just stepped out of the office to get the mail.

to step out of line
sich Akk danebenbenehmen ugs
the government is clearly out of step with voters
die Anliegen der Regierung und die der Wähler liegen offensichtlich meilenweit auseinander

Question 477

wash up

ger: abspülen/ abwaschen

washing-up

Last night I dropped a plate when I was doing the washing up.

Answer 477

wash (something) up
phrasal verb with wash verb
UK /wɒʃ/ US /wɑːʃ/

A2 UK
to clean the plates, pans, and other things that you have used for cooking and eating:
He washed up his mug and put it back on the shelf.
More examples

I just need to wash up these dishes.

I washed up all the plates.

to wash your hands, especially before a meal:

Go wash up - your dinner’s ready.

wash-up
noun [ C ] UK
UK /ˈwɒʃ.ʌp/ US /ˈwɑːʃ.ʌp/

a discussion after an event in which people talk about what happened, what could have been done better, etc.:

The wash-up of his failed campaign will be done in the months to come.

There will be a full wash-up to see if we could have picked it up earlier.

washing-up
noun [ U ] UK
UK /ˌwɒʃ.ɪŋˈʌp/ US /ˌwɑːʃ.ɪŋˈʌp/

A2
the act of cleaning plates, pans, glasses, knives, forks, etc. after a meal, or the objects needing to be washed:

You do the washing-up and I’ll do the drying.

There’s an enormous pile of washing-up in the sink.

to do the washing-up
den Abwasch machen
if you do the washing up, …
wenn du abspülst, …
will somebody stay behind to help with the washing-up?
bleibt noch jemand da und hilft beim Abwasch?
he never lifts a finger when it comes to cooking or washing up
er kümmert sich überhaupt nicht um Kochen und Abspülen

to wash up ⇆ sth sea
etw anspülen [o. anschwemmen]

Question 478

fare

ger:
Fahrpreis m / Fahrkarte

Answer 478

fare
noun
UK /feər/ US /fer/
fare noun (PAYMENT)

B1 [ C ]
the money that you pay for a journey in a vehicle such as a bus or train:
Train fares are going up again.

fare [feə]
♦ noun
1 the price of a journey on a train, bus, ship etc : He hadn’t enough money for his bus fare.
کرایه؛ پول بلیط
2 a paying passenger in a hired vehicle, especially in a taxi: The taxi-driver was asked by the police where her last fare got out.
مسافر

/fer/
n., vi.
● (شعر قدیم) رفتن،سفر کردن
he fared into the marshes
به مرداب‌ها می‌رفت.
● روی دادن،اتفاق افتادن،به سر کسی آمدن
how did it fare with him?
چه بسرش آمد؟
how are the lambs faring?
گوسفندان چطورند؟
● انجام شدن یا دادن،صورت گرفتن
he fared well on his trip
سفرش خوب انجام شد.
● خوردن،خوراک به دست آوردن،تغذیه کردن
the prisoners fared plainly : bread and cheese
زندانیان خوراک ساده می‌خوردند : نان و پنیر
● (تاکسی و اتوبوس و ترن و هواپیما و غیره) پول کرایه،پول بلیط
what is the bus fare to Kashan?
کرایه‌ی اتوبوس تا کاشان چقدر است‌؟
● (تاکسی و اتوبوس و غیره) مسافر،آورزگر
● خوراک (روزانه)،قوت،روزی
the fare in this restaurant
خوراک این رستوران
our fare consisted of bread and onions
خوراک ما عبارت بود از نان و پیاز.
● (قدیمی) وضعیت،چگونگی

family fare
Familienpreis m
full fare
voller Fahrpreis
fare evasion
Schwarzfahren nt
excess fare
Zuschlag m
reduced fare
ermäßigter Fahrpreis
to dodge the fare
schwarzfahren
traditional British fare
traditionelle britische Küche
to fare badly/well
schlecht/gut ergehen
single/return fare
einfaches Billet/Retourbillet nt CH
boarding-school fare
Internatsessen nt
bus/train/taxi fare
Bus-/Bahn-/Taxifahrpreis m
to tender the exact fare
das Fahrgeld genau abgezählt bereithalten
to pay the [or one’s] fare
den Fahrpreis bezahlen
to have the exact fare ready
das Fahrgeld genau abgezählt bereithalten
how did you fare in your exams?
wie ist es dir bei der Prüfung gegangen?
it’s standard fare for somebody who …
das ist normal für jemanden, der …

Question 479

confiscate

• confiscation, n.

ger: konfiszieren

Answer 479

AU confiscate [ˈkonfiskeit]
♦ verb
to seize or take (something) away, usually as a penalty: The teacher confiscated the boy’s comic which he was reading in class.
توقیف کردن؛ ضبط کردن
ˌconfiˈscation
♦ noun
.
مصادره؛ ضبط

OpenDictionary
/kän´fis kāt´/
vt., adj.
● مصادره کردن،توقیف کردن (اموال)،ضبط کردن،(به زور) گرفتن
he was executed and his belongings were confiscated
او اعدام و اموالش مصادره شد.
the police confiscated the reporters’ cameras
پاسبانان دوربین‌های خبرنگاران را توقیف کردند.
● مصادره شده،از دست رفته،مصادره‌ای،توقیفی
* confiscation, n.
مصادره،توقیف (دارایی)،ضبط

to confiscate sth [from sb]
etw [von jdm] beschlagnahmen [o. geh konfiszieren]
to confiscate property
Vermögen nt einziehen

Question 480

expense

Answer 480

expense
noun
UK /ɪkˈspens/ US

[ C or U ] ACCOUNTING
an amount of money that a person or business spends in order to do something:

a big/major expense
Waste disposal is a major expense for us.

cut down on/reduce/cut expense
We need to cut down on our expenses.

cover/meet expenses
He said the business needed to borrow to meet future expenses.

bear/incur an expense
In your tax return you can include tax-deductible expenses incurred as a result of employment.

a business/operating/running expense

legal/medical/administrative expenses

unnecessary/additional/extra expense
Money can be moved into the account without the unnecessary expense of being converted into sterling.

/ek spens´, ik-/
n., vt.
● هزینه،مبلغ،اجرت،پرداخت
medical expenses
هزینه‌های پزشکی
we must cut down on our expenses
باید از هزینه های خود بکاهیم.
travel expenses
مخارج سفر
● (مهجور) مصرف،گسارش،صرف،هدر دادن
the expense of spirit in a waste of shame
(شکسپیر) به هدر دادن روح در باتلاقی از شرم
● (جمع) مخارج،هزینه‌ها (به ویژه هزینه‌های مربوط به امور بازرگانی یا اداری یا ملکی)
● مایه‌ی خرج،موجب هزینه
a car can be a considerable expense
اتومبیل می‌تواند خیلی خرج داشته باشد.
● به عنوان هزینه ذکر کردن،(در فهرست مخارج) وارد کردن،به حساب گذاشتن
* at great (little) expense
با هزینه‌ی بسیار (یا کم)
* at the expense of
به حساب،به هزینه‌ی،به قیمت
he was successful in business but it was done at the expense of his health
او در کاسبی موفق بود ولی این موفقیت به قمیت سلامتی او تمام شد.
* no expense(s) spared
بدون صرفه جویی در هزینه

operating expense FIN
Verwaltungsaufwendung f
regardless of the expense
ungeachtet der [o. ohne Rücksicht auf die] Kosten
hang the cost [or expense]!
ganz egal, was es kostet!
at one’s own expense
auf eigene Kosten
at great expense
unter großem Kostenaufwand
and never mind the expense
und vergiss jetzt einfach mal die Kosten
to pad an expense account übtr
zu viel an Spesen in Rechnung stellen
to involve sb in expense
jdm Kosten verursachen
to spare no costs [or expense]
keine Kosten scheuen
to be worth the expense
das Geld wert sein A, CH
at the expense of sth
auf Kosten einer S. Gen
to go to great expense
sich Akk in Unkosten stürzen
to put sb to expense
jdm Kosten verursachen
at sb’s expense [or at the expense of sb]
auf jds Kosten
blow the expense, we’ll take it!
scheiß auf die Kosten, wir nehmen es! derb
to have fun at sb’s expense
sich Akk auf jds Kosten amüsieren

Question 481

expense

ger: Kosten, Aufwendung

Answer 481

expense
noun
UK /ɪkˈspens/ US

[ C or U ] ACCOUNTING
an amount of money that a person or business spends in order to do something:

a big/major expense
Waste disposal is a major expense for us.

cut down on/reduce/cut expense
We need to cut down on our expenses.

cover/meet expenses
He said the business needed to borrow to meet future expenses.

bear/incur an expense
In your tax return you can include tax-deductible expenses incurred as a result of employment.

a business/operating/running expense

legal/medical/administrative expenses

unnecessary/additional/extra expense
Money can be moved into the account without the unnecessary expense of being converted into sterling.

/ek spens´, ik-/
n., vt.
● هزینه،مبلغ،اجرت،پرداخت
medical expenses
هزینه‌های پزشکی
we must cut down on our expenses
باید از هزینه های خود بکاهیم.
travel expenses
مخارج سفر
● (مهجور) مصرف،گسارش،صرف،هدر دادن
the expense of spirit in a waste of shame
(شکسپیر) به هدر دادن روح در باتلاقی از شرم
● (جمع) مخارج،هزینه‌ها (به ویژه هزینه‌های مربوط به امور بازرگانی یا اداری یا ملکی)
● مایه‌ی خرج،موجب هزینه
a car can be a considerable expense
اتومبیل می‌تواند خیلی خرج داشته باشد.
● به عنوان هزینه ذکر کردن،(در فهرست مخارج) وارد کردن،به حساب گذاشتن
* at great (little) expense
با هزینه‌ی بسیار (یا کم)
* at the expense of
به حساب،به هزینه‌ی،به قیمت
he was successful in business but it was done at the expense of his health
او در کاسبی موفق بود ولی این موفقیت به قمیت سلامتی او تمام شد.
* no expense(s) spared
بدون صرفه جویی در هزینه

operating expense FIN
Verwaltungsaufwendung f
regardless of the expense
ungeachtet der [o. ohne Rücksicht auf die] Kosten
hang the cost [or expense]!
ganz egal, was es kostet!
at one’s own expense
auf eigene Kosten
at great expense
unter großem Kostenaufwand
and never mind the expense
und vergiss jetzt einfach mal die Kosten
to pad an expense account übtr
zu viel an Spesen in Rechnung stellen
to involve sb in expense
jdm Kosten verursachen
to spare no costs [or expense]
keine Kosten scheuen
to be worth the expense
das Geld wert sein A, CH
at the expense of sth
auf Kosten einer S. Gen
to go to great expense
sich Akk in Unkosten stürzen
to put sb to expense
jdm Kosten verursachen
at sb’s expense [or at the expense of sb]
auf jds Kosten
blow the expense, we’ll take it!
scheiß auf die Kosten, wir nehmen es! derb
to have fun at sb’s expense
sich Akk auf jds Kosten amüsieren

Question 482

seize

Answer 482

seize [siːz]
♦ verb
1 to take or grasp suddenly, especially by force: She seized the gun from him; He seized her by the arm; He seized the opportunity of leaving.
مصادره كردن
2 to take, especially by force or by law: The police seized the stolen property.
بازداشت كردن
ˈseizure [-ʒə]
♦ noun
the act of seizing: seizure of property.
مصادره
seize on
to accept with enthusiasm: I suggested a cycling holiday, and he seized on the idea.
غنيمت شمردن
seize up
(of machinery etc ) to get stuck and stop working: The car seized up yesterday.
قفل كردن؛گريپاژ كردن
seize is spelt with -ei- (not -ie- ).

/sēz/
vi., vt.
● (در اصل - فئودالیته) قانونا مالک تیول شناختن
seized of lands
مالک قانونی تیول‌ها
● مصادره کردن،توقیف کردن،بازداشت کردن،دستگیر کردن
to seize smuggled goods
کالاهای قاچاق را مصادره کردن
to seize a criminal suspect
متهم به جرم را دستگیر کردن
the allies seized and punished war criminals
متفقین جنایتکاران جنگ را گرفتند و مجازات کردند.
● به زور به دست آوردن،زورگیری کردن،خلع ید کردن،فروگرفتن
to seize power
به زور به قدرت رسیدن
the government seized control of oil companies
دولت شرکت‌های نفتی را خلع ید کرد.
● محکم گرفتن،قاپیدن،در ربودن
the hero seized the girl in his arms
قهرمان دختر را محکم در آغوش کشید.
● (ناگهان) مستولی شدن،(فکر کسی را) تصرف کردن
an idea seized him
اندیشه‌ای بر او مستولی شد.
she was seized by the thought of revenge
فکر انتقام سرتاسر وجودش را فراگرفت.
● (ناگهان) پی بردن،(به دل کسی) برات شدن،بو بردن
as soon as they entered, I seized their intent
تا وارد شدند منظورشان به دلم برات شد.
● (به سرعت از فرصت و غیره) استفاده کردن،بهره‌ور شدن
they will seize any excuse to stop work
آنها از هر بهانه‌ای برای خواباندن کار استفاده خواهند کرد.
● (ناگهان) مورد حمله‌ی بیماری یا سرفه و غیره قرار گرفتن،دچار شدن
she was seized with a fit of sneezing
ناگهان دچار حمله‌ی عطسه شد.
● (کشتیرانی) به هم بستن (طناب و غیره)،به‌هم گره زدن
● (معمولا با: up - ماشین آلات - در اثر اصطکاک یا حرارت زیاد) گیر کردن،گریپاژ کردن،باز ایستادن،قفل شدن

to seize a criminal
einen Verbrecher festnehmen
to seize a hostage
eine Geisel nehmen
to seize power
die Macht ergreifen
to seize on an excuse
zu einer Ausrede greifen
to grab [or seize] an opportunity
eine Gelegenheit ergreifen [o. beim Schopf[e] packen]
to seize sb by their hair
jdn am Schopf packen
to seize sth with both hands
etw mit beiden Händen greifen
to seize the initiative/an opportunity
die Initiative/eine Gelegenheit ergreifen
to seize an opportunity with both hands
eine Gelegenheit mit beiden Händen ergreifen
to seize a fortress/harbour/town
eine Festung/einen Hafen/eine Stadt einnehmen [o. erobern]
to seize sb by the arm/throat/wrist
jdn am Arm/an der Kehle/beim Handgelenk packen

Question 483

excessive

ger.
übermäßig, überhöht, übertrieben

Answer 483

excessive
adjective
UK /ekˈses.ɪv/ US /ekˈses.ɪv/

C1
too much:
Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems.
Any more pudding would simply be excessive.

too much or too many:
Some property owners complained that they were being charged excessive fees.
The directive will prevent employees from working excessive hours.
Investing offshore is only worthwhile if the costs involved are not excessive.

excessive claim
übertriebene Forderung
excessive zeal
Übereifer m
excessive taxation
Übersteuerung f
excessive violence
übermäßige Gewalt[anwendung]
excessive spending
überhöhte Ausgaben
excessive familiarity
allzu große Vertraulichkeit
excessive exercise can cause health problems
zu viel Sport kann Gesundheitsschäden verursachen

/ek ses´iv, ik-/
adj.
● مفرط،گزاف،کمرشکن،گزافه،بیش از حد،زیادی،زیاده
the existence of excessive amounts of fat in the diet
وجود چربی بیش از حد در خوراک روزانه
Hossein smoked excessively
حسین در سیگارکشی افراط کرد.
excessive rainfalls
بارندگی‌های مفرط
the costs were too excessive
هزینه‌ها بسیار کمر شکن بود.
excessive praise spoils the child
تعریف زیادی بچه را لوس می کند.

Question 484

gradual

ger: allmählich

Answer 484

gradual
adjective
UK /ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl/ US /ˈɡrædʒ.u.əl/

B2
happening or changing slowly over a long period of time or distance:

There has been a gradual improvement in our sales figures over the last two years.

As you go further south, you will notice a gradual change of climate.

gradual [ˈgradjuəl]
♦ adjective
happening gently and slowly: a gradual rise in temperature.
تدریجی
ˈgradually
♦ adverb
His health is gradually improving.
به تدریج

/gra´jōō ǝl, -joo wǝl, -jǝ wǝl/
adj., n.
● تدریجی،کم کم،اندک اندک (بر عکس ناگهان یا یک دفعه)،نرم نرمک
a gradual change of temperature
تغییر تدریجی حرارت
● (اغلب G بزرگ) کتاب سرودهای انجیل (که در مراسم کلیسا سروده می‌شود)،کتاب سرود و موسیقی کلیسای کاتولیک (Romanum Graduale هم می‌گفتند)
● شیب آهسته،ملایم،یک روال
a gradual slope
شیب ملایم
gradually they got used to each other
تدریجا به هم خو گرفتند.

slow,
measured, unhurried, cautious, piecemeal, step-by-step, progressive, continuous, systematic, steady

gentle,
moderate, slight, easy

Question 485

chase

Answer 485

chase verb (MOVE FAST)

[ I usually + adv/prep ]
to hurry or run in various directions:
She couldn’t study with the children chasing around the house.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
chase verb (TRY TO GET)

C2 [ T ]
to try to get something that is difficult to get or achieve:
It’s depressing how many people there are chasing so few jobs.
After years of chasing her dreams, she finally got a part in a film.

[ I or T ]
to try very hard to persuade someone to have a relationship with you:
She’s always chasing (after) men.

B2 [ T + adv/prep ]
to run after a person or an animal in a threatening way in order to make him, her, or it leave:
He used to chase the children away from his apple trees.
She’s always chasing cats out of the garden to protect her precious birds

chase [tʃeis]
♦ verb
1 to run after; to pursue: He chased after them but did not catch them; We chased them by car.
تعقیب کردن
2 (with away, ~off etc ) to cause to run away: I often have to chase the boys away from my fruit trees.
فراری دادن؛ دور کردن

♦ noun
1 an act of chasing: We caught him after a 120 kph chase.
تعقیب
2 hunting (of animals): the pleasures of the chase.
شکار
give chase
to chase: The thieves ran off and the policeman gave chase.
تعقیب کردن

[CHās]
noun - chase
تعقیب: chase, pursuit, following, action, tailing, continuation
شکار: prey, hunt, predation, catch, chase, game
verb - chase
وادار به فرار کردن: chase
دنبال کردن: pursue, follow, track, trace, chase, follow out
تعقیب کردن: pursue, chase, follow, chevy, sue, chivvy
شکار کردن: hunt, chase

car chase
Autoverfolgungsjagd f
to chase the dragon sl
Heroin nehmen
to chase the game
das Spiel antreiben [o. vorwärtstreiben]
to chase one’s dreams
seinen Träumen nachjagen
to chase after women übtr
hinter den Frauen her sein
to chase one’s tail
herumwuseln regional
go chase yourself! ugs
scher dich zum Teufel! ugs
to cut to the chase Am ugs
auf den Punkt kommen
the thrill of the chase übtr
die Lust an der Verführung
to give chase to sb
jdn verfolgen
to chase sb/sth out of sth
jdn/etw aus etw Dat verscheuchen
to chase sb away from sth
jdn von etw Dat vertreiben
to lead sb a merry chase Am
jdn an der Nase herumführen
to cut to the chase right away Am ugs
es sofort auf den Punkt bringen
to chase sb [up] to do sth
jdm Dampf machen, damit er/sie etw tut ugs
to send sb on a wild goose chase
jdn auf eine sinnlose Suche schicken

Question 486

hesitate

ger:
zögern, zaudern, Bedanken haben

Answer 486

hesitate [ˈheziteit]
♦ verb
1 to pause briefly eg because of uncertainty: He hesitated before answering; The diver hesitated for a minute on the diving-board.
تأمل كردن
2 to be unwilling (to do something) eg because one is not sure it is right: I hesitate to say he lied but he certainly misled me; Don’t hesitate to tell me if you have any complaints.
دودل بودن
ˈhesitancy
♦ noun
the tendency to hesitate.
ترديد
ˈhesitant
♦ adjective
making or having frequent hesitations: a hesitant speaker; I’m hesitant to tell her she’s wrong.
مردد
ˈhesitantly
♦ adverb
.
با ترديد
ˌhesiˈtation
♦ noun
1 an act of hesitating.
تأمل
2 unwillingness or uncertainty.
دودلی

/hez´i tāt´/
vi.
● تردید کردن،اندیدن،دو دل بودن،مردد بودن،این دست و آن دست کردن
no qualified student should hesitate to register
هیچ دانشجوی واجد شرایط نباید در نام‌نویسی تردید کند.
those who hesitated lost the opportunity
کسانی که دو دل بودند فرصت را از دست دادند.
● درنگ کردن،مکث کردن
she hesitated a moment and then said, “yes”
او لحظه‌ای درنگ کرد و سپس گفت: ((آری))
the deer hesitated and then disappeared in the forest
آهو مکث کرد و سپس در جنگل ناپدید شد.
● مطمئن نبودن،بی‌میل بودن
I’d hesitate before accepting that offer
درباره‌ی قبول آن پیشنهاد مطمئن نیستم.
hesitating to ask personal questions
بی‌میل نسبت به پرسیدن سوالهای شخصی
● من‌من کردن،(هنگام سخن گفتن) مکث کردن،لکنت داشتن

[ˈheziˌtāt]
verb - hesitate
تامل کردن: boggle, reflect, hesitate
مردد بودن: be uncertain, be unsure, hesitate, linger, oscillate, vacillate
بی میل بودن: irk, hesitate
درنگ کردن: tarry, demur, stick around, hesitate, let, linger
بالکنت گفتن: hotter, falter, hesitate, stammer
پابپا کردن: dribble, hesitate

don’t hesitate to call me
ruf mich einfach an
don’t hesitate over such trivial matters!
zögere nicht wegen solcher Kleinigkeiten!
if I had any money, I would not hesitate
wenn ich [etwas] Geld hätte, würde ich nicht zögern
if you need help, don’t hesitate to ask [or you only have to ask ]
wenn Sie Hilfe brauchen, sagen Sie es nur

Question 487

surface

• on the surface

ger: Öberfläche

Answer 487

surface [ˈsəːfis]
♦ noun
1 the outside part (of anything): Two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water; This road has a very uneven surface.
سطح
2 the outward appearance of, or first impression made by, a person or thing: On the surface he seems cold and unfriendly, but he’s really a kind person.
ظاهر

♦ verb
1 to put a surface on (a road etc ): The road has been damaged by frost and will have to be surfaced again.
رويه كشيدن
2 (of a submarine, diver etc ) to come to the surface.
روي آب آمدن
surface mail
mail sent by ship, train etc and not by aeroplane.
پست زميني

/su_r´fis/
n., adj., vi., vt.
● رو،برونه،نما،پوسته،بالایه،پوشش
the surface of the earth is uneven
پوسته‌ی زمین ناهموار است.
● (جسم هندسی و غیره) وجه
the octagonal surfaces of diamond
وجوه هشت ضلعی الماس
● ظاهر،چهر،رخ،سیما
the surface of the society seems calm
ظاهر جامعه آرام به نظر می‌رسد.
● رجوع شود به: airfoil
● سطح،رویه،پهنه
a plane surface
سطح صاف
water surface
سطح آب
a spherical surface
سطح کروی
the smooth surface of the table
سطح صیقلی میز
● وابسته به سطح،سطحی،کم ژرفا
a surface mine
کان کم ژرفا،معدن سطحی
● ظاهری،صوری
surface friendship
دوستی ظاهری
● وابسته به سطح آب،روآبی
surface vessels
ناوهای روآبی
● زمینی دریایی (در برابر: هوایی یا زیرآبی)
surface transportation
حمل و نقل زمینی دریایی
surface mail is cheaper than airmail
پست زمینی دریایی از پست هوایی ارزانتر است.
surface forces
نیروهای زمینی دریایی
● رو آمدن یا آوردن،به سطح آوردن یا آمدن،بالا (یا بیرون) دادن
the well surfaces more than 3000 gallons of water a minute
این چاه هر دقیقه بیش از 3000 گالن آب بیرون می‌دهد.
the submarine surfaced
زیر دریایی روآمد.
● آشکار شدن
gradually the truth surfaced
کم‌کم واقعیت هویدا شد.
● پوشاندن،روکش کردن،(با آسفالت و غیره) فرش کردن،روسازی یا روکاری کردن
the towers are surfaced with steel plates
برج‌ها را با ورق‌های پولاد پوشانده‌اند.
to surface a road
جاده را (مثلا با اسفالت) روکش کردن
the wall is surfaced with stone
روکار دیوار سنگی است.
* on the surface
ظاهرا،تا آنجا که به نظر می‌رسد
on the surface their friendship is strong
ظاهرا دوستی آنها مستحکم است.

[ˈsərfis]
noun - surface
سطح: level, surface, area, plane, face, external
رویه: procedure, surface, scheme, tack, method, cover
تراز: balance, level, flush, surface, slight, surface plate
بیرون: similitude, surface
نما: facing, view, front, exponent, face, surface
adjective - surface
سطحی: surface, superficial, shallow, planar, sketchy, skin-deep
verb - surface
بالا آمدن: rise, go up, upheave, uprise, surface
جلا دادن: polish, burnish, furbish, japan, surface, varnish
تسطیح کردن: grade, flatten, surface

surface-to-air/surface-to-surface missile
Boden-Luft-/Boden-Boden-Rakete f
abrasive surface
raue Oberfläche
specific surface CHEM
spezifische Oberfläche
lumpy surface
unebene Oberfläche
surface fleet
Überwasserflotte f
road surface
Straßendecke f
polished surface
polierte [Ober]fläche
surface ships
Überwasserfahrzeuge pl
to surface a road
eine Straße asphaltieren
to surface a room
einen Raum auslegen
cationic surface agent
Kationtensid nt
an even surface
eine glatte Oberfläche
finished metal surface
polierte Metalloberfläche
finished wooden surface
ebenmäßige Holzoberfläche
by surface mail
auf dem Landweg [o. Seeweg]
interfacial surface polycondensation
Grenzflächenpolykondensation f
the earth’s surface
die Erdoberfläche
on the surface
äußerlich [o. oberflächlich] betrachtet
a curved surface
eine gewölbte Oberflächev

Question 488

etiquette

ger:
Etikette , Knigge

Social etiquette dictates that men cannot sit while women are standing.

Answer 488

etiquette
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈet.ɪ.ket/ US /ˈet̬.ɪ.kɪt/

the set of rules or customs that control accepted behaviour in particular social groups or social situations:
Social etiquette dictates that men cannot sit while women are standing.
Diplomatic etiquette forbids calling for the death of a national leader.

etiquette [ˈetiket]
♦ noun
rules for correct or polite behaviour between people, or within certain professions: medical/legal etiquette.
آداب معاشرت

/et´i kit, -ket´/
n.
● (رفتار و مراسمی که طبق سنت یا قرارداد اجتماعی مقبول می‌باشد) آداب،مبادی آداب،آدابدانی،آیین همزیستی،آداب معاشرت
dinner-table etiquette
آداب میز نهارخوری
medical etiquette
آداب حرفه‌ی پزشکی (آداب مورد پسند در حرفه‌ی پزشکی)
diplomatic etiquette
آداب (یا نزاکت) دیپلماسی
● تشریفات و ضوابط اخلاقی،اصول آدابدانیß

Question 489

assemble

ger:
sich Akk versammeln, etw. sammeln, montieren

Answer 489

assemble [əˈsembl]
♦ verb
1 (of people) to come together: The crowd assembled in the hall.
گرد آمدن؛ تشکیل جلسه دادن
2 to call or bring together: He assembled his family and told them of his plan.
دور هم جمع کردن
3 to put together (a machine etc ): He assembled the model aeroplane.
سوار کردن اجزای چیزی
asˈsembly
♦ noun
1 a collection of people (usually for a particular purpose): a legislative assembly; The school meets for morning assembly at 8.30.
تجمع
2 the act of assembling or putting together.
گردهمایی؛ جلسه

/-bǝl/
vt., vi.
● گردآوردن،گردهم آوردن،فراهم آوردن،گروه کردن،جلسه تشکیل دادن،همنشست کردن،چپیره شدن
all the deputies were assembled in the hall
همه‌ی نمایندگان در سالن جمع شده بودند.
they assemble three times a year
آنها سالی سه بار همنشست (جلسه) می‌کنند.
wait until all the guests are assembled
صبرکن تا همه‌ی مهمانان جمع شوند (بیایند).
● (ماشین آلات) سوار کردن،جورکردن (اجزای چیزی)
engineers assembled the parts of the engine
مهندسان قطعات موتور را به هم سوار کردند.
● (کامپیوتر) تبدیل به زبان کامپیوتری کردن،(برنامه) هم‌گذارد کردن

[əˈsembəl]
verb - assemble
سوار کردن: mount, pickup, assemble, pick, take in, help to ride
جمع شدن: gather, backlog, snuggle, retract, congregate, assemble
فراهم اوردن: assemble, collect, gather
همگذاردن: assemble
انباشتن: accumulate, stack, fill, stuff, cumulate, assemble
گرد اوردن: amass, assemble, collect, compile, troop
جفت کردن: mortise, dovetail, couple, accompany, assemble, geminate
گرد امدن: agglomerate, assemble, constringe, convene, flock, forgather
انجمن کردن: assemble
متراکم کردن: amass, condense, compress, collect, congest, assemble

to assemble troops
Truppen zusammenziehen
to assemble people
Menschen zusammenkommen lassen
to assemble parts of a model plane
Teile eines Modellflugzeugs zusammensetzen
it’s a real fiddle to assemble because of all the small parts
all die kleinen Teile machen das Zusammensetzen ganz schön schwierig ugs

Question 490

persuasive

ger: überzeugend

Answer 490

persuasive
adjective
UK /pəˈsweɪ.sɪv/ US /pɚˈsweɪ.sɪv/

C1
making you want to do or believe a particular thing:
a persuasive speaker/speech
Your arguments are very persuasive.
He can be very persuasive.

persuasively
persuasiveness

[-ziv,pərˈswāsiv]
adjective - persuasive
متقاعد کننده: convincing, persuasive, cogent
مجاب کننده: persuasive
تشویقی: persuasive, hortative, hortatory
وادار کننده: impellent, persuasive
noun - persuasive
متقاعد کننده: persuasive
مناسبت: relation, reason, relationship, connection, urge, persuasive

/pǝr swā´siv/
adj.
● وادار کننده،وادارگر،متقاعد کننده،مجاب کننده،پذیراننده،قانع کننده
his reasoning was persuasive
استدلال او قانع کننده بود.
a persuasive speaker
یک سخنران متقاعد کننده

persuasive
überzeugend
persuasive powers (of talking into)
Überredungskünste pl
persuasive powers (of convincing)
Überzeugungskraft f

Question 491

state

Answer 491

state1 [steit]
♦ noun
1 the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you’re in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.
وضع
2 a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; (also adjective ) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.
مملكت
3 ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; (also adjective ) state occasions/banquets.
تشريفات رسمي
ˈstately
♦ adjective
noble, dignified and impressive in appearance or manner: She is tall and stately; a stately house.
رسمي
ˈstateliness
♦ noun
.
شكوه
ˈstatesman [ˈsteits-]
♦ noun
a person who plays an important part in the government of a state.
دولتمرد
ˈstatesmanlike [ˈsteits-]
♦ adjective
showing the qualities of a good statesman.
دولتمرد مانند
ˈstatesmanship [ˈsteits-]
♦ noun
skill in directing the affairs of a state.
دولتمردي
get into a state
to become very upset or anxious.
نگران شدن
lie in state
(of a corpse) to be laid in a place of honour for the public to see, before burial.
دراز كشيدن در جمع
state1 [steit]
♦ noun
1 the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you’re in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.
وضع
2 a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; (also adjective ) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.
مملكت
3 ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; (also adjective ) state occasions/banquets.
تشريفات رسمي
ˈstately
♦ adjective
noble, dignified and impressive in appearance or manner: She is tall and stately; a stately house.
رسمي
ˈstateliness
♦ noun
.
شكوه
ˈstatesman [ˈsteits-]
♦ noun
a person who plays an important part in the government of a state.
دولتمرد
ˈstatesmanlike [ˈsteits-]
♦ adjective
showing the qualities of a good statesman.
دولتمرد مانند
ˈstatesmanship [ˈsteits-]
♦ noun
skill in directing the affairs of a state.
دولتمردي
get into a state
to become very upset or anxious.
نگران شدن
lie in state
(of a corpse) to be laid in a place of honour for the public to see, before burial.
دراز كشيدن در جمع

• The Chavez family joined thousands of other farm workers who traveled around the state of California, to harvest crops for farm owners.
  خانواده‌ی چاوز به هزاران کارگر مزرعه‌ی دیگر پیوستند که در سرتاسر کالیفرنیا سفر می‌کردند تا محصول را برای مزرعه‌داران برداشت کنند.
• Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.(Aldo Leopold)
  حفاظت، وضعیت توازن میان انسان و زمین است.(آلدو لئوپولد)
• In 1948, a Jewish state was founded.
  در سال 1948، دولتی یهودی تاسیس گردید.
• She was in a piteous state.
  او در شرایط ترحم انگیزی است.

/stāt/
n., adj., vt.
● وضع،حالت،(جمع) شرایط،ایستانه
I saw him in a state of poverty
او را در حالت فقر دیدم.
her financial state
وضع مالی او
the state of my health
وضع سلامتی من
a state of total bliss
حالت خوشی کامل
● (اجسام و مواد)حالت،بودش
the solid and liquid states
(حالات) جامد و مایع
water in a vaporous state
آب به شکل بخار
● مقام،زینه،مرتبه،درجه،جلال،جبروت،رتبه،مرحله
the larval state of this insect
مرحله‌ی لیسه بودن این حشره
luxuries befitting the state of a king
تجملاتی که لایق مقام یک سلطان است
● (گاهی S بزرگ) دولت،نظام حاکم،حکومت،هیات حاکمه
the separation of church and State
جدا سازی کلیسا از دولت
a fascist State
حکومت فاشیستی
the State interfered in every aspect of people’s lives
دولت در همه کار مردم دخالت می‌کرد.
● (معمولا S بزرگ - در کشورهای فدرال) ایالت،استان،کانتون
Germany is composed of a few States
آلمان از چند ایالت تشکیل شده است.
the States of Switzerland are called canton
ایالت‌های سوئیس را کانتون می‌نامند.
● (معمولا S بزرگ) کشور،مملکت،ملک
an independent State
کشور مستقل
… that covets the Kiani State
… که ملک کیانی کند آرزو
● وابسته به دولت،دولتی،حکومتی
matters of state
موضوعات دولتی
the limits of state interference in the private affairs of the people
حدود دخالت دولت در امور خصوصی مردم
state ownership of the means of production
مالکیت دولتی وسایل تولید
● رسمی،وابسته به مراسم رسمی،تشریفاتی،مجلل،پر شکوه
she rode in state to her coronation
با تشریفات کامل به محل تاجگذاری خود رفت.
● (واضح) تعیین کردن،معین کردن،مقرر کردن،قید کردن
no date was stated in your invitaion
در دعوت نامه‌ی شما تاریخ قید نشده بود.
at the stated hour
در ساعت مقرر
● اظهار کردن،گوشزد کردن،بیان کردن،گفتن،گزاره کردن،ذکر کردن
to state one’s objectives
هدف‌های خود را گفتن
to state in prose the meaning of a poem
معنی شعر را به صورت نثر بیان کردن

State’s evidence Am
Aussage f eines Staatszeugen [o. Belastungszeugen]
state police
Polizei eines US-Bundesstaates
economic state
wirtschaftliche Lage
married state
Ehestand m
state support
staatliche Unterstützung
state monopoly
staatliches Monopol
state religion
Staatsreligion f
state subsidy
[staatliche] Subvention
natural state
Naturzustand m
state ownership
staatliches Eigentum
state banquet
Staatsbankett nt
state secret also übtr
Staatsgeheimnis nt
state records
Regierungsunterlagen pl
single state
Leben nt als Single
state document
Regierungsdokument nt
successor state
Nachfolgestaat m
conscious state
[volles] Bewusstsein
state visit
Staatsbesuch m
State Capitol
Parlamentsgebäude nt

Question 492

sew ( sew sewed sewed )

• sew up

ger: zunähen

Answer 492

US UK AU sew [səu]– past tense sewed ; past participle sewn –
♦ verb
to make, stitch or attach with thread, using a needle: She sewed the pieces together; Have you sewn my button on yet?
دوختن
ˈsewer
♦ noun
She’s a good sewer.
خياط
ˈsewing
♦ noun
1 the activity of sewing: I was taught sewing at school.
خياطي
2 work to be sewn: She picked up a pile of sewing.
تمرين براي خياط شدن
ˈsewing-machine
♦ noun
a machine for sewing.
چرخ خياطي
sew up
to fasten completely or mend by sewing.
دوخت و دوز كردن
sewn up
completely settled or arranged: The contract is all sewn up.
راست و ريس كردن
to sew (not sow ) a button on.

/sō/
vt., vi.
● دوختن،کوک زدن
she sews her own clothes
او لباس‌هایش را خودش می‌دوزد.
● دوزندگی کردن،خیاطی کردن
Javad sews for a living
جواد با خیاطی امرار معاش می‌کند.
● بخیه زدن
* sew up
1- دوختن و بستن،دوختن و پوشاندن 2- (عامیانه) حتما برنده بودن،با موفقیت به انجام رساندن 3

to sew up the market
den Markt unter seine Kontrolle bringen
to sew up a hole
ein Loch zunähen
to sew on a patch
einen Flicken aufnähen
to sew a button on
einen Knopf annähen
she taught me to sew
sie hat mir das Nähen beigebracht
it’s going to take another week or two to sew up this deal
man wird noch eine oder zwei Wochen brauchen, um den Deal perfekt zu machen- منحصر کردن

Question 493

bet

ger: wetten

“Betting the Shortcut Odds”

Answer 493

bet [bet]– past tense, past participles bet, ~ˈbetted –
♦ verb
(often with on ) to gamble (usually with money) eg on a racehorse: I’m betting on that horse.
شرط بستن؛ قمار کردن

♦ noun
1 an act of betting: I won my bet.
شرط بندی
2 a sum of money betted: Place your bets.
مبلغ شرط بندی
an even bet
an equal chance.
شانس برابر
take a bet(often with on)
to bet: Are you willing to take a bet on whether he’ll come or not?
شرط بندی کردن
you bet
certainly; of course.
حتماً؛ اختیار دارید
bet [bet]– past tense, past participles bet, ~ˈbetted –
♦ verb
(often with on ) to gamble (usually with money) eg on a racehorse: I’m betting on that horse.
شرط بستن؛ قمار کردن

♦ noun
1 an act of betting: I won my bet.
شرط بندی
2 a sum of money betted: Place your bets.
مبلغ شرط بندی
an even bet
an equal chance.
شانس برابر
take a bet(often with on)
to bet: Are you willing to take a bet on whether he’ll come or not?
شرط بندی کردن
you bet
certainly; of course.
حتماً؛ اختیار دارید

• Tom bet Mary dinner that it doesn’t rain this week.
  تام با ماری سر یک شام شرط بستند که این هفته بارون نمی یاد.

you bet! ugs
das kannst du mir aber glauben!
I’ll bet! (as a reply)
und ob!
to take a bet
eine Wette annehmen
to bet each-way
auf Sieg oder Platz setzen
sb’s best bet ugs
das Beste, was jd tun kann
an evens bet
eine Eins-zu-eins-Wette
to bet heavily
hoch wetten
each-way bet
Sieg- oder Platzwette f

Question 494

fault

ger: Fehler

• with all faults
• to a fault
• find fault (with)
• for (the) fault of
• at fault ( i have to find out who is at fault

Answer 494

fault [foːlt]
♦ noun
1 a mistake; something for which one is to blame: The accident was your fault.
تقصیر
2 an imperfection; something wrong: There is a fault in this machine; a fault in his character.
نقص
3 a crack in the rock surface of the earth: faults in the earth’s crust.
گسل

♦ verb
to find fault with: I couldn’t fault him / his piano-playing.
مقصر دانستن
ˈfaultless
♦ adjective
without fault; perfect: a faultless performance.
بی عیب و نقص
ˈfaultlessly
♦ adverb
.
بطور کامل
ˈfaulty
♦ adjective
(usually of something mechanical) not made or working correctly.
ناقص؛ اشتباه
at fault
wrong or to blame: She was at fault.
مقصر
find fault with
to criticize or complain of: She is always finding fault with the way he eats.
ایراد گرفتن
to a fault
to too great an extent: She was generous to a fault.
بیش از حد

/fôlt/
n., vt., vi.
● عیب،کاستی،آهو،نقص،کمبود،کمداشت
there is a fault in the engine
موتور عیب دارد.
… his fault andvirtues are hidden
…. عیب و هنرش نهفته باشد
your plan has many faults
نقشه‌ی شما کاستی‌های زیادی دارد.
● تقصیر،گناه،خطا،رمژک،مانید،کوتاهی،پرویش
it is not my fault
تقصیر من نیست.
the fault, dear Bruts, is not in our stars, but in ourselves that we are underlings
(شکسپیر) تقصیر،ای بروتوس عزیز در اختران ما نیست بلکه این خود ما هستیم که فرومایه‌ایم.
it is his fault that they are late
دیر آمدن آنها به خاطر اوست.
● (برق ـ عیب در مدار که جلو جریان برق را در مسیر دلخواه می‌گیرد) خرابی مدار
● (زمین شناسی) گسله
the huge faults running across California
گسله‌های عظیمی که در سرتاسر کالیفرنیا امتداد دارد.
● (ورزش‌های با راکت مانند تنیس) سر و خطا،توپی که به خطا سرو شده است
● عیبجویی کردن،خرده گرفتن،خرده گیری کردن،کاستی‌یابی کردن،انتقاد کردن،تقصیر را به گردن کسی نهادن،ایراد گرفتن،عیب گرفتن
you can’t fault the weather for the accident
تقصیر این حادثه را نمی‌توان به گردن هوای بد انداخت.
her singing could not be faulted
آواز او نقص نداشت (کسی نمی‌توانست از آواز او عیب بگیرد).
her arguments were logical and it was hard to fault them
استدلال‌های او منطقی بودند و خرده‌گیری از آنها سخت بود.
● (زمین شناسی) گسله ایجاد کردن
* at fault (or in fault)
1- تقصیرکار،مقصر،گناهکار،رمژکدار،مانیدکار
I have to find out who is at fault
باید بفهمم تقصیرکار کیست.

2- سرگردان،بدون چاره
* for (the) fault of
(مهجور) به واسطه‌ی فقدان،در فقدان،به خاطر کم‌داشت
* find fault (with)
عیبجویی کردن،خرده‌گیری کردن،خرده گرفتن،ایراد گرفتن،عیب یافتن
we found many faults with the new bridge
ما عیوب زیادی را در پل جدید پیدا کردیم.
she is always trying to find fault with me
او همیشه می‌کوشد از من ایراد بگیرد.
* to a fault
زیاده،زیادی،بحد افراط،بیش از حد
she is cautious to a fault
او بیش از حد محتاط است.
* with all faults
بدون تضمین بی‌عیب و نقص بودن،همینطور که هست،چکی
merchandise sold with all faults
کالایی که بدون تضمین به فروش می‌رسد

noun - fault
نقص: defect, deficiency, handicap, fault, imperfection, weakness
خطا: error, fault, mistake, miss, sin, transgression
تقصیر: fault, guilt, offense, crime, error, delinquency
عیب: fault, flaw, defect, blemish, deficiency, vice
اشتباه: wrong, mistake, error, fault, fumble, boo
گسله: fault
گناه: sin, guilt, crime, fault, offense, blame
کاستی: defect, deficiency, shortcoming, flaw, fault, extenuation
شکست زمین: fault
چینه: stratum, enclosure, bait, clay wall, fault, folium
حرج: fault, sin
نا درستی: dishonesty, cross, fault, improbity, inaccuracy, incompetence
verb - fault
تقصیر کردن: fault
مقصر دانستن: blame, attaint, fault, inculpate

design fault
Konstruktionsfehler m
foot fault
Fußfehler m
fault called!
Fehler!
double fault
Doppelfehler m
to be at fault
im Unrecht sein
to call a fault
einen Fehler anzeigen
it’s all your fault
nur du bist schuld daran
it’s your own fault
du bist selbst schuld daran
it’s hardly my fault!
ich kann ja wohl kaum was dafür!
his/her main fault
seine/ihre größte Schwäche
no-fault insurance
Vollkaskoversicherung f
no-fault compensation
Vollkaskoentschädigung
electrical/technical fault
elektrischer/technischer Defekt
this is entirely his fault
das ist ausschließlich sein Fehler
a fault in sb’s character
jds Charakterfehler
you can’t fault her arguments
gegen ihre Argume

Question 495

merit

ger: verdienst

“So when they found themselves in the position of wanting good turquoise jewelry but not having much knowledge of turquoise, they understandably relied on the old standby feature of cost to determine the jewelry’s merits”

Answer 495

merit
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˈmer.ɪt/ US /ˈmer.ɪt/

C1 formal
the quality of being good and deserving praise:
an entertaining film with little artistic merit
Her ideas have merit.
Brierley’s book has the merit of being both informative and readable.
the merits of something

the advantages something has compared to something else:
We discussed the merits of herbal tea.

on your (own) merits

according to the qualities you have or have shown, without considering any other information or comparing you to someone else:
The committee will consider each applicant on his or her own merits.

merit [ˈmerit]
♦ noun
1 the quality of worth, excellence or praiseworthiness: He reached his present position through merit.
لیاقت
2 a good point or quality: His speech had at least the merit of being short.
شایستگی

♦ verb
to deserve as reward or punishment: Your case merits careful consideration.
استحقاق داشتن
ˌmeriˈtorious [-ˈtoː-]
♦ adjective
deserving reward or praise: a meritorious performance.
شایسته ترین

merit bonus
Leistungszulage f
Order of Merit
Verdienstorden m
the film has little artistic merit
der Film ist künstlerisch nicht besonders wertvoll
she won her promotion on merit
sie ist aufgrund ihrer Leistung befördert worden
to judge sb on his/her own merit
jdn nach seinem/ihrem Verdienst beurteilen
candidates are assessed on merit, irrespective of colour
Bewerber werden nach Leistung beurteilt, ungeachtet ihrer Hautfarbe

Question 496

solely

ger; einzig und allein

nur

Answer 496

solely
adverb
UK /ˈsəʊl.li/ US /ˈsoʊl.li/

C1
only and not involving anyone or anything else:
I bought it solely for that purpose.
It seems he’s not solely to blame for the accident.
The product’s success cannot be attributable solely to the ads.

[ˈsōl(l)ē]
adverb - solely
فقط: only, just, merely, alone, but, solely
منحصرا: exclusively, solely, particularly, individually
بتنهایی: solely
محضا: merely, only, purely, solely

sōl´lē/
adv.
● تنها،فقط،به تنهایی،منحصرا
he is solely to blame
فقط باید او را مقصر دانست.
to read solely for pleasure
کتاب خواندن تنها به خاطر لذت

to be solely responsible for sth
die alleinige Verantwortung für etw Akk tragen
to be solely in charge of sth
für etw Akk allein verantwortlich sein

Question 497

stack

ger: einräumen,

“Instead of stacking all the odds in their favor by trying painstakingly to master each feature that indicates the worth of turquoise jewelry, they were counting on just one—the one they knew to be usually associated with the quality of any item.”

Answer 497

stack [stӕk]
♦ noun
1 a large, usually neatly shaped, pile eg of hay, straw, wood etc : a haystack.
دسته
2 a set of shelves for books eg in a library.
قفسه

♦ verb
to arrange in a large, usually neat, pile: Stack the books up against the wall.
دسته كردن

noun - stacking
پشتهسازی: stacking

to stack the dishes
das Geschirr stapeln
to stack [or stock] shelves
Regale einräumen
to stack a dishwasher
eine Spülmaschine [o. CH Abwaschmaschine] einräumen
to stack hay dated
Heu aufschobern
to stack shelves
Regale auffüllen
to stack the cards [or Am deck]
jdm übel mitspielen
to blow one’s lid [or stack] [or top] ugs
in die Luft gehen übtr ugs
to flip one’s lid [or top] [or Am also stack] sl
ausrasten sl

Question 498

painstakingly

ger: mit großer mühe

Answer 498

painstakingly
adverb
UK /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪ.kɪŋ.li/ US /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪ.kɪŋ.li/

in a way that shows you have taken a lot of care or made a lot of effort:
She painstakingly explained how the machine worked.

painstaking effort
große Mühe
painstaking care
äußerste Sorgfalt
painstaking research
gewissenhafte Forschung
painstaking search
gründliche Suche

Question 499

in the long run

langfristig

Answer 499

in the long run
idiom

B2
at a time that is far away in the future:
It seems a lot of effort but I’m sure it’s the best solution in the long run.

in the long run
idiom

at some time in the future:
You may want to quit school now, but in the long run, you’ll regret it.

adverb - in the long run
سرانجام: finally, eventually, in the long run
#
* It pays in the long run to buy goods of high quality.
خریدن کالاهایی با کیفیت بالا عاقبت کار ساز است.

Question 500

prevalent

ger: prevalent, vorherrschend

“In fact, automatic, stereotyped behavior is prevalent in much human action, because in many cases, it is the most efficient form of behaving”

Answer 500

prevalent
adjective
UK /ˈprev.əl.ənt/ US /ˈprev.əl.ənt/

existing very commonly or happening often:
These diseases are more prevalent among young children.
Trees are dying in areas where acid rain is most prevalent.

[ˈprevələnt]
adjective - prevalent
شایع: prevalent, rampant, widespread, rife, publicized, current
رایج: current, prevalent, going, ruling, brisk
متداول: common, popular, usual, current, prevalent, ordinary
مرسوم: traditional, common, customary, usual, standard, prevalent
فائق: surmounting, dominant, superior, predominant, excellent, prevalent
برتر: superior, better, premier, preferable, higher, prevalent

/prev´ǝ lǝnt/
adj.
● رایج،متداول،باب،مرسوم،رواج دار
the beliefs prevalent among these tribes
عقاید رایج در میان این طوایف
illiteracy is still prevalent in this area
بیسوادی هنوز در این ناحیه گسترده است.
● (بیماری) شایع
malaria used to be prevalent in Gillan
در گیلان مالاریا شایع بود.
● (نادر) موثرتر،پرزورتر،قوی،غالب
* prevalence, n.
1- شیوع 2- گستردگی،رواج،عمومیت

Question 501

encounter

ger: Begegnung, Aufeinandertreffen

“To deal with it, we need shortcuts. We can’t be expected to recognize and analyze all the aspects in each person, event, and situation we encounter in even one day”

Answer 501

encounter
noun [ C ]
UK /ɪnˈkaʊn.tər/ US /ɪnˈkaʊn.t̬ɚ/

a meeting, especially one that happens by chance:
I had an alarming encounter with a wild pig.
This meeting will be the first encounter between the party leaders since the election.

an occasion when people have sex, usually with someone they have not met before

an occasion when two teams play against each other:
In their last encounter with Italy, England won 3–2.

encounter [inˈkauntə]
♦ verb
1 to meet especially unexpectedly: She encountered the manager in the hall.
اتفاقاً برخوردن به
2 to meet with (difficulties etc ): I expect to encounter many difficulties in the course of this job.
مواجه شدن؛ برخورد پیدا کردن

♦ noun
1 a meeting: I feel that I know him quite well, even after a brief encounter.
برخورد؛ رودررویی
2 a fight: The encounter between the armies was fierce.
نبرد؛ رزم

[enˈkoun(t)ər]
noun - encounter
برخورد: collision, encounter, conflict, clash, incidence, meeting
مواجهه: encounter, confrontation, meeting face to face
رویارویی: encounter
ملاقات: meeting, encounter, date
تصادف: accident, chance, coincidence, hit, incident, encounter
verb - encounter
روبرو شدن: encounter, envisage, cross
مواجه شدن با: face, meet, encounter
رویاروی شدن: encounter, face
ملاقات کردن: meet, visit, encounter, have an interview, see
تصادف کردن: hurtle, encounter, jar
مصادف شدن با: encounter, meet
دست بگریبان شدن با: encounter

/en koun´tǝr, in-/
vt., vi., n., adj.
● (اتفاقا) برخوردن به
I encountered no difficulties
به اشکالی برخورد نکردم.
to encounter an old acqaintance on the street
در خیابان به یک آشنای سابق برخوردن
● (در نبرد یا کشمش و غیره) برخورد پیدا کردن با،مصاف دادن،رودر رو شدن،جلو (کسی) ایستادن
we encountered four enemy tanks and forced them to retreat
ما با چهار تانک دشمن رو به رو شدیم و آنها را مجبور به عقب‌نشینی کردیم.
● نبرد،مصاف،رزم،مواجهه،رو در رویی،برخورد،درگیری
I will never forget my encounter with my school principal
هرگز درگیری خودم را با مدیر مدرسه فراموش نخواهم کرد.
● (روان شناسی) وابسته به گروه رویارویی
encounter group
گروه رویارویی
encounter group therapy
درمان با گروه رویارویی

bruising encounter
unerfreuliches Treffen
chance encounter
zufällige Begegnung
verbal encounter
Wortgefecht nt
to encounter rampant prejudice
sich Akk mit zahllosen [o. unzähligen] Vorurteilen konfrontiert sehen
to encounter difficulties
auf Schwierigkeiten stoßen
to encounter danger
in Gefahr geraten
to encounter difficulties/resistance
auf Probleme/Widerstand stoßen
fleeting encounter/glance
flüchtige Begegnung/flüchtiger Blick
to experience [or suffer] [or receive] [or encounter] a setback
einen Rückschlag erleiden
to encounter sth with deep distrust
etw Dat mit großem Misstrauen begegnen

Question 502

rule of thumb

“We haven’t the time, energy, or capacity for it. Instead, we must very often use our stereotypes, our rules of thumb, to classify things according to a few key features and then to respond without thinking when one or another of these trigger features is present.
”

Answer 502

rule of thumb
idiom

C1
a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something:
A good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two handfuls.

rule of thumb
noun [ C ]
US/ˈrul əv ˈθʌm/
plural rules of thumb

a method of judging a situation or condition that is not exact but is based on experience:
As a rule of thumb, the ice on the lake should be at least two inches thick to support one person.

Question 503

intricate

ger: verschlungen, komplex, kompliziert

“From all indications, we will be relying on these stereotypes to an even greater extent in the future. As the stimuli saturating our lives continue to grow more intricate and variable, we will have to depend increasingly on our shortcuts to handle them all.”

Answer 503

intricate [ˈintrikət]
♦ adjective
complicated: an intricate knitting pattern; intricate details.
پیچیده
ˈintricately
♦ adverb
.
بطور پیچیده
ˈintricacy– plural ˈintricacies –
♦ noun
.
پیچیدگی

intricate
adjective
UK /ˈɪn.trɪ.kət/ US /ˈɪn.trə.kət/

having a lot of small parts that are arranged in a complicated or delicate way:
The watch mechanism is extremely intricate and very difficult to repair.
The tiled floor is installed in an intricate pattern.

with many complicated details that make something difficult to understand:
Police officers uncovered an intricate web of deceit.

[ˈintrikit]
adjective - intricate
پیچیده: complex, intricate, wrapped, twisted, involved, rolled
بغرنج: complex, complicated, intricate, involved, involute, obscurant
درهم و برهم: sloppy, untidy, unorganized, desultory, turbid, intricate
مرکب: compound, composite, composed, multiplex, mazy, intricate
verb - intricate
پیچاندن: contort, twist, wrest, turn, bolt, intricate

in´tri kit/
adj.
● بغرنج (به خاطر داشتن روابط یا جزئیات ظریف و درهم پیچیده)،پیچیده
an intricate problem
مسئله‌ی بغرنج
● (پر از جزئیات ظریف و درهم پیچیده) تو در تو،درهم بافته،ظریف و حساس،ریزآراسته
the intricate designs on a butterfly’s wing
طرح‌های ظریف بال پروانه
the intricate structure of a computer chip
ساختار ریزآراسته‌ی یک تراشه‌ی کامپیوتر

intricate question
verzwickte Frage
intricate plot
verschlungene Handlung
an intricate web
ein kompliziertes Netzwerk

Question 504

saturate

ger: sättigen

“From all indications, we will be relying on these stereotypes to an even greater extent in the future. As the stimuli saturating our lives continue to grow more intricate and variable, we will have to depend increasingly on our shortcuts to handle them all.”

Answer 504

saturate verb (MAKE WET)

[ T often passive ]
to make something or someone completely wet:
The grass had been saturated by overnight rain.
He had cut his leg badly, and his trousers were saturated with/in blood.
saturate verb (FILL)

[ T ]
to fill a thing or place completely so that no more can be added:
The police saturated (= a large number of police officers were sent into) the area.
saturate the market

to provide too much of a product so that there is more of this product available than there are people who want to buy it:
Since the US market has now been saturated, drug dealers are looking to Europe.

saturate [ˈsӕtʃəreit]
♦ verb
1 to make very wet: Saturate the earth round the plants.
خيس كردن
2 to fill completely: The market has been saturated with paintings like that.
اشباع كردن
satuˈration
♦ noun
.
اشباع

verb - saturate
اشباع کردن: saturate, glut, imbue, imbibe, imbrue, impregnate
سیر کردن: feed, satiate, sate, fill, revolve, roam
اغشتن: smear, gaum, imbrue, imbue, indoctrinate, inoculate

to saturate the market
den Markt sättigen

Question 505

heuristic

ger: heuristisch

Answer 505

[hyo͞oˈristik]
adjective - heuristic
اکتشافی: exploratory, heuristic, reconnaissance, probative, probatory
پی برنده: heuristic
ابتکآری: heuristic
noun - heuristic
کشف کننده: detector, heuristic

/hyōō ris´tik/
adj.
● (آموزش و پرورش - کامپیوتر: وابسته به یادگیری عملی از راه تجربه و خطا) آروین آموزانه،آروینی،کاوشی،ذهنی،مکاشفه‌ای
heuristic principle
آسای آروینی (اصل تحقیقی و تجربی)

heuristic
adjective specialized
UK /hjʊəˈrɪs.tɪk/ US /hjuːˈrɪs.tɪk/

EDUCATION
(of a method of teaching) allowing students to learn by discovering things themselves and learning from their own experiences rather than by telling them things

COMPUTING
arriving at a solution by trying different actions to see if they produce the result that is wanted, rather than using strict rules:
A genetic algorithm is a heuristic search that simulates the natural environment of biological and genetic evolution.
Shaw introduced a heuristic randomized criterion for computing the forgotten set.

heuristic
Heurismus
heuristic
heuristisch

Question 506

unsettle

grer: verunsichern, durcheinanderbringen

“there is an unsettling tendency in our society to accept unthinkingly the statements and directions of individuals who appear to be authorities on the topic.

Answer 506

unsettle
verb [ T ]
UK /ʌnˈset.əl/ US /ʌnˈset̬.əl/
unsettle verb [T] (WORRY)

to make someone feel anxious or slightly worried :
Even the most experienced batsmen were unsettled by the speed of this bowler.

unsettle [anˈsetl]
♦ verb
to disturb or upset: Will a change of schools unsettle the child?
آشفتن
unˈsettled
♦ adjective
1 (of weather) changeable.
متغییر
2 anxious or restless: in an unsettled mood.
آشفته

[ˌənˈsetl]
verb - unsettle
مغشوش کردن: confuse, adulterate, rile, flummox, mix up, unsettle
بر هم زدن: bash, disturb, ruffle, faze, unsettle, overset
ناراحت کردن: disquiet, discomfiture, distemper, discomfit, discomfort, unsettle

to unsettle sb
jdn verunsichern [o. ugs durcheinanderbringen]

Question 507

thorough

ger: durchgreifend, Exact

Answer 507

thorough
adjective
UK /ˈθʌr.ə/ US /ˈθɝː.ə/ /ˈθɝː.oʊ/
thorough adjective (CAREFUL)

B2
detailed and careful:
a thorough revision of the manuscript
They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing.

thorough
adjective
US /ˈθɜr·oʊ, ˈθʌr-/
thorough adjective (COMPLETE)

with nothing left out or omitted; complete:
The district attorney’s office conducted a thorough investigation.
The doctor gave him a thorough medical examination.
thorough adjective (VERY GREAT)

[ not gradable ]
(used for emphasis) very great:
The meeting was a thorough waste of time.

thorough reform
durchgreifende Reform
thorough description
eingehende Beschreibung
full [or thorough] investigation
umfassende Nachforschungen
careful [or exhaustive] [or thorough] search
gründliche Suche
to receive a thorough briefing
genaue Anweisungen erhalten
to give sth a thorough going-over flat, house
etw gründlich durchsuchen
a thorough review of the facts
eine gründliche Überprüfung der Tatsachen
he behaved like a thorough fool
er benahm sich wie ein Vollidiot ugs
to have a thorough knowledge of sth
ein fundiertes Wissen in etw Dat besitzen
it was a thorough waste of time
das war reine Zeitverschwendung
the firm would clearly benefit from a thorough shake-up in [or of] its public relations department
die Firma könnte bei einer völligen Umbesetzung ihrer Werbeabteilung nur gewinnen
you need a thorough training to be able to do the job
Sie benötigen für diese Arbeit eine umfassende Ausbildung

Question 508

cynical

ger: zynisch

Answer 508

cynical
adjective disapproving
UK /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/

C2
believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere:
She has a pretty cynical view of men.
I’ve always been deeply cynical about politicians.

used to say that someone’s feelings or emotions are used to your own advantage:
She works in that most cynical of industries - advertising.
He praises my cooking but it’s just a cynical ploy to get me to make him dinner.

SPORTS UK specialized
not showing fairness or respect to an opposing player:
Most of my injuries have come from bad cynical tackles.
Cynical fouls by defenders with no intention of playing the ball were the reason referees were asked to get tough in the first place.

zynisch
cynically a. abw
zynisch grinsen
to give a cynical grin a. abw

cynical [ˈsinikəl]
♦ adjective
inclined to believe the worst, especially about people: a cynical attitude.
بدبین؛ منفی باف
ˈcynically
♦ adverb
.
با بدبینی
ˈcynic
♦ noun
a person who believes the worst about everyone: He is a cynic – he thinks no-one is really unselfish.
آدم منفی باف؛ آدم بدبین
ˈcynicism [-sizəm]
♦ noun
.
بدگمانی؛ بدبینی

/sin´i kǝl/
adj.
● (C بزرگ - فلسفه) کلبی (Cynic)
● (کسی که معتقد است انسان‌ها خودخواه و آزمندند و زندگی ارزشی ندارد) بدبین،بدگمان،منفی باف،دژمان،سگ‌سان،سگ‌سار،دژآگاه
he is cynical about finding his watch
او امیدی به یافتن ساعت خود ندارد.
he was cynical about marriage
او نسبت به ازدواج بدبین بود.
don’t be so cynical!
اینقدر دژمان مباش‌!
bankruptcy made him cynical about everything and everyone
ورشکستگی او را نسبت به همه چیز و همه کس دژمان کرد.
● طعنه‌آمیز،نیشخند آمیز،تلخ

[ˈsinikəl]
adjective - cynical
کلبی: cynic, cynical
خیره چشم: cocksy, cocky, cynic, cynical, defiant, graceless

Question 509

tribute

ger: Tribut

Answer 509

tribute [ˈtribjuːt]
♦ noun
(an) expression of praise, thanks etc : This statue has been erected as a tribute to a great man; We must pay tribute to his great courage.
سپاس؛ قدردانی
be a tribute to
to be the (praiseworthy) result of: The success of the scheme is a tribute to his hard work.
پاداش چیزی بودن

[ˈtribyo͞ot]
noun - tribute
احترام: respect, honor, regard, tribute, reverence, respectability
خراج: tribute, tax, levy, anthrax, abscess, spendthrift
باج: tribute, toll, imposition, tax, impost, scot
تکریم: reverence, respect, tribute, veneration, glorification, magnificatio

/trib´yōōt/
n.
● خراج،ساو،گزیت،جزیه،باج
● (فئودالیسم) مالیات رعیت به خان یا ارباب کل
● به زور ستانی،باج سبیل،پول زور
● سپاس،قدردانی،بزرگداشت،سپاسگزاری
two thousand soldiers marched in tribute to their fallen comrades
دو هزار سرباز برای بزرگداشت همرزمان مقتول خود رژه رفتند.
* pay tribute to
ادای احترام کردن نسبت به،بزرگداشت کردن،قدردانی کردن
speakers paid tribute to the retired teacher and his devoted service
سخنرانان نسبت به معلم بازنشسته و خدمات بی شایبه‌ی او اظهار قدردانی کردند.

tribute
noun
UK /ˈtrɪb.juːt/ US /ˈtrɪb.juːt/
tribute noun (RESPECTFUL ACTION)

C2 [ C or U ]
something that you say, write, or give that shows your respect and admiration for someone, especially on a formal occasion:
Tributes have been pouring in from all over the world for the famous actor who died yesterday.
floral tributes (= flowers sent to someone’s funeral)
pay tribute to someone/something

C2
to praise someone or something:
The minister paid tribute to the men who had fought the blaze.

be a tribute to something/someone

to show clearly how good, strong, or effective something or someone is:
I’ve never met a five-year-old as well behaved as your son - he’s a tribute to you!
It is a tribute to his determination over his 22 years that he has achieved so much.

jdm seinen Tribut zollen
to pay tribute to sb
etw Dat Tribut zollen
to pay tribute to sth

Question 510

postulate

ger: das Postulat

Answer 510

postulate
verb [ I or T ] formal
UK /ˈpɒs.tʃə.leɪt/ US /ˈpɑːs.tʃə.leɪt/

to suggest a theory, idea, etc. as a basic principle from which a further idea is formed or developed:
[ + that ] It was the Greek astronomer, Ptolemy, who postulated that the earth was at the centre of the universe.

postulate
verb [ T ] fml
US /ˈpɑs·tʃəˌleɪt/

to suggest or accept that a theory or idea is true as a starting point for reasoning or discussion:
[ + that clause ] Astronomers postulate that the comet will reappear in 4000 years.
postulate

noun [ C ] US /ˈpɑs·tʃə·lɪt, -ˌleɪt/
fml
He suggested an original and interesting postulate.

/päs´tyōō lāt´, -tyǝ-; -choo-/
n., vt.
● اصل قرار دادن،مبنا قرار دادن
the road building program postulates a doubling of oil income
برنامه‌ی راه‌سازی براین اصل استوار است که درآمد نفت دوبرابر خواهد شد.
● بدیهی پنداشتن،مسلم فرض کردن،بنداشت کردن
finding fresh leaves postulates the existence of plants in this region
یافتن برگ تازه وجود گیاه را در این ناحیه بدیهی می‌سازد.
● مطالبه کردن،ادعا کردن،داعیه داشتن
he postulated supremacy over our nation
او داعیه‌ی چیرگی بر ملت ما را داشت.

noun - postulate
قیاس منطقی: postulate, syllogism, postulation, proposition, noetics
انگاره: idea, tenet, pattern, postulate, sketch, croquis
پذیره: postulate
ادعا: claim, assertion, allegation, purport, pretension, postulate
تقاضا: demand, request, requirement, plea, requisition, postulate
درخواست: request, application, demand, appeal, solicitation, postulate
verb - postulate
مسلم فرض کردن: postulate
فرض نمودن: postulate
لازم دانستن: postulate, require
قیاس منطقی کردن: postulate

Postulat
Pos·tu·lat <Postulats (Postulates), Postulate> das Postulat SUBST geh.
1. eine (moralische) Forderung Das ist ein Postulat der Vernunft.
2. eine wissenschaftliche Behauptung oder Annahme von einem Postulat ausgehen, ohne es beweisen zu können
3. schweiz. Bezeichnung für den parlamentarischen Auftrag an den Bundesrat, zu prüfen, ob ein Gesetz oder Beschlussentwurf vorzulegen oder eine Maßnahme zu

Question 511

suspect

ger: Verdächtigten

Answer 511

suspect [səˈspekt]
♦ verb
1 to think (a person etc ) guilty: Whom do you suspect (of the crime)?; I suspect him of killing the girl.
پنداشتن
2 to distrust: I suspected her motives / air of honesty.
مشكوك شدن
3 to think probable: I suspect that she’s trying to hide her true feelings; I began to suspect a plot.
حدس زدن

♦ noun [ˈsaspekt]
a person who is thought guilty: There are three possible suspects in this murder case.
متهم

♦ adjective
not trustworthy: I think his statement is suspect.
مظنون
suspicion [səˈspiʃən]
♦ noun
1 the process of suspecting or being suspected; the/a feeling causing a person to suspect: They looked at each other with suspicion; I have a suspicion that she is not telling the truth.
سوء ظن
2 a slight quantity or trace: There was a suspicion of triumph in his tone.
نشانه
suspicious [səˈspiʃəs]
♦ adjective
1 having or showing suspicion: I’m always suspicious of men like him; a suspicious glance.
بد گمان
2 causing or arousing suspicion: suspicious circumstances.
مشكوك
suspiciously [səˈspiʃəsli]
♦ adverb
.
از روي بدگماني
suˈspiciousness
♦ noun
.
بدگماني

/sǝ spekt´, sus´pekt´/
vt., vi., adj., n.
● مشکوک شدن یا بودن (به)،سوظن بردن،بدگمان شدن،اعتماد نکردن،شک کردن،ظنین بودن
they suspect him of theft
به او سوظن دزدی دارند.
I suspect the truth of her statements
من به صحت گفته‌های او بدگمان هستم.
I suspect him
نسبت به او شک دارم.
● گمان کردن،حدس زدن،پنداشتن،محتمل شمردن،احتمال دادن
I suspect they want to sell their house
گمان می‌کنم می‌خواهند خانه‌ی خود را بفروشند.
as the doctor had suspected, the patient had cancer
همانطور که دکتر حدس زده بود بیمار سرطان داشت.
● متهم،مورد سوظن،مشکوک به ارتکاب جرم،مشکوک،مورد شک،شک انگیز
a suspect person
شخص مورد سوظن
the suspects were arrested
متهمان باز داشت شدند.
Akbar is a suspect though he has not been accused formally yet
اکبر مورد سوظن است گواینکه هنوز رسما متهم نشده.
a suspect story
داستان مشکوک
his motive is suspect
انگیزه‌ی او شک برانگیز است.

adjective - suspect
مورد شک: suspect, dubious, dubitable
verb - suspect
سوء ظن داشتن: suspect
ظن کردن: mistrust, suspect
بدگمان شدن از: suspect
ظنین بودن از: suspect
گمان کردن: reckon, suppose, suspect, think
شک داشتن: doubt, suspect

prime suspect
Hauptverdächtige(r) f(m)
to strongly suspect sth
etw stark annehmen
to interview a suspect
einen Verdächtigen vernehmen
I suspect not/so
ich nehme an [o. denke] nein/ja
prime [or main] suspect
Hauptverdächtige(r) f(m)
to suspect sb of doing sth
jdn verdächtigen, etw getan zu haben
we’ve ruled him out as a suspect
er kommt für uns als Verdächtiger nicht infrage
they took the suspect in for questioning
sie nahmen den Verdächtigen zum Verhör mit auf die Wache
they have built a good case against the suspect
sie haben einen hieb- und stichfesten Fall gegen den Verdächtigen aufgebaut
so far, the police do not suspect foul play
bislang geht die Polizei noch nicht von einem Verbrechen aus
there were striking discrepancies between the suspect’s story and evidence
es gab nicht zu übersehende Diskrepanzen zwischen der Aussage des Verdächtigten und den Beweisen

Question 512

agoraphobia

ger: Platzangst, Agoraphobie

Answer 512

agoraphobia
noun [ U ] PSYCHOLOGY specialized
UK /ˌæɡ.ə.rəˈfəʊ.bi.ə/ US /ˌæɡ.ə.rəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/

fear of going outside and being in public places or of being in a situation from which it might be difficult to escape or in which help might not be available:
Suffering from agoraphobia, she’s afraid to even step outside her home.
It is estimated that approximately 500,000 adults in Great Britian suffer from agoraphobia to some extent.

agoraphobia
Platzangst f
agoraphobia
Agoraphobie f fachspr

Question 513

claustrophobia

ger:
Klaustrophobie

Answer 513

fear of being in closed spaces:
He suffers from claustrophobia so he never travels on underground trains.

claustrophobia [kloːstrəˈfəubiə]
♦ noun
fear of narrow, small or enclosed places.
ترس از بودن در جاهای تنگ و تاریک؛ تنگنا هراسی
ˌclaustroˈphobic
♦ adjective
.
تنگنا هراس

[ˌklôstrəˈfōbēə]
noun - claustrophobia
مرض ترس از فضای تنگ ومحصور: claustrophobia

Question 514

esoteric

ger: exotisch

Answer 514

esoteric
adjective
UK /ˌiː.səˈter.ɪk/ US /ˌes.əˈter.ɪk/

very unusual and understood or liked by only a small number of people, especially those with special knowledge:
He has an esoteric collection of old toys and games.
disapproving or humorous She has a somewhat esoteric taste in clothes.

esoteric
adjective
US /ˌes·əˈter·ɪk/

intended for or understood by only a few people who have special knowledge:
Literary readings can sometimes seem esoteric, but we are trying to make them more attractive to more people.

esoteric taste übtr scherzh
exotischer Geschmack

exo*tisch Adj
1. aus einem ganz fernen Land (stammend) und deshalb fremd od. geheimnisvoll wirkend: eine exotische Schönheit; Menschen aus fernen Ländern wirken auf uns exotisch
2. (von Tieren und Pflanzen) aus einem fernen (meist tropischen) Land ↔ heimisch: exotische Fische; die exotische Fauna und Flora

Question 515

delve

ger: vertiefen, kramen, nachforschen

Answer 515

delve
verb [ I ]
UK /delv/ US /delv/

to search, especially as if by digging, in order to find a thing or information:
She delved into her pocket to find some change.

Synonym
dig

to delve into a subject
sich Akk in ein Thema vertiefen
to delve in one’s pocket
in seiner Tasche kramen
to delve into sb’s past
in jds Vergangenheit nachforschen
don’t delve into other people’s problems
misch dich nicht in anderer Leute Probleme ein

/delv/
n., vi., vt.
● (در اصل) کندن (با بیل)،بیل زدن (زمین)
when Adam delved and Eve spun / who was then the gentleman?
وقتی که حضرت آدم بیل می‌زد و حوا نخ می‌رشت چه کسی اربابی می‌کرد؟
● (دقیقا) بررسی کردن،کندو کاو کردن،پژوهیدن
to find the answer, he delved into many books
برای یافتن پاسخ کتب زیادی را بررسی کرد.
the deeper he delved into the Creation, the more confused he became
هرچه بیشتر درباره‌ی خلقت پژوهش کرد سردرگم‌تر شد.
● (مهجور) زاغه،سردابه

[delv]
verb - delve
سوراخ کردن: puncture, delve, pierce, pierce, dig a hole, perforate
حفر کردن: delve, gull, excavate, cave, grave
کاوش کردن: explore, delve, dig, probe, prog, forage
noun - delve
گودی: bezel, valley, hollow, delve, dimple, dent
حفره: hole, cavity, fossa, socket, pit, delve

Question 516

patronize

ger: to patronize sb
jdn herablassend [o. von oben herab] behandeln

Answer 516

patronize
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈpæt.rə.naɪz/ US /ˈpeɪ.trə.naɪz/
patronize verb [T] (ACT SUPERIOR)

disapproving (UK usually patronise)
to speak to or behave towards someone as if they are stupid or not important:
Stop patronizing me - I understand the play as well as you do.

patronize
verb [ T ] (UK also patronise)
UK /ˈpætrənaɪz/ US /ˈpeɪtrənaɪz/

formal
to be a regular customer of a shop, restaurant, hotel, etc.:
Special offer coupons can be effective in motivating shoppers to patronize certain establishments.

to speak to or behave towards someone as if they are stupid or not important:
Additional research has found that 70% of people feel patronised by advertising.

to support an activity or a public organization, especially by giving money:
For sale are objets d’art inspired and patronized by China’s emperors for 4,000 years.
r

• Don’t patronize me.
  بچه نیستم می فهمم.

/pā´trǝn īz´/
vt.
● مشتری دائم بودن
I have been patronizing this store for years
من سال‌هاست از این مغازه خرید می‌کنم.
● سروری کردن،خدایگانی کردن،کمک و اعانه دادن،تشویق کردن
● (تداعی منفی) بنده نوازی کردن (به طور مغرورانه)،آقامنش رفتار کردن،ارباب‌وار رفتار کردن
he tried to patronize me by acting too familiarly
او سعی کرد که با خودمانی رفتار کردن مراکوچک کند.

1. patronize form (frequent):
   to patronize sth
   [Stamm]kunde bei etw Dat sein
   we always patronize Beaumont’s
   wir gehen immer zu Beaumont’s
2. patronize abw (treat condescendingly):
   to patronize sb
   jdn herablassend [o. von oben herab] behandeln
3. patronize (support):
   to patronize sth
   etw unterstützen

Question 517

convey

ger:

to convey to sb that …
jdm zu verstehen geben, dass …

what are you trying to convey with this illustration

Answer 517

convey [kənˈvei]
♦ verb
1 to carry: Huge ships convey oil from the Middle East.
حمل کردن
2 to transfer the ownership of (property by legal means).
انتقال دادن
conˈveyance
♦ noun
1 the act of conveying: the conveyance of goods.
ارسال؛ حمل
2 a vehicle of any kind: A bus is a public conveyance.
وسیلۀ حمل و نقل
conˈveyancing
♦ noun
the branch of the law dealing with transfer of property.
انتقال مالکیت
conˈveyor
♦ noun
a person or thing that conveys.
شخص یا دستگاه انتقال دهنده
conveyor belt
an endless, moving belt carrying articles from one place to another in a factory etc : She put nuts on the chocolates as they went down the conveyor belt.
تسمۀ نقاله

/kǝn vā´/
vt.
● رساندن،معنی دادن،بیان کردن،رسانیدن
this word does not convey your meaning
این واژه معنی مورد نظر شما را نمی‌رساند.
the message conveyed by her words…
پیامی که از کلمات او مستفاد می‌شد…
the article conveyed the impression that he would resign
مقاله حاکی از این بود که او استعفا خواهد داد.
convey my greetings to him
سلام مرا به او برسانید.
● بردن،ترابری کردن،نقل کردن،حمل کردن
a chimney conveys smoke to the outside
دود هنج (یا لوله‌ی بخاری) دود را به خارج می‌برد.
the nurses conveyed the wounded to the operating room
پرستاران زخمی‌ها را به اتاق عمل بردند.
● انتقال دادن،فرستادن،ترا فرست کردن،ترا گسیل کردن،رسانگری کردن
the media quickly conveyed the news
رسانه‌ها خبر را به سرعت انتقال دادند.
● (حقوق) صلح کردن (مال یا حق)،انتقال مال یا دین (به وسیله‌ی سند کتبی)،وا گذاشتن (to make a conveyance هم می‌گویند)
● (مهجور) دزدیدن،کش رفتن

[kənˈvā]
verb - convey
رساندن: convey, supply, transmit, extend, give, broadcast
نقل کردن: convey, account, quote, relate, transcribe, tell
بردن: take, remove, win, take away, carry, convey
حمل کردن: carry, transport, bear, haul, portage, convey

to convey to sb that …
jdm zu verstehen geben, dass …
to convey sth by sea
etw auf dem Seeweg befördern
to convey one’s condolences [to sb]
[jdm] sein Beileid aussprechen
do convey my apologies to him
sag ihm bitte, wie leid es mir tut
to give [or convey] sb’s regards to sb
jdm jds Grüße ausrichten [o. übermitteln]
to convey the right/wrong impression
einen richtigen/falschen Eindruck vermitteln
to convey a property to a purchaser
einem Käufer Eigentum übertragen
please convey my respects to your parents
bitte grüße deine Eltern von mir
words cannot convey how much I love him
meine Liebe für ihn lässt sich nicht mit Worten ausdrücken
please convey my compliments [or regards] to your father form
grüßen Sie bitte Ihren Vater von mir

Question 518

eviscerate
evisceration

Answer 518

eviscerate
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ɪˈvɪs.ə.reɪt/ US /ɪˈvɪs.ə.reɪt/

to remove one or all of the organs from the inside of a body
Synonym
disembowel

evisceration

The fish were eviscerated in situ and the digestive tracts placed in physiological saline and immediately transported to the laboratory, where they were processed.

/ē vis´ǝr āt´, i-/
vt., vi.
● (امعا و احشا را درآوردن - دل و روده را درآوردن) اندرونه کاوی کردن،اندرونه برداری کردن
Ali Akbar first eviscerated the deer and then skinned it
علی اکبر اول دل و روده‌ی آهو را درآورد و سپس پوست آن را کند.
● (بخش اصلی چیزی را درآوردن یا از بین بردن) کم توان کردن،آسیب‌پذیر کردن،ناقص کردن
the censors eviscerated the film
سانسورچی‌ها قلب فیلم را درآورند (فیلم را ناقص کردند).
● (جراحی) محتویات اندام را درآوردن،(سازواره را) تهی کردن
● (جراحی - از میان جای جراحی شده و بخیه شده) بیرون زدن،بیرون زدگی پیدا کردن،(در زیر زخم جراحی التیام یافته) قلمبه شدن،دچار قلمبه شدگی شدن

to eviscerate an animal/sb
ein Tier ausnehmen/jdm die inneren Organe entfernen
übtr (remove beautiful/valuable part) to eviscerate sth
etw einer S. Gen berauben geh

Question 519

abrupt

ger: abrupt

Answer 519

US UK AU abrupt [əˈbrapt]
♦ adjective
1 sudden; unexpected: The car came to an abrupt halt.
غیرمنتظره
2 (of a person’s manner of speaking etc ) rude or sharp.
زننده
3 lacking in continuity.
آنی
aˈbruptly
♦ adverb
.
بطور ناگهانی
aˈbruptness
♦ noun
.
ناگهانی بودن؛ گستاخی

əˈbrəpt]
adjective - abrupt
ناگهانی: sudden, abrupt, snap, precipitate
تند: spicy, steep, fast, sharp, harsh, abrupt
غیر منتظره: unexpected, unanticipated, sudden, abrupt, uncontemplated
درشت: coarse, large, gross, hulking, rough, abrupt
پرتگاه دار: abrupt
بی خبر: unaware, unwitting, unconscious, abrupt, incognizant, inconscient

abrupt
adjective
UK /əˈbrʌpt/ US /əˈbrʌpt/
abrupt adjective (SUDDEN)

C2
sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant:

abrupt end

Our conversation came to an abrupt end when George burst into the room.

abrupt change

There was an abrupt change in her attitude towards me when she heard that I was Alan’s girlfriend

abrupt halt

The car juddered and came to an abrupt halt in the middle of the road.
The road ended in an abrupt (= sudden and very steep) slope down to the sea.

abrupt adjective (UNFRIENDLY)

C2

using too few words when talking, in a way that seems rude and unfriendly:
He is sometimes very abrupt with clients.
an abrupt manner/reply

Question 520

torture

• die under torture
• torture to death

ger: die Tortur

Answer 520

torture [ˈtoːtʃə]
♦ verb
to treat (someone) cruelly or painfully, as a punishment, or in order to make him/her confess something, give information etc : He tortured his prisoners; She was tortured by rheumatism/jealousy.
شکنجه کردن

♦ noun
1 the act or practice of torturing: The king would not permit torture.
شکنجه
2 (something causing) great suffering: the torture of waiting to be executed.
عذاب

[ˈtôrCHər]
noun - torture
شکنجه: torture, persecution, torment, affliction, excruciation, rack
عذاب: torment, suffering, agony, torture, anguish, tribulation
زجر: torture, torment, persecution, maceration
verb - torture
ازار رساندن: injure, incommode, hurt, molest, plague, torture
زجر دادن: macerate, torment, torture

/tôr´chǝr/
n., vt.
● شکنجه،باپک،پروانه،وامید
according to the declaration of Human Rights, “no one shall be subjected to torture”
طبق اعلامیه‌ی حقوق بشر ((هیچکس نباید مورد شکنجه قرار بگیرد.))
instruments of torture
وسایل شکنجه
the torture of political prisoners
شکنجه‌ی زندانیان سیاسی
● عذاب،زجر،رنج،پادافراه،درد (شدید)
sitting in that class and listening to his words was a great torture for me
نشستن در آن کلاس و گوش دادن به حرف‌های او برایم عذاب بزرگی بود.
● (نادر) پیچش،تحریف،وات‌گشت
● شکنجه کردن (یا دادن)
he was tortured into confessing
با شکنجه او را وادار به اقرار کردند.
they torture prisoners
آنها زندانیان را شکنجه می‌دهند.
● عذاب دادن،زجر دادن،رنج دادن
he was tortured by guilt
احساس گناه او را زجر می‌داد.
● (معنی و غیره) پیچاندن،تحریف کردن،از شکل انداختن،دیودیس کردن
the tortured style of his poetry
سبک تحریف شده‌ی شعر او
o
1- با شکنجه کشتن 2- (مجازی) سخت رنج دادن

Question 521

dwindle

ger: schwinden

Answer 521

dwindle [ˈdwindl]
♦ verb
to grow less: His money dwindled away.
کاهش یافتن

/dwin´dǝl/
vi., vt.
● (به تدریج) کم شدن،(از نظر اندازه یا وزن یا مقدار) کاهش یافتن،آب رفتن،نقصان یافتن
dwindling incomes
درآمدهای روبه کاهش
the boat gradually dwindled to a speck on the horizon
قایق کم‌کم به نقطه‌ای در افق تبدیل شد.
the city’s population is dwindling
جمعیت شهر رو به کاهش است.
● (از اهمیت و غیره) کاستن
this project dwindles all other projects to insignificance
این طرح بقیه‌ی طرح‌ها را تحت‌الشعاع قرار می‌دهد.

[ˈdwindl]
verb - dwindle
رفته رفته کوچک شدن: dwindle
تدریجا کاهش یافتن: dwindle
کم شدن: diminish, step down, abate, wane, dwindle, slacken
تحلیل رفتن: gnaw, die down, dwindle, assimilate, consume, eat
خرد ساختن: turn down, bate, curtail, damp down, decompress, dwindle
خرد شدن: relent, pass off, shrink, crush, abate, dwindle

Question 522

dump

Preisdumping

Answer 522

dump
verb [ T ]
UK /dʌmp/ US /dʌmp/
dump verb [T] (PUT DOWN)

C2
to put down or drop something in a careless way:
He came in with four shopping bags and dumped them on the table.

C1
to get rid of something unwanted, especially by leaving it in a place where it is not allowed to be:

The tax was so unpopular that the government decided to dump it.

Several old cars had been dumped near the beach.

Toxic chemicals continue to be dumped into the river.

to sell unwanted goods very cheaply, usually in other countries:

They accused the West of dumping out-of-date medicines on Third World countries.

dump [damp]
♦ verb
1 to set (down) heavily: She dumped the heavy shopping-bag on the table.
با شدت قرار دادن
2 to unload and leave (eg rubbish): People dump things over our wall.
خالی کردن

♦ noun
a place for leaving or storing unwanted things: a rubbish dump.
آشغال دونی

Question 523

refer

ger: jdn verweisen auf +Akk
sich Akk beziehen auf +Akk
sich Akk an jdn wenden, etw zu Hilfe nehmen
auf jdn/etw hinweisen

“the tendency to react on the basis of a thorough analysis of all of the information can be referred to as controlled responding (Chaiken & Trope, 1999).”

Answer 523

refer to someone/something
phrasal verb with refer verb
UK /rɪˈfɜːr/ US /rɪˈfɝː/
-rr-

B2
to talk or write about someone or something, especially in only a few words:
In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays.
He always refers to the house as his “refuge”.

C1
If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing:

The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors.

C2
to direct someone or something to a different place or person for information, help, or action, often to a person or group with more knowledge or power:

My doctor referred me to a hospital specialist.

The High Court has referred the case to the Court of Appeal.

refer (someone) to something
phrasal verb with refer verb
UK /rɪˈfɜːr/ US /rɪˈfɝː/
-rr-

C2
to look at, or tell someone else to look at, a book or similar record in order to find information and help:

She spoke for an hour without once referring to her notes.

He referred to a history book to find out the dates of the French Revolution.

The reader is constantly referred back to the introduction.

refer [rəˈfəː]– past tense, past participle reˈferred –
♦ verb
(with to )
1 to talk or write (about something); to mention: He doesn’t like anyone referring to his wooden leg; I referred to your theories in my last book.
اشاره کردن
2 to relate to, concern, or apply to: My remarks refer to your last letter.
مربوط بودن
3 to send or pass on to someone else for discussion, information, a decision etc : The case was referred to a higher law-court; I’ll refer you to the managing director.
ارجاع دادن
4 to look for information (in something): If I’m not sure how to spell a word, I refer to a dictionary.
رجوع کردن به
referee [refəˈriː]
♦ noun
1 a person who controls boxing, football etc matches, makes sure that the rules are not broken etc : The referee sent two of the players off the field.
داور
2 a person who is willing to provide a note about one’s character, ability etc, eg when one applies for new job.
معرف

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˌrefeˈreed –
to act as a referee for a match: I’ve been asked to referee (a football match) on Saturday.
داوری کردن
reference [ˈrefərəns]
♦ noun
1 (an) act of referring (to something); a mention (of something): He made several references to her latest book; With reference to your request for information, I regret to inform you that I am unable to help you.
مراجعه
2 a note about one’s character, ability etc, eg when one applies for a new job: Our new secretary had excellent references from her previous employers.
معرفی نامه
3 an indication in a book, report etc , showing where one got one’s information or where further information can be found.
کتاب مرجع
reference book
a book which is not usually read from beginning to end but which is consulted occasionally for information, eg a dictionary or encyclopaedia.
کتاب خانه کتب مرجع
reference library
a library of books to be looked at for information but not borrowed.
کتابخانه مرجع
reference , noun, is spelt with -r- .
referred and referring are spelt with -rr- .

mention, make reference to, allude to, touch on, speak of/about, talk of/about, write about, comment on, deal with, point out, call attention to

pass, hand over, hand, send on, transfer, remit, entrust, assign

apply to, be relevant to, concern, relate to, be connected with, pertain to, appertain to, be pertinent to, have a bearing on, cover

denote, describe, indicate, mean, signify, designate

consult, turn to, look at, have recourse to

touch, come to, bear on, concern, pertain, relate, touch on

cite, name, mention, advert, bring up

denote

look up, consult

to refer a cheque FIN
einen Scheck zurückschicken
to refer to one’s notes
seine Aufzeichnungen zu Hilfe nehmen
to refer a question to arbitration
einen Streitfall an ein Schiedsgericht verweisen
to refer sb to an article
jdn auf einen Artikel hinweisen [o. verweisen]
to refer a problem to sb
ein Problem an jdn weiterleiten
to refer a case to sb/sth JUR
jdm/etw einen Fall übertragen
to refer a decision to sb
jdm eine Entscheidung übergeben
to refer sb back to sth
jdn auf etw Akk zurückverweisen
to refer an application/a letter/a request
eine Bewerbung/einen Brief/eine Bitte weiterleiten
to refer sb/sth back to sb/sth case, plan, proposal
jdn/etw an jdn/etw zurückverweisen
to refer slightingly to [or remark slightingly on] sth
eine spitze Bemerkung über etw Akk machen
for further information please refer to the relevant leaflet
weitere Informationen entnehmen Sie bitte der entsprechenden Broschüre
in this context, ‘America’ is understood to refer to the United States
in diesem Kontext sind mit ‚Amerika‘ selbstverständlich die Vereinigten Staaten gemeint

Question 524

persuade

ger:
to persuade sb (talk into)
jdn überreden
to persuade sb (convince)
jdn überzeugen

“ The study’s results were quite straightforward: Those subjects with no personal stake in the topic were primarily persuaded by the speaker’s expertise in the field of education”

He gave in to our persuasion and did what we wanted him to do.

He is a persuasive speaker; His arguments are persuasive

Answer 524

persuade
verb [ T ]
US /pərˈsweɪd/

to cause people to do or believe something, esp. by explaining why they should:
The government is trying to persuade consumers to save more.
She tried to persuade them that they should leave.
persuasive

adjective US /pərˈsweɪ·sɪv, -zɪv/

a persuasive argument

persuade [pəˈsweid]
♦ verb
1 to make (someone) (not) do something, by arguing with him or advising him: We persuaded him (not) to go.
ترغیب کردن
2 to make (someone) certain (that something is the case); to convince: We eventually persuaded him that we were serious.
متقاعد کردن
perˈsuasion [-ʒən]
♦ noun
the act of persuading: He gave in to our persuasion and did what we wanted him to do.
متقاعد سازی
perˈsuasive [-siv]
♦ adjective
able to persuade: He is a persuasive speaker; His arguments are persuasive.
متقاعد کننده
perˈsuasively
♦ adverb
.
بطور مجاب کننده
perˈsuasiveness
♦ noun
.
مستدل بودن

to persuade sb out of sth
jdm etw ausreden
to persuade sb to do sth
jdn dazu bringen, etw zu tun
I tried to persuade him to come, but I failed
ich habe versucht, ihn zum Kommen zu überreden, aber ich habe es nicht geschafft
I’m trying to persuade her to come but I’m getting nowhere
ich versuche ja, sie zum Mitkommen zu überreden, aber ich stoße nur auf Granit
they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn’t listen to reason
sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen
can you persuade him to fork out the money for my trip to Alaska?
kannst du ihn überreden, das Geld für meinen Alaska-Urlaub herauszurücken? ugs
she tried to persuade him to retire, but he would have none of it form
sie versuchte ihn zu überreden, sich pensionieren zu lassen, aber er wollte nichts davon hören

Question 525

lethal

there is no known lethal dose of LSD

ger: letal, tödlich

Answer 525

lethal [ˈliːθəl]
♦ adjective
causing death; enough to kill: a lethal dose of poison.
مرگ آور

ˈlēTHəl]
adjective - lethal
مهلک: deadly, fatal, lethal, mortal, pernicious, noxious
مرگ اور: lethal, mortal
وابسته به مرگ کشنده: lethal

/lē´thǝl/
adj.
● مرگ آور،مهلک،مرگبار
a lethal weapon
سلاح مرگبار
a lethal dose of poison
مقدار مهلکی سم
war dealt a lethal blow to the country’s economy
جنگ ضربه‌ی مرگ آوری به اقتصاد کشور وارد آورد.

lethal injection
Todesspritze f
lethal poison/weapon
tödliches Gift/tödliche Waffe
lethal [or deadly] weapon
tödliche Waffe
this knife looks pretty lethal
dieses Messer sieht ziemlich gefährlich aus
a large/small/lethal dose
eine starke/schwache/tödliche Dosis
to deal sb/sth a lethal blow
jdm/etw den Todesstoß versetzen a. übtr
the vodka in Russia is absolutely lethal
der Wodka in Russland ist absolut tödlich

Question 526

climax

ger: Höhepunkt

Answer 526

climax [ˈklaimӕks]– plural ˈclimaxes –
♦ noun
the highest point; the most dramatic moment: the climax of the novel.
نقطۀ عطف؛ اوج
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[ˈklīˌmaks]
noun - climax
اوج: climax, pinnacle, culmination, zenith, top, apex
قله: peak, summit, top, crest, climax, point
منتها درجه: extreme, climax, maximum, peak, period, summit
راس: head, top, vertex, tip, peak, climax
verb - climax
باوج رسیدن: climax

/klī´maks´/
n., vi., vt.
● (ادبیات و معانی بیان) یک سلسله استعاره یا اندیشه و غیره که به ترتیب تصاعدی ردیف شده باشند (مثلا از کم اهمیت‌تر به پر اهمیت‌تر)،آخرین و مهمترین رویداد (در یک سلسله رویداد)،(داستان و فیلم و غیره) پر هیجان‌ترین یا بحرانی‌ترین نقطه،اوج،نقطه‌ی عطف،فرازگاه،قله
the climax of the play was when the conspirators assassinated Julius Caesar
اوج (یا فرازگاه) نمایش موقعی بود که توطئه‌گران،ژول سزار را کشتند.
the battle reached a climax
نبرد به اوج رسید.
● (در مقاربت جنسی) انزال،اوج لذت جنسی
● (محیط زیست) اجتماعی از حیوانات یا گیاهان که در اقلیم بخصوصی ریشه می‌گیرد،بالیست
● به اوج رسیدن،به فرازگاه رسیدن
● (در جم

dramatic climax
dramatischer Höhepunkt
sexual climax
sexueller Höhepunkt
to cap the climax
alles übertreffen
to experience [or reach] climax
einen Orgasmus haben

Question 527

induce

ger: induzieren

to induce sb to do sth
jdn dazu bringen [o. geh bewegen] , etw zu tun

etw anregen

Answer 527

[inˈd(y)o͞os]
verb - induce
وادار کردن: induce, persuade, compel, impel, enforce, oblige
تحریک شدن: induce
اعوا کردن: induce
استنتاج کردن: derive, infer, conclude, evolve, induce, subsume
تهییج شدن: induce

• Nothing could induce him to change his mind.
  هیچ چیز نمی تواند تصمیم او را تغییر دهد.

/in dōōs´, -dyōōs´/
vt.
● (به کاری) واداشتن،وادار کردن (معمولا با استدلال یا تشویق یا نفوذ کلام)
they could not induce the old lady to sell her house
آنان نتوانستند پیرزن را به فروش خانه‌ی خود وادار کنند.
the conditions that induced many young people to emigrate
شرایطی که خیلی از جوانان را ناچار به مهاجرت می‌کرد.
● موجب شدن،به وجود آوردن،شوند کردن،آغالیدن
to induce vomiting with an emetic
با داروی تهوع آور ایجاد استفراغ کردن
religion induced kindness in him
دین در او مهربانی ایجاد کرد.
● (منطق و استدلال: از جزئیات به قوانین یا برداشت‌های کلی رسیدن) استنباط کردن،استنتاج کردن،برداشت کردن،بازکاوی کردن،استقرا کردن (واروی: deduce)
● (فیزیک) القا کردن،فرتابی کردن،توختن
● (روان شناسی) تلقین کردن،نیوشاندن،در انگیختن

these pills induce drowsiness
diese Tabletten machen schläfrig
to induce an abortion
eine Abtreibung einleiten
to induce mitosis BIO
die Zellteilung anregen
to induce sth
etw anregen
to induce anaesthesia
narkotisieren
to induce labour
die Wehen einleiten
to induce abortion
eine Fehlgeburt auslösen
to induce a[n] [electrical] current
Strom induzieren
to induce sb to do sth
jdn dazu verleiten, etw zu tun
to induce a pregnant woman [to give birth]
bei einer Schwangeren die Geburt künstlich einleiten
nothing could induce me to do a bungee-jump!
nichts auf der Welt könnte mich zum Bungeejumping bewegen!

Question 528

arouse

ger: to arouse sth
etw erwecken liter

to arouse sb
jdn erregen

Answer 528

arouse [əˈrauz]
♦ verb
to cause or give rise to (something): His actions aroused my suspicions.
برانگیختن؛ تحریک کردن
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[əˈrouz]
verb - arouse
بیدار کردن: awaken, arouse, waken, awake, raise
بر انگیختن: prod, arouse, infuse, roust, excite, whet
تحریک کردن: stimulate, annoy, arouse, incense, agitate, incite

/ǝ rouz´/
vt., vi.
● بیدار کردن،از خواب پراندن
the sound of sirens aroused us from sleep
صدای آژیر ما را از خواب پراند.
● انگیختن،برانگیختن،تحریک کردن یا شدن،شوراندن
her strange behavior aroused our suspicions
رفتار عجیب او موجب بدگمانی ما شد.
to arouse pity
برانگیختن (حس) ترحم
her bare legs aroused the old man
ران‌های برهنه‌ی او پیرمرد را تحریک کرد.
to become aroused
شهوتی یا تحریک شدن

to arouse a passion
leidenschaftliche Gefühle wecken
to arouse sb’s suspicions
jds Verdacht erregen
to arouse anger
Zorn erregen
to arouse opposition
auf Widerstand stoßen
to arouse controversy
zu Unstimmigkeiten führen
to arouse suspicion
Verdacht erregen
to arouse concern
Bedenken hervorrufen
to raise [or arouse] sb’s ire
jds Zorn erregen

Question 529

session

ger:
Session f , Sitzung f

Answer 529

session [ˈseʃən]
♦ noun
1 a meeting, or period for meetings, of a court, council, parliament etc : The judge will give his summing up at tomorrow’s court session.
جلسه
2 a period of time spent on a particular activity: a filming session.
نوبت
3 a university or school year or one part of this: the summer session.
سال تحصيلي
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[ˈseSHən]
noun - session
جلسه: session, meeting, meet, sitting, seance
نشست: meeting, session, meet, sitting, subsidence, seance
مجلس: parliament, assembly, council, legislature, convocation, session
دوره تحصیلی: term time, session

/sesh´ǝn/
n.
● جلسه،نشست،اجلاس،جرگه
a morning session
نشست بامدادی
the secret session of the parliament
جلسه‌ی محرمانه‌ی مجلس شورا
an annual legislative session
نشست سالیانه‌ی مجلس مقننه
a recording session
جرگه برای صفحه پر کردن (ضبط)
● (آموزش) دوره (term هم می‌گویند)
the fall session begins in September
دوره‌ی پاییزی از اول سپتامبر آغاز می‌شود.
summer session
دوره‌ی تابستانی
● روز مدرسه،برنامه‌ی آموزش روزانه
many overcrowded schools have double sessions
بسیاری از مدارس شلوغ برنامه‌ی دوگانه (صبح و عصر) دارند.
● (کلیسای پرسبیتارین) هیات رئیسه
● ویزیت،دیدار
a session with the dentist
دیدار با دندانساز
* in session
(مدرسه) باز،(مجلس و گروه و غیره) در حال اجلاس،دست به کار،در جریان
the school is not in session today
امروز مدرسه باز نیست.
the court has been in session for six hours
شش ساعت است که دادگاه مشغول کار بوده است.

plenary session
Plenarsitzung f
recording session
Aufnahme f
training session
Trainingsstunde f
session musician
Sessionmusiker(in) m (f)
parliamentary session (term of office)
Legislaturperiode f
afternoon session
Nachmittagsunterricht m
special session
Sondersitzung f
rap session (group therapy)
Gesprächsrunde f
to meet in session
zu einer Sitzung zusammenkommen
Parliament is in session
das Parlament tagt
plenary meeting [or session]
Plenarsitzung f
a practice session
ein Training
Court of Session Scot
Oberstes Gericht in Zivilsachen
parliamentary election/session
Parlamentswahl f /-sitzung f
to have a brainstorming session
ein Brainstorming abhalten [o. durchführen]
end of the exchange session BÖRSE
Börsenschluss m

Question 530

vital

ger:
essenziell, unerlässlich, vital

Answer 530

US UK AU vital [ˈvaitl]
♦ adjective
1 essential; of the greatest importance: Speed is vital to the success of our plan; It is vital that we arrive at the hospital soon.
حیاتی؛ مهم
2 lively and energetic: a vital person/personality.
سرزنده
ˌviˈtality [-ˈtӕ-]
♦ noun
liveliness and energy: a girl of tremendous vitality.
سرزندگی

[ˈvītl]
adjective - vital
حیاتی: vital, biotic
اساسی: fundamental, basic, essential, substantial, vital, pivotal
واجب: obligatory, necessary, essential, indispensable, vital, fundamental
وابسته بزندگی: vital

/vīt´’l/
adj., n.
● وابسته به زندگی یا زنده ماندن،حیاتی،کیانی،جانی،زیستی،ورجی
economic stability is vitally important
ثبات اقتصادی اهمیت حیاتی دارد.
vital energy
انرژی زیستی
● جانبخش،حیاتی و مماتی،اصلی،مهم
vital organs
اندام‌های جانبخش (بدن)
the vital rays of the sun
اشعه‌ی جانبخش خورشید
fuel is a vital commodity
سوخت کالای بسیار مهمی است.
● جانفرسا،مهلک،جانگیر
a vital wound
زخم مهلک
● پرشور،سرزنده،بانشاط
a vital personality
یک شخصیت پرنشاط
● (جمع) اندام‌های حیاتی (مثلا قلب یا مغز یا ریه‌ها)،مهند اندام
● (جمع) بخش‌های حیاتی هر چیز،مهندبخش

to play a vital part
eine entscheidende Rolle spielen
to be of vital importance
von entscheidender Bedeutung [o. von größter Wichtigkeit] sein
a vital piece of information
eine sehr wichtige Information
it is vital to do sth
es ist äußerst wichtig, etw zu tun

Question 531

release

ger: freilassen, freigeben, entlassen

to release sb
jdn freigeben [o. freistellen]

to release sb from sth
jdn von etw Dat befreien

Answer 531

US UK AU release [rəˈliːs]
♦ verb
1 to set free; to allow to leave: He was released from prison yesterday; I am willing to release him from his promise to me.
رها کردن؛ آزاد کردن
2 to stop holding etc ; to allow to move, fall etc : He released (his hold on) the rope.
رها کردن
3 to move (a catch, brake etc ) which prevents something else from moving, operating etc : He released the handbrake and drove off.
خلاص کردن
4 to allow (news etc ) to be made known publicly: The list of winners has just been released.
منتشر کردن
5 to offer (a film, record etc ) to the general public: Their latest record will be released next week.
عرضه کردن

♦ noun
1 the act of releasing or being released: After his release, the prisoner returned to his home town; the release of a new film; (also adjective ) the release catch.
آزادی
2 something that is released: This record is their latest release; The Government issued a press release (= a statement giving information about something, sent or given to newspapers, reporters etc ).
انتشار
[riˈlēs]
noun - release
رهایی: liberation, emancipation, release, salvation, escape, extrication
پخش: broadcast, distribution, release, diffusion, dissemination, propagation
ترخیص: clearance, release, permission
ازادی: freedom, release, liberty, independence, emancipation, freeness
خلاصی: release, deliverance, rescue, redemption, riddance, extrication
بخشش: forgiveness, bounty, gift, mercy, grant, release
رهتیی: release
استخلاص: release
verb - release
رها کردن: drop, abandon, unleash, release, liberate, leave
منتشر ساختن: release, publish
مرخص کردن: discharge, license, release, assoil, dismiss, furlough
ازاد کردن: release, franchise, free, assoil, deliver, ease

/ri lēs´/
n., vt.
● آزاد کردن،بیرون دادن،ول دادن،گشادن
to release a caged bird
پرنده‌ی در قفس را آزاد کردن
they released the prisoners
زندانیان را آزاد کردند.
the tire releases air
تایر باد ( بیرون) می‌دهد.
● رها کردن،در کردن،شل کردن
to release an arrow
پیکان را رها کردن
● (از مالیات یا مسئولیت یا مجازات و غیره) معاف کردن،بخشودن
he asked the general to release him from his promise
از سپهبد تقاضا کرد که او را از قولی که داده بود معاف کند.
● ( از درد و غم و غیره) رهانیدن
he is waiting for death to release him from his suffering
منتظر مرگ است که او را از رنج برهاند.
● (حقوق) صرفنظرکردن،واگذار کردن
to release a reserved seat on a plane
از جای رزرو شده در هواپیما صرفنظرکردن
she released all claims regarding personal injury
در مورد صدمه‌ای که به او وارد شده بود صرفنظر کرد.
● رها،آزادی،آزاد سازی،مرخص سازی،خلاصی،ول سازی،رهایی،بیرون ریزی
the release of political prisoners was their first condition
آزادی زندانیان سیاسی شرط اول آنها بود.
the release of gas from the cylinder
رها شدن گاز از سیلندر
● بخشودگی،معافیت
the company’s release from any tax obligation
بخشودگی شرکت از هرگونه مشمولیت مالیاتی
● تسکین،(درد و غیره) فرونشانی
the medicine provided him temporary release from pain
دارو درد او را موقتا فرو نشاند.
● سند آزادی،رها نامه
● ول کردگی،رها کردگی،گشادگی
the release of the arrow
رها شدن پیکان
● (مکانیک) بازکن،راه انداز،آغازگر،خلاص
● (کتاب و فیلم و غیره) انتشار،پخش،پخش کردن،درآوردن،منتشر کردن،عرضه کردن،عرضه
his latest release is being shown in many cinemas
آخرین فیلم او را در بسیاری از سینماها نشان می‌دهند.
● ( کتاب و فیلم و غیره ) تازه منتشر شده،تازه
● (حقوق) صرفنظرسازی،واگذاری،انصراف
the release of her injury claims came as a great surprise
انصراف او از ادعای خسارت بسیار غیر مترقبه بود.
● (حقوق) سند واگذاری،سند انصراف

to release sb
jdn [aus der Haft] entlassen [o. freilassen]
to release sb on bail
jdn gegen Kaution auf freien Fuß setzen
to release sb on parole
jdn bedingt aus der Haft entlassen
to release sb from prison
jdn aus dem Gefängnis entlassen
to release sb on probation
jdn auf Bewährung entlassen

press release
A bes Presseaussendung f
merciful release euph
Erlösung f euph
day release Brit
Freistellung zur beruflichen Fortbildung
steam release
Dampfventil nt
release cord
Reißleine f
to release a missile
eine Rakete abschießen
to release a bomb
eine Bombe abwerfen
release of a hostage
Freilassung f einer Geisel
to go on release film
[in den Kinos] anlaufen
to release a statement
eine Erklärung abgeben
to release the brake
die Bremse lösen
to release the shutter FOTO
den Auslöser betätigen
to release the brake[s] (by hand)
die Bremse lösen
to procure sb’s release
jds Freilassung erreichen [o. geh erwirken]
to release dues
überfällige Bestellungen abwickeln
release of funds
Mittelfreisetzung f
to release gas/steam
Gas/Dampf freisetzen

Question 532

idiosyncrasy

ger:
Idiosynkrasie f
Eigenart

peculiarity

ger: peculiarity
Besonderheit f
peculiarity
Eigenart f

Answer 532

idiosyncrasy
noun [ C ]
US /ˌɪd·i·əˈsɪŋ·krə·si/

a strange or unusual habit, way of behaving, or feature:

One of her many idiosyncrasies is always smelling a book before opening it.

/id´ē ō´siŋ´krǝ sē, -sin´-; -ē ǝ-/
n., pl.
● (ویژگی منحصر به یک فرد یا گروه معین) تک‌ویژگی،خصیصه‌ی فردی،تک سرشت
she gradually adjusted to her husband’s idiosyncrasies
او کم‌کم خود را با تک ویژگی‌های شوهرش وفق داد.
the idiosyncrasies of his writing style
ویژگیهای منحصر به فرد او
● واکنش فردی (نسبت به دارو یا خوراک و غیره)

[ˌidēəˈsiNGkrəsē]
noun - idiosyncrasy
شیوه ویژه هر نویسنده: idiosyncrasy
حال مخصوص: idiosyncrasy
طبیعت ویژه: idiosyncrasy
طرز فکر ویژه: idiosyncrasy
خصوصیاتاخلاقی: idiosyncrasy

idiosyncratic
adjective
UK /ˌɪd.i.ə.sɪŋˈkræt.ɪk/ US /ˌɪd.i.ə.sɪŋˈkræt̬.ɪk/

having strange or unusual habits, ways of behaving, or features:

The film, three hours long, is directed in his usual idiosyncratic style.

He follows a very idiosyncratic schedule.

idiosyncrasy (peculiarity):
idiosyncrasy
Eigenart f
idiosyncrasy
Eigenheit f

🤣 peculiarity
noun
UK /pɪˌkjuː.liˈær.ə.ti/ US /pɪˌkjuː.liˈer.ə.t̬i/
peculiarity noun (STRANGE)

[ C or U ]
the quality of being strange or unusual, or an unusual characteristic or habit:

You couldn’t help but be aware of the peculiarity of the situation.

Well, we all have our little peculiarities, don’t we?

peculiarity noun (BELONGING TO)

[ C ]
something that is typical of one person, group, or thing:

This technique is applicable to a wide variety of crops, but some modifications may be necessary to accommodate the peculiarities of each type.

peculiarity (idiosyncrasy):
peculiarity
Besonderheit f
peculiarity
Eigenart f

[pəˌkyo͞olēˈaritē]
noun - peculiarity
غرابت: strangeness, weirdness, quirkiness, peculiarity, queerness, singularity
صفت عجیب و غریب: peculiarity
خاصیت: property, feature, nature, character, trait, peculiarity
خصوصیات: specifications, feature, particularity, particular, intimacy, peculiarity
حالت ویژگی: peculiarity

/pē kyōō´lē er´ǝ tē/
n., pl.
● ویژگی،غرابت،خصوصیت عجیب و غریب
● (به ویژه عادت یا طبع) منحصر به شخص به خصوص،مختص،ویژه،صفت مشخصه
they looked alike but their peculiarities of character were quite different
آن دو هم قیافه بودند ولی ویژگی‌های شخصیت‌های آنان خیلی متفاوت بود.

Question 533

unprecedented / precedent

ger:
ohne Präzedenz[fall]
beispiellos

precedent

ger: Präzedenzfall , Präzedenz

Answer 533

unprecedented
adjective
UK /ʌnˈpres.ɪ.den.tɪd/ US /ʌnˈpres.ə.den.t̬ɪd/

C2
never having happened or existed in the past:
This century has witnessed environmental destruction on an unprecedented scale.

unprecedented [anˈpresidentid]
♦ adjective
never known to have happened before: Such an action by a prime minister is unprecedented.
بی سابقه

[ˌənˈpresəˌdəntid]
adjective - unprecedented
بی سابقه: unprecedented, unheard, unexampled
بی نظیر: unique, inimitable, unparalleled, unrivaled, unbeatable, unprecedented
بی مانند: unique, unparalleled, unprecedented, inimitable, incomparable, inapproachable
جدید: new, novel, modern, recent, unprecedented, maiden

Unprecedented ways should be tried.
باید راههای نرفته را امتحان کرد.

unprecedented action
beispiellose Aktion
on an unprecedented scale
in bislang ungekanntem Ausmaß
unprecedented in the history of sth
beispiellos in der Geschichte einer S. Gen

2️⃣ precedent
noun [ C/U ]
US /ˈpres·ɪ·dənt/

a previous action, situation, or decision that can be used as a reason or example for a similar action or decision at a later time:

[ C ] Conditions have changed enormously, and the past is not much of a precedent.

[ U ] Precedent indicated that a change would take place sooner rather than later.

a previous action or decision that can be used as a reason for allowing something else:

The ruling can serve as a precedent to challenge other similar cases.

A judgement against the fund could set a precedent for compensation payments to more of its 6,000 investors.

This is an experiment without precedent in economic history.

a bad/dangerous/good precedent
This law sets a very dangerous precedent for all businesses.

create/establish/provide a precedent

a legal precedent

base sth on/follow a precedent

noun - precedent
سابقه: history, record, background, precedent, past, reputation
نمونه: sample, example, instance, model, specimen, precedent
adjective - precedent
مقدم: prior, first, antecedent, leading, preferred, precedent
مسبوق به سابقه: precedent
ماقبل: preceding, past, precedent
/

pres´ǝ dǝnt/
adj., n.
● مقدم،از پیش آیند،جلو (از سایرین)
● سابقه،روال،رسم،سنت
he set the precedent of giving tips here
او رسم انعام دادن را در اینجا متداول کرد.
there is no precedent for what you have done
عملی که شما انجام داده‌اید بی‌سابقه است.
to become a precedent
سابقه شدن،رسم شدن
● رویه‌ی قضایی

Präzedẹnz*fall der; geschr; ein Fall, dessen Ausgang (z. B. vor Gericht) als Beispiel für zukünftige, ähnliche Fälle dient <einen></einen>

binding precedent JUR
bindender Präzedenzfall
without precedent
noch nie da gewesen
condition precedent JUR
aufschiebende Bedingung
to break with precedent
sich Akk nicht an die herkömmliche Praxis halten
to establish a precedent
einen Präzedenzfall schaffen
to set a precedent
einen Präzedenzfall schaffen
to create a precedent
einen Präzedenzfall schaffen
to set [or establish] a precedent
einen Präzedenzfall schaffen
this situation is entirely without precedent
so etwas hat es noch nie gegeben
to break with precedent [by doing sth]
[durch etw Akk ] mit der Tradition brechen
is there any precedent in a case like this?
gibt es dafür irgendeinen Präzedenzfall?
there is no precedent for an annulment being granted in a case like this
in einem solchen Fall hat es noch nie eine Annullierung gegeben

Question 534

perception

ger: Wahrnehmung

how ever acoustic perception became transformed into optical perception

Answer 534

perception [pəˈsepʃən]
♦ noun
the ability to see, understand etc clearly: a man of great perception.
استنباط
perˈceptive [-tiv]
♦ adjective
able to see, understand etc clearly: a very perceptive man.
نکته بین
perˈceptively
♦ adverb
.
ژرف نگرانه
perˈceptiveness
♦ noun
.
ژرف نگری

[pərˈsepSHən]
noun - perception
ادراک: perception, understanding, savvy, conception, cognition, realization
درک: perception, realization, apprehension, discernment, percept, uptake
احساس: feeling, sense, sentiment, sensation, impression, perception
دریافت: receipt, reception, perception, comprehension, discernment, inception
مشاهده: observation, seeing, witnessing, perception
مشاهده قوه ادراک: perception
اگاهی: knowledge, awareness, consciousness, inkling, intelligence, perception

/pǝr sep´shǝn/
n.
● برداشت،استنباط،تلقی،تعبیر
people’s perception of what you are is as important as what you actually are
استنباط مردم از آنچه که تو هستی همانقدر مهم است که آنچه که تو واقعا هستی.
● درک،ادراک،بینش،اندریافت،دریافت،فهم،پی‌بردن
depth perception
اندریافت ژرفا،درک عمق
color perception
درک رنگ،اندریافت رنگ
● احساس،سهش

Question 535

fertile

and that launches this fertile period of research all though the 1950s.

ger:
kreativ, schöpferisch, fruchtbar

Answer 535

fertile [ˈfəːtail]
♦ adjective
1 producing a lot: fertile fields; a fertile mind/imagination.
بارور
2 able to produce fruit, children, young animals etc : fertile seed.
زاینده
ferˈtility [-ˈti-]
♦ noun
the state or condition of being fertile.
باروری
fertilize, *fertilise [-ti-]
♦ verb
to make fertile: He fertilized his fields with manure; An egg must be fertilized before it can develop.
بارور کردن
ˌfertiliˈzation, *ˌfertiliˈsation
♦ noun
.
بارور سازی
ˈfertilizer, *ˈfertiliser [-ti-]
♦ noun
a substance (manure, chemicals etc ) used to make land (more) fertile.
کود

u_rt´’l, fu_r´tīl´/
adj.
● بارور،حاصلخیز،پر ثمر،وهنل،پر میوه،پرحاصل،برومند،زاینده
the fertile soil of Khuzestan
خاک بارور خوزستان
this appel tree is very fertile
این درخت سیب بسیار پر بار است.
● گشنیده،گشن،بارور شده،لقاح شده
a fertile egg
تخم مرغ نطفه دار
● پر زاد و رود،پر بچه،زایا
overly fertile families add to overpopulation
خانواده‌های بسیار پر بچه (مسئله‌ی) ازدیاد جمعیت را تشدید می‌کنند.
● بارورگر،پر ثمر کننده،حاصلخیز کننده
the sun’s fertile warmth
گرمای گشن آور خورشید
● خلاق،آفریننده،آفریدگار
the fertile mind of a genius
فکر آفریننده‌ی یک نابغه

[ˈfərtl]
adjective - fertile
بارور: fertile, fruitful, prolific, fecund, fructuous, parturient
حاصلخیز: fertile, rich, prolific, fecund
پربرکت: exuberant, fertile, luxuriant, bounteous
پرثمر: fertile, fecund
برومند: fecund, fertile

fertile imagination
lebhafte Fantasie
fertile/heavy soil
fruchtbarer/schwerer Boden
to be fertile ground for sth
ein fruchtbarer Boden für etw Akk sein
the soil is very fertile thereabouts
der Boden ist in dieser Gegend sehr fruchtbar

Question 536

agony

ger: unerträgliche Leiden , Qual

Answer 536

US UK AU agony [ˈӕgəni]– plural ˈagonies –
♦ noun
great pain or suffering: The dying man was in agony; agonies of regret.
عذاب
ˈagonized, *ˈagonised
♦ adjective
showing agony: He had an agonized expression on his face as he lost the match.
حاکی از رنج
ˈagonizing, *ˈagonising
♦ adjective
causing agony: an agonizing pain.
جانگداز
agonizingly, *agonisingly
♦ adverb
.
بطور جانکاه

[ˈagənē]
noun - agony
عذاب: torment, suffering, agony, torture, anguish, tribulation
رنج: pain, affliction, toil, agony, tribulation, discomfort
درد: pain, ache, agony, distress, affliction, ailment
تقلا: scramble, bout, tug, effort, exertion, agony
سکرات مرگ: agony
جان کندن: agony
حالت نزع: agony

/ag´ǝ nē/
adj., n., pl.
● عذاب،درد جانکاه،زجر،شکنجه (روحی)
the agony of losing one’s child
درد عظیم از دست دادن فرزند
she screamed in agony
از شدت درد شیون کشید.
● سکرات موت،جان کندن،احتضار
● تقلای شدید،تکاپو،کشمکش
● غلیان (احساسات)،تجلی،فوران
* piling on the agony
(انگلیس - خودمانی) سوخته کنی کردن
* agony aunt
(انگلیس - خودمانی) نویسنده‌ی روزنامه که به نامه‌های خوانندگان درباره‌ی مسایل شخصی آنان در روزنامه پاسخ می‌دهد،مشاورخوانندگان
* agony column(s)
(در روزنامه و مجله) بخشی که در آن نامه‌های خوانندگان چاپ و مسائل شخصی آنها رایزنی می‌شود

to prolong the agony
die Qual hinauszögern
to writhe in agony
sich Akk vor Schmerzen winden
distorted in agony
schmerzverzerrt
they lay screaming in agony
sie lagen da und schrien vor Schmerzen
oh, the agony of defeat! übtr
was für eine schmachvolle Niederlage!
to twist in agony/pain person
sich Akk vor Qual/Schmerz krümmen
to pile [or put] on the agony
dick auftragen ugs
to prolong the agony [of sth]
sich Akk noch länger [mit etw Dat ] [herum]quälen
her face was lined with agony
ihr Gesicht war von tiefem Schmerz gezeichnet
to pile on the agony [or it on] ugs
dick auftragen ugs
sb is in an agony of doubt
jdn quälen schlimme Zweifel
to be in an agony of indecision/suspense
von qualvoller Unentschlossenheit/Ungewissheit geplagt werden
to put sb/an animal out if his/her/its agony
jdn/ein Tier von seinen Qualen erlösen

Question 537

reveal

ger: aufzeigen, offenbaren, enthüllen

Answer 537

AU reveal [rəˈviːl]
♦ verb
1 to make known: All their secrets have been revealed.
افشا کردن
2 to show; to allow to be seen: He scraped away the top layer of paint from the picture, revealing an earlier painting underneath.
نشان دادن؛ ظاهر کردن
reˈvealing
♦ adjective
allowing or causing something to be known or seen: a revealing statement.
هشدار دهنده؛ یاد آوری کننده

iˈvēl]
verb - reveal
فاش کردن: reveal, disclose, divulge, give away, manifest, squeal
معلوم کردن: ascertain, determine, reveal, define, locate, manifest
ظاهرکردن: reveal
اشکار کردن: unfold, reveal, air, announce, bare, disclose
ظاهر ساختن: reveal, expose, lay out, manifest

• He didn’t reveal his secret.
  او رازش را آشکار نساخت.

to reveal sb’s identity
jds Identität zu erkennen geben
to reveal a secret
ein Geheimnis verraten
to reveal a talent
ein Talent erkennen lassen
the reporter refused to reveal his sources
der Reporter weigerte sich, seine Quellen preiszugeben
I do not propose to reveal details
ich habe nicht die Absicht, Einzelheiten preiszugeben
to disclose [or reveal] [or identify] one’s sources
seine Quellen preisgeben
are you at liberty to reveal any names?
dürfen Sie Namen nennen?
they did not reveal their line of inquiry
sie teilten nicht mit, in welcher Richtung sie ermittelten
the play of emotion across his face revealed his conflict
seine widerstreitenden Gefühle spiegelten sich in seinem Gesicht wider

Question 538

miraculous

ger: wunderbar

Answer 538

/mi rak´yōō lǝs, -yǝ-/
adj.
● معجزه‌آسا،اعجازی،وراالطبیعه
the miraculous birth of that prophet
تولد معجزه‌آسای آن پیامبر
● شگفت انگیز،اعجاب آور
the miraculous curative powers of penicillin
نیروی درمان بخشی اعجاب آور پنی‌سیلین
his miraculous escape from prison
فرار شگفت آفرین او از زندان
● قادر به انجام معجزه

[məˈrakyələs]
adjective - miraculous
معجزه اسا: miraculous

a miraculous event
ein Wunder
to make a miraculous recovery
wie durch ein Wunder genesen

Question 539

framework

ger:
Rahmen m

Answer 539

framework
noun
UK /ˈfreɪm.wɜːk/ US /ˈfreɪm.wɝːk/

[ C ]
a supporting structure around which something can be built

C2
a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something:

a legal framework for resolving disputes

framework
noun [ C ]
US /ˈfreɪmˌwɜrk/
framework noun [C] (STRUCTURE)

a structure around or over which something is built:

the steel framework of a bridge

framework noun [C] (ORGANIZATION)

the ideas, information, and principles that form the structure of an organization or plan:

They’re operating within the framework of a military bureaucracy.

The agreement outlines a framework and schedule for resolving the issues.

[ˈfrāmˌwərk]
noun - framework
چارچوب: framework, frame
کالبد: framework, skeleton, mold, chassis, shell, mould
بدنه: body, fuselage, trunk, shaft, framework
چهارچوبه: framework
استخوان بندی: skeleton, bone, anatomy, framework
چوب بست: staging, scaffolding, scaffold, framework

Common European Framework of Reference for Languages LING
Gemeinsamer Europäischer Referenzrahmen für Sprachen

Question 540

severe

ger: heftig, schwer, streng

Answer 540

US UK AU severe [səˈviə]
♦ adjective
1 (of something unpleasant) serious; extreme: severe shortages of food; a severe illness; Our team suffered a severe defeat.
سخت
2 strict or harsh: a severe mother; severe criticism.
جدي
3 (of style in dress etc ) very plain: a severe hairstyle.
ساده
seˈverely
♦ adverb
.
به سختي
seˈverity [-ˈve-]
♦ noun
the severity of the punishment; the severity of her dress.
سختي

[səˈvi(ə)r]
adjective - severe
شدید: severe, intense, violent, drastic, intensive, vigorous
سخت: hard, difficult, tough, strict, rigid, severe
سخت گیر: strict, intransigent, stern, exacting, squeamish, severe
شاق: burdensome, onerous, severe, astringent, stark, tall
خشک: dry, arid, withered, barren, waterless, severe
عنیف: drastic, harsh, hideous, repugnant, severe

/sǝ vir´/
adj.
● شدید،سخت،ستهم
severe difficulties
مشکلات شدید
severe cold
سرمای سخت
severe criticism
انتقاد شدید
a severe pain
درد شدید
a severe blow
ضربه‌ی ستهم
● دشوار،مشکل،جانفرسا
a severe test
آزمون دشوار
under severe conditions
تحت شرایط دشوار
● سختگیر،سور،جدی
severe to the point of cruelty
سختگیر تا حد ظلم
the government has been very severe about certain films
دولت در مورد برخی فیلم‌ها خیلی سختگیری کرده‌است.
a severe teacher
معلم سختگیر
● عبوس،تندخو،تند
when she saw me, her expression became severe
وقتی که مرا دید قیافه‌اش درهم رفت.
● ساده،بی‌آذین،بی‌زیب
she was dressed in a severe black coat
یک پالتو ساده و سیاه به تن داشت.
severe burns
schwere Verbrennungen
severe cold
eisige Kälte
severe tone
barscher Ton
severe storm
heftiger Sturm
severe reprimand
scharfer Tadel
severe judge
strenger Richter/strenge Richterin
severe headache
heftige Kopfschmerzen
severe pain
starker Schmerz

Question 541

schedule

ger:
Terminplan m
Zeitplan m
Programm nt

Answer 541

schedule [ˈʃedjuːl, (American) ˈsked-]
♦ noun
a statement of details, especially of timing of activities, or of things to be done: a work schedule for next month.
برنامه زمان بندي

♦ verb
to plan the time of (an event etc ): The meeting is scheduled for 9.00 a.m.
زمان بندي كردن

• He changes his schedule from day to day.
  او برنامه ی روزانه اش را روز به روز عوض می کند.
• A lot of things happened and my schedule was messed up.
  اتفاقات زیادی افتاد و همه برنامه ریزی ام بهم ریخت.
• Everything is on schedule.
  همه چیز طبق برنامه است.

/ske´jool, shed´yōōl, shej´ōōl/
n., vt.
● (در اصل) کاغذ دست نویسی شده،سیاهه
● (معمولا ضمیمه‌ی ورقه‌ی خرید یا وصیت‌نامه یا ورقه‌ی مالیات و غیره) فهرست،ریزاقلام،صورت
a schedule of household items belonging to the deceased
فهرست اثاث منزل متعلق به متوفی
● برنامه،زمان‌بندی،برنامه‌ی زمان‌بندی شده،ترتیب زمانی،جدول زمانی
class schedule
برنامه‌ی کلاس‌ها
my daily schedule
برنامه‌ی روزانه‌ی من
today, I have a full schedule
امروز برنامه‌ام پر است (تمام اوقاتم گرفته است).
this sheet contains today’s schedule of events
این ورقه حاوی جدول فعالیت‌های امشب است.
they laid out a schedule for building the new factory
ساختمان کارخانه‌ی جدید را زمان‌بندی کردند.
● (آمریکا) برنامه‌ی حرکت قطار (یا اتوبوس و غیره)
a flight schedule
برنامه‌ی (ساعات) پرواز
● زمان‌بندی کردن،در جدول زمانی وارد کردن،جزو برنامه کردن،برنامه (و غیره) تعیین کردن
the train is scheduled to stop in Ghom
طبق برنامه ترن در قم توقف خواهد کرد.
Leyla has scheduled a meeting for next Monday
لیلا برای دوشنبه‌ی دیگر جلسه تعیین کرده است.
the repairs are scheduled to take six months
طبق برنامه تعمیرات شش ماه طول خواهد کشید.

[-jəl,ˈskejo͞ol]
noun - schedule
برنامه: program, plan, schedule, scheme, code, syllabus
جدول: table, chart, schedule, list, diagram, tableau
برنامه زمانی: schedule
جدول زمانی: schedule
فهرست: list, roster, catalog, inventory, index, schedule
صورت: face, form, shape, figure, invoice, schedule
فرانما: schedule
verb - schedule
زمان بندی کردن: schedule
در برنامه گذاردن: schedule
برنامه ریزی کردن: schedule
صورت یا فهرستی ضمیمه کردن: schedule

production schedule
Fertigungsplan m
heavy schedule
voller [o. dicht gedrängter] Terminkalender
Schedule F
(zu versteuernde) Erträge von Dividenden und sonstigen Ausschüttungen
Schedule E
[zu versteuernde] Einkünfte aus nicht selbstständiger Arbeit
Schedule A
[zu versteuernde] Einkünfte aus Vermietung und Verpachtung von Grundstücken und Gebäuden
Schedule D
zu versteuernde Einkünfte, die nicht aus Beschäftigungen kommen
train schedule
Fahrplan m
tight schedule
gedrängter Terminkalender
on schedule
fristgerecht
schedule B FIN
Einkommenssteuergruppe f B
teaching schedule
Lehrplan m
flight schedule
Flugplan m
schedule D FIN
Einkommenssteuergruppe f D
to fall behind schedule
nicht in der Zeit liegen
a cramped schedule [or timetable]
ein voller Zeitplan
to schedule a meeting
eine Besprechung ansetzen
a punishing schedule
ein anstrengender [o. alle Kräfte beanspruchender] Terminplan
schedule of redemption
Tilgungsplan m

Question 542

sophisticated

ger: hochrangig, hochentwickelt

Answer 542

sophisticated [səˈfistikeitid]
♦ adjective
(negative unsophisticated )
1 (of a person) having a great deal of experience and worldly wisdom, knowledge of how to dress elegantly etc : a sophisticated young man; She has become very sophisticated since she went to live in London.
خبره؛ ماهر
2 suitable for, or typical of, sophisticated people: The joke was too sophisticated for the child to understand; sophisticated clothes/hairstyles.
سطح بالا
3 (of machines, processes etc ) highly-developed, elaborate and produced with a high degree of skill and knowledge: sophisticated photographic techniques.
پيشرفته؛ پيچيده
soˌphistiˈcation
♦ noun

/-kāt´id/
adj.
● فرهیخته،کارکشته،وارد،پخته،چشم و گوش باز،پیراسته،آگاه،بافرهنگ،بامعرفت
a sophisticated journalist
یک روزنامه‌نویس بافرهنگ
a sophisticated youth
یک جوان چشم و گوش باز
● (از نظر فکری و فرهنگی) پرمایه،پیشرفته،پرمغز
a sophisticated novel
یک رمان پرمغز
● ناسره،ناخالص،قاتی‌دار،رقیق شده،ناناب
sophisticated oil
روغن دارای ناخالصی
● (متن) دارای دست بردگی،مخدوش،تحریف شده،دستکاری شده
a sophisticated text
متن دستکاری شده
● پیچیده،مدغم،چند جنبه‌ای،عالمانه،پیشرفته،چیره دستانه
the sophisticated methods of modern research
روش‌های پیچیده‌ی پژوهش‌های امروزی
very sophisticated machinery
ماشین‌آلات بسیار پیشرفته

[səˈfistiˌkātid]
adjective - sophisticated
مصنوعی: artificial, false, sophisticated, dummy, feigned, forged
در سطح بالا: sophisticated
غیر طبیعی: unnatural, uncanny, preposterous, supernatural, sophisticated, subnormal
تصنعی: sophisticated, dummy, mannered, put-on, self-imposed
خبره وماهر: sophisticated
مشکل وپیچیده: sophisticated

2. sophisticated:
   sophisticated (highly developed)
   hoch entwickelt
   sophisticated (highly developed)
   ausgeklügelt
   sophisticated method
   raffiniert
   sophisticated (complex) approach
   differenziert

Question 543

frighten

ger:
jdn erschrecken

Answer 543

frighten
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈfraɪ.tən/ US /ˈfraɪ.tən/

B2

to make someone feel fear:

He frightens me when he drives so fast.

You’ll frighten the baby wearing that mask.

The noise frightened me to death/out of my wits (= gave me a severe fright).

/frī¥t´’n/
vt., vi.
● ترساندن،هراساندن (معمولا به طور ناگهانی)،وحشت زده کردن
to be frightened
هول کردن،ترسیدن
Homa was frightened by a mouse
هما از موش ترسید.
● مرعوب و وادار کردن،(از ترس) به کاری واداشتن
to frighten someone into confessing
از راه ترس کسی را به اقرار وادار کردن
● (با: away یا out یا off) رم دادن،رماندن،ترساندن و دور کردن
her bad temper frightened away all her suitors
خلق بد او همه‌ی خواستگارانش را رانده بود.
the car’s noise frightened the deer off
صدای اتومبیل آهو را رم داد.
● (ناگهان) ترسیدن
she frightens easily
او زود می‌ترسد.

AU [ˈfrītn]
verb - frighten
ترساندن: scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize, deter, threaten
بوحشت انداختن: fright, frighten, wolf
متوحش کردن: frighten

to [not] frighten easily
[nicht] leicht Angst bekommen
to frighten sb ⇆ off [sth]
jdn [von etw Dat ] abschrecken
to frighten [or scare] sb witless
jdn zu Tode erschrecken
to frighten sb into submission
jdn durch Einschüchterung fügsam machen
to frighten sb to death
jdn zu Tode erschrecken
to frighten away ⇆ sb/an animal
jdn/ein Tier verscheuchen
to scare [or frighten] the pants off sb
jdm einen Riesenschrecken einjagen ugs
to frighten sb out of doing sth
jdn von etw Dat abschrecken

Question 544

sloppy

ger:
schlampig

Answer 544

sloppy adjective (LACKING CARE)

not taking care or making an effort:

Spelling mistakes always look sloppy in a formal letter.
Another sloppy pass like that might lose them the whole game.

Sloppy clothes are large, loose, and do not look neat:
At home I tend to wear big sloppy sweaters and jeans.

sloppy adjective (EMOTIONAL)

expressing feelings of love in a way that is silly or embarrassing:

a sloppy love song

[ˈsläpē]
adjective - sloppy
درهم و برهم: sloppy, untidy, unorganized, desultory, turbid, intricate
شلخته: sloppy, grubby, slovenly, frumpy, slipshod, blowzy
کثیف: dirty, filthy, messy, nasty, squalid, sloppy
نا مرتب: irregular, disheveled, disordered, sloppy, unequal, untidy

/släp´ē/
adj.
● پوشیده از گل و لای یا برف آبکی،برفابی،گلی،گلابی،گل آلود،خیس و کثیف
● ولنگار،شلخته،لچر،بد لباس،شورتی،بی دقت
a sloppy student
شاگرد شورتی
Susan dresses sloppily
سوسن شلخته‌وار لباس می‌پوشد.
● سر هم بندی شده،بد ساخت،حاکی از شلختگی،شورتی گرانه،ناشی گرانه،بد،سرسری
sloppy writing
نگارش سرهم‌بندی شده
sloppy repair
تعمیر ناشیانه
● (عامیانه) دارای احساسات غلو آمیز،پر آه و ناله

sloppy sentimentality
Rührseligkeit f
sloppy food
schlabberiges Essen ugs
sloppy love song
Schnulze f ugs
sloppy romance novel
Groschenroman m ugs
a sloppy kiss
ein feuchter Kuss
to be a sloppy dresser
[immer] schlampig herumlaufen

Question 545

abandon

ger:
etw verlassen, etw aufgeben

Scores of countries have now abandoned capital punishment

Answer 545

abandon verb [T] (STOP)

C1
to stop doing an activity before you have finished it:

The game was abandoned at half-time because of the poor weather conditions.

They had to abandon their attempt to climb the mountain.

The party has now abandoned its policy of unilateral disarmament.

abandon [əˈbӕndən]
♦ verb
1 to leave, not intending to return to: They abandoned the stolen car.
قید چیزی را زدن
2 to give (oneself) completely to: He abandoned himself to despair.
خود را تسلیم چیزی کردن
aˈbandoned
♦ adjective
1 shameless: an abandoned young woman.
بی حیا
2 having been left without any intention of returning to or reclaiming: The police found the abandoned car.
رها شده
aˈbandonment
♦ noun
Lack of money led to the abandonment of this plan.
توقف

• Why did you abandon me?
  چرا ترکم کردی؟ (?Ĉerā tarkam kardi)

[əˈbandən]
verb - abandon
رها کردن: drop, abandon, unleash, release, liberate, leave
تسلیم شدن: surrender, give in, submit, capitulate, succumb, abandon
ترك گفتن: abandon
واگذار کردن: concede, cede, assign, relegate, give, abandon
تبعید کردن: exile, displace, abandon, banish, deport, expatriate
دل کندن: abandon
noun - abandon
واگذاری: assignment, transfer, surrender, cession, submission, abandon
بیخیالی: abandon
رها سازی: triggering, emancipation, abandon, abandonment, dereliction, quit

with abandon
mit Leib und Seele
to abandon a baby
ein Baby aussetzen
JUR to abandon an action
eine Klage zurückziehen
to abandon one’s car
sein Auto stehen lassen
to abandon a plan
einen Plan fallenlassen
to abandon a claim
einen Anspruch aufgeben
to abandon ship
das Schiff verlassen
to abandon play
das Spiel abbrechen
he drinks with reckless abandon
er trinkt völlig maßlos
to abandon a game/match
ein Spiel/Match abbrechen
to abandon one’s husband/wife
seinen Ehemann/seine Ehefrau sitzenlassen ugs
to abandon [or give up] hope
die Hoffnung aufgeben
to abandon sb to his/her fate
jdn seinem Schicksal überlassen
people were cavorting about with wild abandon
die Leute tollten ausgelassen herum
to abandon all pretence of doing sth
noch nicht mal mehr so tun, als würde man etw tun
pressure to abandon the new motorway is increasing
die Forderungen, die neuen Autobahnpläne zu verwerfen, werden lauter
the employers are threatening to abandon procedures that have been hammered out over the years
die Arbeitgeber drohen damit, von Verfahren Abstand zu nehmen, die über Jahre hinweg mühsam erarbeitet wurden

Question 546

immemorial

ger: uralt
from [or since] time immemorial
seit Urzeiten

from time immemorial the warrior has been feted

Answer 546

/im´me môr´ē ǝl, im´mǝ-; im´ǝ-/
adj.
● دوران‌های بسیار باستانی،به یاد نیاوردنی،دیرین،فرایاد
from time immemorial
از زمان‌های کهن

[ˌi(m)məˈmôrēəl]
adjective - immemorial
بسیار قدیم: immemorial
دیرین: immemorial, bygone
خیلی قدیم: immemorial
خیلی پیر: immemorial, decrepit
یاد نیاوردنی: immemorial
خیلی کهنه: immemorial

from [or since] time immemorial
seit Urzeiten
from [or since] time immemorial [or esp Brit out of mind]
seit undenklichen Zeiten

Question 547

immemorial

ger: uralt
from [or since] time immemorial
seit Urzeiten

from time immemorial the warrior has been feted

Answer 547

/im´me môr´ē ǝl, im´mǝ-; im´ǝ-/
adj.
● دوران‌های بسیار باستانی،به یاد نیاوردنی،دیرین،فرایاد
from time immemorial
از زمان‌های کهن

[ˌi(m)məˈmôrēəl]
adjective - immemorial
بسیار قدیم: immemorial
دیرین: immemorial, bygone
خیلی قدیم: immemorial
خیلی پیر: immemorial, decrepit
یاد نیاوردنی: immemorial
خیلی کهنه: immemorial

from [or since] time immemorial
seit Urzeiten
from [or since] time immemorial [or esp Brit out of mind]
seit undenklichen Zeiten

Question 548

contrast

ger:
kontrastieren
Kontrast m zwischen +Dat/zu +Dat

by [or in] contrast
im Gegensatz

The public executioner, by contrast, has always had to lurk in the shadows

Answer 548

contrast [kənˈtraːst]
♦ verb
1 to show marked difference from: His words contrast with his actions.
مغایر بودن با؛ تضاد داشتن
2 to compare so as to show differences: Contrast fresh and frozen vegetables and you’ll find the fresh ones taste better.
مقایسه کردن
[ˈkontraːst]noun
1 difference(s) in things or people that are compared: The contrast between their attitudes is very marked.
تفاوت
2 a thing or person that shows a marked difference (to another): She’s a complete contrast to her sister.
تضاد

[]
noun - contrast
کنتراست: contrast
تقابل: contrast, mutuality
تضاد: contradiction, conflict, contrast, opposition, polarization, antithesis
مقابله: opposition, confronting, contrast, checking, collation, meeting face to face
مخالفت: opposition, objection, disagreement, resistance, defiance, contrast
تباین: contrast, divergence, heterogeny, incommensurability, inconsistence, inconsistency
ضد: opposite, hostile, antagonist, contrast, opponent, adversary
هم سنجی: contrast, comparison
verb - contrast
برابر کردن: equate, balance, compare, contrast, level out, parallel
مقابله کردن: check, collate, contrast, compare, confront, verify
مقایسه کردن: compare, contrast

/kǝn trast´, kän´trast´/
vt., vi., n.
● مقایسه کردن (برای نشان دادن تفاوت‌ها)،همسنجی کردن،برابر هم گذاشتن،برابر نهش کردن،پادیست کردن
to compare and contrast
وجوه تشابه و تمایز را نشان دادن
he contrasted the two poems
او آن دو شعر را همسنجی کرد.
● (با: with) تضاد داشتن (با)،مغایر بودن با
his deeds contrasted with his words
رفتار او با حرفهایش تضاد داشت.
● مقایسه،برابر نهش،همسنجی،تقابل،پادیست،تباین،همبرنهاد
● تفاوت (به ویژه بین دو چیز مورد مقایسه)
the noticeable contrast between those two countries
تفاوت چشمگیر بین آن دو کشور
● (شخص یا چیز) متفاوت،برابر نهشته
● (نقاشی و تصویر تلویزیونی و سینمایی و غیره) تضاد،کنتراست (میزان تضاد بین دو رنگ و غیره)،پادنمایی
contrast lighting
نورپردازی دارای کنتراست
* by contrast, in contrast
در مقابل،در عوض،از سوی دیگر
* contrastive, adj.
تقابلی،همبری،تباینی،مقابله‌ای
contrastive grammar
دستور مقابله‌ای

harsh contrast
scharfer Kontrast
by contrast
im Gegensatz
violent contrast
krasser Gegensatz
in contrast to sth
im Gegensatz zu etw Dat
to contrast sharply
scharf kontrastieren
by [or in] contrast
im Gegensatz
to contrast starkly with sth
in krassem Gegensatz zu etw Dat stehen
in marked contrast to sth
im krassen Gegensatz zu etw Dat
a marked contrast between sth
ein spürbarer Gegensatz zwischen etw Dat
to make quite a contrast
einen großen Gegensatz [o. starken Kontrast] darstellen
Richard, by contrast, works very much
Richard hingegen arbeitet sehr viel
to present a contrast to sth
einen Gegensatz zu etw Dat darstellen
the contrast of sth with sth
der Kontrast [o. Gegensatz] zwischen etw Dat und etw Dat
to provide a contrast to sth
einen Kontrast zu etw Dat liefern
to be in stark contrast to sth
in krassem Gegensatz zu etw Dat stehen
in stark contrast to sb/sth
in krassem Gegensatz zu jdm/etw
there’s a striking contrast between what he does and what he says he does
zwischen dem, was er behauptet zu tun und dem, was er tatsächlich tut, besteht ein himmelweiter Unterschied
her pro-European views are in sharp contrast to those of many of her colleagues
ihre proeuropäischen Ansichten sind denen vieler ihrer Kollegen diametral entgegengesetzt

Question 549

lurk

ger:
lauern

Answer 549

lurk [ləːk]
♦ verb
to wait in hiding especially with a dishonest or criminal purpose: She saw someone lurking in the shadows.
کمین کردن

/lu_rk/
vi.
● کمین کردن،خف کردن،(برای حمله) پنهان ماندن
reporters were lurking behind the tree
خبرنگاران پشت درخت کمین کرده بودند.
● نهفته باقی ماندن،در کمون بودن،مترصد بودن
the doubt that lurked in my mind
شک و تردیدی که در ذهن من ریشه کرده بود
● (پنهانی) حرکت کردن،پاورچین راه رفتن،یواشکی نزدیک شدن
he lurked around like a thief
او مانند یک دزد پاورچین پاورچین (و مخفیانه) به این طرف و آن طرف می‌رفت.

[lərk]
verb - lurk
در خفا انجام دادن: lurk
کمین کردن: stalk, ambush, lurk, scupper, waylay
در تکاپو بودن: lurk, scrimmage
در کمین شکار بودن: lurk
در انتظار فرصت بودن: lurk
دزدکی عمل کردن: lurk

to lurk beneath the surface übtr
unter der Oberfläche schlummern
to lurk in the bushes/the dark
sich Akk im Gebüsch/in der Dunkelheit verborgen halten

Question 550

pittance

ger:
Hungerslohn m

erbärmlich niedriger Lohn

Answer 550

/pit´’ns/
n.
● دستمزد کم،حقوق ناچیز،شندر غاز،پاپاسی،حصه‌ی کوچک،سهم ناچیز
she works long hours for a pittance
او ساعت‌های متوالی برای شندرغاز کار می‌کند.
he received a mere pittance of education
تحصیلات او بسیار کم بود.

[ˈpitns]
noun - pittance
مبلغ جزئي: pittance
کمک هزینه مختصر: pittance
چندرقاز: pittance

a mere pittance
nur ein Taschengeld nt
…, but for the company it’s a mere pittance
…, aber das Unternehmen bezahlt das aus der Portokasse

Question 551

dozen

ger.
Dutzend nt

Answer 551

dozen [ˈdazn]– plurals ˈdozens (after a number or a word signifying a quantity) ˈdozen –
♦ noun
a group of twelve: two dozen handkerchiefs; These eggs are 50 cents a dozen; Half-a-dozen eggs, please.
دو جین
dozens (of)
very many: I’ve been there dozens of times.
خیلی
* Do you sell eggs by the kilo or by the dozen?
تخم مرغ رو کیلویی می فروشید یا بسته ای؟

/duz´ǝn/
n., pl.
● دوازده عدد،دوجین
how much are eggs per dozen?
قیمت هر دوجین تخم‌مرغ چقدر است‌؟
a dozen eggs
یک دو جین تخم‌مرغ
● (معمولا جمع) زیاد،فراوان،چندین
she had dozens of suitors
او ده‌ها خواستگار داشت.
I have dozens of things to do
خیلی کار دارم.
* by the dozen
دوجینی،دوازده‌تا دوازده‌تا
oranges were sold by the dozen
پرتقال‌ها را دوجینی می‌فروختند.
* the dozens
(خودمانی ـ در میان سیاهان امریکا) شوخی رکیک (لفظی)

Question 552

defiant

ger:
aufsässig
CH a. aufmüpfig ugs
uneinsichtig [o. unnachgiebig] bleiben

The single most defiant ans most notable exception to this trend is the United States

Answer 552

defiant
adjective
UK /dɪˈfaɪ.ənt/ US /dɪˈfaɪ.ənt/

proudly refusing to obey authority:

a defiant attitude/gesture

The protesters blocking the entrance to the offices remained defiant this morning.

not willing to accept criticism or disapproval:

The CEO was in a defiant mood as she entered the boardroom.

[diˈfīənt]
adjective - defiant
مبارز: fighting, combatant, defiant, combative, adversary
جسور: daring, bold, defiant, cocky, hardy, insolent
بدگمان: suspicious, distrustful, mistrustful, defiant
مخالف: contrary, opposing, dissident, dissenting, averse, defiant
خیره چشم: cocksy, cocky, cynic, cynical, defiant, graceless
بی اعتناء: defiant, inobservant

/-ǝnt/
adj.
● مبارزه‌خواه،عرض اندام کننده،نافرمان،سرپیچی کننده،سرپیچگر،گردنکش،متجاوز،متجاسر
● ستیزجوی،ستیزگرای،سرسخت
they wanted him to repent but he was defiant to the end
از او خواستند که اظهار ندامت کند ولی او تا آخر سرسختی کرد.

to remain defiant
uneinsichtig [o. unnachgiebig] bleiben
to take a defiant stand
eine Protesthaltung einnehmen
to be in a defiant mood
in Kampfstimmung sein

Question 553

widespread

ger: weit verbreitet

Answer 553

widespread
adjective
US /ˈwɑɪdˈspred/

existing or happening in many places or among many people:
Minnesota has experienced widespread flooding.

/-spred´/
adj.
● گسترده،باز
he came to me with widespread arms
با آغوش باز به سویم آمد.
● شایع،فراوان،رایج،دامنه‌دار
the use of this drug is very widespread in Africa
مصرف این دارو در افریقا بسیار رایج است.
one of the most widespread diseases
یکی از شایع‌ترین بیماری‌ها

[ˈwīdˈspred]
adjective - widespread
گسترده: widespread, palmate, perfect, splay, far-reaching, wide-spreading
شایع: prevalent, rampant, widespread, rife, publicized, current
متداول: common, popular, usual, current, prevalent, widespread
همه جا منتشر: widespread

widespread discontent
weit verbreitete Unzufriedenheit
widespread looting
allgemeine Plünderei
there is widespread speculation that …
es wird weithin spekuliert, dass …
the campaign has received widespread support
die Kampagne stieß auf breite Unterstützung
there are reports of widespread flooding in southern France
es wird von großflächigen Überschwemmungen in Südfrankreich berichtet
there has been a widespread reaction against the government’s proposed tax increases
die von der Regierung vorgesehenen Steuererhöhungen stoßen weitgehend auf Ablehnung

Question 554

opponent

ger:
Opponent(in) m (f)

Gegenpartei f

Too often, death-penalty opponents have reacted to America’s stubborn exceptionalism? on this issue with knee-jerk condemnation, or despair. Instead they should relish the chance to convert the world’s most vigorous democracy to a saner policy.

Answer 554

opponent
noun [ C ]
UK /əˈpəʊ.nənt/ US /əˈpoʊ.nənt/

B2
a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it or tries to change it:

a political opponent

Leading opponents of the proposed cuts in defence spending will meet later today.

B2
a person who someone is competing against in a sports event:
In the second game, her opponent hurt her leg and had to retire.

opponent [əˈpəunənt]
♦ noun
a person who opposes: an opponent of the government; He beat his opponent by four points.
دشمن؛ رقیب
opporˈtune
♦ adjective
coming at the right time: an opportune remark.
بموقع
opporˈtunely
♦ adverb
.
بطور بموقع
opporˈtuneness
♦ noun
.
لحظه مناسب
opportunism
♦ noun
.
فرصت طلبی
opporˈtunist
♦ noun
a person who takes advantage of any circumstance which will help him personally: a political opportunist.
آدم فرصت طلب

noun - opponent
حریف: opponent, adversary, rival, match, foe, competitor
مخالف: dissident, dissident, opponent, anti, adversary, antagonist
طرف مقابل: opponent, opposite party
طرف: side, hand, party, direction, opponent, angle
معارض: opponent
منازع: opponent, enemy, litigant
خصم: enemy, adversary, antagonist, foe, opponent, foeman
ضد: opposite, hostile, antagonist, contrast, opponent, adversary
عدو: oppositionist, assailant, enemy, adversary

Question 555

stubborn

ger: stur ugs
dickköpfig ugs
starrköpfig
störrisch
hartnäckig

Answer 555

stubborn [ˈstabən]
♦ adjective
obstinate, or unwilling to yield, obey etc : He’s as stubborn as a donkey.
لجوج

/stub´ǝrn/
adj.
● سرسخت،مصمم،یک‌دنده،لجوج،لجباز،خودرای،چشم سفید،کله شق،خیره سر،سمج
a stubborn man
آدم سرسخت
● سر سختانه،لجوجانه،مصممانه
stubborn resistance
مقاومت سرسختانه
● مقاوم،دپرپای،دیر درمان،دیرالتیام،بدقلق
a stubborn disease
بیماری دیر درمان
a stubborn engine
یک موتور بدقلق
● پیگیر،بی‌امان
stubborn campaigns
مبارزات بی‌امان

[ˈstəbərn]
adjective - stubborn
خیره: stubborn, dazed, insolent, amazed, bold, impudent
سمج: stubborn, persistent, importunate, insisting, pertinacious
لجوج: stubborn, obstinate, dour, opinionated, dogged, obdurate
کله شق: stubborn, pertinacious, bull-headed, obstinate, mulish, pigheaded
خیره سر: stubborn, wayward, obstinate, bold, brave, fearless
سرکش: rebellious, disobedient, indomitable, rebel, recalcitrant, stubborn
معاند: obstinate, rancorous, stubborn, inimical, spiteful, contumacious
ستیزه جو: militant, contentious, quarrelsome, stubborn, antagonistic, intractable
ستیزه گر: pugnacious, stubborn, antagonistic, quarrelsome
سر سخت: tenacious, stubborn, dogged, tough, recalcitrant, hardy
ستیز جو: quarrelsome, stubborn
ستیز گر: antagonistic, contentious, militant, obstinate, quarrelsome, stubborn

stubborn stains
hartnäckige Flecken
stubborn resistance
hartnäckiger Widerstand
stubborn refusal
hartnäckige Weigerung
stubborn problem
vertracktes Problem
stubborn pain
hartnäckiger Schmerz
stubborn child
störrisches Kind
stubborn hair
widerspenstiges Haar
you’re a stupid, stubborn cuss!
du bist ein sturer [alter] Esel! abw ugs

Question 556

knee-jerk

Answer 556

knee-jerk:
instinctive, not fully thought through

knee-jerk
adjective disapproving
UK /ˈniː.dʒɜːk/ US /ˈniː.dʒɝːk/
knee-jerk reaction, response, etc.

a quick reaction that does not allow you time to consider something carefully

knee-jerk
adjective
US/ˈniˌdʒɜrk/

happening or existing as a result of habit, rather than careful consideration:
When asked about crime, the mayor’s knee-jerk reaction is to call for longer prison sentences.

Question 557

relish

ger:
etw genießen

Too often, death-penalty opponents have reacted to America’s stubborn exceptionalism? on this issue with knee-jerk condemnation, or despair. Instead they should relish the chance to convert the world’s most vigorous democracy to a saner policy.

Answer 557

relish [ˈreliʃ]
♦ verb
to enjoy greatly: He relishes his food; I relished the thought of telling my husband about my promotion.
لذت بردن

♦ noun
1 pleasure; enjoyment: He ate the food with great relish; I have no relish for such a boring task.
اشتیاق؛ رغبت
2 a strong flavour, or a sauce etc for adding flavour.
مزه؛ طعم؛ چاشنی

/rel´ish/
n., vt., vi.
● مزه،طعم،ذائقه
a relish of garlic in the soup
طعم سیر در آبگوشت
● نشانه،اثر
a relish of hatred in her look
نشانه‌ای از نفرت در نگاه او
● میل،خوشی،لذت،اشتیاق،رغبت،شوق،شور
to listen with relish
با میل گوش دادن
they showed little relish for that task
برای آن کار رغبت زیادی نشان ندادند.
● هر چیز اشتیاق انگیز
● چاشنی،(خوراک) مخلفات (ترشیجات و غیره)،گزک
do you want your hamburger with or without relish?
همبرگر خود را با ترشی و مخلفات می‌خواهید یا بدون آن‌؟
fresh vegetables are a popular relish in Iran
در ایران سبزی خوردن جزو مخلفات متداول است.
● (نادر) طعم دادن،مزه‌دار کردن
● رجوع شود به: appetizer
● لذت بردن،خوش آمدن (از چیزی)،دوست داشتن،تمتع بردن
I relished the skill of Iranian musicians
از مهارت موسیقی نوازان ایرانی خوشم آمد.
the workers did not relish the probability of a cut in their wages
کارگران از احتمال کاهش مزدشان خرسند نبودند.
I do not relish the thought of working with him
از فکر کار کردن با او خوشم نمی‌آید.
● خوشمزه بودن،طعم خوب داشتن
a bit of vinegar will make this food more relishing
قدری سرکه این خوراک را خوش‌طعم‌تر خواهد کرد.
● مزه یا طعم یا ویژگی چیزی را داشتن
his style relishes too much of the sea
سبک او بیش از حد رنگ و بوی دریا را دارد.

[ˈreliSH]
noun - relish
رغبت: relish, zest, propensity, goo
طعم: taste, flavor, odor, palate, savor, relish
ذوق: taste, gusto, liking, penchant, verve, relish
چاشنی: stuffing, flavor, seasoning, detonator, flavoring, relish
مزه: taste, flavor, zest, savor, gusto, relish
میل: desire, liking, tendency, will, shaft, relish
ذائقه: palate, relish, sapor, sapour
اشتها: appetite, stomach, relish
مقدار کم: trace, smidgen, modicum, paucity, relish, soupcon
خوش طعمی: flavor, gust, relish, sapidity, haut-gout
خوش مزگی: flavor, humor, jocularity, bon mot, gust, relish
verb - relish
لذت بردن از: relish, joy
مزه اوردن: relish
خوش مزه کردن: zest, flavor, relish, sauce, taste, flavour
با رغبت خوردن: relish

Question 558

vigorous

stürmisch, heftig

Answer 558

vigorous
adjective
UK /ˈvɪɡ.ər.əs/ US /ˈvɪɡ.ɚ.əs/

very forceful or energetic:

a vigorous debate

There has been vigorous opposition to the proposals for a new road.

He takes plenty of vigorous exercise.

healthy and strong:

Cutting the bush back in the autumn will help promote vigorous growth in the spring.

[ˈvig(ə)rəs]
adjective - vigorous
شدید: severe, intense, violent, drastic, intensive, vigorous
قوی: strong, powerful, potent, heavy, bouncing, vigorous
نیرومند: strong, powerful, mighty, formidable, vigorous, potent
زورمند: mighty, vigorous

/vig´ǝr ǝs/
adj.
● پرتوان،پرنیرو،قدرتمند،نیرومند،توانمند
● تهمتن،قلچماق،زورمند
a vigorous handsome young man
یک مرد جوان پر زور و خوش قیافه
● (گیاه) برومند،سبز و خرم،خوش رشد
a vigorous fig tree
یک درخت انجیر پربار
● شدید،ستهم،قاطع،سخت،زورمندانه،قاطعانه،جدی،مجدانه،محکم
a vigorous protest
یک اعتراض شدید
the vigorous enforcement of the laws
اجرای قاطعانه‌ی قوانین
vigorous exercise is not good for everyone
ورزش شدید برای همه کس خوب نیست.
● سرسخت،سرسختانه
the vigorous continuation of resistance
ادامه‌ی سرسختانه‌ی مقاومت
a vigorous enemy of materialism
دشمن سرسخت ماده‌گرایی
● سرزنده،شاداب،پرشور و حرارت

vigorous reaction
stürmische Reaktion
vigorous growth
kräftiges Wachstum
vigorous health
robuste Gesundheit
vigorous exercises
intensive Übungen
vigorous denial/protest
energisches Leugnen/energischer Protest
light/heavy [or vigorous] workout
leichtes/hartes Training
to make a vigorous speech
eine feurige Rede halten
we went for a vigorous walk
wir machten einen strammen Spaziergang

Question 559

sane

ger:
vernünftig

Answer 559

sane
adjective
UK /seɪn/ US /seɪn/

C2

having a healthy mind and not mentally ill:

In the doctor’s opinion he was sane at the time of the murder.

humorous The only thing which keeps me sane after a hard day in the office is jogging!

C2
showing good judgment and understanding:

It was a sane decision and one we all respected.

sane [sein]
♦ adjective
1 not mad: in a perfectly sane state of mind.
عاقل
2 sensible: a very sane person.
معقول
ˈsanely
♦ adverb
.
عافلانه
ˈsanity [ˈsӕ-]
♦ noun
the state or quality of being sane: I am concerned about her sanity.
سلامت عقل

adjective - sane
سالم: healthy, sound, intact, wholesome, healthful, well
دارای عقل سلیم: sane

Question 560

deterrence

ger: Abschreckung

Answer 560

deterrence
noun [ U ]
UK /dɪˈter.əns/ US /dɪˈter.ənts/

the action or the fact of deterring people from doing something:
They believed in the principle of nuclear deterrence.

noun - deterrence
بازداری: inhibition, deterrence, blockage, dissuasion
بازداشت: detention, arrest, arrestment, deterrence, backset, curb

dē tu_r´ ǝns/
n.
● بازداری،بازدارش (از طریق تهدید به عمل متقابل)،انصراف انگیزی
● سیاست انباشتن سلاح‌های اتمی به منظور منصرف کردن دشمن احتمالی از حمله
nuclear deterrence
سیاست انصراف‌انگیزی اتمی

Question 561

incapacitation /incapacitate

ger:
to incapacitate sb
jdn außer Gefecht setzen [o. handlungsunfähig machen]

Answer 561

incapacitate
verb [ T often passive ]
UK /ˌɪn.kəˈpæs.ɪ.teɪt/ US /ˌɪn.kəˈpæs.ə.teɪt/

to make someone unable to work or do things normally, or unable to do what they intended to do:

The accident left me incapacitated for seven months.

Rubber bullets are designed to incapacitate people rather than kill them.

incapacitate
verb [ T ]
US /ˌɪn·kəˈpæs·ɪˌteɪt/

to remove someone’s ability to do something:
The accident incapacitated me for seven months.
incapacitating

adjective US /ˌɪn·kəˈpæs·əˌteɪ·t̬ɪŋ/
an incapacitating illness
incapacity

noun [ U ] US /ˌɪn·kəˈpæs·ɪ·t̬i/
The novel tells the story of a man’s incapacity for love.

/in´kǝ pas´ǝ tāt´/
vt.
● ناتوان کردن،ناقادر کردن،از کار انداختن
age incapacitated him
سالخوردگی او را ناتوان کرد.
● (حقوق) سلب

noun - incapacitation
نا توانی: inability, incapacitation, disability, impotence, failure, asthenia
محجوری: incapacitation

Question 562

retribution

ger:
die Strafe

Answer 562

retribution
noun [ U ] fml
US /ˌre·trəˈbju·ʃən/

deserved punishment:
He was seeking retribution for the crime committed against him.

retribution [retriˈbjuːʃən]
♦ noun
punishment, especially deserved.
کیفر؛ مجازات

/re´trǝ byōō´shǝn/
n.
● سزا،پاداش (عمل خوب یا بد)،بادافره،اجر
they were not given just retribution for their services
برای خدماتشان به آنها منصفانه پاداش ندادند.
● عدالت،دادرسی
the day of retribution
روز دادرسی (قیامت)
● کیفر،عقوبت،مجازات،عذاب
the retribution awaiting murderers
کیفری که در انتظار آدمکشان است
divine retribution in the form of storm and floods
تنبیه الهی به صورت توفان و سیل

[ˌretrəˈbyo͞oSHən]
noun - retribution
کیفر: penalty, retribution
مجازات: punishment, penalty, retribution, reprimand
تلافی: retaliation, revenge, reprisal, retort, retribution, compensation
پاداش: reward, remuneration, compensation, fee, gratuity, retribution
کیفری: retribution
سزا: reward, punishment, retribution, remuneration, requital
عقبی: afterworld, Armageddon, Doomsday, Last Judgment, Judgment Day, retribution

divine retribution
die gerechte Strafe Gottes
to escape retribution
seiner Strafe entgehen
retribution overtook him
die Strafe holte ihn schnell ein

Question 563

deter

ger: verhindern, abhalten

Answer 563

deter
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈtɜːr/ US /dɪˈtɝː/
-rr-

to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it:

These measures are designed to deter an enemy attack.

High prices are deterring many young people from buying houses.

deter [diˈtəː]– past tense, past participle deˈterred –
♦ verb
to make less willing or prevent by frightening: She was not deterred by his threats.
جلوگیری کردن؛ منصرف کردن
deˈterrent [-ˈte-, (American) -ˈtə:-]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(something) that deters: The possession of nuclear weapons by nations is thought to be a deterrent against nuclear war itself; a deterrent effect.
بازدارنده؛ پیشگیر

/dē tu_r´, di-/
vt.
● (با ایجاد ترس یا تردید و غیره) بازداری کردن،جلوگیری کردن،منصرف کردن
fear of atomic retalliation deterred the communists from attacking
ترس از تلافی با سلاح اتمی کمونیست‌ها را از حمله بازداشت.
punishment did not deter him from repeating his crime
تنبیه او را از تکرار بزه خود بازنداشت.
a good dog can deter burglars
یک سگ خوب می‌تواند جلو دزدها را بگیرد.

Thesaurus
[diˈtər]
verb - deter
ترساندن: scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize, deter, threaten
باز داشتن: deter, encumber, prevent, debar, dissuade, arrest
تحذیر کردن: deter

to deter an attack
einen Angriff verhindern
nothing will deter him
nichts wird ihn [davon] abhalten
to deter sb from doing sth
jdn davon abschrecken [o. abhalten] , etw zu tun

Question 564

inflict

ger: to inflict a punishment
eine Strafe verhängen fachspr

aufzwingen
aufdrängen

Answer 564

inflict [inˈflikt]
♦ verb
(with on ) to give or impose (something unpleasant and unwanted): Was it necessary to inflict such a punishment on him?; She is always inflicting her company on me.
تحمیل کردن
inˈfliction [-ʃən]
♦ noun
.
تحمیل سازی؛ وارد آوردن

/in flikt´/
vt.
● (درد و زحمت) تحمیل کردن،(ضربه و زخم) زدن،(تلفات) وارد کردن،به سر (کسی) آوردن
we inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy
ما تلفات زیادی به دشمن وارد آوردیم.
to inflict a wound on someone
زخم زدن به کسی
he enjoys inflicting pain on others
او از تحمیل درد به دیگران خوشش می‌آید.
to inflict punishment
تنبیه کردن
to inflict defeat
شکست دادن
● دچار کردن یا بودن (بیشتر afflict می‌گویند)#
v

[inˈflikt]
verb - inflict
ضربت وارد اوردن: inflict
تحمیل کردن: impose, inflict, protrude, burden, constrain, horn in
ضربت زدن: bump, jab, strike, bob, contuse, inflict

to inflict a punishment
eine Strafe verhängen fachspr
to inflict one’s opinion/views on sb
jdm seine Meinung/Ansichten aufzwingen [o. ugs aufdrücken]
to inflict oneself/one’s company on sb
sich Akk jdm aufdrängen
to inflict a fine/punishment on sb
jdm eine Geldbuße/Bestrafung [o. Strafe] auferlegen

Question 565

utilitarian

ger:
utilitaristisch fachspr

praktisch

funktionell

Answer 565

utilitarian
adjective
UK /ˌjuː.tɪ.lɪˈteə.ri.ən/ US /juːˌtɪl.əˈter.i.ən/

designed to be useful rather than decorative:
Like many factories, it’s a very ugly utilitarian building.

/yōō til´ǝ ter´ē ǝn/
adj., n.
● وابسته به مفید بودن (رجوع شود به: utility)
● تاکید به سودمند بودن یا به کار خوردن (در برابر زیبا بودن وغیره)،کارور،عملی،مفید،سهل الاستفاده
to subordinate the aesthetic aspects of a library to its utilitarian aspects
جنبه‌های زیباشناسی کتابخانه را نسبت به جنبه‌های عملی آن در درجه‌ی دوم اهمیت قرار دادن
● کارورگرای،استفاده‌گرای

his office is very utilitarian in style
sein Büro ist sehr praktisch eingerichtet

Question 566

scrutiny

ger: einer [genauen] [Über]prüfung [o. Untersuchung] unterzogen werden

Answer 566

scrutiny
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈskruː.tɪ.ni/ US /ˈskruː.t̬ən.i/

C2
the careful and detailed examination of something in order to get information about it:
The government’s record will be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny in the weeks before the election.

scrutiny [ˈskruːtəni]
♦ noun
careful, detailed examination or inspection: Famous people live their lives under continuous public scrutiny.
بررسي دقيق
ˈscrutinize, *ˈscrutinise
♦ verb
to examine carefully: He scrutinized the coin with a magnifying-glass.
موشكافي كردن

/skrōōt´’n ē/
n., pl.
● نگاه موشکافانه،ژرف‌نگری،نگاه عمیق
a careful scrutiny of the forged document
نگاهی دقیق به سند جعلی
● (دقیق) دیده‌وری،بررسی،وارسی،موشکافی،مداقه
nothing escaped the mother-in-law’s scrutiny
وارسی دقیق مادرشوهر هیچ چیز را نادیده نمی‌گرفت.
the matter has been under the committee’s constant scrutiny
موضوع تحت بررسی دائم کمیسیون بوده است.
● م

[ˈskro͞otn-ē]
noun - scrutiny
بررسی: study, check, survey, checking, scrutiny, discussion
بررسی دقیق: scrutiny
موشکافی: scrutiny, fastidiousness, astuteness, pedantism
رسیدگی: investigation, attention, consideration, handling, examination, scrutiny
مداقه: scrutiny
تحقیق: research, investigation, inquiry, scholarship, probe, scrutiny

constant scrutiny
Routineüberprüfungen pl
to bear [or stand [up to]] scrutiny
einer [genauen] [Über]prüfung [o. Untersuchung] standhalten
to come under [or be subjected to] [close] scrutiny
einer [genauen] [Über]prüfung [o. Untersuchung] unterzogen werden
her research is carried on under intense scrutiny
ihre Forschungen werden strengstens überwacht

Question 567

refute

ger:
etw widerlegen [o. entkräften]

Answer 567

refute [rəˈfjuːt]
♦ verb
to prove that (a person, statement etc ) is wrong: You can easily refute his argument.
اشتباه کسی را اثبات کردن
reˈfutable
♦ adjective
.
انکار پذیر
ˌrefuˈtation [refju-]
♦ noun
.
تکذیب؛ رد

/ri fyōōt´/
vt.
● (استدلال کسی را) رد کردن،(خلاف چیزی را) اثبات کردن
I refute your reasoning with better logic
استدلال شما را با منطق بهتر رد می‌کنم.

[riˈfyo͞ot]
verb - refute
رد کردن: reject, throw down, refuse, deny, decline, refute
تکذیب کردن: disprove, deny, impugn, rebut, refute
اشتباه کسی را اثبات کردن: refute

to refute sth irresistibly
etw überzeugend widerlegen
to refute an assertion [or contention]
eine Behauptung widerlegen [o. entkräften]
to refute a statement/testimony
eine Aussage/Zeugenaussage entkräften
to refute a charge [or an allegation]
einen Vorwurf entkräften
to refute an argument/a theory/a thesis
ein Argument/eine Theorie/eine These widerlegen

Question 568

voluminous

ger: umfangreich, weit, voluminös

Answer 568

voluminous
adjective formal
UK /vəˈluː.mɪ.nəs/ US /vəˈluː.mə.nəs/

A voluminous piece of clothing is large and consists of a lot of cloth:
Her voluminous silk dress billowed out behind her.

A voluminous piece of writing is long and detailed:
Have you read McClelland’s voluminous account of his life?

vǝ lōōm´ǝ nǝs/
adj.
● حجیم،گنجا،بزرگ،کت و گنده،تنومند،هیکل‌دار
a voluminous Negress held him by the hand
یک زن سیاهپوست تنومند دستش را گرفت.
● متعدد،پرشمار،فراوان،زیاد
her virtues are voluminous
محسنات او زیاد است.
● وابسته به یا در چند کتاب یا جلد متعدد
his voluminous writings include ten novels
نوشته‌های متعدد او شامل ده رمان است.
a voluminous history of England
تاریخ چند جلدی انگلستان
● (قدیمی) پر پیچ و خم،پرچین و شکن

[vəˈlo͞omənəs]
adjective - voluminous
حجیم: massive, voluminous, large, huge
بزرگ: great, large, big, major, mighty, voluminous
فراوان: abundant, many, great, plenty, plentiful, voluminous
انبوه: dense, luxuriant, thick, aggregate, bushy, voluminous
مفصل: detailed, lengthy, long, ample, full, voluminous
جسیم: bodied, bulky, voluminous, corpulent, massy

voluminous clothes
weit [geschnitten]
voluminous written account
umfangreich
voluminous writer
produktiv

Question 569

equip

ger:
jdn/etw mit etw Dat ausstatten
to equip sb/sth with sth with special equipment
jdn/etw mit etw Dat ausrüsten

Answer 569

equipped
adjective
UK /ɪˈkwɪpt/ US /ɪˈkwɪpt/
equipped adjective (PROVIDED)

C1
having the necessary tools, clothes, equipment, etc.:
Their schools are very poorly equipped.
We were well equipped for the trip.

equip
verb [ T ]
UK /ɪˈkwɪp/ US /ɪˈkwɪp/
-pp-
equip verb [T] (EQUIPMENT)

B2
to provide a person or a place with objects that are necessary for a particular purpose:
It’s going to cost $4 million to equip the hospital.
All the police officers were equipped with shields to defend themselves against the rioters.

equip [iˈkwip]
♦ verb– past tense, past participle eˈquipped –
to fit out or provide with everything needed: He was fully equipped for the journey; The school is equipped with four computers.
مجهز کردن
eˈquipment
♦ noun
1 the clothes, machines, tools etc necessary for a particular kind of work, activity etc : The mechanic could not repair the car because he did not have the right equipment; The boy could not afford the equipment necessary for mountaineering.
وسایل؛ تجهیز
2 the act of equipping.
مجهز سازی

/ē kwip´, i-/
vt.
● مجهز کردن،افزارمند کردن،داراکردن
a ship equipped with every modern means of navigation
کشتی دارای همه گونه وسایل ناوبری جدید
a park equipped with three swimming pools
پارکی دارای سه استخر شنا
● تجهیز کردن،سلاح‌دار کردن،جنگ‌افزارمند کردن،بسیج کردن،ساز و برگ دادن
troops equipped for battle
قشون‌های تجهیز شده برای نبرد
● (با آموزش یا تمرین) آماده کردن،آمادن
he went back to school to equip himself for a career in teaching
به مدرسه بازگشت تا خود را برای کار معلمی آماده کند.
I was young and not equipped to handle love and marriage
جوان بودم و آمادگی پرداختن به عشق و ازدواج را نداشتم.
● (برای کار بخصوصی) جامه پوشیدن،خود را ملبس کردن
equipped in the national dress of Scotland
ملبس به جامه‌ی ملی اسکاتلند

[iˈkwip]
verb - equip
مجهز کردن: equip, furnish, provide, arm, fit, rig
مجهز ساختن: equip
مسلح کردن: arm, equip, rig, heel, panoply
اراستن: decorate, adorn, primp, blazon, illustrate, equip
سازوبرگ دادن: equip

Question 570

moreover

ger:
überdies
moreover
zudem

Answer 570

moreover
adverb formal
UK /ˌmɔːˈrəʊ.vər/ US /ˌmɔːrˈoʊ.vɚ/

B2
(used to add information) also and more importantly:
The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it’s inaccurate.

moreover

adv.
● علاوه بر این،به اضافه،به علاوه،از این گذشته
I am not interested in your carpet; moreover, I can’t afford it
علاقه‌ای به فرش شما ندارم‌; علاوه بر این،استطاعت آن را هم ندارم.

[môrˈōvər]
adverb - moreover
علاوه بر این: moreover, therewith
بعلاوه: plus, as well as, in addition, also, further, moreover

Question 571

chill

• fever and chills

Answer 571

chill [tʃil]
♦ noun
1 coldness: There’s a chill in the air.
سرما؛ خنکی
2 an illness which causes shivering: I think I’ve caught a chill.
چایمان؛ لرز

♦ adjective
cold: a chill wind.
سرد

♦ verb
to make cold (without freezing): Have you chilled the wine?
خنک کردن
ˈchilly
♦ adjective
cold: a chilly day.
سرد
ˈchilliness
♦ noun
.
خنکی؛ سرما

[CHil]
noun - chill
سرما: cold, chill
خنکی: coolness, freshness, chill, vapidity
چایمان: chill
verb - chill
خنک کردن: cool, chill, refresh, refrigerate, fresh, keel
سرد کردن: cool, chill, refrigerate, make cold
خنک شدن: freshen, chill, keel
منجمد کردن: ice, chill, congeal, glaciate
adjective - chill
مایه دلسردی: chill
مایوس: disappointed, chill

/chil/
n., adj., vi., vt.
● خنک کردن یا شدن،(چیز گرم را) سرد کردن (ولی نه به مرحله‌ی انجماد)،چاییدن
glass can break because of rapid heating or chilling
شیشه ممکن است به واسطه‌ی زود گرم شدن یا سرد شدن بشکند.
● احساس سردی کردن،لرز کردن
my fingers are chilled
انگشتانم سرد شده.
a chilly morning breeze
نسیم سرد صبحگاهی
● ترساندن،دچار چندش کردن،چندیدن،(ناگهان) هراساندن،هول کردن
a chilling experience
تجربه‌ای هراس انگیز (هولناک)
a chilling story of betrayal and murder
داستان چندش آور خیانت و قتل
● چایمان،سرماخوردگی (خفیف)،نزله،زکام،فراشا
she caught a chill and couldn’t go
زکام شد و نتوانست برود.
● هراس (ناگهانی)،بیم،ترس،اشمئزاز،چندش،لرزه (در اثر ترس یا تنفر)
the sight sent a chill down his spine
آن منظره پشتش را لرزاند.
● (هوا) سرد،(هوا) سوزدار،چایمان
she lit a fire to reduce the chill
برای کاستن سرما آتش روشن کرد.
● دلسردی
a chill spread over the group at the sad news
آن خبر بد موجب دلسردی گروه شد.
● (رفتار) سرد
the chill in their attitude towards us
سردی طرز برخورد آنها با ما
● (فلزکاری) قالب سرد،مبرد،ریجه،ریخته‌گری چایشی (تبریدی)،سرد ریز(ی)،چایشگری
* fever and chills
تب و لرز

anticipatory chill
bange Vorahnung
to catch a chill
sich Akk erkälten
to chill sb’s marrow
jdm einen [eiskalten] Schauer über den Rücken jagen
to take a chill pill Am sl
sich Akk abregen ugs
to chill sb to the bone
jdn bis ins Mark erschüttern
to send a chill down sb’s spine übtr
jdm einen Schauer über den Rücken jagen
to take the chill off [of] sth
etw erwärmen
man, you really need to chill [out]!
Mensch, jetzt reg dich doch mal ab! ugs

Question 572

aside

trauma history aside, i had a beautiful life

• put (set) aside
• step (move) aside
• take someone aside
• brush (sweep) aside
• aside from

geR: beiseite, auf die Seite …

Answer 572

aside [əˈsaid]
♦ adverb
on or to one side: They stood aside to let her pass; I’ve put aside two tickets for you to collect.
کنار

♦ noun
words spoken (especially by an actor) which other people (on the stage) are not supposed to hear: She whispered an aside to him.
حرف های هنرپیشه که حضار می شنوند اما بازیگران دیگر نمی شنوند
put aside(often with for)
to keep (something) for a particular person or occasion: Would you put this book aside for me and I’ll collect it later; We have put aside the dress you ordered.
کنار گذاشتن

/ǝ sīd´/
adv., n.
● در یک کنار،به یک طرف
pull the curtain aside!
پرده را کنار بکش‌!
● کنار (گذاشتن)
put this book aside for me
این کتاب را برایم کنار بگذارید.
let us lay this proposal aside temporarily
بیایید موقتا این پیشنهاد را کنار بگذاریم.
● به کنار،صرفنظر از
joking aside, are you coming or not ?
شوخی به کنار،آمدنی هستی یا نه‌؟
● (در نمایش) حرف‌های هنرپیشه که حضار می‌شنوند ولی سایر بازیگران روی صحنه نمی‌شنوند
● (نویسندگی) حاشیه رفتن،ضمن داستان گویی خواننده را مخاطب قرار دادن
* aside from
1- به جز،به استثنای
aside from Ali, everyone came late
به جز علی همه دیر آمدند.

2- به علاوه،علاوه بر
aside from sports, what else are you interested in?
به غیر از ورزش به چه چیز دیگری علاقمندی‌؟
* brush (sweep) aside
رد کردن،انکار کردن
* put (set) aside
کنار گذاشتن،صرفنظر کردن
* step (move) aside
کنار رفتن،کناره گیری کردن
* take someone aside
کسی را (برای مذاکره یا پند و غیره) به کناری کشیدن

to stand clear [or aside]
aus dem Weg gehen
to lay aside money
Geld beiseitelegen [o. sparen]
to cast inhibitions aside
Hemmungen loswerden
to take sb aside
jdn beiseitenehmen
to lay sth aside
etw zur Seite legen [o. beiseitelegen]
to say sth aside
etw beiseitesprechen (als Regieanweisung)
to move sth [aside]
etw beiseiteräumen
joking apart [or aside]
Spaß beiseite
[all] joking aside
Spaß beiseite
to step aside
zur Seite gehen
please stand aside
bitte treten Sie [einen Schritt] zur Seite
to stand aside
zur Seite treten
to turn aside
sich Akk zur Seite drehen
to move [aside] (go)
zur Seite gehen
to toss aside one’s scruples
seine Skrupel ablegen
to put some money aside
etwas Geld zurücklegen
to sweep aside ⇆ doubts/objections
Zweifel/Einwände beiseiteschieben [o. abtun]
to lay aside one’s differences
seine Differenzen beilegen

Question 573

bounce
* the bounce
* bounce back

Answer 573

bounce [bauns]
♦ verb
1 to (cause to) spring or jump back from a solid surface.
جهیدن؛ ورجه وورجه کردن
2 (of a cheque) to be sent back unpaid, because of lack of money in a bank account.
برگشت خوردن

♦ noun
1 (of a ball etc ) an act of springing back: With one bounce the ball went over the net.
جهش
2 energy: She has a lot of bounce.
انرژی
ˈbouncing
♦ adjective
strong and lively: a bouncing baby.
پر جنب و جوش

[bouns]
noun - bounce
گزاف گویی: bounce, extravaganza, verbosity, hyperbole, grandiloquence, magniloquence
پرش: jump, leap, bounce, fly
جست: skip, leap, bounce, gambol
verb - bounce
پریدن: jump, vault, bounce, skip, fly, flight
گزاف گویی کردن: bounce
بالا جستن: bounce
پس جستن: bounce
بیرون انداختن: throw out, eject, expel, bounce, excrete, extrude
مورد توپ و تشر قرار دادن: bounce

/bouns/
n., vt., vi.
● (مانند توپی که به زمین بخورد) جهیدن،ورجه‌ورجه کردن،ورجهیدن،جهاندن،سیستن،جهمند بودن
the grenade bounced twice and exploded
نارنجک دو بار جهش کرد و منفجر شد.
he kept bouncing the ball off the floor
مرتب توپ را به کف اتاق می‌زد.
before serving the ball, she bounced it once
پیش از زدن توپ یکبار آن را ورجهانید.
● جهش،ورجهش،ورجه‌ورجه،جهندگی،جهمندی
the ball has lost its bounce
گوی،جهندگی خود را از دست داده است.
● (خودمانی - معمول در قمار خانه یا میخانه) آدم مزاحم یا بد مست را بیرون انداختن،اخراج
the drunken man was bounced out of the tavern
مرد مست را از میخانه بیرون کردند.
● ورپریدن،ناگهان پریدن،برجستن
to bounce out of bed
از بستر ورجستن (با سرعت بلند شدن)
he bounced up and cut off his two ears
برجست و از او دو گوش ببرید
● (بانکداری) چک بی‌محل را برگرداندن،وازدن،واخواست شدن
due to insufficient funds, my check bounced
به خاطر نبودن وجه کافی در حساب چکم واخواست شد (برگشت خورد).
● (انگلیس) گستاخی،هارت و پورت
● (عامیانه) پویایی،انرژی،پرتکاپویی،انعطاف،سرسختی
● بالا و پایین پریدن
the children were bouncing on the mattress
بچه‌ها روی تشک ورجه وورجه می‌کردند.
I was bouncing my grandson on my knee
نوه‌ام را روی زانوی خود بالا و پایین می‌انداختم.
* bounce back
(عامیانه - انرژی یا جرات و غیره) دوباره به دست آوردن،به حال اول بازگشتن
* the bounce
(ا

to bounce the ball
den Ball aufspringen lassen
to bounce a baby
ein Baby schaukeln
a bad bounce
ungünstig abgeschlagener Ball
to bounce into the room übtr
ins Zimmer stürzen
to give sb the bounce
jdn hinauswerfen ugs
to bounce a cheque [or Am check]
einen Scheck platzenlassen
to be beaten by the bounce
nicht mehr an den Ball kommen
to bounce off at an angle
schräg abprallen
to bounce the ball back [to sb]
den Ball [zu jdm] zurückwerfen

Question 574

apprehend

Answer 574

apprehend [apriˈhend]
♦ verb
1 to arrest: The police apprehended the thief.
دستگیر کردن
2 to understand.
فهمیدن؛ درک کردن
ˌappreˈhension [-ʃən]
♦ noun
1 fear.
دلهره؛ ترس
2 understanding.
فهم؛ درک
ˌappreˈhensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
anxious; worried: an apprehensive expression.
نگران؛ دلواپس
ˌappreˈhensively
♦ adverb
.
با نگرانی
ˌappreˈhensiveness
♦ noun
.
نگرانی

[ˌapriˈhend]
verb - apprehend
درک کردن: understand, comprehend, realize, perceive, appreciate, apprehend
دریافتن: find out, understand, discover, apprehend, realize, apperceive
توقیف کردن: arrest, apprehend, book, confiscate, detain, distrain
بیم داشتن: apprehend, reck
هراسیدن: apprehend

/ap´rē hend´/
vt., vi.
● دستگیر کردن،توقیف کردن
the police apprehended two men accused of murder
پلیس دو مرد متهم به قتل را دستگیر کرد.
● درک کردن،دریافتن،فهمیدن
we often fail to apprehend the real meaning of change
ما اغلب معنی واقعی دگرگونی را درک نمی‌کنیم.
● بیم داشتن،نگران بودن
● (مهجور) در دست گرفتن

to apprehend danger
Gefahr wittern

Question 575

doom

ger:
doom
Verhängnis nt kein pl
doom
[schlimmes] Schicksal

Answer 575

C2
death, destruction, or any very bad situation that cannot be avoided:
A sense of doom hung over the entire country.
The newspapers are always full of doom and gloom (= bad news and unhappiness) these days.

doom
verb [ T ]
US /dum/

to be the certain cause of someone or something having a bad end, esp. to die or to fail:
The effort is doomed to failure.
He was doomed to be a one-term president like Jimmy Carter.

doom [duːm]
♦ noun
fate, especially something terrible and final which is about to happen (to one): The whole place had an atmosphere of doom; His doom was inevitable.
سرنوشت شوم؛ بدشگونی

♦ verb
to condemn; to make certain to come to harm, fail etc : His crippled leg doomed him to long periods of unemployment; The project was doomed to failure; He was doomed from the moment he first took drugs.
دچار عقوبت کردن؛ به سرنوشت بدی دچار کردن
doom [duːm]
♦ noun
fate, especially something terrible and final which is about to happen (to one): The whole place had an atmosphere of doom; His doom was inevitable.
سرنوشت شوم؛ بدشگونی

♦ verb
to condemn; to make certain to come to harm, fail etc : His crippled leg doomed him to long periods of unemployment; The project was doomed to failure; He was doomed from the moment he first took drugs.
دچار عقوبت کردن؛ به سرنوشت بدی دچار کردن

[do͞om]
noun - doom
محشر: doom, Doomsday
سرنوشت: fate, destiny, doom, karma, lot, destination
حکم: sentence, ruling, verdict, warrant, decree, doom
فلک: heaven, sphere, sky, firmament, felucca, doom
سرنوشت بد: doom
حکم مجازات: doom
ضلالت: straying, error, deviation, aberration, perdition, doom
verb - doom
حکم دادن: determine, doom, judge

impending doom
drohendes Unheil
the harbinger[s] of doom
schlechte Vorzeichen pl
merchant of doom [or gloom]
Schwarzseher(in) m (f)
the crack of doom
der Jüngste Tag
he met his doom liter
sein Schicksal ereilte ihn liter scherzh
a prophet of doom
Unheilsverkünder(in) m (f)
prophet of doom
Pessimist(in) m (f)
portent of doom
[böses] Zeichen des Schicksals
until the crack of doom
bis zum Jüngsten Tag
the newspapers are always full of doom and gloom these days iron scherzh
die Zeitungen sind heutzutage voll von Katastrophenmeldungen

Question 576

adolescent

ger:
jugendlich

Answer 576

adolescent [ӕdəˈlesnt]
♦ adjective
in the stage between childhood and adulthood.
بالغ

♦ noun
a person at this stage of life: Adolescents often quarrel with their parents.
نوجوان
ˌadoˈlescence
♦ noun
.
نوجوانی

hesaurus
[ˌadlˈesənt]
noun - adolescent
نوجوان: teenager, adolescent, juvenile, youngster, stripling, younker
adjective - adolescent
جوان: young, youthful, adolescent, boyish
بالغ: adult, mature, adolescent, ripe, full, major
رشید: adolescent, high

/ad´’l es´’nt/
adj., n.
● نوجوان،وابسته به نوجوانی،بالغ (از سن بلوغ تا حدود بیست و یک سالگی)
● کم تجربه،خام،خام‌دست
his remarks struck me as being adolescent and ill-judged
گفته‌هایش به نظرم خام و نابخردانه بود.

Question 577

amygdala

ger:
Amygdala

Answer 577

amygdala
noun [ C ] ANATOMY specialized
UK /əˈmɪɡ.də.lə/ US /əˈmɪɡ.də.lə/
plural amygdalae UK/əˈmɪɡ.də.liː/ US/əˈmɪɡ.də.liː/

one of two parts of the brain that affect how people feel emotions, especially fear and pleasure

Question 578

bizarre

ger:
das Bizarre, seltsam

Answer 578

bizarre [biˈzaː]
♦ adjective
odd or very strange: a bizarre turn of events.
عجیب و غریب

/bi zär´/
adj.
● عجیب و غریب،(از نظر رفتار یا شکل و قیافه) شگفت‌آور
the bizarre appearance of the natives frightened the child
ظاهر عجیب و غریب بومیان بچه را ترساند.
● (از نظر رنگ و طرح و سبک) ناجور
● ناگهان و باور نکردنی،خارق‌العاده،نامانوس
a bizarre sequence of events
یک سلسله رویدادهای خارق‌العاده

[biˈzär]
adjective - bizarre
غریب و عجیب: bizarre, grotesque, antic
غیر مانوس: bizarre
ناشی از هوس: bizarre
وهمی: illusory, unreal, imaginary, uncanny, bizarre, Gothic

Question 579

proliferate

ger: Proliferation, proliferieren

Answer 579

proliferate
verb [ I ] formal
UK /prəˈlɪf.ər.eɪt/ US /prəˈlɪf.ə.reɪt/

to increase a lot and suddenly in number:
Small businesses have proliferated in the last ten years.

[prəˈlifəˌrāt]
verb - proliferate
کثیر شدن: proliferate
زیاد شدن: increase, augment, grow, gain, mount, proliferate
بسط وتوسعه یافتن: proliferate

vt., vi.
● (به سرعت و پی در پی) شاخ و برگ درآوردن،پربارشدن،(تقسیم سلولی) تکثیر شدن،چند شاخه شدن
nerve ends proliferate
انتهای عصب‌ها به چند شاخه تقسیم می‌شود.
● تکثیر یافتن،فزونی یافتن،وستادن،هنگفتیدن
the company’s branches proliferated fast
شعبه‌های شرکت به سرعت فزونی یافت.

Question 580

reliance

reliable

ger:
to place reliance on sb/sth
Vertrauen in jdn/etw setzen

to place reliance on sth
sich Akk auf etw Akk verlassen

“analysis of it—an analysis we may not be able to achieve except, ironically enough, through a shortcut: reliance on an expert.

Answer 580

reliance
noun [ U ]
UK /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/ US /rɪˈlaɪ.əns/

C2
the state of depending on or trusting in something or someone:
The region’s reliance on tourism is unwise.
You place too much reliance on her ideas and expertise.

reliance
noun [ U ]
US /rɪˈlɑɪ·əns/

the condition of depending on something or someone:
She said that there is too much reliance on meat in our diet.
reliant

adjective US /rɪˈlɑɪ·ənt/
The nation is still reliant on imported oil.

the state of needing or depending on something or someone in order to be able to do something:

reliance on sth/sb

Ireland has a greater reliance on oil for electricity generation than most other EU countries.

increasing/growing/heavy reliance on sth
The company’s
increasing reliance on subcontractors involves several risks, including reduced control over pricing.

We are in talks with potential partners in Asia as part of our strategy to reduce our reliance on the American market.

/-ǝns/
n.
● اطمینان،اتکا،اعتماد،دلگرمی،پشتگرمی،استام،اوستام
my reliance is on God alone
پشت گرمی من به خداست و بس.

[riˈlīəns]
noun - reliance
اعتماد: confidence, trust, faith, reliance, belief, credence
تکیه: reliance, emphasis, support, rest, prop, stay
اتکاء: reliance, support
توکل: trust, reliance, dependence
دل گرمی: assurance, encouragement, reliance, morale

to place reliance on sth
sich Akk auf etw Akk verlassen
to build sb’s self-reliance
jds Selbstvertrauen stärken
sb cannot avoid reliance on sth
jd ist auf etw Akk angewiesen
the region’s reliance on tourism is unwise
es ist unklug, dass die Region sich nur auf den Tourismus verlässt
to place reliance on sb/sth
Vertrauen in jdn/etw setzen

self-reliance
Eigenständigkeit f

Question 581

manner

ger: Art und Weise

• all manner of
• by any manner of means
• by all manner of means
• by no manner of means
• in a manner born
• manners make the man
• to the manner born

“Perhaps that is so precisely because of the mechanistic, unthinking manner in which they occur”

Answer 581

US UK AU manner [ˈmӕnə]
♦ noun
1 a way in which anything is done etc : She greeted me in a friendly manner.
حالت
2 the way in which a person behaves, speaks etc : I don’t like her manner.
رفتار
3 (in plural ) (polite) behaviour, usually towards others: Why doesn’t she teach her children (good) manners?
ادب
-ˈmannered
having, or showing, manners of a certain kind: a well- / bad-mannered person.
دارای رفتار بخصوص
ˈmannerism
♦ noun
an odd and obvious habit in a person’s behaviour, speech etc : He scratches his ear when he talks and has other mannerisms.
اطوار؛ عادت
all manner of
all kinds of: He has all manner of problems.
همه نوع
in a manner of speaking
in a certain way: I suppose, in a manner of speaking, I am an engineer.
قطعا

/man´ǝr/
n.
● روش،طرز،طور،طریق،روال
the manner of opening this box
طرز باز کردن این جعبه
he spoke in an offensive manner
او به طرز زننده‌ای حرف می‌زد.
food prepared in the Chinese manner
خوراکی که به روش چینی تهیه شده است
● (طرز) رفتار،خو،عادت،لحن،هنجار
his sarcastic manner
رفتار سخره آمیز او
he spoke to all the children as was his manner
او طبق عادت با همه‌ی بچه ها صحبت کرد.
● (جمع) سلوک،رفتار اجتماعی،سنت‌ها،باب روز،آداب (ادب)،نزاکت
a comedy of manners
شادمایش (کمدی) آداب اجتماعی
good manners
نیک رفتاری،رفتار پسندیده
bad manners
بی‌ادبی،زشت رفتاری،رفتار ناپسند
a child who has no manners
طفلی که ادب ندارد
the licentious manners of a corrupt society
رفتار بی‌بندوبار یک اجتماع فاسد
this novel is a study in the manners of this class
این رمان،پژوهشی است در چگونگی رفتار این طبقه.
● (هنر و ادبیات و غیره) سبک،اسلوب
different jazz manners
سبک های مختلف موسیقی جاز
paintings done in his early manner
نقاشی هایی که به سبک ابتدایی او کشیده شده است
● گونه،نوع،جور،قسم،طور
what manner of man is he?
او چه طور آدمی است‌؟
all manner of things
همه جور چیز
he picked up all manner of more or less important information
او همه گونه اطلاعات کم و بیش مهم را کسب کرد.
* all manner of
همه جور،همه قبیل،همه نوع
* by any manner of means
1- اصلا،به هیچ وجه 2- به هر صورت،به هر طریق
* by all manner of means
البته،حتما،هرطور که شده،به هرطریق
* by no manner of means
1- ابدا،هرگز،به هیچ وجه 2- به هر صورت،به هر طریق
* in a manner born
به اصطلاح،از برخی نظرها،تااندازه‌ای
* manners make the man
ارزش مرد به رفتار اوست
* to the manner born
آموخته از بدو زندگی،خوگرفته از زمان تولد،طبیعتا مناسب برای

[ˈmanər]
noun - manner
روش: method, way, procedure, manner, how, system
چگونگی: how, manner, quality, state, condition, circumstance
طرز: way, how, mode, manner, method, fashion
رفتار: behavior, conduct, treatment, manner, action, demeanor
طریقه: way, method, manner, mode, path, fashion
طور: way, manner, mode, method
طریق: way, manner, path, fashion, mode, road
راه: way, road, path, route, avenue, manner
سبک: style, method, way, mode, fashion, manner
نوع: type, kind, sort, species, nature, manner
ادب: politeness, decorum, manner, politesse, complaisance, curtsey
قسم: kind, sort, type, manner, persuasion, adjuration
سیاق: manner, style, way, method, arithmetic, form
رسوم: mores, etiquette, manner
مسلک: manner, path, method, way
تربیت: upbringing, nurture, pedagogy, cultivation, steerage, manner
عنوان: title, caption, heading, headline, way, manner
سان: way, manner, parade, how, inspection, ostentatious show
سلیقه: taste, style, tact, manner
فن: technique, art, branch of knowledge, branch of science, manner, mode
طرز عمل: procedure, modus operandi, action, mode, manner

direct manner
direkte Art
professional manner
professionelles Auftreten
intimidating manner
einschüchternde Art
suave manner
weltmännische/zuvorkommende Art
amicable manner
freundliche [o. liebenswürdige] Art
engaging manner
einnehmende Art
vainglorious manner
hochnäsige Art
regal manner
Vornehmtuerei nt abw
bland manner
ruhige Art
lively manner
lebhafte Art
snotty manner
unverschämte Art
pleasing manner
zuvorkommende Art
aloof manner
reservierte [o. distanzierte] Art
commanding manner
gebieterische Art abw
calculating manner
berechnende Art
perfunctory manner
abweisende Art
professorial manner
professorales Gehabe abw
disingenuous manner
verlogene Art

Question 582

occur

ger:
geschehen
occur accident
sich Akk ereignen, auftreten ….

Answer 582

occur [əˈkəː]– past tense, past participle ocˈcurred –
♦ verb
1 to take place: The accident occurred yesterday morning.
اتفاق افتادن
2 (with to ) to come into one’s mind: An idea occurred to him; It occurred to me to visit my parents.
خطور کردن
3 to be found: Oil occurs under the sea.
یافت شدن
ocˈcurrence [-ˈka-, (American) -ˈkə:-]
♦ noun
a strange occurrence.
اتفاق
occurrence, ~occurred and occurring have two r s.

[əˈkər]
verb - occur
رخ دادن: occur, happen, befall, arise, outcrop, turn up
اتفاق افتادن: happen, fall out, occur, betide, hap, come to pass
واقع شدن: occur, situate, happen, lie
خطور کردن: haunt, strike, flash, occur, dawn upon

/ǝ ku_r´/
vi
● رخ دادن،روی دادن،اتفاق افتادن،به وقوع پیوستن
accidents which occur at home
حوادثی که در خانه رخ می‌دهد
successful marriages do not occur by themselves, but are planned carefully
ازدواج‌های موفقیت‌آمیز،خود به خود روی نمی‌دهند بلکه با دقت طرح ریزی می‌شوند.
how did it occur?
چگونه روی داد؟
her death occurred around noon
مرگ او حدود ظهر اتفاق افتاد.
● وجود داشتن،یافت شدن،بودن
fish occur in most lakes
اکثر دریاچه‌ها دارای ماهی هستند.
that sound does not occur in the Persian language
آن صدا در زبان فارسی وجود ندارد.
● (با:to) خطور کردن (به فکر)،از خاطر گذشتن
something occurred to me that I had never thought of before
چیزی به خاطرم خطور کرد که هرگز فکرش را نکرده بودم.
didn’t it occur to you that he might be lying?
آیا فکر نکردی که ممکن است دروغ بگوید؟

to occur to sb that …
jdm in den Sinn kommen, dass …
don’t let it occur again
sieh zu, dass das nicht wieder passiert
accidents regularly occur at this bend
an dieser Kurve kommt es ständig zu Unfällen
if the drought continues, deaths will occur on a massive scale
wenn die Dürre anhält, werden die Todesfälle massiv ansteigen

Question 583

infringement

ger: Übergriff, Verstoß
infringement of [one’s/sb’s] rights

Answer 583

infringement
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ.mənt/ US /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ.mənt/

an action that breaks a rule, law, etc.:

copyright infringement
Even minor infringements of the law will be severely punished.

[inˈfrinjmənt]
noun - infringement
تخلف: violation, infringement, infraction, delinquency, transgression, contravention
تجاوز: violation, assault, infringement, encroachment, transgression, attack
تعدی: infringement, oppression, violation, incursion, inroad

breach [or infringement] of copyright
Verstoß m gegen das Urheberrecht
an infringement of copyright
ein Verstoß gegen das Urheberrecht

Question 584

indigenous

ger:
[ein]heimisch ,
indigen

Answer 584

indigenous
adjective
UK /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/ US /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ə.nəs/

used to refer to, or relating to, the people who originally lived in a place, rather than people who moved there from somewhere else :
So who are the indigenous people of this land?
The indigenous population has long suffered exclusion and profound injustice.
He studied Mixtec, an indigenous language of Mexico.

used to refer to plants and animals that grow or live naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else:
Are there any species of frog indigenous to the area?
The snakes are a serious threat to indigenous wildlife owing to their big appetites.

not foreign or from outside an area:
The rise of indigenous Chinese enterprises has posed a threat to Hong Kong companies.
They are doing this by the import of arms from Western sources and by the development of indigenous industries.

[inˈdijənəs]
adjective - indigenous
بومی: native, indigenous, endemic, domestic, vernacular, aboriginal
طبیعی: natural, normal, physical, indigenous, inherent, innate
ذاتی: inherent, intrinsic, essential, innate, natural, indigenous
فطری: innate, natural, indigenous, inborn, inartificial, inbred

/in dij´ǝ nǝs/
adj.
● بومی،بومزاد
lions are indigenous to Africa
شیر بومی افریقا است.
Indians are indigenous inhabiants of America
سرخپوستان ساکنان بومی امریکا هستند.
plants that are indigenous to the Loot Desert
گیاهان بومی کویر لوت
● نهادی،درون زاد،فطری
behavior that is indigenous to human beings
رفتاری که در انسان‌ها ذاتی است

indigenous people
Einheimische pl
the indigenous flora and fauna
die heimische Tier- und Pflanzenwelt
to be indigenous to Europe plants, animals, etc
in Europa heimisch [o. beheimatet] sein

Question 585

outrageous

ger: unverschämt,
ungeheuerlich, empörend

Answer 585

outrageous
adjective
UK /ˌaʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/ US /ˌaʊtˈreɪ.dʒəs/

B2
shocking and morally unacceptable:
The judge criticized the “outrageous greed” of some of the bankers.
[ + that ] It is outrageous that these buildings remain empty while thousands of people have no homes.
These prices are just outrageous (= much too high).

used to describe something or someone that is shocking because they are unusual or strange:
outrageous clothes/behaviour
an outrageous character

/out rā´jǝs/
adj.
● (شدیدا) خشونت‌آمیز،زشت،شنیع،تکان دهنده،وحشتناک
his behavior toward his children is outrageous
رفتار او نسبت به بچه‌هایش بسیار زشت است.
an outrageous murder
قتل شنیع
● اهانت‌آمیز،توهین‌آمیز
outrageous remarks
اظهارات اهانت‌آمیز
● بسیار بد
this outrageous weather!
این هوای لعنتی‌!

Question 586

abundance

ger:
Fülle

Answer 586

abundance
noun [ S or U ] formal
UK /əˈbʌn.dəns/ US /əˈbʌn.dəns/

the situation in which there is more than enough of something:

There was an abundance of food at the wedding.

This team has talent in abundance.

abundance [əˈbandəns]
♦ noun
a large amount: an abundance of food; There was food in abundance.
وفور
aˈbundant
♦ adjective
plentiful: abundant proof.
فراوان
aˈbundantly
♦ adverb
.
بطور فراوان

[əˈbəndəns]
noun - abundance
فراوانی: abundance, plenty, affluence, redundancy, profusion, amplitude
وفور: abundance, wealth, affluence, profusion, bounty, exuberance
فزونی: excess, increase, abundance, affluence, exuberance, enlargement
سرک: addition, bidding, exuberance, abundance, excess, raise
natural abundance NUCL
natürliche Isotopenhäufigkeit
isotopic abundance
[natürliche] Isotopenhäufigkeit
in abundance
in Hülle und Fülle
to have an abundance of sth
reich an etw Dat sein
Canada has an abundance of wildlife
Kanada hat eine sehr reiche Tierwelt
he had an abundance of good ideas
er hatte jede Menge guter Ideen

Question 587

margin

ger: marge

Answer 587

margin [ˈmaːdʒin]
♦ noun
1 the blank edge round a page of writing or print: Please write your comments in the margin.
حاشیه
2 an edge or border: the margin of the lake.
لبه
3 something extra, beyond what should be needed: Leave a wide margin for error!
حد
ˈmarginal
♦ adjective
small and almost non-existent or unimportant: a marginal improvement.
حاشیه ای

[ˈmärjən]
noun - margin
حاشیه: margin, border, fringe, verge, brink, braid
لبه: edge, rim, edging, margin, border, ledge
تفاوت: difference, difference, diversity, discrepancy, margin
حد: limit, extent, bound, measure, margin, deal
کنار: bank, edge, margin, lotus, brink, verge
بودجه احتیاطی: margin
verb - margin
حاشیه دار کردن: hem, fringe, marge, margin

/mär´jǝn/
n., vt.
● حاشیه،لبه،کناره،کنار
he has written his notes on the margins of the book
او یادداشت‌های خود را در حواشی کتاب نوشته است.
the carpet’s margin is dark blue
حاشیه‌ی فرش آبی تیره است.
she stood at the margin of the lake
در کنار دریاچه ایستاد.
a village built at the margin of a forest
دهکده‌ای که در کنار جنگل ساخته شده بود.
● (گیاه شناسی) لبه‌ی برگ
● (حشره شناسی) لبه‌ی بال
● حد،مرز
a joke that was on the margin of bad taste
یک شوخی که در مرز کژ سلیقگی قرار داشت.
● اختلاف،تفاوت،فرور،نابرابری،ناسانی
they won by a wide margin
آنها با اختلاف زیاد برنده شدند.
the vote was 40 to 30, a margin of ten
رای 40 به 30 بود،یعنی یک اختلاف ده تایی
● (بازرگانی: فرق میان هزینه و قیمت کالای تولید شده و غیره - خرید و فروش سهام و غیره: ودیعه یا پول پرداختی به دلال سهام جهت هزینه‌های حقوقی و یا تضمین در مقابل ضرر احتمالی - بانکداری و غیره: تفاوت میان مبلغ وام و ارزش روز وثیقه‌ای که در برابر وام داده شده است - اقتصاد: حداقل درآمد که با آن بتوان به کار ادامه داد) مرهونه،وثیقه،گرویی،وجه‌الضمان،ارزش،دارایی خالص،ارزش ویژه،حاشیه‌ی سود،سود ناویژه،تفاوت نرخ،تفاوت مزیت
this company’s profit margin is very low
حاشیه‌ی سود این شرکت بسیار کم است.
the margin of production
حاشیه‌ی تولید
margin trading
معامله در حد قیمت (در خرید و فروش سهام)
● (روان‌شناسی) مرز خودآگاهی،لبه‌ی هشیاری
● لبه‌دار کردن،حاشیه‌دار کردن،کناره‌دار کردن
the book’s pages are nicely printed and wide - margined
صفحات کتاب خوش چاپ و پهن حاشیه اند.
● در لبه یا کناره قرار گرفتن،مرز (چیزی را) تشکیل دادن
there were trees margining the shore
صفی از درختان در راستای کرانه قرار داشت.
● حواشی نویسی کردن،در حاشیه‌ی متن یادداشت نوشتن،کناره نویسی کردن
he margined all of the pages with his comments
او نظرات خود را در حاشیه‌ی همه‌ی صفحات کتاب نوشت.
● (بازرگانی) وثیقه گذاری کردن،وجه‌الضمان (برای خرید سهام) دادن،حاشیه‌ی سود معین کردن

arbitrage margin
internationales Zinsgefälle
[profit] margin
Verdienstspanne f
margin call
Einschussforderung f
lending margin
Finanzierungsmarge f der Banken
safety margin [or margin for safety] übtr
Pufferzone f
to set the margin TYPO
den Rand einstellen
margin of [or for] error
Fehlerspanne f
to buy on margin
auf Einschuss kaufen
pre-tax profit [or margin]
Vorsteuerergebnis nt
narrow [or tight] margin
geringe [o. knappe] Gewinnspanne
to rule off a margin
einen Rand ziehen
to write sth in the margin TYPO
etw an den Rand schreiben

Question 588

correlate

ger: korrelat

Answer 588

correlate
verb [ I or T ]
UK /ˈkɒr.ə.leɪt/ US /ˈkɔːr.ə.leɪt/

If two or more facts, numbers, etc. correlate or are correlated, there is a relationship between them:

Stress levels and heart disease are strongly correlated (= connected).

correlate
verb [ I or T ]
UK /ˈkɒrəleɪt/ US

if two things correlate, or are correlated, they are connected, and affect each other:

correlate to sth
At this point, the advertising hasn’t correlated to an increase in sales.

correlate (sth) with sth
Oil sales are closely correlated with economic growth.

/kôr´ǝ lāt´, kär´-/
n., adj., vt., vi.
● همبسته،لازم و ملزوم،هم‌خویش،هم‌وابستگی،قرینه،همال
● همبسته بودن یا کردن،همبستگی داشتن،لازم و ملزوم بودن،بستگی داشتن،هم‌وابستگی داشتن
to be correlated
همبسته بودن
old age and conservatism are often correlated
پیری و محافظه‌کاری اغلب به هم وابسته‌اند.
● (با: with) قرینه کردن،جفت کردن یا شدن،همال کردن یا شدن،ارتباط دادن یا داشتن

verb - correlate
مرتبط کردن: correlate
همبستگی داشتن: correlate
noun - correlate
قرین: correlate, doublet, cobber, compeer, counterpart, tally

Question 589

adequate

ger:
angemessen, adäquat, genügend

Answer 589

adequate
adjective
US /ˈæd·ɪ·kwət/

enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose:

He didn’t have adequate time to prepare for the exam.
adequacy

noun [ U ] US/ˈæd·ɪ·kwə·si/

We must re-examine the adequacy of our current security procedures.
adequately

adverb US /ˈæd·ɪ·kwət·li/

Were you adequately paid, or do you need more money?

adequate [ˈӕdikwət]
♦ adjective
sufficient; enough: He does not earn a large salary but it is adequate for his needs.
کافی
ˈadequately
♦ adverb
.
به اندازه کافی
ˈadequacy
♦ noun
.
کفایت؛ بسندگی

/ad´i kwǝt/
adj.
● کافی،بسنده،به اندازه‌ی لازم
the prisoners were not given adequate food
به زندانیان خوراک کافی داده نمی‌شد.
his salary was not adequate
حقوق او بسنده نبود.
to be adequate
کفاف کردن،بسنده بودن،کافی بودن
● کافی ولی نه رضایتبخش،قابل قبول ولی نه عالی
his English is adequate
انگلیسی او بد نیست.
we didn’t thank him adequately
به اندازه‌ی کافی از او سپاسگزاری نکردیم.

Question 590

emancipate

ger: emanzipieren

Answer 590

emancipate
verb [ T ]
UK /iˈmæn.sɪ.peɪt/ US /iˈmæn.sə.peɪt/

to give people social or political freedom and rights

to free a person from another person’s control

Together they emancipated the art of experiment from being a mere craft activity and endowed it with the status of a science.

This left co-operative structures fragile, new social agents without resources, and the state’s earlier commitment to emancipate the indigenous peasantry barely begun.

Every important turn in human history has always been accompanied by a movement of emancipating the mind.

emancipate [iˈmӕnsipeit]
♦ verb
to set free from slavery or other strict or unfair control.
از قید چیزی آزاد کردن؛ رهانیدن
eˌmanciˈpation
♦ noun
.
آزادی؛ رهاسازی

/ē man´sǝ pāt´, i-/
vt.
● (از بردگی یا اسارت و غیره) آزاد کردن،رهاندن،رهانیدن،رهایی دادن،از قید چیزی نجات دادن
Lincoln emancipated American slaves
لینکلن بردگان امریکا را آزاد کرد.
in some countries, women are still not fully emancipated
در بعضی کشورها زنان هنوز از آزادی کامل برخوردار نیستند.
● (حقوق - از والدین کودک صلب اختیار و سرپرستی کردن) از قیمومت در آوردن
* emancipation, n.
رهایی،آزادی،رها،رهاسازی،نجات

to emancipate oneself from sb/sth
sich Akk von jdm/etw emanzipieren [o. unabhängig machen]
to emancipate sb from sth
jdn von etw Dat befreien [o. frei machen]

Question 591

defame / defamation

ger: diffamieren

Answer 591

defame
verb [ T ] formal
UK /dɪˈfeɪm/ US /dɪˈfeɪm/

to damage the reputation of a person or group by saying or writing bad things about them that are not true:

Mr Turnock claimed the editorial had defamed him.

He was behind the propaganda campaign to defame his political opponent.

defamation

noun [ U ] US /ˌdef·əˈmeɪ·ʃən/

[diˈfām]
verb - defame
بد نام کردن: defame, vilify, denigrate, malign, asperse, attaint
خوار کردن: humiliate, debase, disgrace, blemish, reproach, defame

Question 592

defame / defamation

ger: diffamieren

Answer 592

defame
verb [ T ] formal
UK /dɪˈfeɪm/ US /dɪˈfeɪm/

to damage the reputation of a person or group by saying or writing bad things about them that are not true:

Mr Turnock claimed the editorial had defamed him.

He was behind the propaganda campaign to defame his political opponent.

defamation

noun [ U ] US /ˌdef·əˈmeɪ·ʃən/

[diˈfām]
verb - defame
بد نام کردن: defame, vilify, denigrate, malign, asperse, attaint
خوار کردن: humiliate, debase, disgrace, blemish, reproach, defame

Question 593

monologue

ger: monologisieren

Answer 593

monologue
noun [ C ] (US also monolog)
UK /ˈmɒn.əl.ɒɡ/ US /ˈmɑː.nə.lɑːɡ/

a long speech by one person:

disapproving He subjected me to a monologue on his last stay in hospital.

a short play for one actor:

Alan Bennett wrote a series of monologues called “Talking Heads”.

monologue [ˈmonəlog]
♦ noun
a long speech by one person eg in a film, play etc .
تک سخنگویی

[-ˌäg,ˈmänlˌôg]
noun - monologue
تک سخنگویی: monologue
صحبت یک نفری: monologue

Question 594

prey

ger:
Beute f
prey
Beutetier nt
to be prey to sb/sth
jds Beute/die Beute einer S. Gen sein

Answer 594

prey [prei]– plural prey –
♦ noun
a bird or animal, birds or animals, that is/are hunted by other birds or animals for food: The lion tore at its prey.
طعمه
beast/bird of prey
an animal, eg the lion, or a bird, eg the eagle, that kills and eats others.
حیوانات شکاری
prey on, *upon
to attack as prey: Hawks prey upon smaller birds.
شکار کردن
prey is a noun or a verb: a bird of prey (not pray ); to prey on (not pray on ) smaller creatures.

/prā/
n., vi.
● (در اصل) غنیمت،یغما،مال غارت شده
● (حیوانی که توسط حیوان دیگر شکار شود) فریسه،طعمه،چشته،شکار،مسته
eagles were circling overhead looking for prey
عقاب‌ها در آسمان چرخ می‌زدند و دنبال طعمه می‌گشتند.
● (جانوران دیگر را) شکار کردن،طعمه قرار دادن
● (جانور) شکارگر،درنده،چشته خوار،طعمه جو
birds of prey
پرندگان شکاری
cats ptey on mice
گربه موش شکار می‌کند.
● (انسانی که طعمه‌ی انسان یا چیز دیگر شود) قربانی،اسیر،ملعبه
she was always a pery to doubts
همیشه دچار شک و تردید بود.
old people become easy prey to dishonest salesmen
اشخاص سالخورده به آسانی طعمه‌ی فروشندگان دغلکار می‌شوند.
he is attractive and preys on rich widows
او جذاب است و بیوه زن‌های پولدار را می‌چاپد.
● رنج دادن،دچار کردن
grief preyed on his mind
اندوه فکر او را رنج می‌داد.
* fall prey to something
طعمه‌ی چیزی شدن،دچار چیزی شدن

Question 595

exploit

ger:
ausbeuten
exploit
ausschöpfen
exploit
zunutze machen

Heldentat f a. scherzh
exploit
Großtat f

Answer 595

exploit [ˈeksploit]
♦ noun
a (daring) deed or action: stories of his military exploits.
کار برجسته؛ شاهکار
[ikˈsploit]verb
1 to make good or advantageous use of: to exploit the country’s natural resources.
بهره برداری کردن از
2 to use (eg a person) unfairly for one’s own advantage.
سو استفاده کردن
ˌexploiˈtation
♦ noun
.
بهره برداری؛ استثمار

[]
verb - exploit
استثمار کردن: exploit
استخراج کردن: extract, exploit, elicit, draw out, educe, pan
بکار انداختن: operate, actuate, activate, agitate, exercise, exploit
بهره برداری کردن از: exploit, use
بکار بردن: use, apply, handle, exert, exploit, put
noun - exploit
شاهکار: masterpiece, feat, masterwork, exploit, performance, stunt
کردار: deed, action, act, karma, issue, exploit
رفتار: behavior, conduct, treatment, manner, action, exploit
کار برجسته: feat, exploit, performance

/eks´ploit´, eks ploit´/
n., vt.
● استثمار کردن،بهره گیری کردن،بهره کشی کردن،سواستفاده کردن
● استثمار،بهره‌کشی
the exploitation of the masses by the capitalists
استثمار توده‌ها توسط سرمایه داران
● مورد استفاده قرار دادن،بهره برداری کردن
to exploit the mineral resources of the country
بهره برداری از منابع معدنی کشور
● (آگهی‌های بازرگانی و غیره) مورد توجه قرار دادن،ایجاد علاقه کردن
to exploit a product
درباره‌ی فرآورده‌ای بسیار تبلیغ کردن

to exploit a colony
eine Kolonie ausbeuten
to exploit a loophole
eine Gesetzeslücke nutzen
she intends to exploit this opportunity to the maximum
sie hat vor, diese Chance bestmöglich zu nutzen

Question 596

scent

ger: Duft

Answer 596

scent [sent]
♦ verb
1 to discover by the sense of smell: The dog scented a cat.
بوي خوش
2 to suspect: As soon as he came into the room I scented trouble.
بابو تشخيص دادن
3 to cause to smell pleasantly: The roses scented the air.
خوشبو كردن

♦ noun
1 a (usually pleasant) smell: This rose has a delightful scent.
بو
2 a trail consisting of the smell which has been left and may be followed: The dogs picked up the man’s scent and then lost it again.
بو كشيدن
3 a liquid with a pleasant smell; perfume.
عطر
ˈscented
♦ adjective
(negative unscented ) sweet-smelling: scented soap.
خوش بو
put/throw (someone) off the scent
to give (a person) wrong information so that he will not find the person, thing etc he is looking for: She told the police a lie in order to throw them off the scent.
رد گم كردن

noun - scent
عطر: perfume, fragrance, aroma, scent, odor, attar
رایحه: smell, scent, aroma, aura, odor, breath
بو: smell, odor, scent, aroma, savor, redolence
خوشبویی: scent, aroma, balm, flavour
پی: foundation, substratum, nerve, footstep, fundament, scent
ادراک: perception, understanding, savvy, conception, cognition, realization
رد پا: footprint, runway, trace, track, footstep, spoor
verb - scent
عطر زدن: perfume, scent, use perfume
بو کشیدن: sniff, snuffle, scent, nose, snook

to scent danger
Gefahr ahnen
to pick up the scent
Witterung aufnehmen
to exhale a gas/scent
Gas ausstoßen/Duft verströmen
to be put off a scent [or trail]
die Spur verlieren
to put [or throw] sb off the scent also übtr
jdn abschütteln [o. ugs loswerden]
to be on the scent of sth/sb also übtr
etw/jdm auf der Fährte sein a. übtr
the evening air was full of the scent of roses
die Abendluft war erfüllt von Rosenduft

Question 597

comprehend / comprehensiv

ger:
etw begreifen [o. verstehen] ,
etw umfassen

Answer 597

comprehend [kompriˈhend]
♦ verb
1 to understand.
فهمیدن
2 to include.
شامل بودن
ˌcompreˈhensible
♦ adjective
capable of being understood.
قابل درک
ˌcompreˈhension [-ʃən]
♦ noun
the act or power of understanding: After reading the passage the teacher asked questions to test the children’s comprehension.
درک؛ فهم
ˈcompreˈhensive [-siv]
♦ adjective
including many things: The school curriculum is very comprehensive.
جامع؛ فراگیر
ˌcompreˈhensively
♦ adverb
.
بطور جامع
ˌcompreˈhensiveness
♦ noun
.
جامع بودن؛ فراگیری
comprehensive school
one that provides education for children of all abilities.
دبیرستانی برای افرادی با سطح های مختلف

/käm´prē hend´/
vt.
● فهمیدن،درک کردن،دریافتن،اندر یافتن
this is a problem which I can’t comprehend
این مسئله‌ای است که من از درک آن عاجزم.
● دربر داشتن،شامل بودن
philosophy’s scope comprehends every aspect of life
گستره‌ی فلسفه شامل کلیه‌ی جنبه‌های حیات است.

[ˌkämpriˈhend]
verb - comprehend
فهمیدن: understand, figure out, see, realize, comprehend, sense
دریافتن: find out, understand, discover, apprehend, realize, comprehend
درک کردن: understand, comprehend, realize, perceive, appreciate, fathom
فرا گرفتن: learn, engulf, absorb, adopt, comprehend, envelop

comprehensive
adjective
UK /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.sɪv/ US /ˌkɑːm.prəˈhen.sɪv/
comprehensive adjective (COMPLETE)

C1
complete and including everything that is necessary:

We offer you a comprehensive training in all aspects of the business.

Is this list comprehensive or are there some names missing?

He has written a fully comprehensive guide to Rome.

comprehensive
noun [ C ]
UK /ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.sɪv/ US/ˌkɑːm.prəˈhen.sɪv/

in the UK, a school for children of all abilities above the age of eleven, that is paid for by the state:
They went to the local comprehensive.

/-hen´siv/
adj., n.
● جامع،فراگیر،مبسوط،گسترده،مفصل
a comprehensive history of America
تاریخ مبسوط امریکا
she has had a comprehensive training in the field of computers
او در زمینه‌ی کامپیوتر آموزش گسترده‌ای دیده است.
● با فهم،قادر به درک چیزی،فهیم،دانا
a comprehensive student of racial affairs
یک پژوهشگر دانا در امور نژادی
● (بیمه) جامع (بیمه‌ی ملک که چندگونه خطر را شامل می‌شود)،بیمه‌ی چند گانه
● (معمولا جمع) آزمون نهایی دوره‌های فوق‌لیسانس یا دکترا (نام کامل آن: comprehensive examination)
my daughter Julie will take her M.A. comprehensives in May
دخترم جولی امتحانات جامع کارشناسی ارشد خود را در ماه مه خواهد داد.

Question 598

annual

ger:
jährlich,
einjährige Pflanze

Answer 598

annual
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /ˈæn.ju.əl/ US /ˈæn.ju.əl/

B1
happening once every year:

an annual event/visit/holiday

Companies publish annual reports to inform the public about the previous year’s activities.

B1
relating to a period of one year:

annual income/salary/profit

annual
adjective [ not gradable ]
US /ˈæn·ju·əl/
annual adjective [not gradable] (ONE YEAR)

of or for a period of one year:
an annual salary
annual rainfall
Our annual costs have risen steadily.

annual
noun [ C ]
US /ˈæn·ju·əl/
annual noun [C] (PLANT)

a plant that grows, produces seeds, and dies within one year
annual noun [C] (ONE YEAR)

a publication appearing once a year:
the “Sports Illustrated” college football annual

annual [ˈӕnjuəl]
♦ adjective
1 happening every year: an annual event.
سالیانه
2 of one year: What is his annual salary?
یکساله؛ سالانه

♦ noun
1 a book of which a new edition is published every year: children’s annuals.
سالنامه
2 a plant that lives for only one year.
گیاه یکسال زی
ˈannually
♦ adverb
His salary is increased annually.
هر ساله

/an´yōō ǝl/
adj., n.
● یکساله،سالیانه،هر ساله،سالانه
the annual meeting of the board of directors
نشست سالیانه‌ی هیئت مدیره
they meet annually
آنها هر سال (سالی یک بار) ملاقات می‌کنند.
● (کتاب یا مجله) سالنامه،سالی یک بار
this magazine is annual
این مجله هر سال یک بار چاپ می‌شود.
● (گیاه‌شناسی) تک‌ساله،سالپای،یکسال‌زی
annual plants
گیاهان یکسال‌زی
annual ring
چنبر سالیانه،حلقه‌ی سالیانه

[ˈanyo͞oəl]
adjective - annual
سالیانه: annual, yearly
یک ساله: annual, yearlong

annual rainfall
Niederschlagsmenge f pro Jahr
annual salary
Jahresgehalt nt
annual growth
Jahreswachstum nt
annual income
Jahreseinkommen nt
annual depreciation
jährliche Abschreibung
annual accounts
Jahresabschluss m
annual report
Jahresbericht m
annual sales
Jahresumsatz m
annual migration
alljährliche Migration
annual event
alljährliches [o. alljährlich stattfindendes] Ereignis
annual rally
Jahrestreffen nt
annual excursion
Jahresausflug m
annual dues
Jahresbeitrag m
annual turnover
Jahresumsatz m
annual convention
Jahrestreffen nt
annual leave
Jahresurlaub m
annual subscription to sth
Jahresbeitrag m für etw Akk
annual membership [fee]
Jahresbeitrag m
[annual] balance sheet
[Jahres]bilanz f
annual check-up
jährliche Routineuntersuchung

Question 599

term

ger: Bezeichnung
Ausdruck
term , Bedingung

Answer 599

term [təːm]
♦ noun
1 a (usually limited) period of time: a term of imprisonment; a term of office.
دوره
2 a division of a school or university year: the autumn term.
ترم
3 a word or expression: Myopia is a medical term for short-sightedness.
واژه
terms
♦ noun plural
1 the rules or conditions of an agreement or bargain: They had a meeting to arrange terms for an agreement.
شرایط
2 fixed charges (for work, service etc ): The firms sent us a list of their terms.
هزینه ها
3 a relationship between people: They are on bad/friendly terms.
روابط

♦ verb
to name or call: That kind of painting is termed `abstract’.
نامیدن
come to terms
1 to reach an agreement or understanding: They came to terms with the enemy.
به توافق رسیدن
2 to find a way of living with or tolerating (some personal trouble or difficulty): He managed to come to terms with his illness.
کنار آمدن
in terms of
using as a means of expression, a means of assessing value etc : He thought of everything in terms of money.
از نظر

/tu_rm/
n., vt.
● (در اصل) نقطه‌ی پایانی یا آغازین،آغازگاه،پایانگاه،آغاز،پایان
● (اجاره یا وام و غیره) مدت،دیرند،تاریخ،تاریخ انقضا،سرآمد،دوران
a term of five years in prison
دوران پنج ساله‌ی زندان
during the term of an insurance policy
طی مدت قرارداد بیمه
● (آموزش) سمستر،نیمسال تحصیلی،ترم،ثلث،پاره‌سال
the spring term
پاره‌سال بهاری
the first term
ثلث اول
● (تصدی یا اشتغال و غیره) دوره
she was elected to a four-year term
او را به یک دوره‌ی (نمایندگی) چهار ساله انتخاب کردند.
● زایمان
● (جمع - قرارداد و غیره) شرایط،سامه‌ها،نهش‌ها،پیغانه‌ها
according to the terms of the contract
طبق شرایط قرارداد
● دوران آبستنی،بارداری
● (جمع) روابط،مناسبات،داستارها
they are no longer on friendly terms with each other
آنها دیگر با هم روابط دوستانه ندارند.
to be on speaking terms with someone
با کسی روابط مکالمه‌ای داشتن
● واژه (به ویژه اگر تخصصی باشد)،لغت،اصطلاح،عبارت،گزاره،کلمه،کلام
a dictionary of medical terms
فرهنگ واژه‌های پزشکی
“spore” is a botanical term
((هاگ)) یک واژه‌ی گیاه‌شناسی است.
technical terms
اصطلاحات فنی
a colloquial term
اصطلاح عامیانه
● لحن،روش،لفظ
to speak in derogatory terms
با لحن خفت‌آور حرف زدن
● (نادر) حد،مرز،محدوده،ته
● (مهجور - جمع) وضعیت،اوضاع،چگونگی‌ها
● (بنایی) ستون مرزنما (به ویژه ستون مرزنمایی که به شکل مجسمه باشد)،تیر مرز نما
● (حقوق) مدت دادگاه،دوره‌ی دادگاه،جلسه‌ی دادگاه
● (حقوق) ملک اعطایی از سوی دادگاه
● (حقوق) ضرب العجل پرداخت دین (معین شده از سوی دادگاه)
● (صغرا و کبرای منطقی) هر یک از سه عامل قیاس،حد
● (ریاضی) جمله،سومه
● نامیدن،خواندن
he was determined to overcome what he termed his hellish selfishness
او مصصم بود بر آنچه که آن را خودخواهی جهنمی می‌نامید چیره شود.
they termed him naive but he did not care
او را ساده‌دل خواندند ولی او توجهی به این حرف‌ها نداشت.
* bring to terms
مطیع کردن،وادار به پذیرش کردن،(به زور) قبولاندن
* come to terms
به توافق رسیدن
* in terms of
در مورد،درباره‌ی،از نظر،از دیدگاه
* in the long (or short) term
در آینده‌ی دراز (یا کوتاه) مدت

[tərm]
noun - term
مدت: term, time, period, duration, length, interval
اصطلاح: term, phrase, idiom, epithet
دوره: period, course, era, term, cycle, age
شرایط: qualification, term
لفظ: term, word, vocable, particle, literacy
جمله: sentence, term, sum, total
شرط: condition, bet, if, clause, provision, term
نیمسال: semester, term
مهلت: respite, leeway, moratorium, reprieve, timeout, term
روابط: term
میعاد: term, vow
دوره انتصاب: term
ثلث تحصیلی: term
هنگام: time, moment, gamut, season, term
verb - term
نامیدن: call, name, denominate, entitle, nominate, term

residual term
Restlaufzeit f
umbrella term
Sammelbegriff m
generic term BIO
Gattungsbegriff m
sabbatical term
Forschungssemester nt
fixed term of a contract
festgesetzte Dauer (eines Vertrages)
blanket term
Pauschalbegriff m
autumn term
Wintersemester nt
legal term
Rechtsbegriff m
technical term
Fachausdruck m
prison term
Gefängnisstrafe f
long-term/short-term target
langfristiges/kurzfristiges Ziel
long-term/short-term objective
langfristige/kurzfristige Zielsetzung
half-term
kurze Ferien, die zwischen den langen Ferien liegen, z.B. Pfingst-/Herbstferien
in the short term
in nächster Zeit
end of the term
Laufzeitende nt

Question 600

span

What is the time span covered?

ger:
Spanne f

Answer 600

span
noun
UK /spæn/ US /spæn/
span noun (TIME)

[ C usually singular ]
the period of time that something exists or happens:

He has a short attention/concentration span.

an average lifespan of 70 years

Over a span of just three years, the new government has transformed the country’s economic prospects.

span [spӕn]
♦ noun
1 the length between the supports of a bridge or arch: The first span of the bridge is one hundred metres long.
دهانه
2 the full time for which anything lasts: Seventy or eighty years is the normal span of a man’s life.
دوره

♦ verb– past tense, past participle spanned –
to stretch across: A bridge spans the river.
پل زدن

[span]
noun - span
گستردگی: span
محدوده: range, span, confine, limited area
پوشش: cover, coverage, envelopment, coating, covering, span
وجب: span, palm
ظرفیت: capacity, valence, valency, volume, span, acumen
اندازه: size, measure, extent, measurement, gauge, span
مدت معین: space, span
یک وجب: hand, span
فاصله معین: span
verb - span
وجب کردن: span
اندازه گرفتن: measure, gage, gauge, mete, span, stack up
پل بستن: span
تاق بستن: span

Question 601

depict

ger: darstellen, schildern

Answer 601

depict
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈpɪkt/ US /dɪˈpɪkt/

C2
to represent or show something in a picture or story:

Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century.

In the book, he depicts his father as a tyrant.

[ + -ing verb ] People were shocked by the advertisement which depicted a woman beating her husband.

depict
verb [ T ]
US /dɪˈpɪkt/

to represent or show something in a picture, story, movie, etc.; portray:
The movie depicts his father as a tyrant.
depiction

noun [ C/U ] US /dɪˈpɪk·ʃən/
[ C ] It’s a wonderful depiction of a female friendship.

depict [diˈpikt]
♦ verb
1 to paint, draw etc .
تصویر کردن؛ کشیدن
2 to describe: Her novel depicts the life of country people.
شرح دادن؛ آشکار کردن

/dē pikt´, di-/
vt.
● تصویر کردن،نشان دادن،نگاره کردن،دیسه کردن
her painting depicts a man who is eating
نقاشی او مردی را نشان می‌دهد که در حال خوردن است.
● بیان کردن،شرح دادن،هویدا کردن،دیس‌گویی کردن،آشکار کردن،شناسا کردن
her stories depict various aspects of city life
داستان‌های او جنبه‌های گوناگونی از زندگی شهری را هویدا می‌کند.
* depiction, n.
1- تصویرگری،دیسه‌گری،نگاره‌گری 2- تصویر،دیسه،نگاره 3- شرح،بیان،دیس‌گویی

[diˈpikt]
verb - depict
شرح دادن: describe, explain, depict, demonstrate, illustrate, narrate
نمایش دادن: display, represent, exhibit, depict, perform, expose
مجسم کردن: embody, epitomize, picture, portray, depict, character
نقش کردن: depict, depicture, engrave, grave, inscribe
رسم کردن: draw, trace, depict, plot
منقوش کردن: imprint, engrave, depict, draw

to depict sth vividly
etw anschaulich [o. lebendig] schildern

Question 602

illustrate

ger:
etw illustrieren [o. bebildern], aufzeigen

Answer 602

US UK AU illustrate [ˈiləstreit]
♦ verb
1 to provide (a book, lecture etc ) with pictures, diagrams etc .
مصور کردن
2 to make (a statement etc ) clearer by providing examples etc : Let me illustrate my point; This diagram will illustrate what I mean.
توضیح دادن؛ روشن کردن
ˈillustrated
♦ adjective
having pictures etc : an illustrated catalogue.
مصور
ˌilluˈstration
♦ noun
1 a picture: coloured illustrations.
تصویر
2 an example.
مثال
3 the act of illustrating.
توضیح
ˈillustrative [-strətiv, (American) iˈlastrətiv]
♦ adjective
.
توضیحی
ˈillustrator
♦ noun
a person who draws pictures etc for books etc .
نشان دهنده

/il´ǝs trāt´, i lus´trāt´/
vt.
● توضیح دادن،(مطلبی را) روشن کردن،(با آوردن مثال و غیره) بیان کردن،دیماساندن
he illustrated his point by giving examples and statistics
او با آوردن مثال و آمار مطلب خود را روشن کرد.
later experiment illustrated the proof of her claim
تجربیات بعدی،صحت ادعای او را روشن کرد.
● (کتاب) مصور کردن،فرتوردار کردن،بنگارکردن
an illustrated book
کتاب مصور
● (عکس و تصویر را) تفسیر یا تزیین کردن،نخش گذاری کردن
● (مجهور) پرنور کردن،نورانی کردن
● (مهجور) آگاهاندن،روشندل کردن
● (مهجور) نامدار کردن،شهره کردن
● نشان‌دادن
these deeds illustrate his dissatisfaction
این اعمال نمایشگر عدم نارضایتی او می‌باشد.

[ˈiləˌstrāt]
verb - illustrate
نشان دادن: show, demonstrate, display, illustrate, represent, indicate
توضیح دادن: explain, illustrate, elucidate, clarify, clear, enucleate
شرح دادن: describe, explain, depict, demonstrate, illustrate, narrate
با مثال روشن ساختن: illustrate
مصور کردن: illustrate, limn
اراستن: decorate, adorn, primp, blazon, illustrate, apparel
مزین شدن: illustrate

Question 603

overall

ger: Insgesamt, Gesamtübersicht
allgemein

Answer 603

overall [ˈəuvəroːl]
♦ noun
a garment worn over ordinary clothes to protect them from dirt etc : She wears an overall when cleaning the house.
روپوش

♦ adjective
complete, including everything: What is the overall cost of the scheme?
کلی
[ouvərˈoːl]adverb
(also over all ) complete, including everything: What will the scheme cost overall?
کلاً
ˈoveralls
♦ noun plural
a type of trousers or suit made of hard-wearing materials worn usually over ordinary clothes by workmen etc to protect them from dirt etc : The painter put on his overalls before starting work; I’ll need a clean pair of overalls tomorrow.
لباس کار

ō´vǝr ôl´/
adj., adv.
● سر تا سر،از یک طرف به طرف دیگر
● همه‌جا
the ships were decorated overall
کشتی‌ها سراسر آذین بندی شده بودند.
● به طور کلی،کلا،روی هم رفته
overall, it was a good book
روی هم رفته کتاب خوبی بود.

[]
adverb - overall
سرتاسر: overall, throughout, through, all over, entirely, totally
روی هم رفته: altogether, overall, by and large, totally, in toto, all-told
همه جا: overall, passim
noun - overall
لباس کار: overall
بالا پوش: quilt, coverlet, mantle, overall, wrapper
adjective - overall
شامل همه چیز: overall
سراسر: overall, whole, entire

overall commander
Oberkommandierende(r) f(m)
overall winner
Gesamtsieger(in) m (f)
overall assessment
Gesamtbeurteilung f
overall plan
Gesamtplan m
overall pattern
Gesamtbild nt
overall balance FIN
Gesamtbilanz f
overall results
Gesamtergebnisse pl
overall majority
absolute Mehrheit
overall balance of payments
Gesamtzahlungsbilanz f
overall dividend payout
Ausschüttungssumme f
the overall effect
das Gesamtresultat
an overall sense of oppression
ein Gefühl m völliger Überforderung
to take an overall view of sth
etw von allen Seiten betrachten
the great [or overall] scheme of things also scherzh
der große [Welten]plan, der hinter allem steht a. scherzh
the company reported an overall fall in profits
das Unternehmen meldete insgesamt einen Gewinnverlust

Question 604

enable

ger: sth enables sb to do sth
etw ermöglicht jdm, etw zu tun

Answer 604

enable [iˈneibl]
♦ verb
to make able by giving means, power or authority (to do something): The money I inherited enabled me to go on a world cruise.
قادر کردن؛ توانمند کردن

/en ā´bǝl, in-/
vt.
● قادر کردن،توانا کردن،توانمند کردن
faith in God enabled him to overcome the problems of his life
ایمان به خدا او را قادر کرد که بر مشکلات زندگی خود چیره شود.
● میسر کردن،ممکن کردن،شدنی کردن،امکان دادن
those factors enabled passage of the bill
آن عوامل تصویب لایحه را میسر کرد.
examinations are designed so that highschool graduates are enabled to pass
امتحانات طوری طرح شده‌اند که دانش‌آموزان دبیرستان بتوانند آنها را بگذرانند.

[enˈābəl]
verb - enable
قادر ساختن: enable
توانا ساختن: enable
وسیله فراهم کردن: provide, enable
تهیه کردن برای: enable
اختیار دادن: empower, authorize, accredit, enable, authorise

Question 605

upon

emphasis is placed on enabling prisoners to lead a life of “social responsibility free of crime” upon release

Answer 605

upon
preposition
US /əˈpɑn, əˈpɔn/

on:
That depends upon the circumstances.
She insisted upon knowing the truth.

Upon can be used to show that something happens soon after, and often because of, something else:
Upon hearing the good news, we all congratulated Murphy.

upon [əˈpon]
♦ preposition
on: He sat upon the floor; Please place it upon the table; Upon arrival, they went in search of a hotel.
روی؛ بر
upon my word!
an exclamation indicating surprise etc .
!عجب

[əˈpän,əˈpôn]
preposition - upon
بر: on, upon, against, at
بر روی: on, upon
روی: on, over, in, upon, aboard, up
بر فراز: over, upon, up, o’er
بمحض: upon
بمجرد: upon

• Upon hearing the news, she burst out crying.
  با شنیدن خبر، او ناگهان به گریه افتاد.
• You cannot rely upon Jim’s words since he tries to please everybody.
  نمی تونی روی حرف جیم حساب کنی چون اون همیشه سعی می کنه همه رو راضی نگه داره.
• A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.
  انسان بدون اخلاقیات، هیولای وحشی است که در این جهان رها شده است.

/ǝ pän´, ǝ pôn´/
prep., adv.
● روی،بر،بر روی،برفراز
I jumped upon the horse
پریدم روی اسب.
a house built upon a hill
خانه‌ای که برفراز تپه‌ای ساخته شده است
intense sadness fell upon me again
حزن شدید دوباره بر من مستولی شد.
● نزدیک،مجاور
summer holidays are upon us
تعطیلات تابستان نزدیک است.
the enemy is upon us
دشمن به ما نزدیک است.
● به
upon my honor!
به شرفم قسم‌!
suddenly we came upon a corpse
ناگهان به یک نعش برخوردیم.
to hit upon a solution
به راه حل رسیدن
● در
upon the first opportunity
در اولین فرصت
the enchantment of the scenery is still upon me
اثر سحرآمیز آن منظره هنوز در من وجود دارد.
● پس از،متعاقب،پیرو،بعداز
invitations will be sent only upon written request
دعوت‌نامه‌ها فقط پس از دریافت درخواست کتبی ارسال خواهد شد.
upon Bijhan’s death, she married Jallal
پس از مرگ بیژن او با جلال ازدواج کرد.
upon the receipt of this letter …
پیرو دریافت این نامه …
● درباره‌ی،مربوط به
● به سوی
● طبق،بنابر

Question 606

roam

ger: herumlaufen…

Answer 606

roam
verb
UK /rəʊm/ US /roʊm/
roam verb (MOVE AROUND)

[ I + adv/prep, T ]
to move about or travel, especially without a clear idea of what you are going to do:

After the bars close, gangs of youths roam the city streets.

She roamed around America for a year, working in bars and restaurants.

roam [rəum]
♦ verb
to walk about without any fixed plan or purpose; to wander: He roamed from town to town; He roamed (over) the hills.
پرسه زدن
ˈroamer
♦ noun
.
ولگرد

/rōm/
vi., vt., n.
● ول گشتن،(بی هدف) گشتن،پلکیدن،پرسه‌زدن،گشت زدن
armed bands roamed the streets
دستجات مسلح در خیابان‌ها پرسه می‌زدند.
sheep and goats roamed the meadows
گوسفندان و بزها در مرغزارها می‌گشتند.
● ولگردی،پرسه‌زنی،پرسه،گشت

[rōm]
verb - roam
پرسه زدن: roam, prowl, saunter, prog, loaf, knock about
گشتن: search, roam, trundle, go, goggle, grow
سیر کردن: feed, satiate, sate, fill, revolve, roam
گردیدن: revolve, roam, swirl
noun - roam
غربت: roving, roam, foreign country
سر گردانی: roam, straying, divagation, quandary, ramble, vagrancy

to roam the internet
[im Internet] surfen
to roam the streets
durch die Straßen ziehen ugs
to roam/run free
frei herumlaufen
to roam about/around/over/through
umherziehen

Question 607

respective

ger: jeweilig,
entsprechend, respektiv

The head offices for the state prison services are in the respective state justice ministry

Answer 607

respective

respective
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /rɪˈspek.tɪv/ US /rɪˈspek.tɪv/

C1
relating or belonging to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned:

Everyone would go into the hall for assembly and then afterwards we’d go to our respective classes.

Clinton and Zedillo ordered their respective Cabinets to devise a common counter-drug strategy.

/ri spek´tiv/
adj.
● خاص،مربوطه،مربوط به
they went to their respective homes
به خانه‌های خود رفتند.
● با ملاحظه،با پروا

[riˈspektiv]
adjective - respective
مربوطه: respective
نسبی: relative, comparative, respective, self-relative
بترتیب مخصوص خود: respective

Question 608

confinement

Before 1970, there were five kinds of confinement in Germany

Answer 608

confinement
noun
UK /kənˈfaɪn.mənt/ US /kənˈfaɪn.mənt/

[ U ]
the situation in which a person or animal is kept somewhere, usually by force:
She spent most of those years under house arrest or close confinement.

/kǝn fīn´mǝnt/
n.
● محدودیت،محدودشدگی
● توقیف،حبس،زندان (بودن)
● بستری (بودن)
● زایمان،وضع حمل
her previous confinements were very easy
زایمان‌های قبلی او خیلی آسان بود.

noun
[con’fine·ment || -mənt]
limitation; imprisonment; childbirth

[kənˈfīnmənt]
noun - confinement
تحدید: limitation, restriction, confinement
بستری: hospitalization, confinement
زندان بودن: confinement
زایمان: childbirth, parturition, litter, confinement, accouchement, throe

Question 609

dean / deanship

ger: der Dekan , die Dekanin

ger: deanship= das Dekanat

Answer 609

dean [diːn]
♦ noun
1 the chief clergyman in a cathedral church.
سر کشیش
2 an important official in a university.
رئیس دانشکده
dean [diːn]
♦ noun
1 the chief clergyman in a cathedral church.
سر کشیش
2 an important official in a university.
رئیس دانشکده

[dēn]
noun - dean
رئيس: head, director, chairman, president, boss, dean
ریش سفید: elder, doyen, dean, graybeard
رئيس کلیسا یا دانشکده: dean da

/dēn/
n.
● (دانشکده) رییس
dean of the school of dentistry
رئیس دانشکده‌ی دندان‌پزشکی
● پیشکسوت،مرشد،بزرگ،سالار،مهین
the dean of American poets
بزرگ شاعران امریکا
dean of students
رئیس امور (یا سرپرست) دانشجویان
● سرپرست نمازخانه‌ی دانشگاه،سرکشیش (در کلیساهای بزرگ که چند کشیش دارند)
John Donne was the dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral
جان دان سرکشیش کلیسای سنت پال بود.
● (کلیسای کاتولیک) کشیش سرپرست چند کلیسای کوچک روستایی

Question 610

dean / deanship

ger: der Dekan , die Dekanin

ger: deanship= das Dekanat

Answer 610

dean
noun [ C ]
UK /diːn/ US /diːn/
dean noun [C] (LEADER)

an official of high rank in a college or university who is responsible for the organization of a department or departments:

She is the new dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences.

the Dean of Medicine

dean [diːn]
♦ noun
1 the chief clergyman in a cathedral church.
سر کشیش
2 an important official in a university.
رئیس دانشکده
dean [diːn]
♦ noun
1 the chief clergyman in a cathedral church.
سر کشیش
2 an important official in a university.
رئیس دانشکده

[dēn]
noun - dean
رئيس: head, director, chairman, president, boss, dean
ریش سفید: elder, doyen, dean, graybeard
رئيس کلیسا یا دانشکده: dean da

/dēn/
n.
● (دانشکده) رییس
dean of the school of dentistry
رئیس دانشکده‌ی دندان‌پزشکی
● پیشکسوت،مرشد،بزرگ،سالار،مهین
the dean of American poets
بزرگ شاعران امریکا
dean of students
رئیس امور (یا سرپرست) دانشجویان
● سرپرست نمازخانه‌ی دانشگاه،سرکشیش (در کلیساهای بزرگ که چند کشیش دارند)
John Donne was the dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral
جان دان سرکشیش کلیسای سنت پال بود.
● (کلیسای کاتولیک) کشیش سرپرست چند کلیسای کوچک روستایی

Question 611

parole

ger:
bedingte Haftentlassung
parole
Entlassung f auf Bewährung
Parole

• on parole

Answer 611

parole
noun [ U ]
UK /pəˈrəʊl/ US /pəˈroʊl/

permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well:

He’s been released on parole.

She hopes to be eligible for parole in three years.

Reynolds was sentenced to life without parole.

to give someone parole:

He was paroled from prison last year after serving about four years.

I am not happy with the possibility he could be paroled in 20 years.

pəˈrōl]
noun - parole
عفو مشروط: parole, probation
قول شرف: parole
قول مردانه: parole
verb - parole
بقید قول شرف آزاد ساختن: parole

/pǝ rōl´/
n., vt.
● (در اصل) قول شرف (به ویژه قول اسیر جنگی که در عوض آزادی از شرکت مجدد در جنگ خودداری خواهد کرد)
● شروط مربوط به قول شرف،پیروی از قول شرف
● (حقوق) آزادی به قید التزام،آزادی زندانی به شرط آنکه تا مدت معین محدودیت‌ها و شرایط معینی را رعایت کند
● (مهجور - ارتش) اسم عبور،اسم شب
● (حقوق) به قید التزام آزاد کردن،با قول نیک رفتاری آزاد کردن
* on parole
آزاد به قید التزام
he will be on parole for two more years
آزادی او تا دو سال دیگر به قید التزام خواهد بود.

Question 612

assess

ger:
etw einschätzen [o. beurteilen]

Answer 612

assess [əˈses]
♦ verb
1 to estimate or judge the quality or quantity of: Can you assess my chances of winning?
برآورد کردن؛ ارزیابی کردن
2 to estimate in order to calculate tax due on: My income has been assessed wrongly.
مالیات بستن
asˈsessment
♦ noun
.
ارزیابی
asˈsessor
♦ noun
.
ارزیاب
əˈses]

verb - assess
تشخیص دادن: distinguish, recognize, diagnose, discern, assess, descry
تعیین کردن: determine, assess, specify, assign, define, locate
بستن: close, shut, shut down, block, fasten, assess
مالیات بستن بر: excise, assess, impose, levy, scot
جریمه کردن: penalize, fine, assess, mulct, sconce
بر اورد کردن: assess, calculate, estimate, rate, size
تقویم کردن: appraise, apprise, apprize, assess, evaluate

/ǝ ses´/
vt.
● برآورد کردن،ارزیابی کردن،مالیات بستن،تقویم کردن
they assessed the amount of taxes due
مبلغ مالیات قابل پرداخت را برآورد کردند.
nobody could assess the real value of the old book
هیچکس نتوانست ارزش واقعی کتاب قدیمی را برآورد کند.
● بررسی کردن،سنجیدن،بر انداز کردن
they tried to assess the country’s economic situation
کوشیدند وضع اقتصادی کشور را ارزیابی کنند.

Question 613

deem

ger: to be deemed sth
als etw gelten [o. geh erachtet werden]

Answer 613

deem
verb [ T not continuous ] formal
UK /diːm/ US /diːm/

C2
to consider or judge something in a particular way:

[ + obj + noun/adj ] The area has now been deemed safe.

[ + noun/adj ] We will provide help whenever you deem it appropriate.

[ + obj + to infinitive ] Anyone not paying the registration fee by 31 March will be deemed to have withdrawn from the offer.
Synonym

hold

deem [diːm]
♦ verb
to judge or think: He deemed it unwise to tell her the truth.
پنداشتن؛ صلاح دانستن

/dēm/
vt., vi.
● پنداشتن،روا داشتن،شماردن
I deem it necessary to tell you that …
لازم می‌دانم به شما بگویم که ….
it was not deemed advisable to invite him also
صلاح دانسته نشد که از او هم دعوت به عمل آید.

[dēm]
verb - deem
خیال کردن: deem, guess, reckon, suppose, think
پنداشتن: deem, suppose, count, assume, take, fancy
فرض کردن: assume, presume, adjudge, consider, suppose, deem
عقیده داشتن: opine, have an opinion, believe, deem, presume, reckon

Question 614

custody

death in custody

• in custody
• take into custody

ger:
Haft f /
to get [or receive] custody [of sb/sth]
das Sorgerecht [für jdn/etw] bekommen [o. erhalten]

Answer 614

custody [ˈkastədi]
♦ noun
1 care or keeping: The mother was awarded custody of the children by the court.
نگهداری؛ سرپرستی
2 the care of police or prison authorities: The accused man is in custody.
بازداشت؛ توقیف
cuˈstodian [-ˈstəu-]
♦ noun
a person who guards or takes care of something: the custodian of an art collection.
سرپرست؛ نگهبان

kus´tǝ dē/
n., pl.
● امانت (داری)،نگهداری،حفظ،حراست،تیمار،نگاهبانی،دالانداری
● سرپرستی،قیمومت،استوری
the divorce court awarded the custody of both children to their mother
دادگاه طلاق،سرپرستی هر دو کودک را به مادرشان سپرد.
the orphan was in the custody of his uncle
بچه‌ی یتیم تحت کفالت عمویش بود.
● بازداشت،توقیف
protective custody
بازداشت احتیاطی
he is held in police custody
او تحت بازداشت پلیس است.
* in custody
در بازداشت،تحت توقیف
* take into custody
بازداشت کردن،توقیف کردن

[ˈkəstədē]
noun - custody
حبس: imprisonment, prison, detention, jail, custody, lockout
توقیف: detention, arrest, custody, internment, suppression, seizing
حفاظت: protection, conservation, safekeeping, keep, custody, aegis

safe custody FIN
Depotverwahrung f
custody by third party JUR
Drittverwahrung f
place of custody
Verwahrungsort m
remand in custody
Untersuchungshaft f
custody account client
Depotkunde m /-kundin f
to remand sb in custody
jdn in die Untersuchungshaft zurücksenden
to take sb into custody
jdn verhaften
to hold sb in custody
jdn in Gewahrsam halten
to be in police custody
in Polizeigewahrsam sein
to be detained in custody
in [Untersuchungs]haft gehalten werden
to take sb into protective custody
jdn in Schutzhaft nehmen
to be remanded in police custody
in [polizeiliche] Untersuchungshaft genommen werden
to receive custody of one’s children
das Sorgerecht für seine Kinder zugesprochen bekommen
the mother got custody [of the child]
das Kind wurde der Mutter zugesprochen
to hold sb [in custody]/hostage/prisoner
jdn in Haft/als Geisel/gefangen halten
to get [or receive] custody [of sb/sth]
das Sorgerecht [für jdn/etw] bekommen [o. erhalten]
to award [or give] [or grant] custody of a child to sb
jdm das Sorgerecht für ein Kind übertragen [o. erteilen]

Question 615

imply

implizieren

Answer 615

imply [imˈplai]
♦ verb
to suggest or hint without actually stating: Are you implying that I am a liar?
دلالت داشتن بر؛ بطور ضمنی گفتن
impliˈcation
♦ noun
.
دلالت؛ معنی ضمنی

im plī´/
vt.
● (به طور ضمنی یا تلویحی) معنی دادن،چم دادن،رساندن،دلالت داشتن بر،به طور سربسته گفتن
did her silence imply consent?
آیا سکوت او علامت رضایت بود؟
she implied that even if they invite her, she will not go
منظورش این بود که حتی اگر او را دعوت بکنند نخواهد رفت.
I don’t wish to imply that you are lying
نمی‌خواهم بگویم که شما دروغ می‌گویید.
life implies conflict
زندگی یعنی کشمکش
● مستلزم چیزی بودن،متضمن چیزی بودن،پایندان بودن
true freedom implies responsibility
آزادی واقعی مستلزم مسئولیت است.

Thesaurus
[imˈplī]
verb - imply
اشاره کردن: point, nudge, insinuate, mention, imply, allude
دلالت ضمنی کردن بر: connote, imply
اشاره داشتن بر: imply
رساندن: convey, supply, transmit, extend, give, imply

Question 616

antisemite
antisemitic
antisemitism

Ger: antisemitisch

Answer 616

antisemitic
adjective (also anti-Semitic, anti-semitic)
UK /ˌæn.ti.səˈmɪ.tɪk/ US /ˌæn.t̬i.səˈmɪ.tɪk/

showing hatred for Jewish people, or unfair or cruel towards people because they are Jewish:

The bishop was accused of making antisemitic remarks.

Some people thought the play was anti-semitic.
anti-Semitic propaganda

Question 617

allowance

• to make allowance(s)
• to make allowance(s) for

Answer 617

allowance
noun
UK /əˈlaʊ.əns/ US /əˈlaʊ.əns/
allowance noun (AMOUNT GIVEN)

C1 [ C ]
money that you are given regularly, especially to pay for a particular thing:

The perks of the job include a company pension and a generous travel allowance.

I couldn’t have managed at college if I hadn’t had an allowance from my parents.

[ C ]
an amount of something that you are allowed:

The baggage/luggage allowance for most flights is 20 kilos.

allowance noun (PREPARATION)

make allowance for

to prepare for the possibility of:
We should make allowance for bad weather and have plenty of umbrellas available.

allowance noun (ACCEPTING)

make allowances for

C2
To make allowances for someone is to think about their characteristics and not judge them too severely:

You should make allowances for him - he’s been quite ill recently.

[əˈlou-əns]
noun - allowance
مستمری: pension, allowance, maintenance allowance, scholarship, studentship
مدد معاش: allowance, subsistence
خرجی: allowance, pocket money, spending money, subsistence allowance
فوقالعاده و هزینهء سفر: allowance
verb - allowance
فوقالعاده دادن: allowance

/ǝ lou´ǝns/
n., adj., vt.
● اجازه،رخصت،پذیرش،قبول کردن،تجویز
the allowance of an insurance claim
پذیرفتن ادعای بیمه
● سهمیه،مقرری،جیره،فوق‌العاده،هزینه،خرج،کمک هزینه،پول توجیبی،مستمری،بخش،بهره،پول جیب ماهیانه،پول اضافی بابت چیزی
each month my father gave us an allowance of ten tumans
پدرم هر ماه ده تومان پول توجیبی به ما می‌داد.
travel allowance
هزینه‌ی سفر
● تخفیف،کاستن،کاهش،کسر
the dealer gave us an allowance on our old car
فروشنده با گرفتن اتومبیل قدیمی ما تخفیفی در خرید ماشین داد.
● مقرری دادن،سهمیه‌بندی کردن،جیره دادن،فوق‌العاده دادن،تخصیص دادن
* to make allowance(s)
به حساب آوردن،منظور کردن
* to make allowance(s) for
1- بخشودن،معاف کردن 2- به حساب آوردن،در نظر گرفتن،پیش‌بینی کردن
a teaching method that makes full allowance for individual differences
روش تدریس که ویژگی‌های فردی را به حساب می‌آورد

personal allowance
persönlicher [Steuer]freibetrag
travel allowance
Reisekostenzuschuss m
mileage allowance
Kilometerpauschale f
catch allowance (fishing)
zulässige Gesamtfangmenge
entertainment allowance
Aufwandsentschädigung f
fixed allowance WIRTSCH
Fixum nt
tax allowance
Steuerfreibetrag m
baggage allowance
zulässiges Gepäck
excess allowance
Zusatzbewilligung f
wife’s earned income allowance
Freibetrag m für Erwerbseinkommen der Ehefrau
allowance for bad debt
Kursverlustentschädigung f
allowance for depreciation
Abschreibungsrücklage f
family allowance system
Familienleistungsausgleich m
per diem allowance
Tagegeld nt
lump sum allowance
Pauschalfreibetrag m
cost-of-living allowance
Teuerungszulage f
a liberal allowance/donation/support
eine großzügige Beihilfe/Spende/Unterstützung

Question 618

monitor

ger: überwachen

Answer 618

monitor [ˈmonitə]
♦ noun
1 a senior pupil who helps to see that school rules are kept.
کنترل
2 any of several kinds of instrument etc by means of which something can be constantly checked, especially a small screen in a television studio showing the picture which is being transmitted at any given time: television monitor; computer monitor.
صفحه نمایشگر

♦ verb
to act as, or to use, a monitor; to keep a careful check on: These machines/technicians monitor the results constantly.
کنترل کردن
monitor [ˈmonitə]
♦ noun
1 a senior pupil who helps to see that school rules are kept.
کنترل
2 any of several kinds of instrument etc by means of which something can be constantly checked, especially a small screen in a television studio showing the picture which is being transmitted at any given time: television monitor; computer monitor.
صفحه نمایشگر

♦ verb
to act as, or to use, a monitor; to keep a careful check on: These machines/technicians monitor the results constantly.
کنترل کردن

/män´i tǝr/
n., vt., vi.
● ناصح،پندآموز،هشدار دهنده،هشدارگر،توصیه کننده،مشاور،رایزن
more experienced soldiers can be used as monitors and instructors for the new soldiers
سربازان با تجربه‌تر می توانند به عنوان سرمشق و مربی سربازان جدید مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.
● (کلاس درس) مبصر،ارشد کلاس
the monitor calls the roll every morning
مبصر هر بامداد حاضر غایب می کند.
● آژیر،آژیرگر،دستگاه کنترل،واپادگر،مانیتور
a heart monitor
مانیتور (دستگاه کنترل) قلب
an electronic monitor
مانیتور الکترونیکی
● (جانورشناسی) بزمجه‌ی آژیرگر (تیره‌ی Varanidae که درشت و ماهی‌خوار هستند و می‌گویند حضور سوسمار را آگاهی می‌دهند)
● کشتی جنگلی زرهی (با عرشه‌ی صاف و کم ارتفاع و توپ‌های سنگین در برج‌های متحرک)
● (به ویژه در آتش نشانی) آب افشان (که آب را با فشار به طرف دلخواه می‌افشاند)،آب‌فشان،سر لوله‌ی فشاری
● (کسی که برای گردآوری آگهگان سیاسی یا نظامی و غیره به رادیوها و مکالمات تلفنی کشور خارجی مرتبا گوش می‌دهد) خبرنیوش،مستمع خفیه
● خبرنیوشی کردن
we monitor the enemy’s radio broadcasts for military information
ما برای کسب اطلاعات نظامی برنامه‌های رادیویی دشمن را خبرنیوشی می کنیم.
● (ماشین‌آلات یا هواپیما یا موشک و غیره) دستگاه کنترل و تنظیم،واپادگر
an automatic missile monitor
دستگاه خودکار کنترل موشک
● (کار ماشین آلات یا هواپیما یا موشک و غیره را) کنترل و تنظیم کردن،واپادکردن
radar stations are monitoring all our heavy bombers
ایستگاه‌های رادار همه‌ی بمب افکن‌های سنگین ما را کنترل می‌کنند.
● (دستگاه سنجش میزان آلودگی رادیو اکتیو) دستگاه تابش سنج،تابش نما
● (با این دستگاه) تابش سنجی کردن
we monitor the upper air to collect evidence of atomic explosions
ماجو فوقانی را برای گردآوری مدرک انفجار اتمی بررسی (تابش سنجی) می‌کنیم.
● (رادیو و تلویزیون و غیره - بلندگو یا گیرنده‌ی اتاق کنترل که با آن خوبی و صافی صدا یا تصویر را وارسی می کنند) دستگاه بازشنود،دستگاه بازبینی
monitor room
اتاق کنترل
● (با این دستگاه) بازشنود کردن،بازبین کردن،واپاد کردن
the sound quality must be carefully monitored
چگونگی صدا باید با دقت واپاد شود (بررسی شود).

[ˈmänətər]
noun - monitor
مبصر: monitor
انگیزنده: monitor
اگاهی دهنده: informant, monitor
گوشیار: monitor
verb - monitor
دیده بانی کردن: scout, monitor, espy
به علائم رمزی مخابراتی گوش دادن: monitor

to monitor a circuit
sich Akk in eine Leitung einschalten
to monitor education standards
[die Einhaltung von] Ausbildungsstandards [o. Ausbildungsanforderungen] überwachen
15-inch flat-screen monitor
15-Zoll-Flachbildschirm m
on the monitor
auf dem Bildschirm [o. Monitor]
15-inch flat-panel monitor
15-Zoll-Flachbildschirm m
flat-screen monitor
Flachbildschirm m
hi-res monitor
Monitor m mit hoher Auflösung
colour monitor [or Am color]
Farbbildschirm m
to monitor a [radio] broadcast
eine [Radio]sendung verfolgen
to monitor a TV channel
ein Fernsehprogramm verfolgen
to monitor communications/telephone traffic
Gespräche/den Telefonverkehr abhören [o. mithören]
to monitor radio/TV reception
den Radio-/Fernsehempfang überwachen
to monitor fuel consumption/sb’s heart rate
den Benzinverbrauch/jds Herzfrequenz überwachen
to monitor sb’s blood sugar/cholesterol level
jds Blutzucker/Cholesterinspiegel kontrollieren
they were supposed to monitor the elections POL
sie sollten die Wahlen beobachten
to monitor sb’s eating habits/movements
jds Essgewohnheiten/Bewegungen überwachen
to monitor brake power/tyre [or Am tire] wear
die Bremskraft/Reifenabnutzung überprüfen

Question 619

conjugal

ger:
ehelich

Answer 619

conjugal
adjective formal
UK /ˈkɒn.dʒə.ɡəl/ US /ˈkɑːn.dʒə.ɡəl/

connected with marriage or the relationship between two married people, especially their sexual relationship:

conjugal happiness

Some prisoners who want to start a family are to be permitted conjugal visits.

conjugal [ˈkondʒugəl]
♦ adjective
of marriage.
وابسته به زناشویی

/kän´jǝ gǝl/
adj.
● وابسته به زناشویی،ازدواجی،زن و شوهری،زناشویی،زفافی،نکاحی
conjugal rights and duties
حقوق و وظایف زناشویی

[ˈkänjəgəl]
adjective - conjugal
ازدواجی: marital, conjugal
نکاحی: marital, nuptial, conjugal

conjugal happiness
Eheglück nt
conjugal bed
Ehebett nt
conjugal loyalty/visits/rights
eheliche Treue/Besuche/Rechte [und Pflichten]

Question 620

adjust

• well adjusted
• badly adjusted

ger: anpassen, einstellen

Answer 620

adjust
verb [ I/T ]
US /əˈdʒʌst/

to change something slightly to make it fit, work better, or be more suitable:
[ T ] Adjust the angle of your monitor so you can easily read it.
[ I ] You need time to adjust to a new situation.
adjustable

adjective US /əˈdʒʌs·tə·bəl/
The height of the steering wheel is adjustable.
adjustment

noun [ C/U ] US /əˈdʒʌst·mənt/
[ C ] Only a few adjustments were needed to make her dress fit perfectly.

to change figures slightly according to inflation, the time of year, etc. so that they can be compared in a useful way with other figures:

adjust sth for sth

Payouts from the fund, when adjusted for inflation, are 20% less today than they were 10 years ago.

The region’s seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 8.9% this spring.

[ I ]
to become more familiar with a new situation:

adjust to sth

Restaurant owners will get additional time to adjust to the new regulations.

adjust [əˈdʒast]
♦ verb
1 (often with to ) to change so as to make or be better suited: He soon adjusted to his new way of life.
تطبیق دادن
2 to change (the position of, setting of): Adjust the setting of the alarm clock.
تنظیم کردن
aˈdjustable
♦ adjective
able to be adjusted: This car has adjustable seats.
قابل تنظیم
aˈdjustment
♦ noun
.
تنظیم

/ǝ just´/
vt., vi.
● (خود را) تطبیق دادن،وفق دادن،سازگار کردن
the human body adjusts itself to heat and cold
بدن انسان خود را با سرماو گرما تطبیق می‌دهد (سازگار می‌کند).
● تنظیم کردن،جور کردن
to adjust the watch
ساعت را تنظیم کردن
● تعدیل کردن
to examine and adjust accounts
حساب‌ها را بررسی و تعدیل کردن
● آشتی دادن،رفع اختلاف کردن (در حساب و غیره)
he adjusted the differences
او اختلافات را برطرف کرد.
● (بیمه) خسارت بیمه را محاسبه کردن
● (ارتش - تیراندازی) میزان کردن،قراول رفتن
* well adjusted
سازگار،هماهنگ
* badly adjusted
ناسازگار،ناهماهنگ

• You can adjust game configuration options when starting the game for the first time
  شما می توانید گزینه های پیکره بندی بازی را در هنگام شروع بازی برای اولین بار، تنظیم نمایید.

[əˈjəst]
verb - adjust
تنظیم کردن: adjust, regulate, redact, formulate, frame, control
سازگار کردن: adjust
تعدیل کردن: moderate, adjust, dampen, modify, modulate, regulate
میزان کردن: tune, adjust, collimate, modulate, temper, focus
وفق دادن: adapt, reconcile, suit, tune, attune, adjust
تسویه نمودن: adjust
مطابق کردن: adjust

to adjust the brightness
die Helligkeit einstellen
to adjust the setting
die Einstellung anpassen
to adjust a lever
einen Hebel verstellen
to adjust one’s clothing
seine Kleidung in Ordnung bringen
to adjust a damage
einen Schaden regulieren
to adjust a seam (let out)
einen Saum auslassen
to adjust a claim
einen Anspruch berechnen
bps rate adjust
bps-Anpassung f
to adjust oneself to sth
sich Akk auf etw Akk einstellen
to adjust the ski binding
die Skibindung einstellen
to adjust the height of sth
etw höher/niedriger stellen
to adjust the speed of rotation
die Drehzahl einstellen

Question 621

Obstacle

• put obstacles in the way of someone

Ger : Hürde, Hindernis

Answer 621

obstacle [ˈobstəkl]
♦ noun
something which prevents progress: His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle to his career.
مانع
obstacle race
a race in which runners have to climb over, crawl through etc obstacles such as tyres, nets etc .
دو صحرایی با مانع

/äb´stǝ kǝl/
n.
● رهگیر،راه‌گیر،مانع،رادع،راه بند،جلوگیر،گذر بند
her father’s objection was their only obstacle
مخالفت پدر دختر یگانه مانع آنها بود.
the removal of an obstacle in the throat
رفع آنچه که راه گلو را بسته است
bureaucratic obstacles
موانع اداری (دیوان سالاری)
* obstacle race
(مسابقه) دو صحرایی با مانع
* put obstacles in the way of someone
سر راه کسی مانع قرار دادن،(برای کسی) کار شکنی کردن،سد راه کسی شدن

formidable obstacle
ernstliches Hindernis
obstacle course
Hindernisparcours m
irremovable obstacle
nicht wegzuräumendes [o. zu beseitigendes] Hindernis
to take an obstacle
ein Hindernis nehmen
an insurmountable obstacle
ein unüberwindbares Hindernis
cross-country/100-metre/obstacle race
Gelände- [o. CH, A a. Orientierungs-] /Hundertmeter-/Hindernislauf m
to be over an obstacle
ein Hindernis überwunden haben
the horse refused the obstacle
das Pferd hat am Hindernis verweigert
the swerve around an obstacle
die Umgehung eines Hindernisses
to refuse a fence/obstacle horse
ein Hindernis verweigern
to surmount an obstacle/opposition
ein Hindernis/einen Widerstand überwinden
a major/the major obstacle
ein größeres/das größte Hindernis
to negotiate [or overcome]/remove an obstacle
ein Hindernis überwinden/beseitigen
to be an obstacle in the way of [or to] sth
ein Hindernis auf dem Weg zu etw Dat sein

Question 622

presumption

ger: Vermutungstatbestand / Annahme / Vermutung

hypothesis

ger:
Hypothese f

Answer 622

presumption
noun [ C or U ]
UK /prɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/ US /prɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/

C1
the act of believing that something is true without having any proof:

The presumption of innocence is central to American law.

There is no scientific evidence to support such presumptions.

[ + that ] The decision is based on the presumption that all information must be freely available.

presumption
noun
US /prɪˈzʌmp·ʃən/
presumption noun (BELIEF)

[ C ]
a belief that something is true because it is likely, although not certain:

There is no scientific evidence to support such presumptions.
presumption noun (RUDENESS)

[ U ]
behavior that is rude or shows that you expect too much:

What presumption, to assume that I’d pay for everyone

priˈzəmpSHən]
noun - presumption
فرض: assumption, hypothesis, presumption, supposition, obligation, guess
استنباط: deduction, elicitation, presumption, corollary, follow
احتمال: possibility, probability, contingency, eventuality, presumption, expectancy
گستاخی: impudence, insolence, arrogance, audacity, impertinence, presumption
جسارت: audacity, venture, temerity, insolence, effrontery, presumption

🤣hypothesis [haiˈpoθəsis]– plural
hyˈpotheses [-siːz] –
♦ noun
an unproved theory or point of view put forward, eg for the sake of argument.
فرضيه
hypothetical [haipəˈθetikəl]
♦ adjective
imaginary; supposed.
فرضی
hypothetically [haipəˈθetikəli]
♦ adverb
.
بطور فرضی

[hīˈpäTHəsis]
noun - hypothesis
فرضیه: hypothesis, supposition, accidentalism
فرض: assumption, hypothesis, presumption, supposition, obligation, guess
قضیه فرضی: hypothesis
نهشته: hypothesis
برانگاشت: hypothesis

OpenDictionary
/hī päth´ǝ sis, hi-/
n., pl.
● (ظن یا پندار یا گمان اثبات نشده که موقتا برای دستیابی به برخی دانستنی‌ها یا برای بررسی بیشتر بکار می‌رود) فرضیه،پی‌نهشت،برانگاشت،نهشته،گمانه،فرض
to prove or disprove a hypothesis
فرضیه‌ای را اثبات یا رد کردن
a proven hypothesis becomes a theory and an established theory becomes a law
فرضیه‌ی اثبات شده تبدیل می‌شود به نگره و نگره‌ی بسیار محقق تبدیل می‌شود به قانون.
a working hypothesis
فرضیه‌ای که موقتا برای راه انداختن کارها به درد می‌خورد

Question 623

scapegoat

ger: Sündenbock

Answer 623

scapegoat [ˈskeipgəut]
♦ noun
a person who is blamed or punished for the mistakes of others: The manager of the football team was made a scapegoat for the team’s failure, and was forced to resign.
سپر بلا

[ˈskāpˌgōt]
noun - scapegoat
کسیکه قربانی دیگران شود: scapegoat
بز طلیعه: scapegoat

/skāp´gōt´/
n., vt., vi.
● (در اصل - یهودیان باستان) بز قربانی که خاخام گناهان مردم را در گوشش می‌خواند و سپس می‌گذاشت فرار کند
● سپر بلا،بلاگردان،کسی که گناه دیگران را به گردن او می‌اندازند
jews were made a scapegoat for all of Germany’s misfortunes
یهودیان را عامل همه‌ی بدبختی‌های آلمان شمردند.
● سپر بلا کردن

Question 623

tyranny

ger: Tyrannei

Answer 623

tyranny
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈtɪr.ən.i/ US /ˈtɪr.ən.i/

government by a ruler or small group of people who have unlimited power over the people in their country or state and use it unfairly and cruelly:
This, the president promised us, was a war against tyranny.

a situation in which someone or something controls how you are able to live, in an unfair way:
Women, the play seems to suggest, must resist the tyranny of domesticity

tyranny
noun [ C/U ]
US /ˈtɪr·ə·ni/

SOCIAL STUDIES
unlimited authority or use of power, or a government which exercises such power without any control or limits
tyrannical

adjective US /tɪˈræn·ɪ·kəl/
American revolutionaries believed the British government was tyrannical.
tyrannize

verb [ T ] US /ˈtɪr·əˌnɑɪz/
In school, he was the big bully who tyrannized the whole playground.
tyrant

noun [ C ] US /ˈtɑɪ·rənt/
Their father was a tyrant, feared by all his children.

[ˈtirənē]
noun - tyranny
ظلم: oppression, injustice, cruelty, tyranny, rigour
ستم: oppression, injustice, tyranny, cruelty, violence, despotism
ستمگری: tyranny, cruelty, injustice, oppressive treatment
حکومت استبدادی: dictatorship, tyranny, autarchy, autarky
جور: kind, sort, tyranny, oppression, brand, genre
حکومت ستمگرانه: tyranny
ظلم وستم: tyranny

OpenDictionary
/tir´ǝ nē/
n., pl.
● استبداد،خودکامگی،خویشکامی
the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah
استبداد محمدعلی‌شاه
● ظلم و جور،بیداد،بیدادگری،ستمگری
the husband’s tyranny
ظلم و جور شوهر
● خشونت،شدت،حدت

Question 624

allocate

zur Verfügung stellen / bereit stellen

Answer 624

allocate [ˈӕləkeit]
♦ verb
1 to give (to someone) for his own use: He allocated a room to each student.
اختصاص دادن
2 to set apart (for a particular purpose): They allocated $500 to the project.
کنار گذاشتن؛ تخصیص دادن
ˌalloˈcation
♦ noun
.
تخصیص

/al´ō kāt´/
vt.
● اختصاص دادن،تخصیص دادن،دادن،ویژه ساختن،معین کردن،کنار گذاشتن
to allocate funds for housing
اختصاص دادن بودجه برای خانه‌سازی
● سهمیه دادن،(طبق برنامه) بخش کردن،تقسیم کردن،قسمت کردن،توزیع کردن،سهم دادن
she allocated her wealth to charitable foundations
او ثروت خود را بین موسسات خیریه تقسیم کرد.
● تعیین مکان کردن،جایابی کردن،جادادن،واگذار کردن،محول کردن،نگه‌داشتن

verb - allocate
اختصاص دادن: assign, allocate, devote, appropriate, earmark, dedicate
تخصیص دادن: allot, allocate, apportion, consecrate, give, design

to allocate sth fairly
etw gerecht verteilen
to allocate funds [for sth]
[Geld]mittel [für etw Akk ] bereitstellen
to allocate blame for sth to sb
jdm die Schuld an etw Dat zuschieben
to allocate funds to sb/sth
jdm/etw Gelder bewilligen

Question 625

entrust

to entrust sth/sb into sb’s care
etw/jdn in jds Obhut geben

Answer 625

entrust [inˈtrast]
♦ verb
to give into the care of another; to trust (somebody with something): I entrusted this secret to her; I entrusted her with the duty of locking up.
سپردن به؛ اطمینان کردن به

/en trust´, in-/
vt.
● به عهده‌ی کسی گذاشتن،(مسئولیت و غیره) واگذار کردن،محول کردن،برگماشتن
to entrust one’s lawyer with the records
پرونده‌ها را در اختیار وکیل خود قرار دادن
● اطمینان کردن به،سپردن به
he entrusted the keys to me
او کلیدها را به من سپرد.
don’t entrust your money to him!
پولت را دست او نده‌!

[enˈtrəst]
verb - entrust
سپردن: deposit, entrust, consign, commit, intrust, depute
واگذار کردن: concede, cede, assign, relegate, give, entrust
بامانت سپردن: bail, entrust, intrust

to entrust sth to sb [or sb with sth]
jdm etw anvertrauen
to entrust sth/sb into sb’s care
etw/jdn in jds Obhut geben
to entrust a task to sb
jdn mit einer Aufgabe betrauen

Question 626

procedure

ger.
Verfahren nt

Answer 626

procedure [prəˈsiːdʒə]
♦ noun
the order or method of doing something: They followed the usual procedure(s).
شیوه؛ روش
proˈcedural
♦ adjective
.
مربوط به شیوه کار

/prō sē´jǝr, prǝ-/
n.
● شیوه،فراروند،روش،گواسه،طرز عمل،رویه،روال،اسلوب عملکرد،پردازه
parliamentary procedure
شیوه‌ی پارلمانی
surgical procedure
روال عمل جراحی
● اصول محاکمات،آیین دادرسی
● نظام نامه،آیین نامه

Thesaurus
[prəˈsējər]
noun - procedure
روش: method, way, procedure, manner, how, system
روند: process, procedure, flow, proceeding, method
رویه: procedure, surface, scheme, tack, method, cover
طرز عمل: procedure, modus operandi, action, mode, manner
ایین دادرسی: procedure

regular procedure
übliche Vorgehensweise
complaints procedure
Beschwerdeverfahren nt
analytical procedure
Analyseverfahren nt
court procedure
Gerichtsverfahren nt
standard procedure
übliche Vorgehensweise
operating procedure TECH
Fertigungsverfahren nt
insolvency procedure JUR
Insolvenzverfahren nt
qualification procedure Am UNIV
Zulassungsverfahren nt
backup procedure
Datensicherungsprozedur f
verification procedure
Prüfungsverfahren nt
irregularity in the procedure
Verfahrensfehler m
rules pl of procedure JUR
Geschäftsordnung f
to follow procedure
sich Akk an die übliche Vorgehensweise halten
compulsory execution procedure
Zwangsvollstreckungsverfahren nt
to formalize an agreement/a procedure
eine Abmachung/ein Verfahren formell bekräftigen
this method indicates a lot about this procedure
dieses Verfahren sagt eine Menge zu diesem Vorgang aus
what is the correct procedure for dealing with such patients?
wie sollte man mit solchen Patienten umgehen?

Question 627

breach

ger: Verstoß

Answer 627

breach [briːtʃ]
♦ noun
1 a breaking (of a promise etc ).
نقض؛ تخلف
2 a gap, break or hole: a breach in the castle wall; a breach in security.
روزنه؛ رخنه

♦ verb
to make an opening in or break (someone’s defence).
شکستن
breach of the peace
a riot, disturbance or public fight: guilty of breach of the peace.
بر هم زدن آرامش

/brēch/
n., vt., vi.
● نقض،تخلف،تجاوز،خلف (وعده)،(در مورد قانون و سنت و قول و غیره) شکستن
a breach of contract
شکستن قرارداد،نقض قرارداد
what they did was in breach of trade union rules
آنچه آنها کردند خلاف مقررات اتحایه‌ی کارگران بود.
breach of promise
نقض عهد،خلف وعده،عهدشکنی
● (مهجور) شکستن یا شکسته شدن (چیزی)
● (در مورد دیوار و سد و خط دفاعی و سنگر و غیره) رخنه،شکست،روزنه،در رو،نفوذ،رخنه کردن
they were ready to defend any breach in the walls
آنان برای دفاع از هر گونه رخنه در دیوارها آماده بودند.
our soldiers breached the enemies’ barbed wire
سربازان ما از سیم‌های خاردار دشمن عبور کردند.
our defensive lines could not be breached
خطوط دفاعی ما نفوذناپذیر بود.
● شکستن موج بر دیواره‌ی ساحلی و کشتی و غیره
● پرش نهنگ (به طوری که بدنش از آب بیرون بیاید)،(از آب بیرون) جهیدن

[brēCH]
noun - breach
رخنه: breach, flaw, gap, crack, hole, chink
شکاف: gap, split, slot, fracture, notch, breach
نقض عهد: breach, violation, abjuration, perjury, perfidy
نقض عهد کردن: abjuration, breach
verb - breach
نقض کردن: violate, quash, breach, break, contravene, disaffirm
ایجاد شکاف کردن: breach
رخنه کردن در: thrust, breach

security breach
Verstoß m gegen die Sicherheitsbestimmungen
fundamental breach
[zum Vertragsrücktritt berechtigender] schwerer Vertragsbruch
anticipatory breach JUR
vorweggenommene Vertragsverletzung
breach of [the] law
Gesetzesverletzung f
breach of the peace
Störung f der öffentlichen Ruhe und Ordnung
breach of confidence [or faith]
Vertrauensbruch m
to breach a contract
einen Vertrag brechen
to breach an agreement
eine Vereinbarung verletzen
breach [or infringement] of copyright
Verstoß m gegen das Urheberrecht
breach of trust JUR
Verletzung f von Treuhänderpflichten
breach of contract
Vertragsbruch m
breach of warranty
Garantieverletzung f
breach of etiquette
Verstoß m gegen die Etikette
breach of promise
Wortbrüchigkeit f
breach of duty
Pflichtverletzung f
breach of domicile
Hausfriedensbruch m

Question 628

leisure

• at leisure-
• at one’s leisure
• leisured, adj.

eng: at [one’s] leisure
in aller Ruhe

Answer 628

AU leisure [ˈleʒə, (American) ˈli:ʒər]
♦ noun
time which one can spend as one likes, especially when one does not have to work: I seldom have leisure to watch television.
فراغت
ˈleisurely
♦ adjective,
♦ adverb
not hurrying; taking plenty of time: She had a leisurely bath.
با آسودگی

/lē´zhǝr, lezh´ǝr/
n., adj.
● وقت آزاد،وقت فراغت،زمان آسودگی (که انسان مجبور به انجام کاری نیست و می‌تواند به دلخواه وقت خود را بگذراند)،ماژ هنگام،وقت آسایش
he spends his leisure painting
او اوقات فراغت خود را به نقاشی می‌گذراند.
I don’t have enough leisure (time) to go to the movies
من آنقدر وقت آزاد ندارم که به سینما بروم.
● فراغت،آسودگی،ماژ،وابسته به اوقات فراغت،کارآسایی،مجال
leisure activities
فعالیت‌های اوقات فراغت
leisure wear
جامه‌های راحت
● فارغ،آسوده خاطر،در آسایش،در رفاه،آسوده،(وابسته به کسی که برای امرار معاش نیاز به کار کردن ندارد) مرفه،آسودمند
the leisure class
طبقه‌ی مرفه
* at leisure
1- دارای وقت آزاد،فارغ‌البال،ماژدار،در آسایش 2- بی‌شتاب،سر فرصت،در موقع مناسب
* at one’s leisure
هنگامی که شخص فرصت کافی دارد
* leisured, adj.
مرفه،آسوده،آسودمند،کم مشغله

ˈleZHər,ˈlēZHər]
noun - leisure
فراغت: leisure, leisure time, relief, rest, obviation, rescue
فرصت: opportunity, chance, time, occasion, opening, leisure
مجال: opportunity, chance, leisure, excellent opportunity, lucky chance
تن اسایی: indolence, leisure, lounge, self-complacency
اسودگی: relief, tranquility, convenience, comfort, ease, leisure
وقت کافی: leisure

leisure facilities
Freizeiteinrichtungen pl
leisure activities
Hobbys pl
leisure pursuits
Freizeitaktivitäten pl
sports and leisure complex
Sport- und Freizeitzentrum nt
at [one’s] leisure
in aller Ruhe
leisure hours/time
Freizeit f
call me at your leisure
rufen Sie mich an, wenn es Ihnen gelegen ist
a gentleman/lady of leisure esp scherzh
ein Lebemann/eine Lebedame meist abw
to lead a life of leisure
ein müßiges Leben führen
feel free to answer my letter at your leisure
nehmen Sie sich ruhig Zeit für die Beantwortung meines Schreibens

Question 629

solitary

ger:
einzeln

Answer 629

solitary [ˈsolitəri]
♦ adjective
1 alone; without companions: a solitary traveller.
تنها
2 living or being alone, by habit or preference: She was a solitary person.
منزوي
3 single: not a solitary example.
انفرادي
ˈsolitude [-tjuːd]
♦ noun
the state of being alone: He likes solitude; He lives in solitude.
solitary confinement
imprisonment in a cell by oneself: He was sentenced to six months’ solitary confinement.
حبس انفرادي

/säl´ǝ ter´ē/
adj., n., pl.
● تک،تنها،یکه و تنها
a solitary traveller
یک مسافر تنها
● فقط،یکه،فرد،منحصر بفرد،یگانه،منفرد
a solitary example
یگانه مثال
● دور افتاده،خلوت،پرت
a soitary place
مکان دور افتاده
● (گیاه شناسی) تک رست
● (جانور شناسی) تک زی،غیر اجتماعی
● راهبه،راهب،تارک دنیا،گوشه نشین

[ˈsäləˌterē]
adjective - solitary
منفرد: single, singular, solitary
تنها: only, alone, single, lonely, lone, solitary
منزوی: secluded, solitary, insular, cloistered, retired, offish
مجرد: single, immaterial, abstract, solitary, celibate, incorporeal
تک: single, one, individual, solo, lone, solitary
پرت: flung, deviated, digressed, outlying, solitary, wide
noun - solitary
گوشه نشین: hermit, recluse, anchoret, anchorite, solitary, solitudinarian
عابد: hermit, anchoret, ascetic, eremite, solitary

Question 630

dedicate

ger: to dedicate oneself to sth
sich Akk etw Dat widmen

to dedicate sth to sb book
jdm etw Akk widmen

Answer 630

dedicate [ˈdedikeit]
♦ verb
1 to give up wholly to; to devote to: He dedicated his life to good works.
وقف کردن؛ فدا کردن
2 to set apart, especially for a holy or sacred purpose: He decided to dedicate a chapel to his wife’s memory.
وقف کردن؛ اختصاص دادن
3 (of an author etc ) to state that (a book etc ) is in honour of someone: He dedicated the book to his father; She dedicated that song to her friend.
تقدیم کردن؛ پیشکش کردن
ˈdedicated
♦ adjective
spending a great deal of one’s time and energy on a subject, one’s job etc : She’s a dedicated teacher; He is dedicated to music.
فداکار؛ از خودگذشته
ˌdediˈcation
♦ noun
1 the quality of being dedicated; the act of dedicating: dedication to duty; the dedication of the church.
وقف؛ از خود گذشتگی
2 the words dedicating a book to someone: We can put the dedication at the top of the page.
تقدیم نامه

/ded´i kit, -kāt´/
adj., vt.
● (برای هدف مقدس یا در راه خدا) وقف کردن،اختصاص دادن،ایثار کردن،فدا کردن
he dedicated his life to the service of God
او عمر خود را وقف خدمت خدا کرد.
● تقدیم کردن،اهدا کردن،پیشکش کردن،واگذاشتن،جانفشانی کردن
he dedicated his book to his wife
او کتاب خود را به همسرش تقدیم کرد.
● (ساختمانی را با مراسم مذهبی) نام گذاری کردن،افتتاح کردن،گشودن
the building will be formally dedicated on Sunday
ساختمان روز یکشنبه رسما گشایش خواهد یافت.
● (حقوق) عام‌المنفعه کردن،همگانی کردن،به همگان اختصاص دادن
● (قدیمی) فداکار،جانفشان

[ˈdediˌkāt]
verb - dedicate
اختصاص دادن: assign, allocate, devote, appropriate, earmark, dedicate
وقف کردن: bequeath, endow, dedicate, amortise, amortize, avow
اهدا کردن: dedicate

Question 631

designate

ger: ernennen / designieren

Answer 631

designate [ˈdezigneit]
♦ verb
1 to call or name: It was designated a conservation area.
نامیدن؛ قلمداد کردن
2 to point out or identify: He has been designated our next Prime Minister.
مشخص کردن؛ تعیین کردن

♦ adjective
(placed immediately after noun ) appointed to an office etc but not yet having begun it: the ambassador designate.
برگزیده؛ نامزد
ˌdesigˈnation
♦ noun
a name or title.
نام؛ عنوان
ˌdesignated ˈdriver
♦ noun
(American ) one of a group of friends who is chosen to drive them and therefore agrees not to drink alcohol at a party. etc .
شخصی از میان جمع که به عنوان راننده انتخاب می شود و نباید در مجلس مشروبات الکلی بنوشد

/dez´ig nāt´, -nit, -nāt´/
adj., vt.
● (شغل و غیره) نامزد،برگزیده
an ambassador designate
نامزد شغل سفارت
● تخصیص دادن،در نظر گرفتن،تعیین کردن،مشخص کردن،هویدا کردن،واسپاردن
they designated the boundaries of the land
آنها حدود زمین را تعیین کردند.
smoking is permitted only in designated areas
سیگار کشیدن فقط در جاهای تعیین شده مجاز است.
this room has been designated for reading
این اتاق برای قرائت تخصیص داده شده است.
● (با ذکر مشخصات) اشاره کردن به،نام بردن،نامیدن
he was designated as leader of the free world
او را رهبر جهان آزاد قلمداد می‌کردند.
● (برای شغلی) نامزد کردن،در نظر گرفتن،برگزیدن
the king designated his second son as his successor
پادشاه پسر دوم خود را به عنوان جانشین برگزید.

erb - designate
معین کردن: determine, ascertain, define, specify, designate, delineate
نامزد کردن: nominate, betroth, designate, engage, espouse, trothplight
گماشتن: appoint, assign, designate, charge, commission, instate
تخصیص دادن: allot, allocate, apportion, consecrate, give, designate
برگزیدن: elect, pick, choose, select, opt, designate

to designate one’s successor
seinen Nachfolger ernennen
the Governor designate
der designierte Gouverneur
to designate sb to do sth
jdn mit etw Dat beauftragen

Question 632

compulsory

ger:
verpflichtend

obligatorisch

Answer 632

compulsory
adjective
UK /kəmˈpʌl.sər.i/ US /kəmˈpʌl.sɚ.i/

B2
If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law:

Swimming was compulsory at my school.

The law made wearing seat belts in cars compulsory.

compulsory
adjective
US /kəmˈpʌl·sə·ri/

(of something) that must be done; necessary by law or a rule:
Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 16.

compulsory enforcement JUR
Zwangsverwertung f
compulsory subject
Pflichtfach nt
compulsory vaccination
Pflichtimpfung f
compulsory retirement
Zwangspensionierung f
compulsory disclosure WIRTSCH
Publizitätspflicht f
compulsory contribution (insurance)
Pflichtbeitrag m
compulsory attendance
Anwesenheitspflicht f
compulsory purchase Brit JUR
Enteignung f fachspr
compulsory education [or schooling]
[allgemeine] Schulpflicht
compulsory by law
gesetzlich vorgeschrieben
compulsory military service
[allgemeine] Wehrpflicht
compulsory winding order
Zwangsliquidationsbeschluss m
compulsory execution procedure
Zwangsvollstreckungsverfahren nt
compulsory [or required] reading
Pflichtlektüre f
attendance at lectures is compulsory
bei Vorlesungen besteht Anwesenheitspflicht
he has just finished his stint of compulsory military service
er hat soeben die vorgeschriebene Wehrdienstzeit a

Question 633

abolish

ger: etw abschaffen

beseitigen

Answer 633

abolish [əˈboliʃ]
♦ verb
to put an end to (a custom, law etc ): We must abolish the death penalty.
لغو کردن
ˌaboˈlition [ӕ-]
♦ noun
.
لغو

adjective - abolished
منسوخ: obsolete, outdated, abolished, abrogated, antiquated, disused

adjective
cancelled, annulled, revoked, repealed; abrogatee

abolish
verb
[a·bol·ish || ə’bɒlɪʃ]
cancel, revoke

to abolish sth
etw abschaffen
to abolish a law
ein Gesetz aufheben

to abolish a law
ein Gesetz aufheben
to abolish [or do away with] the death penalty
die Todesstrafe abschaffen

Question 634

facilitate

ger: etw. erleichtern /
ermöglichen

More than half the salary is deposited in a savings account. This aims to facilitate life after release.

Answer 634

facilitate
verb [ T ] formal
UK /fəˈsɪl.ɪ.teɪt/ US /fəˈsɪl.ə.teɪt/

C1
to make something possible or easier:

The new ramp will facilitate the entry of wheelchairs.

The current structure does not facilitate efficient work flow

facilitate
verb [ T ]
US /fəˈsɪl·əˌteɪt/

to make something possible or easier:
To facilitate learning, each class is no larger than 30 students.
facilitation

noun [ U ] US/fəˌsɪl·əˈteɪ·ʃən/
Somerville was charged with conspiracy and criminal facilitation.

this would facilitate matters a lot
das würde die Sache doch sehr erleichtern
to facilitate an enterprise/a project
ein Unternehmen/Projekt fördern

[fəˈsiliˌtāt]
verb - facilitate
تسهیل کردن: facilitate, comfort, simplify
کمک کردن: help, assist, aid, facilitate, boost, bestead
اسان کردن: facilitate

fǝ sil´ǝ tāt´/
vt.
● تسهیل کردن،آسان کردن،گره‌گشایی کردن،بشولیدن،گشایش دادن
in order to facilitate customs formalities
به منظور آسان کردن تشریفات گمرکی
measures intended to facilitate economic development
اقداماتی که برای تسهیل پیشرفت اقتصادی صورت گرفته است

Question 635

affiliation

ger: affiliation/ Angliederung f / Zugehörigkeit

Most of the prisoners have no religious affiliation

Answer 635

affiliation
noun [ C or U ]
UK /əˌfɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/ US /əˌfɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/

a connection with a political party or religion, or with a larger organization:

The group has affiliations with several organizations abroad.

Their lack of affiliation to any particular bank allows them to give objective financial advice.

political affiliations

əˌfilēˈāSHən]
noun - affiliation
وابستگی: dependence, dependency, affiliation, attachment, association, interdependence
پیوستگی: continuity, conjunction, connection, cohesion, association, affiliation

/ǝ fil´ē ā´shǝn/
n.
● وابستگی،نسبت،رابطه
he had no political affiliation
او وابستگی سیاسی نداشت.

Question 636

destitute

ger: mittellos / verarmt

Destitute prisoners receive financial or in-kind support

Answer 636

destitute [ˈdestitjuːt]
♦ adjective
in great need of food, shelter etc : They were left destitute when he died.
تهی دست؛ مستمند

/des´tǝ tōōt´, -tyōōt´/
adj.
● (بسیار) فقیر،تهی‌دست،بی‌چیز،مستمند،مفلس
after the war, many families became destitute
بعد از جنگ خانواده‌های زیادی دچار فقر شدید شدند.
● (با: of) فاقد،بی‌بهره،نادار
a land destitute of trees
سرزمین فاقد درخت
● (مهجور) ترک شده،متروک،در هجران،بی‌کس

adjective
[des·ti·tute || ‘destɪtjuːt]
poor, impoverished, penniless, needy, poverty-stricken

destitute
verarmt
destitute
notleidend
destitute person
mittelloser Mensch

Question 637

proportion

ger : Anteil

• in proportion
  this picture is not in proportion; it shows the elephant to be smaller than a man
• in proportion to something
  our expenditures are too high in proportion to our income
• out of proportion (to something)
  the boy’s head is out of proportion to the rest of his body

Answer 637

US UK AU proportion [prəˈpoːʃən]
♦ noun
1 a part (of a total amount): Only a small proportion of the class passed the exam.
بخش
2 the (correct) quantity, size, number etc (of one thing compared with that of another): For this dish, the butter and flour should be in the proportion of three to four (=eg 300 grammes of butter with every 400 grammes of flour).
نسبت
proˈportional
♦ adjective
.
نسبی
proˈportionally
♦ adverb
.
بطور نسبی
proˈportionate [-nət]
♦ adjective
being in correct proportion: Are her wages really proportionate to the amount of work she does?
متناسب
proˈportionately
♦ adverb
.
بطور متناسب
be, *get etc in proportion (to)
to (cause to) have a correct relationship (to each other or something else): In drawing a person, it is difficult to get all the parts of the body in proportion.
متناسب کردن
be, *get etc out of (all) proportion (to)
to (cause to) have an incorrect relationship (to each other or something else): An elephant’s tail seems out of (all) proportion to the rest of its body.
بی تناسب بودن
in proportion to
in relation to; in comparison with: You spend far too much time on that work in proportion to its importance.
نسبت به چیزی

/prō pôr´shǝn/
n., vt.
● تناسب،همگری،بساوندی،همودی
all the details of this painting have admirable proportion
کلیه‌ی جزئیات این نقاشی باهم تناسب تحسین انگیزی دارد.
● نسبت،برپاری
the proportion of exports to imports
نسبت صادرات به واردات
● سهم،سهمیه،حصه،قسمت،بخش
a large proportion of the sea’s surface
بخش وسیعی از سطح دریا
● (جمع) ابعاد،اندازه(ها)
a building of large proportions
ساختمانی با ابعاد بزرگ
● (ریاضی) نسبت،هم بهری
the proportion of 6 to 2 is equal to that of 9 to3
نسبت 6 به 2 برابر است با نسبت 9 به 3.
● متناسب کردن،همگر کردن،همود کردن،برپار کردن،سازوار کردن
to proportion the punishment to the crime
تنبیه را با جنایت متناسب کردن
* in proportion
دارای تناسب،متناسب،همگر
this picture is not in proportion; it shows the elephant to be smaller than a man
این عکس تناسب ندارد چون فیل را کوچکتر از انسان نشان می‌دهد.
* in proportion to something
نسبت به چیزی
our expenditures are too high in proportion to our income
هزینه‌های ما نسبت به درآمدمان بسیار زیاد است.
* out of proportion (to something)
نامتناسب (با چیزی)
the boy’s head is out of proportion to the rest of his body
سر آن پسر با بقیه‌ی بدنش تناسب ندارد.

[prəˈpôrSHən]
noun - proportion
نسبت: proportion, ratio, relation, relationship, respect, bearing
تناسب: proportion, appropriateness, proportionality, symmetry, analogy, congruence
مقدار: amount, value, quantity, content, extent, proportion
قسمت: section, portion, segment, department, chapter, proportion
قیاس: analogy, analogy, syllogism, deduction, induction, proportion
قرینه: symmetry, indication, analogy, proportion
شباهت: resemblance, analogy, likeness, semblance, analog, proportion
درجه: degree, grade, rating, point, scale, proportion
verb - proportion
متناسب کردن: fit, coordinate, proportion, proportionate
متقارن کردن: polarize, proportion

proportion of intergreen times
Anteil an Zwischenzeiten

proportion of expatriates
Ausländeranteil m
to keep sth in proportion
etw im richtigen Verhältnis sehen
in proportion to sb/sth
im Verhältnis zu jdm/etw
the literate proportion of the population
der Anteil der alphabetisierten Bevölkerung
to have/keep a sense of proportion
bei etw Dat den richtigen Maßstab anlegen
(develop) to blow up out of all proportion
grotesk übersteigerte Formen annehmen
to blow sth out of [all] proportion
etw maßlos übertreiben
to be in/out of proportion [to sth]
im/in keinem Verhältnis zu etw Dat stehen
to be in inverse proportion [or relation] to sth
im umgekehrten Verhältnis zu etw Dat stehen
I’m all out of proportion in this picture
auf diesem Bild stimmen die Proportionen überhaupt nicht
to be in/out of proportion [to each other]
in den Proportionen [zueinander] stimmen/nicht stimmen
what proportion of people who are HIV-positive go on to develop AIDS?
bei wie viel Prozent der HIV-Infizierten bricht tatsächlich AIDS aus?

Question 638

fluctuate

ger: fluktuieren/schwanken

Answer 638

fluctuate
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/ US /ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt/

C2
to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another:

Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.

Her wages fluctuate between £150 and £200 a week.

Her weight fluctuates wildly.

fluctuating prices

to fluctuate/vary wildly
stark fluktuieren/schwanken

fluctuate
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈflʌktʃueɪt/ US

if prices, levels, or interest rates fluctuate, they go up and down:
Inflation has fluctuated in recent months along with oil prices.
fluctuate between sth and sth Dividend yields typically fluctuate between 4 per cent and 6 per cent.
fluctuate with sth Over the past months, retail prices have fluctuated with market conditions.

prices/investments/profits fluctuate
Traders on the New York Stock Exchange monitored their screens and took a wait-and-see approach as prices fluctuated.

fluctuate wildly/significantly/slightly
Shares have been fluctuating wildly in a volatile market.

fluctuate from day to day/month to month/year to year
Your cash flow fluctuates from year to year as your portfolio increases or decreases.

Question 639

incur

ger: erregen

Answer 639

incur [inˈkəː]– past tense, past participle inˈcurred –
♦ verb
1 to bring (something unpleasant) on oneself: to incur someone’s displeasure.
موجب شدن
2 to become liable to pay (a debt): to incur enormous debts.
متحمل شدن

verb - incur
وارد امدن: incur
موجب شدن: cause, afford, bring, entail, evince, inure
متحمل شدن بر: incur

/in ku_r´/
vt.
● (قرض یا هر چیز ناخوشایند) بالا آوردن،متحمل شدن
to incur a debt
قرض بالا آوردن
● موجب شدن،برسرخود آوردن
he incurred the king’s wrath
او خشم شاه را نسبت به خود برانگیخت.

to incur sb’s displeasure
jds Missfallen erregen
to incur a punishment
sich Akk strafbar machen
to incur debt
Schulden machen
to incur losses
Verluste erleiden
to incur costs
sich Dat Unkosten aufladen
to incur the blame for sth
den Tadel für etw Akk einstecken
to not incur liability for sth JUR
für etw keine Haftung übernehmen
to incur the anger [or wrath] of sb
jds Zorn auf sich Akk ziehen
to incur the risk of a penalty
das Risiko einer [Geld]strafe eingehen
to incur sb’s wrath [or the wrath of sb]
sich Dat jds Zorn zuziehen

Question 640

provision

ger: Bereitstellung, Vorsorge

Answer 640

provision [prəˈviʒən]
♦ noun
1 the act of providing: The government are responsible for the provision of education for all children.
تامین
2 an agreed arrangement.
آماده سازی
3 a rule or condition.
شرط؛ تبصره

♦ verb
to supply (especially an army) with food.
آذوقه رساندن
proˈvisional
♦ adjective
temporary; appointed, arranged etc only for the present time: a provisional government.
موقتی
proˈvisionally
♦ adverb
.
بطور موقت
proˈvisions
♦ noun plural
(a supply of) food: The campers got their provisions at the village shop.
آذوقه
make provision for
to provide what is necessary for: You should make provision for your old age.
تامین آتیه کردن

transitional provision
Übergangsbestimmung f
with the provision that …
unter der Bedingung, dass …
old-age provision
Altersvorsorge f
provision for losses on loans and advances
Vorsorgebestand m
to make provision for sb/sth
für jdn/etw Vorsorge treffen

Question 641

authorize

ger: jdn bevollmächtigen [o. ermächtigen] , etw zu tun / genehmigen

Visits must be authorised by a general practitioner.

Answer 641

C1
to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something:

Who authorized this expenditure?

[ + to infinitive ] I authorized my bank to pay her £3,000.

authorize
verb [ T ] (UK also authorise)
UK /ˈɔːθəraɪz/ US

to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something:

The Board of Directors has authorized a share buy-back program for up to 60 million shares of the company.

authorize sb to do sth
Their technologies division has been authorised to sell, support, and train customers on the new mobile system.
to authorize sb to do sth
jdn bevollmächtigen [o. ermächtigen] , etw zu tun

Question 642

ratio

Answer 642

ratio [ˈreiʃiəu]– plural ˈratios –
♦ noun
the amount or proportion of one thing compared to another: There is a ratio of two girls to one boy in this class.
نسبت

[ˈrāSHēˌō,ˈrāSHō]
noun - ratio
نسبت: proportion, ratio, relation, relationship, respect, bearing
ضریب: coefficient, factor, ratio, modulus
نسبیت: relativity, relativism, ratio
نسبت معین و ثابت: ratio
قسمت: section, portion, segment, department, chapter, ratio
ضرب کننده: multiplier, coefficient, ratio

/rā´shō, -shē ō´/
n., pl.
● نسبت،رسد،بهر،برچند
a ratio of two boys to three girls
نسبت دو پسر به سه دختر
the ratio between births and deaths
نسبت تعداد تولد به تعداد مرگ و میر
the student-teacher ratio in this school
نسبت (تعداد) شاگردان به (تعداد) معلمان در این مدرسه
● (پول‌هایی که پشتوانه‌ی آن هم

Question 643

oral

• oral contraceptive
• oral hygiene
  orally administered drugs
• oral surgeon

ger: oral / mündlich

Answer 643

oral [ˈoːrəl]
♦ adjective
1 spoken, not written: an oral examination.
شفاهی
2 of or by the mouth: oral hygiene; an oral contraceptive.
دهانی؛ خوراکی

♦ noun
a spoken examination: He passed the written exam, but failed his oral.
امتحان شفاهی
ˈorally
♦ adverb
medicine to be taken orally.
بطور شفهی؛ بطور خوراکی

[ˈôrəl]
adjective - oral
شفاهی: oral, verbal, unwritten, viva voce, nuncupative, vocabular
دهانی: oral, palatal
از راه دهان: oral
زبانی: lingual, verbal, oral, nuncupative, viva voce, vocabular

/ōr´ǝl, ō´rǝl; ôr´-/
adj., n.
● زبانی،شفاهی،گفتاری
the oral exam will come after the written exam
امتحان شفاهی پس از امتحان کتبی خواهد بود.
stories passed on by oral tradition
داستان‌هایی که دهان به دهان گشته است (طبق سنت گفتاری انتقال یافته است).
● وابسته به سخن و سخنوری،سخنی،سخنورانه
● (زبان‌شناسی) دهانی (در برابر: خیشومی nasal)
oral speech sounds
آواهای دهانی
● (روانکاوی) دهانی
oral eroticism
شهوت دهانی
● (جانورشناسی - روی دهان یا در اطراف دهان) دهان‌سوی،دهان درون،دهان درونی،دهانی
● (معمولا جمع) آزمون (های) گفتاری،امتحان (ات) شفاهی
next week she will take her orals
هفته‌ی دیگر امتحانات شفاهی خود را خواهد داد.
● (دارو و غیره) از راه دهان،خوردنی
* oral contraceptive
داروی ضد آبستنی خوراکی
* oral hygiene
بهداشت دهان
orally administered drugs
داروهایی که از راه دهان داده می‌شود.
* oral surgeon
جراح دهان و دندان

oral evidence
mündliche Aussage
oral vaccination
Schluckimpfung f
oral medication
Medizin f zum Einnehmen
oral hygiene
Mundhygiene f
oral contraceptive
orales Verhütungsmittel
oral skills
sprachliche Ausdrucksfähigkeit
oral thermometer
Fieberthermometer nt
oral stage
orale Phase fachspr
oral rehydration salts
Salze zur oralen Rehydration
oral rehydration solution
orale Rehydrationslösung
oral/practical/written test
mündliche/praktische/schriftliche Prüfung
oral exam/statement
mündliche Prüfung/Aussage
to make an oral agreement
eine mündliche Absprache treffen
to do an oral presentation about sth
ein Referat [o. einen Vortrag] über etw Akk halten
he can write well, but how are his oral skills?
schreiben kann er gut, aber kann er sich auch mündlich ausdrücken?
during an oral exam, a professor will solicit detailed answers from a student
in einer mündlichen Prüfung verlangt ein Professor ausführliche Antworten von einem Studenten

Question 644

settle

Answer 644

B2 [ T ]
to reach a decision or an agreement about something, or to end a disagreement:

Good, that’s all settled - you send out the invitations for the party, and I’ll organize the food.

[ + question word ] They haven’t yet settled when the wedding is going to be.

“The tickets are €40 each.” “Well, that settles that - I can’t afford that much.”

I’d like to get this matter settled once and for all (= reach a final decision on it).

US UK AU settle [ˈsetl]
♦ verb
1 to place in a position of rest or comfort: I settled myself in the armchair.
ساكن شدن
2 to come to rest: Dust had settled on the books.
آرام گرفتن
3 to soothe: I gave him a pill to settle his nerves.
تسكين دادن
4 to go and live: Many Scots settled in New Zealand.
منزل كردن
5 to reach a decision or agreement: Have you settled with the builders when they are to start work?; The dispute between management and employees is still not settled.
فيصله دادن
6 to pay (a bill).
پرداختن
ˈsettlement
♦ noun
1 an agreement: The two sides have at last reached a settlement.
توافق
2 a small community: a farming settlement.
كولوني؛ماندگاه
ˈsettler
♦ noun
a person who settles in a country that is being newly populated: They were among the early settlers on the east coast of America.
مهاجر
settle down
1 to (cause to) become quiet, calm and peaceful: He waited for the audience to settle down before he spoke; She settled the baby down at last.
آرام كردن
2 to make oneself comfortable: She settled (herself) down in the back of the car and went to sleep.
جاخوش كردن
3 to begin to concentrate on something, eg work: He settled down to (do) his schoolwork.
متمركز شدن
settle in
to become used to and comfortable in new surroundings.
عادت كردن
settle on
to agree about or decide.
به توافق رسيدن
settle up
to pay (a bill): He asked the waiter for the bill, and settled up.
پرداختن

[ˈsetl]
verb - settle
ته نشین شدن: settle
ماندن: stay, remain, be, stand, settle, subsist
مستقر شدن: settle, set, fix
تصفیه کردن: refine, clean up, filter, purge, settle, purify
مقیم شدن: settle, reside
مسکن دادن: domicile, lodge, settle
فیصل دادن: decide, settle, solve
تسویه کردن: defray, compromise, liquidate, liquidize, pay off, settle
مسکن گزیدن: bield, guest, inhabit, room, settle
نشست کردن: extravasate, settle, sink, subside
تصفیه حساب کردن: settle
فرو نشستن: subside, be quenched, abate, founder, be quelled, settle
معین کردن: determine, ascertain, define, specify, designate, settle
مستقر ساختن: locate, settle
واریز کردن: even, settle, square
ساکن کردن: denizen, lodge, settle
مقیم کردن: garrison, settle
جا دادن: accommodate, incorporate, house, embed, infix, settle
noun - settle
واریز: settlement, settle

to settle sth amicably
etw freundschaftlich regeln
settle down, you two
gebt mal ein bisschen Ruhe, ihr zwei
to settle one’s affairs form
seine Angelegenheiten regeln [o. in Ordnung bringen]
to settle a strike
einen Streik beenden
to settle a matter
eine Angelegenheit regeln
to settle a lawsuit
einen Prozess durch einen Vergleich beilegen
to settle a grievance
einen Missstand beseitigen
to settle an account
ein Konto ausgleichen
to settle a place
einen Ort besiedeln
to settle one’s stomach
seinen Magen beruhigen
to settle to work
sich Akk an die Arbeit machen
to settle a query
eine [Rück]frage beantworten
to settle a score
eine Rechnung begleichen übtr
to settle a claim
eine Forderung regulieren
to settle into domesticity
sich Akk der Familie widmen
to settle the stomach
den Magen beruhigen
to settle a dispute amicably
einen Streit gütlich beilegen
to settle [or pay] an account
eine Rechnung bezahlen [o. geh begleichen]
to settle on a name
sich Akk für einen Namen entscheiden

Question 645

dreadful

I am dreadfully tired/ sorry

Answer 645

dreadful
adjective
UK /ˈdred.fəl/ US /ˈdred.fəl/
dreadful adjective (FRIGHTENING)

causing fear, shock, or suffering:

The news report was so dreadful that I just had to switch it off.

the dreadful sufferings of the people during this war

dreadful adjective (LOW QUALITY)

B2 mainly UK
of very low quality or very unpleasant:
The food was bad and the service was dreadful.
They played some dreadful music.

Synonyms
awful (BAD)
horrendous
terrible (UNPLEASANT)

readful adjective (VERY GREAT)

mainly UK informal
used to emphasize the great degree of something:

I was beginning to think I’d made a dreadful mistake.

It’s a dreadful shame you couldn’t come.

dreadful annoyance
großes Ärgernis
dreadful mistake
furchtbarer Fehler
dreadful accident
schlimmer Unfall
dreadful atrocity
entsetzliche Gräueltat
dated ugs curse this dreadful traffic!
dieser vermaledeite Verkehr aber auch! veraltend ugs
he’s a dreadful flirt
er kann das Flirten nicht lassen
a dreadful bore
ein entsetzlich langweiliger Mensch
dreadful bother [or nuisance]
schreckliche [o. lästige] Plage
just dreadful/wonderful
einfach furchtbar/wundervoll
garlic gives me dreadful wind
von Knoblauch bekomme ich fürchterliche Blähungen
to be in a dreadful/sad/sorry plight
in einer schrecklichen/traurigen/erbärmlichen Lage sein
I was horror-struck to hear the dreadful news
mich packte das kalte Grausen, als ich die schreckliche Nachricht hörte

Question 646

Utensil

Ger: Utensilien

Answer 646

utensil [juˈtensl]
♦ noun
an instrument or vessel used in everyday life: pots and pans and other kitchen utensils.
ظروف

● ظرف،گنجانه،خنور،باهار،سپار
● ابزار آشپزخانه (دیگ و خمب و سینی و تشت و غیره)
cooking utensils
وسائل پخت و پز
● (به ویژه کشاورزی) وسیله،ابزار،آلت
farming utensils
ابزار کشاورزی

yo͞oˈtensəl]
noun - utensil
ظروف: utensil, dish
وسایل: furniture, utensil
ظرف: container, dish, vessel, receptacle, utensil, vase
مخلفات: chattels, sundries, utensil, dressing
اسباب: rigging, rig, furniture, gadget, instrument, utensil

Question 647

dispel

Ger: Zerstreuen/ vertreiben

Answer 647

dispel [diˈspel]– past tense, past participle diˈspelled –
♦ verb
to drive away: His words dispelled our fears.
پراکندن؛ زایل کردن

[disˈpel]
verb - dispel
برطرف کردن: dispel, remove, eliminate, rectify, surmount, acquit
طلسم را باطل کردن: dispel
دفع کردن: ward off, fend, exorcise, stave off, countercheck, dispel

di spel´/
vt.
● پراکندن،متفرق کردن،تاراندن،زایل کردن
he is trying to dispel the rumors about his resignation
او می‌کوشد که شایعات مربوط به استعفای خود را برطرف کند.
then a breeze came and dispelled the smoke
سپس نسیمی آمد و دود را پراکنده کرد.

to dispel a fear
eine Befürchtung zerstreuen
to dispel sb’s sorrows
jds Kummer vertreiben
to dispel a myth
einen Mythos zerstören
to dispel an idea
eine Idee verwerfen
to dispel sb’s doubts
jds Zweifel zerstreuen [o. vertreiben] [o. verscheuchen]

Question 648

eliminate

Ger : eliminieren

Answer 648

eliminate
verb
UK /iˈlɪm.ɪ.neɪt/ US /iˈlɪm.ə.neɪt/

C1 [ T ]
to remove or take away someone or something:
A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease.

We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident.

The police eliminated him from their enquiries.

C1 [ T often passive ]
to defeat someone so that they cannot continue in a competition:

He was eliminated in the third round of the competition.

eliminate [iˈlimineit]
♦ verb
to get rid of; to omit or exclude: He was eliminated from the tennis match in the first round.
حذف کردن؛ دفع کردن
eˌlimiˈnation
♦ noun
.
حذف؛ نابودی

ē lim´ǝ nāt´, i-/
vt.
● حذف کردن،از قلم انداختن،به حساب نیاوردن،(از متن و غیره) زدن
some of the names were secretly eliminated from the list
برخی از اسامی را به طور پنهانی از فهرست حذف کرده بودند.
● ردکردن
● از بین بردن،معدوم کردن،نابودکردن،نیست کردن
Stalin eliminated his rivals one by one
استالین رقیبان خود را یکی پس از دیگری نابود کرد.
in order to eliminate the possibility of error
برای از میان بردن امکان لغزش
to eliminate distracting noise
صدای مزاحم را از بین بردن
● (مسابقات قهرمانی و غیره) از دور خارج شدن،از مسابقه خارج شدن
all our wrestlers were eliminated in the third round
همه‌ی کشتی‌گیران ما در دور سوم (مسابقات) حذف شدند.
● (جبر و ریاضی) حذف کردن
to eliminate indeterminacy
رفع ابهام کردن
● (تنکرد شناسی - زیست شناسی - مواد زاید و فضولات و سموم و غیره را از بدن دفع کردن) برون ریختن،برون راندن
the kidneys eliminate urea
کلیه‌ها اوره دفع می کند.
* elimination, n.
1- حذف،از قلم افتادگی 2- نابودی،معدوم سازی،نیست سازی

iˈliməˌnāt]
verb - eliminate
زدودن: remove, eliminate, clear, wipe, sweep, obliterate
حذف کردن: delete, eliminate, omit, elide, dele, expurgate
برطرف کردن: dispel, remove, eliminate, rectify, surmount, acquit
محو کردن: blur, wipe out, eliminate, deface, obliterate, blot out
رفع کردن: detoxify, remove, resolve, obviate, eliminate, assoil
بیرون کردن: drive out, evict, eliminate, cashier, dispossess, fire
منتفی کردن: eliminate, liquidate
خرد کردن: grind, squelch, minify, smash, chop, eliminate

to eliminate prejudice
Vorurteile ausräumen
to eliminate poverty
die Armut besiegen
to eliminate sb from further participation
jdn von der weiteren Teilnahme ausschließen

Question 649

Hysteria

Ger: die Hysterie

Answer 649

hysteria [hiˈstiəriə]
♦ noun
1 a severe nervous upset which causes eg uncontrolled laughing or crying, imaginary illnesses etc .
تشنج
2 uncontrolled excitement, eg of a crowd of people: mass hysteria.
دژ آشفتگی
hyˈsterical [-ˈste-]
♦ adjective
of or suffering from hysteria.
هستریایی
hyˈsterically [-ˈste-]
♦ adverb
.
بطور هيجانی
hyˈsterics [-ˈste-]
♦ noun plural
1 a fit of hysteria.
تشنج هستریایی
2 a fit of wild laughter.
تشنج خنده های بسیار شدید
go into hysterics
to have a fit of hysteria.
تشنج هستریایی داشتن

mass hysteria
برانگیختگی همگانی

[-ˈsti(ə)rēə,hiˈsterēə]
noun - hysteria
هیستری: hysteria
تشنج: convulsion, hysteria, tension, paroxysm, fit, spasm
هیجان زیاد: hysteria
حمله عصبی: hysteria, willies
حمله: attack, assault, offensive, offense, onslaught, hysteria

Question 650

allocation

Ger: Allokation

Answer 650

allocation
noun
UK /ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/

C2 [ U ]
the process of giving someone their part of a total amount of something to use in a particular way:

the allocation of resources/funds/time

Allocation of the grants was handled by a charity that provides support and advocacy for disabled children.

C2 [ C ]
the part of a total amount of something that someone is given to use in a particular way:

The university is offering moving allocations to anyone who is being displaced from properties it acquires.

Higher budgetary allocations for education mean more teachers can be hired and classes can be smaller.

the act or process of giving out parts of a whole, or a part given out in this way:
[ U ] The allocation of space in this office is unusual.

the act of deciding officially which person, company, area of business, etc. something should be given to, or what share of a total amount of something such as money or time should be given to someone to use in a particular way:

resource/time allocation
The company is holding a review into the optimal allocation of a salesperson’s time.

allocation of capital/funds/resources
The move will lead to more efficient pricing and allocation of capital.

the allocation of money for building schools
تخصیص پول برای ساختن مدرسه

COMPUT allocation routine
Zuteilungsroutine f
allocation unit
Zuordnungseinheit f
allocation of profits FIN
Gewinnverwendung f
allocation of powers ADMIN
Kompetenzverteilung f
allocation of funds
Mittelvergabe f
allocation of resources WIRTSCH
Einsatz m von Ressourcen
allocation of equity FIN
Eigenkapitalallokation f
allocation of losses FIN
Verlustzuweisung f
allocation of capital FIN
Kapitalbewilligung f
allocation of quotas POL
Quotenzuteilung f

Question 651

ingredient

ger:
Bestandteil m / Zutat f

Answer 651

ingredient [inˈgriːdiənt]
♦ noun
one of the things that go into a mixture: Could you give me a list of the ingredients of the cake?
جز ترکیبی؛ عنصر

noun - ingredients
عناصر: ingredients
اجزاء: components, ingredients

• I bought ingredients for curry on Sunday.
  من مواد اولیه برای کاری را روز یکشنبه خریدم.
• Peas and carrots are common ingredients in soups.
  نخود و هویج از افزودنی‌های متداول سوپ هستند.

principal ingredient
Hauptbestandteil m

a cheffy ingredient
eine Zutat, die typischerweise ein professioneller Koch/eine
professionelle Köchin benutzt

key contribution/ingredient
Hauptbeitrag m /-zutat f

trust is an essential ingredient in a successful marriage
Vertrauen ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Ehe

ingredient
noun [ C ]
UK /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/ US /ɪnˈɡriː.di.ənt/

B1
a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish:
The list of ingredients included 250 g of almonds.

B2
one of the parts of something successful:
Trust is a vital ingredient in a successful marriage.

Question 652

dignity

ger:
Würde f

Answer 652

dignity [ˈdignəti]
♦ noun
1 stateliness or seriousness of manner: Holding her head high, she retreated with dignity.
وقار؛ متانت
2 importance or seriousness: the dignity of the occasion.
اهمیت؛ شأن
3 a privilege etc indicating rank: He had risen to the dignity of an office of his own.
مقام رفیع؛ شأن
4 one’s personal pride: He had wounded her dignity.
نیک نامی؛ شهرت

/dig´nǝ tē/
n., pl.
● والایی،بزرگی،بزرگ‌منشی،جاهمندی،شایستگی،وقار،متانت،فرهمندی،اورنگ
the dignity of his rank
بلندی رتبه او
all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights
همه‌ی انسان‌ها آزاد و از نظر ارزش و حقوق مدنی برابر آفریده شده‌اند (اعلامیه‌ی حقوق بشر).
● احترام،شان،مقام رفیع،فرهت،فرهی
finally, he rose to the dignity of a judgeship
بالاخره به مقام رفیع قضاوت ارتقا یافت.
● نیک‌نامی،شهرت،خوش‌نامی
his deeds lent dignity both to he himself and his family
اعمال او خود و خانواده‌اش را نیک‌نام کرد.
● شکوهمندی،جلال،شکوه،هیمنه،جبروت،فر
● (قدیمی) رجوع شود به: dignitary

[ˈdignitē]
noun - dignity
وقار: dignity, poise, solemnity, elegance, gravity, serenity
شان: dignity, status, rank, grandeur, importance
مقام: position, rank, station, status, office, dignity
بزرگی: magnitude, enlargement, dignity, grandeur, amplitude, bigness
جاه: dignity, eminence, pomp, eminency
رتبه: rank, rating, grade, degree, dignity, step
خطر: risk, danger, hazard, peril, jeopardy, dignity
مرتبه: time, degree, position, dignity, stair
سربزرگی: dignity, greatness
برو: honor, dignity, honour

human dignity
Menschenwürde f
a man of dignity
ein Mann von würdevollem Auftreten
to die with dignity
mit Würde sterben
to forget one’s dignity
seine Würde fallenlassen
to possess dignity
voller Würde sein
to be beneath sb’s dignity
unter jds Würde sein
to behave with great dignity
mit großer Würde auftreten
to stand on one’s dignity usu abw
auf seine Autorität pochen abw
to lend dignity to sb
jdm Würde verleihen
to retain one’s dignity/independence
seine Würde/Unabhängigkeit wahren
to maintain one’s dignity/sanity
seine Würde/geistige Gesundheit bewahren
to stand on one’s own dignity
einfordern, dass andere einen gemäß seiner (höheren) Position (besser) behandeln
to deprive sb of his/her dignity
jdn seiner Würde berauben geh
to bear oneself he bore himself with dignity
er zeigte Würde
she received the bad news with characteristic dignity
sie nahm die schlechte Nachricht wie immer mit Würde auf
their rejection was an affront to his dignity
ihre Zurückweisung verletzte ihn in seiner Würde

Question 653

foster

Answer 653

foster [ˈfostə]
♦ verb
1 to look after for a period of time; to bring up a child that is not one’s own: She fostered the children for several months.
پرورش دادن
2 to encourage or give help to (ideas etc ): She fostered the child’s talents.
انگیزاندن
ˈfoster-brother, *ˈfoster-sister
♦ nouns
a child that has been fostered in another child’s family.
خواهر خوانده؛ برادر خوانده
ˈfoster-child
♦ noun
a child fostered by a family.
بچه ای که به فرزند خواندگی پذیرفته شده
ˈfoster-parent (ˈfoster-father, *ˈfoster-mother)
♦ noun
a person who looks after a child not his or her own.
والدینی که سرپرستی بچه ای را به عهده دارند
foster [ˈfostə]
♦ verb
1 to look after for a period of time; to bring up a child that is not one’s own: She fostered the children for several months.
پرورش دادن
2 to encourage or give help to (ideas etc ): She fostered the child’s talents.
انگیزاندن
ˈfoster-brother, *ˈfoster-sister
♦ nouns
a child that has been fostered in another child’s family.
خواهر خوانده؛ برادر خوانده
ˈfoster-child
♦ noun
a child fostered by a family.
بچه ای که به فرزند خواندگی پذیرفته شده
ˈfoster-parent (ˈfoster-father, *ˈfoster-mother)
♦ noun
a person who looks after a child not his or her own.
والدینی که سرپرستی بچه ای را به عهده دارند

ˈfäs-,ˈfôstər]
verb - foster
پرورش دادن: foster, develop, bring up, breed
پروردن: nurture, foster, breed, bring up, cherish, encourage
غذا دادن: feed, nourish, fodder, foster, meat, nutrify
شیر دادن: foster, lactate

/fôs´tǝr, fäs´-/
vt., adj.
● پرورش دادن،بار آوردن،پروراندن (به ویژه کودک سرراهی و غیره را)
they fostered two orphan girls
آنها دو دختر یتیم را بزرگ کردند.
● ترویج کردن،انگیزاندن،رواج دادن
to foster discontent
ناخشنودی را رواج دادن
the government is trying to foster carpet weaving
دولت می‌کوشد قالی‌بافی را رواج بدهد.
● در خیال پروردن،درسر داشتن
to foster hope
امیدوار بودن
● ـ خوانده،رضاعی
a foster parent
پدر (یا مادر) خوانده
a foster brother
برادر خوانده

Question 654

bargain

ger: a real bargain
ein echtes Schnäppchen ugs

• bargain for
  they had not bargained for such opposition
• bargain on

bargain for
* drive a hard bargain

• into (or in) the bargain
  he went to find his dog and lost his bicycle in the bargain
• strike (or make) a bargain with someone

Answer 654

bargain [ˈbaːgin]
♦ noun
1 something bought cheaply and giving good value for money: This carpet was a real bargain.
با قیمت خوب؛ مورد مناسب
2 an agreement made between people: I’ll make a bargain with you.
معامله؛ قرارداد

♦ verb
to argue about or discuss a price etc : I bargained with him and finally got the price down.
چانه زدن
bargain for
to expect or take into consideration: I didn’t bargain for everyone arriving at once.
انتظار داشتن

/bär´gǝn/
n., vi., vt.
● موافقت،قرارداد،معامله،دادوستد
it was a bad bargain
معامله‌ی بدی بود.
you keep your part of the bargain and I’ll keep mine
تو سهم خودت را در معامله انجام بده و من سهم خودم را.
● با تخفیف،قیمت خوب،بز
bargain prices
قیمت‌های تخفیف یافته
Naheed can’t resist a bargain
ناهید در مقابل اجناس ارزان شده (حراجی) مقاومت ندارد.
● چانه زدن،طی کردن (قیمت را)
I think bargaining over price is a bad custom
به نظر من چانه زدن سر قیمت رسم بدی است.
● مذاکره کردن،به توافق رسیدن،تهاتر کردن
* bargain for
1- چانه زدن 2- انتظار داشتن،(روی چیزی) حساب کردن
they had not bargained for such opposition
حساب چنان مخالفتی را نکرده بودند.
* bargain on
رجوع شود به: bargain for
* drive a hard bargain
سخت معامله بودن،اهل چانه زنی و مقاومت بودن،به آسانی معامله نکردن
* into (or in) the bargain
به علاوه،اضافه بر قرارداد
he went to find his dog and lost his bicycle in the bargain
رفت سگ خود را پیدا کند دوچرخه خود را هم از دست داد.
* strike (or make) a bargain with someone
با کسی به توافق رسیدن،معامله کردن

bargain counter
Sonderangebotstisch m
bargain buy
Preisschlager m
bargain table
Tisch m mit Sonderangeboten
bargain rate
Sonderpreis m
bargain offer
Sonderangebot nt
real bargain
echt günstiges Angebot [o. ugs Schnäppchen] nt
to make a bargain
ein Schnäppchen machen
an even bargain
ein Schnäppchen
into the bargain
noch dazu
what a bargain!
das ist aber günstig! [o. ja geschenkt!]
a real bargain
ein echtes Schnäppchen ugs
extortionate credit bargain
Wucherkreditgeschäft nt
bargain basement prices
Dumpingpreise pl
to drive a hard bargain
hart verhandeln
to strike [or make] a bargain (reach an agreement)
eine Übereinkunft [o. Verabredung] treffen

Question 655

inflate

ger:
etw aufblasen /
etw aufblähen übtr abw

Answer 655

inflate [inˈfleit]
♦ verb
to blow up or expand (especially a balloon, tyre or lungs with air): He used a bicycle pump to inflate the ball.
باد کردن
inˈflatable
♦ adjective
(of eg a cushion, ball etc ) that can be filled with air for use: an inflatable beach ball.
باد کردنی
inˈflation
♦ noun
1 the process of inflating or being inflated.
باد کردن
2 a situation in country’s economy where prices and wages keep forcing each other to increase.
تورم
inˈflationary
♦ adjective
relating to economic inflation.
تورمی

[inˈflātid]
adjective - inflated
متورم: swollen, inflated, inflamed, turgid, gouty, tumid
پر باد: blustery, windy, gusty, squally, inflated, blusterous

-id/
adj.
● آماسیده،آماس کرده،پف کرده،باد شده (یا کرده)،آماهیده
adequately-inflated tyres
تایرهایی که به حد کافی باد شده‌اند
● (قیمت و پول و ارقام) دچار تورم،تورمی،بیشبودی،دچار بیشبود
● اغراق‌آمیز

to inflate the economy
die Wirtschaft aufblähen
to inflate the currency
die Währung inflationieren fachspr

Question 656

encounter

ger:
jdn [unerwartet] treffen
jdm begegnen

to encounter difficulties/resistance
auf Probleme/Widerstand stoßen

Answer 656

encounter [inˈkauntə]
♦ verb
1 to meet especially unexpectedly: She encountered the manager in the hall.
اتفاقاً برخوردن به
2 to meet with (difficulties etc ): I expect to encounter many difficulties in the course of this job.
مواجه شدن؛ برخورد پیدا کردن

♦ noun
1 a meeting: I feel that I know him quite well, even after a brief encounter.
برخورد؛ رودررویی
2 a fight: The encounter between the armies was fierce.
نبرد؛ رزم

[enˈkoun(t)ər]
noun - encounter
برخورد: collision, encounter, conflict, clash, incidence, meeting
مواجهه: encounter, confrontation, meeting face to face
رویارویی: encounter
ملاقات: meeting, encounter, date
تصادف: accident, chance, coincidence, hit, incident, encounter
verb - encounter
روبرو شدن: encounter, envisage, cross
مواجه شدن با: face, meet, encounter
رویاروی شدن: encounter, face
ملاقات کردن: meet, visit, encounter, have an interview, see
تصادف کردن: hurtle, encounter, jar
مصادف شدن با: encounter, meet
دست بگریبان شدن با: encounter

/en koun´tǝr, in-/
vt., vi., n., adj.
● (اتفاقا) برخوردن به
I encountered no difficulties
به اشکالی برخورد نکردم.
to encounter an old acqaintance on the street
در خیابان به یک آشنای سابق برخوردن
● (در نبرد یا کشمش و غیره) برخورد پیدا کردن با،مصاف دادن،رودر رو شدن،جلو (کسی) ایستادن
we encountered four enemy tanks and forced them to retreat
ما با چهار تانک دشمن رو به رو شدیم و آنها را مجبور به عقب‌نشینی کردیم.
● نبرد،مصاف،رزم،مواجهه،رو در رویی،برخورد،درگیری
I will never forget my encounter with my school principal
هرگز درگیری خودم را با مدیر مدرسه فراموش نخواهم کرد.
● (روان شناسی) وابسته به گروه رویارویی
encounter group
گروه رویارویی
encounter group therapy
درمان با گروه رویارویی

bruising encounter
unerfreuliches Treffen
chance encounter
zufällige Begegnung
verbal encounter
Wortgefecht nt
to encounter rampant prejudice
sich Akk mit zahllosen [o. unzähligen] Vorurteilen konfrontiert sehen
to encounter difficulties
auf Schwierigkeiten stoßen
to encounter danger
in Gefahr geraten
to encounter difficulties/resistance
auf Probleme/Widerstand stoßen
fleeting encounter/glance
flüchtige Begegnung/flüchtiger Blick
to experience [or suffer] [or receive] [or encounter] a setback
einen Rückschlag erleiden
to encounter sth with deep distrust
etw Dat mit großem Misstrauen begegnen

Question 657

fellow

Answer 657

fellow [ˈfeləu]
♦ noun
1 a man: He’s quite a nice fellow but I don’t like him.
آدم
2 (often as part of a word ) a companion and equal: She is playing with her schoolfellows.
…همتا؛ هم
3 a member of certain academic societies; a member of the governing body or teaching staff of a college.
عضو

♦ adjective
belonging to the same group, country etc : a fellow student; a fellow music-lover.
…هم
ˈfellowship
♦ noun
1 an association (of people with common interests): a youth fellowship (= a club for young people).
گروه
2 friendliness.
دوستی
3 a scholarship given to a graduate student for advanced studies or for research.
بورس تحصیلی
ˌfellow-ˈfeeling
♦ noun
sympathy (especially for someone in a similar situation, of similar tastes etc ): I had a fellow-feeling for the other patient with the broken leg.
همدردی

[ˈfelō]
noun - fellow
شخص: person, one, dude, individual, man, fellow
رفیق: comrade, friend, pal, fellow, buddy, man
آدم: Adam, man, person, one, fellow, bloke
مرد: man, guy, husband, fellow, chap, groom
دوست: friend, boyfriend, fellow, ally, mate, bosom friend
بچه: baby, kid, child, cub, infant, fellow
یارو: guy, cove, bloke, fellow, varmint, sirrah
یار: sweetheart, friend, partner, helper, alter ego, fellow

/fel´ō, fel´ǝ/
n., adj.
● (در اصل) همکار،همدست،همیار،شریک،انباز (به ویژه اگر مرد باشد)،هم رتبه،هم شان،هم‌زینه،هم طبقه
he treated him more like a fellow than a servant
با او بیشتر مثل همقطار رفتار می‌کرد تا نوکر.
one of his fellows in crime
یکی از همدستان او در تبهکاری
he did not like the company of his fellows and hoped by way of reading to become like ancient Romans
او از مصاحبت همنوعان خود خوشش نمی‌آمد و می‌خواست از راه مطالعه همانند رومی‌های باستان بشود.
● (یکی از دو چیز مشابه) تا،همتا،نصف جفت،طاق،لنگه
this vase is the exact fellow of the one on the shelf
این گلدان جفت کامل آن گلدانی است که در تاقچه قرار دارد.
here is one of my slippers, but where is its fellow?
یکی از دمپایی‌های من اینجاست ولی آن دیگری کجاست‌؟
● (عامیانه) مرد،پسر،(مذکر) آدم
he’s a nice fellow
او آدم خوبی است.
three strange fellows entered the room
سه مرد غریبه وارد اتاق شدند.
a fellow must eat
آدم به خوراک نیاز دارد.
● (عامیانه) طفلک،حیوانی،حیونک،رفیق
poor fellow! I feel sorry for him!
بیچاره ـ دلم به حالش می‌سوزد!
the poor little fellow fell off his tricycle!
طفلک بیچاره از سه‌چرخه‌اش افتاد!
how are you, old fellow?
رفیق چطوری‌؟
● (مهجور) مردی که از طبقات پایین‌تر باشد،دون،گدا مدا،فقیر بیچاره
● (مهجور) آدم خشن و بی‌ادب
● (عامیانه) خواستگار،خاطرخواه
● همانند،هم…
a fellow creature
همنوع
a fellow member
هم عضو،هموند
a fellow prisoner
هم زندان
my fellow plumber
همکار من که (او هم) لوله‌کش است.
my fellow Iranians
هم‌میهنان ایرانی من
fellow feeling
همدردی
fellow workers
همکاران
● (در مورد فرهنگستان و انجمن‌های دانشمندان) عضو،هموند
a fellow of the American College of Surgeons
عضو انجمن جراحان امریکا
a fellow of the Royal Society
هموند انجمن سلطنتی (بریتانیا)
● عضو هیئت مدیره‌ی دانشگاه
● بورسیه

fellow countrywoman
Landsmännin f
fellow worker
Arbeitskollege(-kollegin) m (f)
fellow student
Kommilitone(Kommilitonin) m (f)
fellow sufferer
Leidensgenosse(-genossin) m (f)
fellow countryman
Landsmann m
research fellow
Forschungsstipendiat(in) m (f)
fellow countrymen
Landsleute pl
old fellow esp Brit dated
alter Knabe ugs
fellow fanatic
Mitbegeisterte(r) f(m)
stout fellow dated ugs
tapfrer [o. veraltet braver] Kerl
fellow being/citizen
Mitmensch m /Mitbürger(in) m (f)
a regular [sort of] fellow [or Am guy]
ein umgänglicher Typ
to be a happy-go-lucky fellow [or chap]
ein Leichtfuß sein
he’s not the sort of fellow who makes friends easily
er ist nicht der Typ, der sich leicht mit jdm anfreundet
Arnold was very sociable in a hail-fellow-well-met sort of way
Arnold war einer von diesen geselligen Typen, die sich gerne anbiedern
Arnold was very sociable in a hail-fellow sort of way
Arnold war einer von diesen geselligen Typen, die sich gerne anbiedern
as far as Bob is concerned, he’s one hell of a nice fellow
Bob? der ist ein wirklich netter Kerl!

Question 658

pervasive

ger:
durchdringend attr

Answer 658

pervasive
adjective formal
UK /pəˈveɪ.sɪv/ US /pɚˈveɪ.sɪv/

present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place:
The influence of Freud is pervasive in her books.
a pervasive smell of diesel
Reforms are being undermined by the all-pervasive corruption in the country.

[pərˈvāsiv]
adjective - pervasive
فراگیر: pervasive, universal
نافذ: penetrating, penetrative, incisive, pervasive, penetrant, dominant
فرا گیرنده: acquisitive, comprehensive, pervasive

/pǝr vā´siv/
adj.
● پخش شونده (در درون)،فراگیر،درون گستر،نافذ،فراگستر،گسترنده،مستولی شونده
a pervasive odor that clings stubbornly to clothes
بوی نافذی که مدتها در لباس می‌ماند
a pervasive mood of pessimism
حالت بدبینی همه جانبه

pervasive smell
durchdringender Geruch
all-pervasive
alles beherrschend
the influence of Freud is pervasive in her work
der Einfluss Freuds zieht sich durch ihr gesamtes Werk

Question 659

bamboozle

ger: to bamboozle sb
jdn verwirren [o. aus dem Konzept bringen]

Answer 659

bamboozle [bӕmˈbuːzl]
♦ verb
to confuse completely: The motorist was completely bamboozled by the road-signs.
گیج کردن

[bamˈbo͞ozəl]
noun - bamboozle
فریب: deception, lure, deceit, fraud, delusion, bamboozle
verb - bamboozle
گول زدن: dodge, outwit, deceive, defraud, dupe, bamboozle
ریشخند کردن: cajole, carny, lout, bamboozle, blandish, blarney

/bam bōō´zǝl/
vt.
● کلاه برداری کردن،اغفال کردن،گول زدن
their speeches were intended to bamboozle the workers into obedience
منظور از نطق‌های آنها این بود که با فریب کارگران را وادار به اطاعت کنند.
● گیج کردن،سردرگم کردن

to bamboozle sb
jdn übers Ohr hauen ugs
she was bamboozled into telling him her credit card number
sie ließ sich von ihm ihre Kreditkartennummer abluchsen

Question 660

envy

ger:
Neid m auf +Akk

ger:
to feel envy towards sb
auf jdn neidisch sein

Answer 660

envy [ˈenvi]
♦ noun
a feeling of discontent at another’s good fortune or success: She could not conceal her envy of me / at my success.
حسادت

♦ verb
1 to feel envy towards (someone): He envied me; She envied him his money.
حسادت کردن؛ غبطه خوردن
2 to feel envy because of: I’ve always envied that dress of yours.
حسرت داشتن؛ حسادت کردن
ˈenviable
♦ adjective
(negative unenviable ) that is to be envied: She spoke in public with enviable ease.
حسادت انگیز
ˈenvious
♦ adjective
feeling or showing envy: I’m envious of her talents.
حسود
the envy of
something envied by: Her piano-playing was the envy of her sisters.
مورد حسادت دیگران بودن؛ حسادت دیگران را برانگیختن

[ˈenvē]
noun - envy
حسادت: jealousy, envy, heart-burning
غبطه: envy, grudge
رشک: envy, jealousy
غیرت: honor, zeal, ardor, fervor, enthusiasm, envy
غل: shackle, roll, envy, hate, hatred
verb - envy
غبطه خوردن: begrudge, envy
حسد بردن به: envy

/en´vē/
n., pl.
● رشک،حسادت،غبطه،پژهان
her beauty aroused her sisters’ envy
زیبایی او رشک خواهرانش را برانگیخت.
she did it out of envy
از روی حسادت آن کار را کرد.
he could not hide his envy of me
او نمی‌توانست رشک خود را نسبت به من پنهان کند.
● بدخواهی،کینمندی،کین
● چشم طمع (به چیز یا مال دیگری)
● مورد رشک،(هر چیز حسادت انگیز) رشک انگیز،مایه‌ی حسرت
her blue eyes were the envy of all the girls in the class
چشمان آبی او حسادت همه‌ی دختران کلاس را برمی‌انگیخت.
● رشک بردن،حسد ورزیدن،حسادت کردن
everyone envied Iraj
همه به ایرج رشک می بردند.
● حسرت داشتن،غبطه خوردن،دریغیدن،پژهان بردن،دژمانیدن
he has always envied others’ good luck
او همیشه به نیکبختی دیگران غبطه خورده است.

penis envy
Penisneid m
stab of envy
Anflug m von Neid
green [with envy]
grün [o. gelb] vor Neid
to be green with envy
grün [o. blass] vor Neid sein
to feel envy towards sb
auf jdn neidisch sein
he felt something near envy
er empfand so etwas wie Neid
to be eaten up with envy
vor Neid vergehen [o. ugs platzen]
to envy sb sth [or sb for sth]
jdn um etw Akk beneiden
to feel a faint stirring of envy
einen Anflug von Neid verspüren
to be the victim of sb’s envy
unter jds Neid zu leiden haben
to be consumed by envy/jealousy
vor Neid/Eifersucht [fast] vergehen
to be dominated by envy/greed
von Neid/Gier erfüllt sein
she felt a stab of envy when …
sie fühlte Neid in ihr aufkommen, als …
he’s the envy of the school with his new car
die ganze Schule beneidet ihn um sein neues Auto
his scathing review was all too revealing of his own envy of the author’s success
seine beißende Kritik zeigt nur allzu deutlich, dass er auf den Erfolg des Autors einfach neidisch ist

Question 661

statutory

There is no statutory requirement to adjust the sentence.

Answer 661

statutory
adjective
UK /ˈstætʃ.ə.tər.i/ US /ˈstætʃ.ə.tɔːr.i/

decided or controlled by law:
statutory obligations

statutory
adjective
UK /ˈstætjətəri/ US

LAW
decided, controlled, or required by law:

There is no escape from these charges since they are statutory.

In France everybody is entitled to a statutory 25 days a year holiday.

You have no statutory authority to order anybody to make a refund.

statutory duty/obligations/responsibilities
When managing agents are dealing with other people’s money, it is vital that this is covered by statutory regulation.

Unions want a statutory right to time off for training.

The Board of Management will submit the annual statutory accounts.

The government wants to increase the turnover threshold above which companies are required to have a statutory audit of their annual accounts.

/stach´ōō tôr´ē/
adj.
● قانونی،نظامنامه‌ای،وابسته به قوانین مصوبه توسط مجلس
statutory age limits
محدودیت‌های سنی از نظر قانون
● کیفری،جزایی
statutory laws
قوانین کیفری

[ˈstaCHəˌtôrē]
adjective - statutory
قانونی: legal, legitimate, lawful, statutory, forensic, valid
طبق قانون: statutory
طبق قانون موضوعه: statutory

/stach´ōō tôr´ē/
adj.
● قانونی،نظامنامه‌ای،وابسته به قوانین مصوبه توسط مجلس
statutory age limits
محدودیت‌های سنی از نظر قانون
● کیفری،جزایی
statutory laws
قوانین کیفری

statutory declaration JUR
eidesstattliche Erklärung [o. Versicherung]
statutory holiday
gesetzlicher Feiertag
statutory regulations
gesetzliche Vorschriften
statutory law
kodifiziertes Recht
statutory right
positives Recht
statutory reserve
statutarische Rücklage
statutory duty [or obligation]
gesetzliche Verpflichtung
statutory sick pay
gesetzlich vorgeschriebenes Krankengeld
this does not affect your statutory rights JUR
gesetzliche Rechte (oder: Ihre gesetzlichen Rechte) bleiben hiervon unberührt.

Question 662

occupy
ger: besetzen

occupancy

ger: Belegung / Besetzung

Answer 662

AU occupy [ˈokjupai]
♦ verb
1 to be in or fill (time, space etc ): A table occupied the centre of the room.
قرار داشتن؛ پر کردن
2 to live in: The family occupied a small flat.
ساکن بودن
3 to capture: The soldiers occupied the town.
اشغال کردن
ˈoccupant
♦ noun
a person who occupies (a house etc ), not necessarily the owner of the house.
ساکن
ˌoccuˈpation
♦ noun
1 a person’s job or work.
شغل
2 the act of occupying (a house, town etc ).
سکونت
3 the period of time during which a town, house etc is occupied: During the occupation, there was a shortage of food.
اشغال
ˌoccuˈpational
♦ adjective
of, or caused by, a person’s job: an occupational disease.
شغلی
ˈoccupier
♦ noun
an occupant.
ساکن؛ اشغالگر

adjective
[‘ɑkjəpaɪd /’ɒkjʊ-]
conquered, seized; filled, taken up; in use (about a bathroom); inhabited, populated; absorbed, engrossed

occupy
verb
[oc·cu·py || ‘ɑkjəpaɪ /’ɒkjʊ-]
inhabit, live in; fill, take up; engage, keep busy
verb
[oc·cu·py || ‘ɑkjəpaɪ /’ɒkjʊ-]
seize, conquer; hold, control
occupy
verb
[oc·cu·py || ‘ɑkjəpaɪ /’ɒkjʊ-]
inhabit, live in; fill, take up; engage, keep busy
verb
[oc·cu·py || ‘ɑkjəpaɪ /’ɒkjʊ-]
seize, conquer; hold, control

to occupy a room
ein Zimmer belegen
to occupy the throne
den Thron innehaben
to occupy a post
einen Posten haben
to occupy one’s mind
sich Akk geistig beschäftigen
to occupy sb’s time
jds Zeit in Anspruch nehmen
to occupy a position
eine Stellung bekleiden
to occupy time
Zeit ausfüllen
to occupy a small space form
wenig Platz einnehmen
to occupy a niche in the market
eine Marktlücke füllen
to occupy one’s time in [or with] doing sth
die Zeit damit verbringen, etw zu tun

Question 663

delinquency

juvenile delinquency
Jugendkriminalität f

Answer 663

delinquency
noun
UK /dɪˈlɪŋ.kwən.si/ US /dɪˈlɪŋ.kwən.si/
delinquency noun (BAD BEHAVIOUR)

[ U ]

behaviour, especially of a young person, that is illegal or not acceptable to most people:

There is a high rate of juvenile delinquency in this area.

[ C ] formal

an action that is illegal or not acceptable:

His past delinquencies have made it hard for him to get a job.

/di liŋ´kwǝn sē/
n., pl.
● قصور (در انجام وظیفه یا اطاعت از قانون)،کوتاهی،وظیفه‌نشناسی،سهل‌انگاری
the captain’s delinquency led to the sinking of the ship
سهل‌انگاری ناخدا منجر به غرق کشتی شد.
● بزهکاری،خلافکاری
his delinquencies landed him in jail
بزهکاری‌هایش کار او را به زندان کشاند.
● تاخیر در پرداخت،پس‌افت،کژحسابی
there will be a fine for any delinquency in payment
هرگونه تاخیر در پرداخت موجب جریمه خواهد شد.
● (نوجوانان) شیطنت،تخسی،مردم‌آزاری،قانون شکنی،جرم،شرارت
juveniles delinquency
بزهکاری نوجوانان

diˈliNGkwənsē]
noun - delinquency
تخلف: violation, infringement, infraction, delinquency, transgression, contravention
کوتاهی: failure, default, brevity, delinquency, transience, abridgment
قصور: failure, negligence, default, shortcoming, laches, delinquency
تقصیر: fault, guilt, offense, crime, error, delinquency

Question 664

incident

ger: Ereignis , Fall

Answer 664

incident [ˈinsidənt]
♦ noun
an event or happening: There was a strange incident in the supermarket today.
اتفاق
ˌinciˈdental [-ˈden-]
♦ adjective
1 occurring etc by chance in connection with something else: an incidental remark.
اتفاقی
2 accompanying (something) but not forming part of it: He wrote the incidental music for the play.
ضمیمه؛ همراه
ˌinciˈdentally [-ˈden-]
♦ adverb
by the way: Incidentally, where were you last night?
راستی

noun - incident
حادثه: incident, event, accident, adventure, case, phenomenon
واقعه: event, incident, occurrence, rede
تصادف: accident, chance, coincidence, hit, incident, occasion
تلافی: retaliation, revenge, reprisal, retort, retribution, compensation
مصیبت ناگهانی: accident, incident
تصادف اتومبیل: accident, incident
روی داد: happening, event, circumstance, incident, occasion, occurrence
حتمی وابسته: incident

unpleasant incident
unliebsamer Vorfall geh
invidious incident
unangenehmer [o. unerfreulicher] Vorfall
irksome incident
ärgerlicher Vorfall
violent incident
Fall m von Gewalt[anwendung]
to log an incident
ein Ereignis protokollieren [o. festhalten]
an isolated incident
ein Einzelfall m
a shooting incident
eine Schießerei
a minor incident
eine Bagatelle
incident to sth
mit etw Dat verbunden
irritating affair/incident
ärgerliche Sache/ärgerlicher Vorfall
the evening passed without incident
der Abend verlief ohne Zwischenfälle
this incident involves us all
dieser Zwischenfall geht uns alle an [o. betrifft uns alle]
the incident might prelude more violence
der Vorfall könnte vielleicht noch mehr Gewalt provozieren
the incident left a feeling of resentment
der Vorfall hinterließ einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack
he scrupulously avoided any reference to the incident
er war sehr darauf bedacht, dass der Vorfall unerwähnt blieb
his conscience stung him for weeks after the incident übtr
sein Gewissen plagte ihn nach dem Unfall noch wochenlang

Question 665

F

Question 666

spill

ger: verraten / verschütten

look somebody has split something on the sofa.

Answer 666

spill
verb [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ]
UK /spɪl/ US /spɪl/
spilled or UK also spilt | spilled or UK also spilt

B1
to (cause to) flow, move, fall, or spread over the edge or outside the limits of something:

I spilled coffee on my silk shirt.

You’ve spilled something down your tie.

Let’s see if I can pour the juice into the glass without spilling it.

He dropped a bag of sugar and it spilled all over the floor.

Crowds of fans spilled onto the field at the end of the game.

spill [spil]
♦ verb– past tense, past participle spilt [-t], spilled –
to (cause something to) fall or run out (usually accidentally): He spilt milk on the floor; Vegetables spilled out of the burst bag.
سرازير شدن؛ ريختن
spill the beans
to give away a secret: By Monday it was evident that someone had spilled the beans to the newspapers.
فاش كردن اسرار

spill
noun [ C ]
UK /spɪl/ US /spɪl/
spill noun [C] (LIQUID)

an amount of something that has come out of a container:

a fuel spill on the road

Could you wipe up that spill, please?

In 1989, there was a massive oil spill in Alaska.

oil spill
Ölteppich m
to spill a secret
ein Geheimnis ausplaudern
to spill the sails
die Segel killen lassen
to spill the beans esp scherzh ugs
auspacken ugs
to spill one’s guts ugs
seine Geheimnisse preisgeben
to spill blood esp liter
Blut vergießen
accidental oil spill
Tankerunfall m
no-spill lid
Spritzschutzdeckel m
to spill [or shed] blood
Blut vergießen
to wipe up the spill
das Verschüttete aufwischen
to have [or take] a spill
stürzen
to spill out a secret
ein Geheimnis ausplaudern
to spill out onto large areas (river, floods)
ein großes Gebiet überspülen
to spill out ⇆ one’s anger/despair/worries
seinem Ärger/seiner Verzweiflung/seinen Sorgen Luft machen
take care not to spill your coffee
pass auf, dass du den Kaffee nicht verschüttest
to spill sth all over the place/floor
etw überall/über den gesamten Boden verschütten
the fighting threatens to spill into neighbouring regions
die Kämpfe drohen auf die Nachbarregionen überzugreifen
to spill the beans to sb about sth
jdm etw verraten

Question 667

promenade

ger: die Promenade

Answer 667

promenade [proməˈnaːd, (American) -ˈneid]
♦ noun
(abbreviation prom [prom]) a level road for the public to walk along, usually beside the sea: They went for a walk along the promenade.
پیاده روی تفریحی

[-ˈnäd,ˌpräməˈnād]
noun - promenade
تفرجگاه: promenade, mall, boulevard
گردشگاه: walkway, promenade, esplanade, park, purlieu, walk
گردش: circulation, flow, turn, excursion, twirl, promenade
تفرج: outing, promenade, paseo
تفریح: recreation, amusement, play, break, promenade, pastime
سیر: garlic, garlic, process, travel, development, promenade
verb - promenade
گردش رفتن: promenade
تفرج کردن: promenade, walk
گردش کردن: gander, walk, circulate, itinerate, promenade, revolve

Question 668

confiscate

ger: konfiszieren

Answer 668

confiscate
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈkɒn.fɪ.skeɪt/ US /ˈkɑːn.fə.skeɪt/

to take a possession away from someone when you have the right to do so, usually as a punishment and often for a limited period, after which it is returned to the owner:
Miss Edwards confiscated my phone!
His passport was confiscated by the police to prevent him from leaving the country.

confiscate [ˈkonfiskeit]
♦ verb
to seize or take (something) away, usually as a penalty: The teacher confiscated the boy’s comic which he was reading in class.
توقیف کردن؛ ضبط کردن
ˌconfiˈscation
♦ noun
.
مصادره؛ ضبط

[ˈkänfəˌskāt]
verb - confiscate
غصب کردن: arrogate, confiscate, usurp, deforce, seize
ضبط کردن: record, seize, file, confiscate, place on file, tape
توقیف کردن: arrest, apprehend, book, confiscate, detain, distrain
مصادره کردن: escheat, requisition, sequester, confiscate, expropriate, seize
adjective - confiscate
قابل توقیف: confiscate

Question 669

impoverish

ger: verelenden

Answer 669

impoverish
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ɪmˈpɒv.ər.ɪʃ/ US /ɪmˈpɑː.vɚ.ɪʃ/

to make someone very poor:
The new law is likely to further impoverish single parents.
He was made to pay a ruinous fine that impoverished his family.

to make something weaker or worse in quality:
Excessive farming had impoverished the soil.
Our cultural heritage would be impoverished by the absence of Mozart.
See

impoverish [imˈpovəriʃ]
♦ verb
to make poor.
فقیر کردن
imˈpoverishment
♦ noun
.
فقر؛ ضعف

[imˈpäv(ə)riSH]
verb - impoverish
فقیر کردن: impoverish, pauperize
بی نیرو کردن: impoverish
بی قوت کردن: emaciate, impoverish
بی خاصیت کردن: deactivate, impoverish
فرسوده کردن زمین: impoverish

Question 670

splice

ger: spleißen, zusammenkleben, verbinden

“ Online porn splices together stimulating scenes at a rate that would be impossible to replicate in real life.”

Answer 670

splice
verb [ T ]
UK /splaɪs/ US /splaɪs/

to join two pieces of rope, film, etc. together at their ends in order to form one long piece:

Scientists have discovered how to splice pieces of DNA.

[splīs]
verb - splice
باهم متصل کردن: splice, connect
پیوند کردن: splice
بهم تابیدن: intertwine, splice

to splice a film
einen Film kleben
to splice a rope
ein Seil spleißen
to splice sth
spleißen
to splice DNA/wires
die DNA/Drähte verbinden
to splice pieces of wood
Holzstücke verfugen
to join sth with a splice
etw kleben

Question 671

exaggerate

ger: übertreiben

Answer 671

exaggerate
verb [ I/T ]
US /ɪɡˈzædʒ·əˌreɪt/

to make something seem larger, more important, better, or worse than it really is:

[ T ] The media exaggerate the risks and benefits of research findings.
[ I ] I don’t want to exaggerate, but it was a dangerous situation.
exaggeration

noun [ C/U ] US /ɪɡˌzædʒ·əˈreɪ·ʃən/
[ U ] It is no exaggeration to say that she saved my life.

exaggerate [igˈzӕdʒəreit]
♦ verb
1 to make (something) appear to be, or describe it as, greater etc than it really is: You seem to be exaggerating his faults; That dress exaggerates her thinness.
مبالغه کردن؛ اغراق کردن
2 to go beyond the truth in describing something etc : You can’t trust her. She always exaggerates.
غلو کردن
exˌaggeˈration
♦ noun
1 the act of exaggerating.
اغراق؛ مبالغه
2 an exaggerated description, term etc : To say she is beautiful is an exaggeration, but she does have nice eyes.
اغراق گویی؛ بزرگ نمایی

[igˈzajəˌrāt]
verb - exaggerate
مبالغه کردن در: exaggerate
گزافه گویی کردن: overstate, exaggerate, hyperbolize, rodomontade
اغراق امیز کردن: overstate, exaggerate
بیش از حد واقع شرح دادن: exaggerate

to exaggerate a situation
eine Situation übertrieben darstellen
to exaggerate outrageously
maßlos übertreiben
let’s not exaggerate!
bloß nicht übertreiben!
to exaggerate sth grossly [or wildly]
etw stark übertreiben
to exaggerate the effect of sth
die Wirkung von etw Dat verstärken
he has a slight tendency to exaggerate
er neigt zu Übertreibungen

Question 672

arrange

ger: etwas arrangieren, vereinbaren

Answer 672

arrange
verb
US /əˈreɪndʒ/
arrange verb (PLAN)

[ I/T ]
to plan or make preparations for something or for something to happen:

[ T ] He arranged a meeting between the two leaders.

[ + to infinitive ] My friends arranged to eat with me.

[ I ] Shelly arranged for the publication of her thesis.
arrange verb (PUT IN POSITION)

[ T ]
to put something in a particular order:

We arranged the chairs in a circle.
Books should be arranged

alphabetically by author.
arrange verb (WRITE MUSIC)

[ T ]
to write the parts of a piece of music so that it can be played by a particular instrument or instruments
arranger

noun [ C ] US /əˈreɪn·dʒər/
Ellington was a composer, arranger, and pianist.

arrange [əˈreindʒ]
♦ verb
1 to put in some sort of order: Arrange these books in alphabetical order; She arranged the flowers in a vase.
مرتب کردن
2 to plan or make decisions (about future events): We have arranged a meeting for next week; I have arranged to meet him tomorrow.
ترتیب دادن؛ مقرر داشتن
3 to make (a piece of music) suitable for particular voices or instruments: music arranged for choir and orchestra.
تنظیم کردن
arˈrangement
♦ noun
I like the arrangement of the furniture; flower-arrangements; They’ve finally come to some sort of arrangement about sharing expenses; a new arrangement for guitar and orchestra.
آرایش؛ ترتیب
arˈrangements
♦ noun plural
plans; preparations: Have you made any arrangments for a meeting with him?; funeral arrangements.
ترتیب؛ قرار

əˈrānj]
verb - arrange
مرتب کردن: arrange, order, serialize, dispose, marshal, collocate
ترتیب دادن: arrange, sequence, agree, ordain
چیدن: arrange, pick, mow, pluck, set, cut
منظم کردن: regulate, arrange, order, put in order, make regular, regularize
سازمند کردن: arrange, organize
اراستن: decorate, adorn, primp, blazon, illustrate, arrange
قرار گذاشتن: stipulate, arrange
طبقه بندی کردن: classify, categorize, sort, assort, relegate, arrange
طبقهبندییا جور کردن: arrange

to arrange words alphabetically
Wörter alphabetisch ordnen
to arrange sth geometrically
etw regelmäßig anordnen
to arrange a date
einen Termin vereinbaren
to arrange a meeting
ein Treffen in die Wege leiten
to arrange a marriage
eine Heirat zuwege bringen
to arrange matters
die Angelegenheit regeln
to arrange flowers
Blumen arrangieren
to arrange a piece for an instrument
ein Stück für ein Instrument einrichten
to arrange [with sb] to do sth
etw [mit jdm] vereinbaren
to arrange for sb to do/have sth
etw für jdn organisieren
can we arrange a meeting for the week after next?
können wir uns übernächste Woche treffen?
the vicar tried to arrange a parley between two neighbours
der Pfarrer versuchte zwischen zwei Nachbarn zu vermitteln

Question 673

consolidate

ger: konsolidieren

Answer 673

consolidate
verb
UK /kənˈsɒlɪdeɪt/ US

[ I or T ]
to become or make something stronger or more successful:

Net assets rose to £758 million, consolidating the company’s position as a member of the FTSE 250 index.

The company has been growing too rapidly and it is now time to stop the expansion and consolidate.

[ I or T ]
to join the different parts of something together, or to be joined:
The business plan is based on consolidating a fragmented but growing market.
There is still scope for European industries to consolidate.
consolidate sth into/with sth Manufacturing has been consolidated into fewer plants worldwide.
They considered consolidating all their small debts and taking out a new loan to cover them.

consolidate
verb
UK /kənˈsɒl.ɪ.deɪt/ US /kənˈsɑː.lə.deɪt/

[ I or T ]
to become, or cause something to become, stronger, and more certain:

The success of their major product consolidated the firm’s position in the market.

She hoped that marriage would consolidate their relationship.

The party consolidated its hold on power during its term of office.

The company has been expanding rapidly, and I feel it’s now time to consolidate (= stop growing and make our present position stronger

to combine several things, especially businesses, so that they become more effective, or to be combined in this way:

The two firms consolidated to form a single company.

to add amounts or sets of numbers together to form a single amount, statement, etc.:

The companies help people who may need cash to consolidate debt, buy a home, or set up a new business.

Online brokers let you consolidate your holdings with one firm.

consolidate [kənˈsolideit]
♦ verb
to make or become solid; to strengthen.
مستحکم کردن؛ جامد کردن
conˌsoliˈdation
♦ noun
.
استحکام؛ تقویت

Question 674

plenty

we´ve got plenty of time

Answer 674

AU plenty [ˈplenti]
♦ pronoun
1 a sufficient amount; enough: I don’t need any more books – I’ve got plenty; We’ve got plenty of time to get there.
مقدار کافی
2 a large amount: He’s got plenty of money.
بسیار

♦ adjective
That’s plenty, thank you!
زیاد
ˈplenteous [-tiəs]
♦ adjective
plentiful.
فراوان
ˈplentiful
♦ adjective
existing in large amounts: a plentiful supply.
فراوان

• There’s no need to hurry. We have plenty of time.
  نیازی به عجله نیست. ما زمان زیادی داریم.
• You had plenty of time.
  تو وقت زیادی داشتی.

[ˈplentē]
noun - plenty
بسیاری: many, multitude, plenty, exuberance
فراوانی: abundance, plenty, affluence, redundancy, profusion, amplitude
کفایت: adequacy, sufficiency, competence, efficiency, plenty, autarchy
adjective - plenty
فراوان: abundant, many, great, plenty, plentiful, numerous
متعدد: multiple, many, numerous, multiplex, manifold, plenty
adverb - plenty
بسیار: many, very, much, lot, far, plenty
خیلی زیاد: very much, a lot, lots, lots, very many, plenty
بمقدار فراوان: plenty

plenty more
noch viel mehr
seven years of plenty REL
sieben fette Jahre
a land of plenty
ein Land nt , wo Milch und Honig fließen Sprichw
the land of plenty
das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten
to live in plenty
im Überfluss leben
there was plenty room
es gab genug Platz
a time of plenty
üppige Jahre
plenty of things
vieles
plenty of room
viel Platz
plenty of money/time
viel Geld/Zeit
food in plenty
Nahrung in Hülle und Fülle
plenty good/bad Am
sehr gut/schlecht
liquids drink plenty of liquids
du musst viel Flüssigkeit zu dir nehmen
to need plenty of cuddles
sehr viel Zärtlichkeit brauchen
she has plenty more ideas
sie hat noch viele Ideen
this car cost me plenty Am ugs
dieses Auto hat mich eine Stange Geld gekostet ugs
the house is plenty big enough
das Hause ist mehr als groß genug
I’m plenty warm enough, thank you
mir ist warm genug, fast schon zu warm, danke

Question 675

sore

ger: schlimm, Wunde

i have got a sore throat

Answer 675

sore
adjective
UK /sɔːr/ US /sɔːr/
sore adjective (PAINFUL)

B1
painful and uncomfortable because of injury, infection, or too much use:
All the dust has made my eyes sore.
I’ve got a sore back.
My feet were sore with all the walking.

sore adjective (ANGRY)

US informal
angry because you feel you have been unfairly treated:
He accused me of being a sore loser (= someone who does not accept defeat well).

sore [soː]
♦ adjective
1 painful: My leg is very sore; I have a sore leg.
دردناك
2 suffering pain: I am still a bit sore after my operation.
درد رنج آور
3 (American ) irritated, annoyed or offended: He is still sore about what happened.
رنجيده

♦ noun
a painful, injured or diseased spot on the skin: His hands were covered with horrible sores.
زخم؛ جراحت
ˈsorely
♦ adverb
badly; acutely.
ˈsoreness
♦ noun
.

[sôr]
noun - sore
زخم: wound, ulcer, sore, lesion, trauma, gash
جراحت: wound, sore, lesion, suppuration, stricture, lymph
جای زخم: sore, cicatrix
ریش: beard, whisker, ulcer, barb, sore
دلریش کننده: sore
adjective - sore
دردناک: painful, grievous, sore, agonizing, angry, dolorous
مجروح: wounded, sore, lacerated
دشوار: difficult, hard, tough, arduous, formidable, sore
مبرم: urgent, pressing, emergent, exacting, demanding, sore
خشن: rough, harsh, bearish, tough, coarse, sore
verb - sore
مجروح کردن: wound, lacerate, sore

running sore übtr
offener Skandal
sore muscles
Muskelkater m
sore loser
schlechter Verlierer/schlechte Verliererin
sore nipples
wunde Brustwarzen
sore point übtr
wunder Punkt
festering sore
eitrige Wunde
don’t pick your sore!
lass deine Wunde in Ruhe!
to get sore with sb
sich Akk über jdn ärgern
to have a sore throat
Halsschmerzen haben
to open [or reopen] an old sore übtr
alte Wunden aufreißen
to be in sore need of sth
einer S. Gen dringend bedürfen
to be a sore point with sb
jds wunder Punkt sein
to be a sight for sore eyes
ein erfreulicher [o. wohltuender] Anblick sein
my eyes feel sore from the smoke
meine Augen brennen von dem Rauch

Question 676

throat

ger:
Hals m

Answer 676

throat [θrəut]
♦ noun
1 the back part of the mouth connecting the openings of the stomach, lungs and nose: She has a sore throat.
گلو
2 the front part of the neck: She wore a silver brooch at her throat.
جلو گردن
-throated
having a (certain type of) throat: a red-throated bird.
دارای نوع بخصوص گلو یا گردن
ˈthroaty
♦ adjective
(of a voice) coming from far back in the throat; deep and hoarse.
حلقی
ˈthroatily
♦ adverb
.
بطور حلقی
ˈthroatiness
♦ noun
.
حلقی بودن

• My throat feels dry.
  گلویم خشک شده است.
• The drama brought a lump to my throat.
  نمایش درام بغض بر گلویم آورد.

[THrōt]
noun - throat
گلو: throat, pharynx, throttle, gullet, fauces, gorge
حلق: throat, pharynx, windpipe, gorge, fauces
دهانه: mouth, opening, aperture, spout, mouthpiece, throat
دهان: mouth, throat, jib, neb, os, snout
نای: trachea, windpipe, throat, pipe, fistula, gullet
صدا: sound, voice, noise, call, calling, throat
خرخره: larynx, gob, fauces, throat, throttle, windpipe
verb - throat
از گلو ادا کردن: throat

Question 677

fancy

hey do you fancy a drink ?

Answer 677

fancy [ˈfӕnsi]– plural ˈfancies –
♦ noun
1 a sudden (often unexpected) liking or desire: The child had many peculiar fancies.
میل؛ هوس
2 the power of the mind to imagine things: She had a tendency to indulge in flights of fancy.
تخیل
3 something imagined: He had a sudden fancy that he could see Spring approaching.
تصور

♦ adjective
decorated; not plain: fancy cakes.
تزئین شده؛ پر نقش و نگار

♦ verb
1 to like the idea of having or doing something: I fancy a cup of tea.
میل داشتن
2 to think or have a certain feeling or impression (that): I fancied (that) you were angry.
گمان کردن
3 to have strong sexual interest in (a person): He fancies her a lot.
تمایل جنسی داشتن
ˈfanciful
♦ adjective
1 inclined to have fancies, especially strange, unreal ideas: She’s a very fanciful girl.
خیالباف
2 imaginary or unreal: That idea is rather fanciful.
تخیلی
ˈfancifully
♦ adverb
.
با خیال پردازی
fancy dressclothes representing a particular character, nationality, historical period etc : He went to the party in fancy dress ; (also adjective)
a fancy-dress party .
لباس بالماسکه
take a fancy to
to become fond of, often suddenly or unexpectedly: They bought that house because they took a fancy to it.
دوست داشتن
take one’s fancy
to be liked or wanted by (someone): When I go shopping I just buy anything that takes my fancy.
علاقمند کردن

fancy [that]!
stell dir das [mal] vor!
fancy footwork FBALL
gute Beinarbeit
fancy ideas
Fantastereien pl abw
fancy car
Luxusschlitten m ugs
fancy foods
Delikatessen pl
fancy article
Modeartikel m
fancy prices
astronomische Preise
to catch sb’s fancy
jdm gefallen
fancy seeing you here!
das ist aber eine Überraschung, dich hier zu sehen!
to wear fancy dress
sich Akk verkleiden
fancy seeing you again!
schön dich wiederzusehen!
to tickle sb’s fancy
jdn reizen
a flight of fancy
ein geistiger Höhenflug
to strike sb’s fancy
jds Interesse erregen
he affects fancy outfits
er trägt gern ausgefallene Klamotten

Question 678

invoke

ger:
etw aufrufen

Answer 678

invoke
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ɪnˈvəʊk/ US /ɪnˈvoʊk/

to use a law in order to achieve something, or to mention something in order to explain something or to support your opinion or action:

Police can invoke the law to regulate access to these places.

to request help from someone, especially a god, when you want to improve a situation:

Their sacred dance is performed to invoke ancient gods.

to make someone have a particular feeling or remember something

invoke [inˈvəuk]
♦ verb
to appeal to (some power, eg God, the law etc ) for help etc .
متوسل شدن به
invocation [invəˈkeiʃən]
♦ noun
.
توسل

inˈvōk]
verb - invoke
دعا کردن به: invocate, invoke
بالتماس خواستن: invoke
استدعاء کردن: beg, beseech, entreat, invocate, invoke, supplicate

to invoke God’s blessing
Gottes Segen erflehen
to invoke God’s name
Gottes Namen anrufen
to invoke allegiance/morality
an die Treuepflicht/Moral appellieren
to invoke memories
Erinnerungen [herauf]beschwören

Question 679

culminate

ger: kulminieren

Answer 679

culminate
verb
UK /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪt/ US /ˈkʌl.mə.neɪt/
culminate in/with something

If an event or series of events culminates in something, it ends with it, having developed until it reaches this point:

My arguments with the boss got worse and worse, and finally culminated in my resignation.

Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease.

culminate
verb [ I/T ]
US /ˈkʌl·məˌneɪt/

to have as a result or be the final result of a process:

[ I ] Secret negotiations culminated in the historic peace accord.

[ T ] The discovery culminated many years of research.

culminate [ˈkalmineit]
♦ verb
(with in ) to reach the highest or most important point: The celebrations culminated in a firework display in the local park.
به بالاترین حد خود رسیدن؛ به اوج رسیدن
ˌculmiˈnation
♦ noun
.
اوج

v

to culminate in sth
in etw Dat gipfeln
their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease
ihre jahrelangen Forschungen haben mit der Entdeckung eines Heilmittels für die Krankheit ihren Höhepunkt erreicht

Question 680

persuade

ger: jdn überreden
to persuade sb (convince)
jdn überzeugen

persuasive

ger: überzeugend

Answer 680

persuasive
adjective
UK /pəˈsweɪ.sɪv/ US /pɚˈsweɪ.sɪv/

C1
making you want to do or believe a particular thing:

a persuasive speaker/speech

Your arguments are very persuasive.

He can be very persuasive.

persuasive powers (of convincing)
Überzeugungskraft f

persuade [pəˈsweid]
♦ verb
1 to make (someone) (not) do something, by arguing with him or advising him: We persuaded him (not) to go.
ترغیب کردن
2 to make (someone) certain (that something is the case); to convince: We eventually persuaded him that we were serious.
متقاعد کردن
perˈsuasion [-ʒən]
♦ noun
the act of persuading: He gave in to our persuasion and did what we wanted him to do.
متقاعد سازی
perˈsuasive [-siv]
♦ adjective
able to persuade: He is a persuasive speaker; His arguments are persuasive.
متقاعد کننده
perˈsuasively
♦ adverb
.
بطور مجاب کننده
perˈsuasiveness
♦ noun
.
مستدل بودن

• No words availed to persuade him.
  هیچ حرفی نتواتست او را متقاعد کند. هیچ حرفی نتوانست او را برانگیزد.
• Tom is the only person that has any chance to persuade Mary.
  تام تنها کسی است که احتمال دارد ماری را مجاب کند.

[pərˈswād]
verb - persuade
وادار کردن: induce, persuade, compel, impel, enforce, oblige
ترغیب کردن: persuade, encourage, cheer, harp, influence, put
بران داشتن: lead, persuade

to persuade sb out of sth
jdm etw ausreden
to persuade sb to do sth
jdn dazu bringen, etw zu tun
I tried to persuade him to come, but I failed
ich habe versucht, ihn zum Kommen zu überreden, aber ich habe es nicht geschafft
I’m trying to persuade her to come but I’m getting nowhere
ich versuche ja, sie zum Mitkommen zu überreden, aber ich stoße nur auf Granit
they tried to persuade him, but he wouldn’t listen to reason
sie versuchten, ihn zu überreden, aber er ließ sich einfach nichts sagen
can you persuade him to fork out the money for my trip to Alaska?
kannst du ihn überreden, das Geld für meinen Alaska-Urlaub herauszurücken? ugs
she tried to persuade him to retire, but he would have none of it form
sie versuchte ihn zu überreden, sich pensionieren zu lassen, aber er wollte nichts davon hören

Question 681

obsess

Ger:

Answer 681

obsess
verb [ I or T ]
UK /əbˈses/ US /əbˈses/

If something or someone obsesses you, or if you obsess about something or someone, you think about it, him, or her all the time:

The whole relationship obsessed me for years.

She used to obsess about her weight.

obsess [əbˈses]
♦ verb
to occupy (someone’s mind) too much: He is obsessed by the fear of death.
ذهن کسی را مشغول کردن
obˈsession [-ʃən]
♦ noun
an obsession about motorbikes.
دل مشغولی
obˈsessional [-ʃə-]
♦ adjective
obsessional behaviour.
وسواس گونه
obˈsessive [-siv]
♦ adjective
obsessive about cleanliness.
وسواسی
obˈsessively
♦ adverb
.
با وسواس
obˈsessiveness
♦ noun
.
وسواس

/ǝb ses´/
vt.
● وسوسه‌مند کردن،وسواسی کردن،ذهن کسی را مشغول داشتن،هسبند کردن،وسواس‌مند کردن
he is obsessed with money
فکر و ذکرش پول است.
fear of death had obsessed her
ترس از مرگ فکر او را مشغول کرده بود.
● نگران کردن

the idea of finding her real mother seemed to obsess her
sie schien von der Vorstellung besessen, ihre richtige Mutter zu finden

to obsess about sth/sb
sich Akk ständig mit etw/jdm befassen

to obsess sb
jdn verfolgen

the idea of finding her real mother seemed to obsess her
sie schien von der Vorstellung besessen, ihre richtige Mutter zu finden

Question 682

premature

ger: vorzeitig, nicht reif

it can cause us to make premature decisions

Answer 682

premature
adjective
UK /ˈprem.ə.tʃər/ /prem.əˈtʃʊər/ US /ˌpriː.məˈtʊr/

happening or done too soon, especially before the natural or suitable time:
premature birth/death
a premature baby
Their criticisms seem premature considering that the results aren’t yet known.

premature [preməˈtʃuə, (American) pri:-]
♦ adjective
happening etc before the right or expected time: a premature birth; The baby was three weeks premature.
زودرس
ˌpremaˈturely
♦ adverb
.
قبل از موقع

[-ˈt(y)o͝or,ˌprēməˈCHo͝or]
adjective - premature
نارس: premature, immature, unripe, green, raw, embryonic
پیش رس: premature, precocious, rathe, rathe-ripe
قبل از موقع: premature
نا بهنگام: untimely, premature, anachronistic, anachronous, immature, inopportune

premature baby
Frühgeburt f
premature twins
zu früh geborene Zwillinge
to be premature
eine Frühgeburt sein
premature aging/death
vorzeitiges Altern/vorzeitiger Tod
premature announcement/criticism/decision
voreilige Ankündigung/Kritik/Entscheidung
premature departure/resignation
vorzeitige Abreise/Kündigung
he was born six weeks premature
er kam sechs Wochen zu früh

Question 683

handicap

it can handicap us in negotiations

ger; einschränken , behindern

Answer 683

1. something that makes it difficult for you to do something:

I found that not having a car was quite a handicap while on holiday.

2. a disadvantage given to a person taking part in a game or competition in order to reduce their chances of winning, or a sports event in which such disadvantages are given:

Handicaps give people with different abilities an equal chance of winning.

My current golf handicap is nine.

3. to make something more difficult to do:

Rescue efforts have been handicapped by rough seas and hurricane-force winds.

handicap [ˈhӕndikӕp]
♦ noun
1 something that makes doing something more difficult: The loss of a finger would be a handicap for a pianist.
مانع
2 (in a race, competition etc ) a disadvantage of some sort (eg having to run a greater distance in a race) given to the best competitors so that others have a better chance of winning.
آوانس
3 a race, competition etc in which this happens.
مسابقۀ با ارفاق
4 (a form of) physical or mental disability: children with physical handicaps.
معلولیت

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈhandicapped –
to make something (more) difficult for: He wanted to be a pianist, but was handicapped by his deafness.
مانع شدن
ˈhandicapped
♦ adjective
He is physically handicapped and cannot walk; a handicapped child.
معلول

[ˈhandēˌkap]
noun - handicap
نقص: defect, deficiency, handicap, fault, imperfection, weakness
مانع: obstacle, barrier, hindrance, impediment, hurdle, handicap
اوانس: handicap
اشکال: bug, difficulty, drawback, disadvantage, impediment, handicap
امتیاز به طرف ضعیف در بازی: handicap
verb - handicap
امتیاز دادن: handicap

Question 684

scramble

leading us to reveal more than we should as we scramble to fill the silence unable to bear the uncertainty of not knowing what the other person is thinking

Answer 684

scramble [ˈskrӕmbl]
♦ verb
1 to crawl or climb quickly, using arms and legs: They scrambled up the slope; He scrambled over the rocks.
با چهار دست و پا خود را بالا كشيدن از
2 to move hastily: He scrambled to his feet.
با عجله حركت كردن
3 (with for ) to rush, or struggle with others, to get: The boys scrambled for the ball.
دست و پنجه نرم كردن
4 to distort (a telephone message etc ) so that it can only be received and understood with a special receiver.
رمزي كردن

♦ noun
(sometimes with for ) an act of scrambling; a rush or struggle: There was a scramble for the best bargains.
تقلا
ˈscrambler
♦ noun
a device for scrambling telephone messages.
اسكرامبلر؛وسيله تبديل
scrambled egg(s)
beaten eggs cooked with milk and butter until thick.
نوعي غذا

[ˈskrambəl]
noun - scramble
تقلا: scramble, bout, tug, effort, exertion, strain
تلاش: effort, endeavor, scramble, bustle, fuss, muss
کوشش: attempt, effort, try, endeavor, trial, scramble
verb - scramble
املت درست کردن: scramble
تقلا کردن: heave, slog, tussle, scramble, struggle, agonize
بزحمت جلو رفتن: scramble
با دست و پا بالا رفتن: clamber, scramble

to scramble sb’s brains
jdn durcheinanderbringen [o. ugs meschugge machen]
the Scramble for Africa HIST
der Kampf um Afrika
to scramble eggs
Rühreier [o. A Eierspeis] machen
to scramble together [or up] ⇆ sth
etw zusammenraffen
to scramble to one’s feet
sich Akk hochrappeln [o. CH aufrappeln] ugs
to scramble into one’s clothes
in seine Kleider steigen ugs
to scramble through a hedge (push oneself through)
sich Akk durch eine Hecke zwängen
to scramble up the hillside
den Hang hinaufklettern [o. ugs hinaufkraxeln]
to scramble for the exit
zum Ausgang stürzen
to scramble down the hillside
den Hang hinunterklettern [o. ugs hinunterkraxeln]
to scramble out of sb’s way
jdm hastig freie Bahn machen ugs
to scramble for the best seats
sich Akk um die besten Plätze rangeln

Question 685

emanate

our ability to emanate Warmth

ger:
etw ausstrahlen

Answer 685

emanate
verb [ T ] formal
UK /ˈem.ə.neɪt/ US /ˈem.ə.neɪt/

to express a quality or feeling through the way that you look and behave:

Her face emanated sadness.

emanate [ˈeməneit]
♦ verb
to flow out; to come out (from some source).
سرچشمه گرفتن از؛ ساطع شدن از
ˌemaˈnation
♦ noun
.
نشئت؛ برون تابی

[ˈeməˌnāt]
verb - emanate
بیرون آمدن: emerge, exude, pull out, emanate, extrude, issue
جاری شدن: gush, trill, pour, rill, stream, emanate
سرچشمه گرفتن: originate, emanate
تجلی کردن: emanate, reincarnate, transfigure

to emanate sth
etw ausstrahlen
to emanate confidence
Zuversicht verströmen
to emanate joy
Freude verbreiten
to emanate an order
einen Befehl erteilen

Question 686

pace

ger: Tempo, Schritt

Answer 686

pace [peis]
♦ noun
1 a step: He took a pace forward.
گام
2 speed of movement: a fast pace.
سرعت پیشرفت

♦ verb
to walk backwards and forwards (across): He paced up and down.
قدم زدن
ˈpacemaker
♦ noun
1 an electronic device to make the heart beats regular or stronger.
دستگاه تنظیم ضربان قلب
2 a person who sets the speed of a race.
پیشتاز
keep pace with
to go as fast as: He kept pace with the car on his motorbike.
هم سرعت حرکت کردن
pace out
to measure by walking along, across etc with even steps: She paced out the room.
با قدم اندازه گرفتن
put someone etc through his etc paces
to make someone etc show what he etc can do: He put his new car through its paces.
set the pace
to go forward at a particular speed which everyone else has to follow: Her experiments set the pace for future research.
پیشاهنگ شدن؛ آهنگ حرکت را تعیین کردن
show one’s paces
to show what one can do: They made the horse show its paces.
توانایی خود را نشان دادن

[pās,ˈpäˌCHā,ˈpāˌsē]
noun - pace
سرعت: speed, velocity, rapidity, rate, pace, speeding
گام: step, pitch, stride, pace, scale, footstep
قدم: step, foot, pace, stride, goer, footstep
تندی: speed, velocity, rigor, pungency, celerity, pace
شیوه: technique, style, method, pace, habitude, device
verb - pace
گام زدن: walk, pace
با قدم اهسته رفتن: pace
قدم رو کردن: march, pace
پیمودن: traverse, travel, wend, mete, measure, pace

lively pace
flottes Tempo
brisk pace
flottes Tempo
hectic pace
hektische Gangart
at a leisurely pace
gemessenen Schrittes geh
to set the pace
das Tempo angeben [o. bestimmen]
at an easy pace
in gemütlichem Tempo
at a stately pace
gemessenen Schrittes
at a cracking pace
mit einem Affenzahn ugs
to force the pace
das Tempo forcieren
at a supercharged pace
mit atemberaubender Geschwindigkeit
to stand the pace
das Tempo durchhalten
to quicken one’s pace
sein Tempo beschleunigen
at a snail’s pace
im Schneckentempo
at a spanking pace
in einem hohen Tempo
at a rattling pace
im Eiltempo
a punishingly fast pace
ein extrem [o. gnadenlos] schnelles Tempo
to slacken one’s pace
seinen Schritt verlangsamen

Question 687

ambiguity

ger:
Ambiguität f / Unklarheit

Answer 687

ambiguity
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˌæm.bɪˈɡjuː.ə.ti/ US /ˌæm.bɪˈɡjuː.ə.t̬i/

C2
(an example of) the fact of something having more than one possible meaning and therefore possibly causing confusion:

We wish to remove any ambiguity concerning our demands.

There are some ambiguities in the legislation.

the state of being uncertain:

ambiguity about sth
You need to clear up any ambiguity about the agency’s fundamental purpose.

Question 688

strategize

You envision a variety of ways it could play out, and you strategize how to best deal with each

Answer 688

strategize
verb [ I or T ] (UK also strategise)
UK /ˈstræt.ə.dʒaɪz/ US /ˈstræt̬.ə.dʒaɪz/

to think of a detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics, business, industry, or sport:

People gathered together in his office to strategize.

Question 689

rehash

rehashing the various plans

ger:
etw wiederkäuen

Answer 689

rehash
noun [ C ] informal disapproving
UK /ˈriː.hæʃ/ US /ˈriː.hæʃ/

a book, film, piece of music, etc. that is very similar to previous ones and has no new ideas or improvements:

His new book is just a rehash of his previous ones.

The information in the report is a rehash of old discussions and misconceptions.

rehash
verb [ T ] informal disapproving
UK /ˌriːˈhæʃ/ US /ˌriːˈhæʃ/

to write, say, do, etc. something again with no new ideas or improvements:

Some students merely rehash what they’ve heard in lectures.

We could simply rehash the published facts - but that would be dull.

noun - rehash
تکرار مکررات: rehash
چیز تکراری: rehash
verb - rehash
تعمیر کردن: repair, fix, refit, remake, mend, rehash

rehash of Elvis Presley
Elvis-Presley-Verschnitt m
to rehash events
Ereignisse noch einmal durchsprechen

Question 690

instead

ger:
stattdessen, statt

we were going to travel by train ´, but then we decided to drive instead

Answer 690

instead [inˈsted]
♦ adverb
as a substitute; in place of something or someone: I don’t like coffee. Could I please have tea instead?
در عوض؛ به جای
instead of
in place of: Please take me instead of him; You should have been working instead of watching television.
به جای

to pay with cash instead of plastic
bar statt mit Kreditkarte bezahlen
I couldn’t go, so my sister went instead
ich konnte nicht gehen, also ist stattdessen meine Schwester gegangen
wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar
ich verwende, wenn möglich, immer Honig statt Zucker
some people think television manages the news instead of just reporting it
manche Leute glauben, dass das Fernsehen die Nachrichten manipuliert, anstatt nur zu berichten
I wanted to talk back to him, but instead I bit my lip
mir lag schon eine Entgegnung auf der Zunge, aber ich habe sie mir dann doch verkniffen

Question 691

intend

ger: vorhaben, beabsichtigen

Answer 691

intend [inˈtend]
♦ verb
1 to mean or plan (to do something or that someone else should do something): Do you still intend to go?; Do you intend them to go?; Do you intend that they should go too?
قصد داشتن
2 to mean (something) to be understood in a particular way: His remarks were intended to be a compliment.
معنی دادن
3 (with for ) to direct at: That letter/bullet was intended for me.
برای کسی بودن
inˈtent [-t]
♦ adjective
1 (with on ) meaning, planning or wanting to do (something): He’s intent on going; He’s intent on marrying the girl.
مصمم
2 (with on ) concentrating hard on: He was intent on the job he was doing.
متوجه

♦ noun
purpose; what a person means to do: He broke into the house with intent to steal.
نیت
inˈtention [-ʃən]
♦ noun
what a person plans or intends to do: He has no intention of leaving; He went to see the boss with the intention of asking for a pay rise; If I have offended you, it was quite without intention; good intentions.
قصد؛ منظور
inˈtentional [-ʃənl]
♦ adjective
(negative unintentional ) done, said etc deliberately and not by accident: I’m sorry I offended you – it wasn’t intentional; intentional cruelty.
عمدی
inˈtentionally
♦ adverb
.
بطور عمدی
inˈtently
♦ adverb
with great concentration: He was watching her intently.
با دقت؛ با اشتیاق

• For the time being, I intend to stay at a hotel.
  در حال حاضر قصد دارم در هتل اقامت کنم یا بمانم.

[inˈtend]
verb - intend
خواستن: want, ask, desire, solicit, wish, intend
قصد داشتن: intend, aim, mean, purpose
خیال داشتن: intend, think
بر آن بودن: ween, intend

to intend no harm
nichts Böses wollen
to intend doing [or to do] sth
etw vorhaben
to intend sb to do sth
wollen, dass jd etw tut
to intend [or mean] no disrespect for sth
etw Dat gegenüber nicht respektlos sein wollen
I fully intend to see this project through
ich bin fest entschlossen dieses Projekt zu Ende zu bringen
what do you intend to do about it?
was willst du in der Sache unternehmen?

Question 692

journey

Answer 692

journey [ˈdʒəːni]
♦ noun
a distance travelled, especially over land; an act of travelling: By train, it is a two-hour journey from here to the coast; I’m going on a long journey.
سفر

♦ verb
to travel.
مسافرت کردن

• We set out on our journey full of hope.
  ما سفرمان را با پر از آرزو شروع کردیم ( میکنیم)
• Whenever she comes back from a journey, she brings a gift for her daughter.
  هر موقع که از سفری بر می گردد برای دخترش هدیه می آورد.
• Being a doctor helped me greatly during the journey.
  دکتر بودنم در طی سفر به من کمک بزرگی کرد.

[ˈjərnē]
noun - journey
سفر: travel, trip, journey, tour, voyage, expedition
مسافرت: travel, tour, journey, locomotion
سیاحت: tour, journey, travel, trip
verb - journey
سفر کردن: travel, journey, trip, peregrinate, voyage

venturesome journey
gefährliche Reise
wasted journey
vergebliche Reise
long journey
weite Reise
journey time
Fahrzeit f
extensive journey
ausgedehnte Reise
homeward journey
Heimreise f
epic journey
abenteuerliche Reise
safe journey!
gute Reise!
to undertake a journey
eine Reise unternehmen
to resume a journey
eine Reise fortsetzen
have a safe journey!
gute Reise!
commencement of a journey
Reiseantritt m
journey of self-discovery
Selbsterfahrungstrip m ugs
to journey south
in den [o. gen] Süden reisen liter
overland journey [or trip]
Reise f auf dem Landweg
an uneventful journey
eine Reise ohne Zwischenfälle
homeward bound journey
Heimreise f
an educational journey
eine Bildungsreise

Question 693

petrol

ger:
Benzin

they are going to run out of patrol

Answer 693

petrol [ˈpetrəl]
♦ noun
(American gas or gasoline ) a liquid got from petroleum, used as fuel for motor cars etc : I’ll stop at the next garage and buy more petrol; (also adjective ) a petrol engine.
بنزین
petroleum [pəˈtrəuliəm]
♦ noun
oil in its raw, unrefined form, which is found in natural wells below the earth’s surface and from which petrol, paraffin etc are obtained.
نفت خام
petroleum jelly
a soft substance got from petroleum, used eg in ointments.
مرهم وازلین
petrol pump(American gasoline pump)
an apparatus at a petrol station which pumps petrol into cars etc , and which measures the amount of petrol it pumps.
دستگاه پمپاژ بنزین
petrol station(especially American filling stationor informally gas station)
a garage where petrol is sold.
پمپ بنزین

Question 694

harass

jdn schikanieren, jdn ständig belästigen [o. bedrängen]

Answer 694

harass
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈhær.əs/ /həˈræs/ US /həˈræs/ /ˈher.əs/
Add to word list

to continue to annoy or upset someone over a period of time:

Stop harassing me!

harass
verb [ T ]
UK /ˈhærəs, həˈræs/ US

to repeatedly annoy or upset someone over a period of time:

A university psychology professor has been arrested on accusations of using email to harass and torment employees at the school.

be harrassed by sb She complained of being harassed by the press.

harass [ˈhӕrəs, (especially American) həˈras]
♦ verb
1 to annoy or trouble (a person) constantly or frequently: The children have been harassing me all morning.
اذیت کردن
2 to make frequent sudden attacks on (an enemy): The army was constantly harassed by groups of terrorists.
حمله مكرر كردن بر
ˈharassed
♦ adjective
a harassed mother.
عاجز
ˈharassment
♦ noun
He complained of harassment by the police.
اذیت
sexual harassment see sex

Thesaurus
[həˈras,ˈharəs]
verb - harass
اذیت کردن: offend, pester, hock, harass, tease, hurt
بستوه اوردن: annoy, beset, harass, hare, harry, haze
عاجز کردن: annoy, bay, disable, harass, hassle, importune
حملات پی درپی کردن: harass
خسته کردن: exhaust, bore, fag, fatigue, harass, jade
تعرض کردن: remonstrate, attack, harass

Question 695

wean someone off something

jdm etw abgewöhnen, jdn von etw Dat entwöhnen

can America ever be weaned off its love affair with guns?

Answer 695

wean someone off something
phrasal verb with wean verb [ T ]
UK /weɪn/ US /weɪn/
(US also wean someone from something)
Add to word list

to make someone gradually stop using something that is bad for them:

It’s difficult to wean addicts off cocaine once they’re hooked.

The whole scheme is intended to wean people off welfare dependency.

wean [wiːn]
♦ verb
to cause (a child or young animal) to become used to food other than the mother’s milk: The baby has been weaned (on to solid foods).
از شير گرفتن

to wean sb off sth
jdm etw abgewöhnen
to wean sb off sth medicines etc
jdn von etw Dat entwöhnen
to wean sb off sth
jdn von etw Dat abbringen
the whole scheme is intended to wean people off welfare dependency
der ganze Plan zielt darauf ab, die Leute von Sozialhilfe unabhängig zu machen

Question 695

wean someone off something

jdm etw abgewöhnen, jdn von etw Dat entwöhnen

can America ever be weaned off its love affair with guns?

Answer 695

wean someone off something
phrasal verb with wean verb [ T ]
UK /weɪn/ US /weɪn/
(US also wean someone from something)
Add to word list

to make someone gradually stop using something that is bad for them:

It’s difficult to wean addicts off cocaine once they’re hooked.

The whole scheme is intended to wean people off welfare dependency.

wean [wiːn]
♦ verb
to cause (a child or young animal) to become used to food other than the mother’s milk: The baby has been weaned (on to solid foods).
از شير گرفتن

to wean sb off sth
jdm etw abgewöhnen
to wean sb off sth medicines etc
jdn von etw Dat entwöhnen
to wean sb off sth
jdn von etw Dat abbringen
the whole scheme is intended to wean people off welfare dependency
der ganze Plan zielt darauf ab, die Leute von Sozialhilfe unabhängig zu machen

Question 696

burst

brechen, Ausbruch…

Last week, a gunman in the Colorado Rockies burst into a schoolroom and killed a student before turning his weapon on himself

Answer 696

US UK AU burst [bəːst]– past tense, past participle burst –
♦ verb
1 to break open or in pieces suddenly: The bag/balloon burst.
ترکیدن؛ از هم پاشیدن
2 (with in, ~into, ~through etc ) to come or go suddenly or violently: He burst in without knocking; He burst into the room; She burst into tears.
ناگهان و بدون مقدمه آمدن یا رفتن
3 (of rivers) to overflow or flood (the banks): The river has burst its banks.
طغیان کردن؛ سیل زده کردن

♦ noun
1 a break or explosion: a burst in the pipes.
ترکیدگی؛ انفجار
2 an (often sudden and short) outbreak: a burst of applause.
وقوع؛ طغیان
burst open
to open suddenly or violently: The door burst open and she rushed in.
ناگهان و با فشار باز شدن

• As soon as she heard the news, she burst into tears.
  به محض اینکه او اخبار را شنید, شروع به گریه کردن کرد.
• Upon hearing the news, she burst out crying.
  با شنیدن خبر، او ناگهان به گریه افتاد.

[bərst]
noun - burst
انفجار: explosion, blast, burst, detonation, eruption, outburst
شلیک: fire, volley, burst
شیوع: prevalence, outbreak, spread, rampancy, burst, accession
طوفان آتش: burst
verb - burst
ترکیدن: burst, pop, rupture, blow, explode, rive
شکفتن: flourish, burst, open, dehisce, smile
قطع کردن: cut off, cut, disconnect, interrupt, intercept, burst
منفجر کردن: blow up, burst, dynamite, puff
از هم پاشیدن: disintegrate, burst, dissipate, decompose

to burst into flame
in Brand geraten
to burst into song
laut zu singen anfangen
to burst into view
plötzlich auftauchen
to burst into laughter
in [schallendes] Gelächter ausbrechen
to burst into flames
in Flammen aufgehen
to burst into tears
in Tränen ausbrechen
to burst sb’s bubble
jds Illusionen zerstören
suddenly the bubble burst
auf einmal ist alles wie eine Seifenblase geplatzt
burst of economic growth
plötzlich einsetzendes Wirtschaftswachstum
burst [or rush] of adrenalin
Adrenalinstoß m
to burst open bag, case
aufgehen
burst of activity
plötzliche Geschäftigkeit
burst of applause
Beifallssturm m
burst of laughter
Lachsalve f
burst of speed
Spurt m
burst of growth
Wachstumsschub m
to burst at the seams
an den Nähten [auf]platzen
to burst into blossom [or flower]
[plötzlich] aufblühen

Question 697

amendment

Neufassung f…

Answer 697

amendment
noun
UK /əˈmend.mənt/ US /əˈmend.mənt/
Add to word list
C2 [ U or C ]

a change or changes made to the words of a text:

He insisted that the book did not need amendment.

I’ve made a few last-minute amendments to the article.

Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991

🥳 a change to a law that is not yet in operation and is still being discussed:

An amendment to the bill was agreed without a vote.

constitutional amendment
Verfassungsänderung f
amendment to the constitution
Zusatzartikel m zur Verfassung
amendment to a bill
Abänderung f einer Gesetzesvorlage
to defeat an amendment
einen Antrag auf Gesetzesänderung ablehnen
to move an amendment
eine Ergänzung einbringen
the second/fifth amendment Am
der Zweite/Fünfte Zusatzartikel [zur Verfassung]
to take the fifth amendment
wegen möglicher Selbstbezichtigung die Aussage verweigern
to propose/table an amendment
einen Änderungsantrag stellen/einbringen
to ratify an amendment/a contract
einen Änderungsantrag/Vertrag sanktionieren

Question 698

disgruntled

verärgert über +Akk
verstimmt

We’ve had disgruntled ex-employees shooting up their former workplaces,

Answer 698

disgruntled
adjective
UK /dɪsˈɡrʌn.təld/ US /dɪsˈɡrʌn.t̬əld/
Add to word list
unhappy, annoyed, and disappointed about something:

A disgruntled former employee is being blamed for the explosion.

The players were disgruntled with the umpire.

disgruntled [disˈgrantld]
♦ adjective
sulky and dissatisfied.
دلخور؛ پکر

[disˈgrəntld]
verb - disgruntle
بدخلق کردن: disgruntle
غمگین کردن: aggrieve, disgruntle, grieve, sadden, make sorry
خشمگین کردن: anger, infuriate, vex, aggravate, make angry, annoy

Question 699

former

ehemalige(r, s)

Answer 699

former [ˈfoːmə]
♦ adjective
of an earlier time: In former times people did not travel so much.
پیشین؛ قدیم
ˈformerly
♦ adverb
in earlier times: Formerly this large town was a small village.
در گذشته
the former
the first of two things mentioned: We visited America and Australia, staying longer in the former than in the latter.
اولی

[ˈfôrmər]
adjective - former
سابق: former, old, past, preceding, antecedent, ci-devant
پیشین: prior, a priori, former, previous, antecedent, olden
قبلی: previous, prior, former, past, foregone, fore
قبل: former
سابقی: former, old, previous
پیشی: former
دارای انتای مربع: former
جلوی: fore, anterior, forward, frontward, former, prior
در جلو: former
noun - former
تشکیل دهنده: former, incorporator
قالب گیر: former, founder

Question 700

parishioner

Gemeindemitglied nt

and a parishioner in
Fort Worth, Texas, shooting up his local church.

Answer 700

parishioner
noun [ C ]
US /pəˈrɪʃ·ə·nər/

a member of a particular parish, esp. one who frequently goes to its church

Question 701

panoply

Palette f

Each time it happens, a panoply of reasons comes to the fore. Gun-control activists blame the phenomenon largely, if not wholly, on easy access to firearms.

Answer 701

panoply : wide range of sth
noun [ S ] formal
UK /ˈpæn.ə.pli/ US /ˈpæn.ə.pli/
Add to word list
a wide range or collection of different things:
There is a whole panoply of remedies and drugs available to the modern doctor.

with the full panoply of royal ceremony
mit allem Pomp einer königlichen Zeremonie

Question 702

prevalence

Prävalenz

Other frequently identified causes are the prevalence of antidepressant prescriptions

Answer 702

prevalence
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈprev.əl.əns/ US /ˈprev.əl.əns/
Add to word list
the fact that something is very common or happens often:

the prevalence of smoking among teenagers

The prevalence of the disease is higher in some families.

ˈprevələns]
noun - prevalence
شیوع: prevalence, outbreak, spread, rampancy, burst, accession
رواج: prevalence, vogue, currency, circulation, propagation
تفوق: supremacy, superiority, predominance, domination, ascendancy, prevalence
غلبه: dominance, domination, conquest, predominance, victory, prevalence
درجه شیوع: prevalence
نفوذ: influence, penetration, infiltration, permeation, authority, prevalence
پخش: broadcast, distribution, release, diffusion, dissemination, prevalence

Question 703

prescription

Rezept nt für +Akk

Verschreibung f

Answer 703

prescription
noun
UK /prɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/ US /prɪˈskrɪp.ʃən/
prescription noun (MEDICINE)

Add to word list
B1 [ C ]
a piece of paper on which a doctor writes the details of the medicine or drugs that someone needs:

a doctor’s prescription

a prescription for sedatives

The doctor should give you a repeat prescription (= another piece of paper allowing more of the same medicine to be given, often without the person seeing the doctor again).

These drugs are only available on prescription (= with a prescription from a doctor).

Prescription charges (= the standard amount of money you pay for any medicine prescribed by a doctor) are rising in June.

repeat prescription
Wiederholungsrezept nt
on prescription
auf Rezept
I need a prescription
ich brauche ein Rezept
to fill a prescription Am
eine Medizin zubereiten
to write a prescription/receipt
ein Rezept/eine Quittung ausstellen
she would prefer guidance to prescription
ihr wäre Anleitung statt Belehrungen lieber
to be only available on prescription
verschreibungspflichtig [o. rezeptpflichtig] sein
a refill for [or on] medication/a prescription
eine Neuverordnung einer Behandlung/eines Rezeptes

Question 704

peculiar

seltsam
merkwürdig

the peculiar alienation of new white suburbs and the warp-effect of the media.

Answer 704

peculiar
adjective
UK /pɪˈkjuː.li.ər/ US /pɪˈkjuːl.jɚ/
peculiar adjective (STRANGE)

Add to word list
B2
unusual and strange, sometimes in an unpleasant way:

She has the most peculiar ideas.

What a peculiar smell!

It’s peculiar that they didn’t tell us they were going away.
UK The video on road accidents made me feel rather peculiar (= ill).

peculiar [piˈkjuːljə]
♦ adjective
1 strange; odd: peculiar behaviour.
عجیب و غریب
2 belonging to one person, place or thing in particular and to no other: customs peculiar to France.
ویژه؛ خاص
peˌculiˈarity [-ˈӕ-]– plural peˌculiˈarities –
♦ noun
.
ویژگی
peˈculiarly
♦ adverb
.
بطور عجیب و غریب؛ ویژه

[pəˈkyo͞olyər]
adjective - peculiar
عجیب و غریب: exotic, odd, peculiar, outlandish, queer, rum
خاص: specific, special, particular, own, peculiar, characteristic
ویژه: special, specific, particular, peculiar, net, special character
مختص: peculiar, particular
مخصوص: special, specific, particular, especial, peculiar, private
خصوصی: private, particular, personal, specific, special, peculiar
دارای اخلاق غریب: peculiar

I feel slightly peculiar
ich fühle mich irgendwie komisch
of peculiar interest
von besonderem Interesse
to have a peculiar feeling
sich Akk eigenartig fühlen
to feel a little peculiar
sich Akk nicht [ganz] wohl fühlen
to come over dizzy/peculiar
sich Akk [plötzlich ganz] benommen/komisch fühlen
funny ha-ha or funny peculiar?
lustig oder merkwürdig?
sth seems [or is] a little peculiar to sb
etw kommt jdm nicht ganz geheuer vor
they speak with a peculiar accent down his way
in seiner Ecke haben die Leute einen besonderen Akzent ugs
why is he scratching his nose in that peculiar fashion?
warum kratzt er sich so an der Nase?
she’s a very funny woman — funny ha-ha or funny peculiar?
sie ist eine sehr komische Frau — meinst du mit komisch lustig oder merkwürdig?

Question 705

alienation

Entfremdetsein nt

Isoliertheit f

Answer 705

alienation: isolation

noun [ U ]
UK /ˌeɪ.li.əˈneɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌeɪ.li.əˈneɪ.ʃən/
Add to word list

the feeling that you have no connection with the people around you or that you are not part of a group:

Depressed people frequently feel a sense of alienation from those around them.

the act of making someone stop supporting and agreeing with you:
This short-sighted alienation of their own supporters may lose them the election.

Question 706

suburb

Vorstadt f

Answer 706

suburb [ˈsabəːb]
♦ noun
(often in plural ) an area of houses on the outskirts of a city, town etc : Edgbaston is a suburb of Birmingham; They decided to move out to the suburbs.
حومه
suˈburban
♦ adjective
of suburbs: suburban housing.
حومه اي
suˈburbia [-biə]
♦ noun
the suburbs.
حومه نشيني

Question 707

warp

etw verziehen

Answer 707

warp1 [woːp]
♦ verb
1 to make or become twisted out of shape: The door has been warped by all the rain we’ve had lately.
كج و معوج شدن
2 to cause to think or act in an abnormal way: His experiences had warped his judgement/mind.
منحرف شدن

♦ noun
the shape into which something is twisted by warping: The rain has given this wood a permanent warp.
پيچ
warped
♦ adjective
.
پيچ خوردگي

time warp
Zeitverwerfung f
to warp sb’s mind
jds Charakter verderben
warp and weft
Kette und Schuss
the warp and the woof übtr
das A und O
to do sth at warp speed
etw in Windeseile [o. blitzschnell] machen
we’ve flown into a time warp
wir haben uns in Zeit und Raum verloren
he’s living in a time warp
er lebt in einer anderen Zeit
to have a warp in one’s character
einen verbogenen [o. ugs verkorksten] Charakter haben
there is a warp in the shelf
das Regal ist verzogen
to have a warp in one’s way of looking at things
einen Knick in der Optik haben ugs

Question 708

warp

etw verziehen

Answer 708

warp1 [woːp]
♦ verb
1 to make or become twisted out of shape: The door has been warped by all the rain we’ve had lately.
كج و معوج شدن
2 to cause to think or act in an abnormal way: His experiences had warped his judgement/mind.
منحرف شدن

♦ noun
the shape into which something is twisted by warping: The rain has given this wood a permanent warp.
پيچ
warped
♦ adjective
.
پيچ خوردگي

time warp
Zeitverwerfung f
to warp sb’s mind
jds Charakter verderben
warp and weft
Kette und Schuss
the warp and the woof übtr
das A und O
to do sth at warp speed
etw in Windeseile [o. blitzschnell] machen
we’ve flown into a time warp
wir haben uns in Zeit und Raum verloren
he’s living in a time warp
er lebt in einer anderen Zeit
to have a warp in one’s character
einen verbogenen [o. ugs verkorksten] Charakter haben
there is a warp in the shelf
das Regal ist verzogen
to have a warp in one’s way of looking at things
einen Knick in der Optik haben ugs

Question 709

stem

stammen

There’s no question that the gun culture - stemming back to the frontier spirit of the 19th century and justified, at least by gun-ownership advocates

Answer 709

stem1 [stem]
♦ noun
1 the part of a plant that grows upward from the root, or the part from which a leaf, flower or fruit grows; a stalk: Poppies have long, hairy, twisting stems.
ساقه
2 the narrow part of various objects, eg of a wine-glass between the bowl and the base: the stem of a wine-glass / of a tobacco-pipe.
پايه
3 the upright piece of wood or metal at the bow of a ship: As the ship struck the rock, she shook from stem to stern.
تنه

♦ verb– past tense, past participle stemmed –
(with from ) to be caused by: Hate sometimes stems from envy.
نشات گرفتن از
-stemmed
a thick-stemmed plant; He smoked a short-stemmed pipe.
ساقه؛ دسته

verb - stem
ریشه لغت قطع کردن: stem
ساقه دار کردن: stem
بند اوردن: block, stanch, stem, stop, stanch

STEM subject
MINT-Fach nt
from stem to stern
vom Bug bis zum Heck
to stem the tide/flow [of sth]
etw zum Stillstand bringen
to stem the flow of blood
die Blutung stillen
to stem the tide of events
den Lauf der Dinge aufhalten
she tried to stem the flow of blood
sie versuchte, das Blut zu stillen
I salute their efforts to stem the tide of poverty in this country
ich verneige mich vor ihren Bemühungen, die Flut der Armut in diesem Land einzudämmen

Question 710

frontier

das Grenzland, Grenze

Answer 710

frontier
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈfrʌn.tɪər/ /frʌnˈtɪər/ US /frʌnˈtɪr/
Add to word list
C2 [ C ]
a border between two countries:

Some of the frontier between Germany and Poland follows the course of the river Oder.

Nepal has frontiers with both India and China.

They lived in a town close to the frontier.

the western US where settlers began to move to live in the 19th century:

The Homestead Act of 1862 gave free land to pioneers who settled the frontier.

frontier [ˈfrantiə, (American) franˈtiər]
♦ noun
1 a boundary between countries: We crossed the frontier; (also adjective ) a frontier town.
مرز
2 the farthest area of land on which people live and work, before the country becomes wild and deserted: Many families went to make a new life on the frontier.
سرزمین مرزی
3 the limits or boundaries (of knowledge etc ): the frontiers of scientific knowledge.
مرز

Question 711

perpetrator#

Täter

Answer 711

perpetrator
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈpɜː.pə.treɪ.tər/ US /ˈpɝː.pə.treɪ.t̬ɚ/
(US informal perp)
Add to word list
someone who has committed a crime or a violent or harmful act:

The perpetrators of the massacre must be brought to justice as war criminals.

perpetrator of violence
Gewalttäter(in) m (f)
perpetrator of fraud
Betrüger(in) m (f)

Question 712

perpetuate

etw aufrechterhalten

Answer 712

perpetuate
verb [ T ] formal
UK /pəˈpetʃ.u.eɪt/ US /pɚˈpetʃ.u.eɪt/
Add to word list

to cause something to continue:
Increasing the supply of weapons will only perpetuate the violence and anarchy.

The aim of the association is to perpetuate the skills of traditional furniture design.

to perpetuate the species
die Rasse vor dem Aussterben bewahren
to perpetuate a stereotype
ein Vorurteil fortbestehen lassen
to perpetuate sb’s name
jds Namen [o. jdn] verewigen

[pərˈpeCHo͞oˌāt]
verb - perpetuate
همیشگی کردن: perpetuate
دائمي کردن: perpetuate
جاودانی ساختن: perpetuate

Question 713

advocate

etw unterstützen [o. befürworten]

Gun-control advocates argue they manage to carry out their murderous fantasies only because firearms give them the means to do so.

Answer 713

advocate [ˈӕdvəkət]
♦ noun
a supporter, a person who is in favour (of): an advocate of reform.
مدافع؛ طرفدار
[-keit]verb
to recommend: He advocated increasing the charges.
خواهان چیزی بودن؛ طرفداری کردن

noun - advocate
مدافع: advocate, defendant, lawyer, barrister
طرفدار: advocate, adherent, sympathizer, aficionado, partisan, bigot
حامی: sponsor, advocate, supporter, patron, protector, backer
وکیل مدافع: attorney, advocate, counselor, barrister, counsellor
verb - advocate
دفاع کردن: advocate, bield, ward off, answer, buckler
طرفداری کردن: favor, side, advocate, approve, back, defend

strong advocate
engagierter Befürworter/engagierte Befürworterin
temperance advocate
Abstinenzverfechter(in) m (f)
to advocate a cause
sich Akk für eine Sache einsetzen [o. engagieren]
the devil’s advocate
Advocatus m Diaboli
pro-choice advocate
Verfechter(in) m (f) des Rechts auf Abtreibung
to play the devil’s advocate
den Advocatus Diaboli spielen
to be an advocate of environmentalism/women’s rights
für den Umweltschutz/die Rechte der Frauen eintreten

Question 714

conduct

Answer 714

conduct [kənˈdakt]
♦ verb
1 to lead or guide: We were conducted down a narrow path by the guide; He conducted the tour.
هدایت کردن؛ سرپرستی کردن
2 to carry or allow to flow: Most metals conduct electricity.
انتقال دادن؛ عبور دادن
3 to direct (an orchestra, choir etc ).
رهبری کردن
4 to behave (oneself): He conducted himself well at the reception.
مواظب رفتار خود بودن
5 to manage or carry on (a business).
اداره کردن؛ اجرا کردن
[ˈkondakt]noun
1 behaviour: His conduct at school was disgraceful.
رفتار
2 the way in which something is managed, done etc : the conduct of the affair.
اجرا؛ اداره
conducted tour
♦ noun
.
گردش به همراه راهنما
conˈduction [-ʃən]
♦ noun
transmission of heat etc by a conductor.
رسانش؛ هدایت
conˈductor
♦ noun
1 a thing that conducts heat or electricity: Copper is a good conductor of heat.
رسانا
2 a director of an orchestra, choir etc .
رهبر
3 (feminine conˈductress ) a person who collects fares on a bus etc : a bus conductor.
مسئول جمع آوری بلیط
4 (American ) a guard on a train.
کنترل چی قطار

lubricious conduct
unanständiges Verhalten
unprofessional conduct
berufswidriges Verhalten
irreproachable conduct JUR
einwandfreie Führung
improper conduct
unschickliches Benehmen [o. Verhalten]
to conduct the defense
die Verteidigung führen
to maintain professional conduct
professionell auftreten
to conduct a briefing
eine Besprechung abhalten
freedom to conduct business
Geschäftsfreiheit f
to conduct the defence
die Verteidigung führen
to conduct an orchestra
ein Orchester dirigieren
to demand safe conduct
freies [o. sicheres] Geleit fordern
drunken and disorderly conduct
Trunkenheit f und ordnungswidriges Verhalten
disgraceful behaviour [or conduct]
skandalöses Verhalten [o. Benehmen]
conduct of affairs ADMIN
Geschäftsführung f
unsporting conduct [or behaviour]
unfaires Verhalten
unsportsmanlike conduct [or behaviour]
unfaires Verhalten
to conduct negotiations
Verhandlungen führen
to conduct electricity/heat
Strom/Wärme leiten
code of conduct
Verhaltenskodex m

Question 715

exempt

freistellen, befreien

Answer 715

exempt [igˈzempt]
♦ verb
to free (a person) from a duty that other people have to carry out: He was exempted from military service.
معاف کردن

♦ adjective
free (from a duty etc ): Children under 16 are exempt from the usual charges for dental treatment.
معاف
exˈemption [-ʃən]
♦ noun
.
معافیت

exempt from duty
gebührenfrei
exempt from excise
von der Verbrauchssteuer ausgenommen
goods exempt from this tax
von dieser Steuer ausgenommene Waren
to exempt sb from military service
jdn vom Militärdienst freistellen

Question 716

agenda

the National Rifle Association, the powerful gun-ownership lobby group, which has the 40 influence to run elected officials out of office if they dare to challenge its agenda.

Answer 716

agenda [əˈdʒendə]
♦ noun
a list of things to be done, especially at a meeting: What’s on the agenda this morning?
دستور جلسه؛ برنامه کار

agenda
noun [ C ]
UK /əˈdʒen.də/ US /əˈdʒen.də/
Add to word list
C1
a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting:

There were several important items on the agenda.

The question of security is high on the agenda for this afternoon’s meeting.

C2
a list of aims or possible future achievements:

Women’s rights have been put back on the agenda (= are being discussed publicly again).

The subject of safety needs to be placed high on/at the top of the agenda (= must be discussed because it is very important).

Education was placed firmly on the political agenda in the prime minister’s weekend speech.

☺️ a secret aim or reason for doing something:

She felt that some of the group had an agenda.

There’s no hidden agenda - I’m just trying to help.

Question 717

despite

despite sth
trotz einer S. Gen

Answer 717

despite [diˈspait]
♦ preposition
in spite of: He didn’t get the job despite all his qualifications.
علی رغم؛ باوجود

• I must admit that, despite loving our friendship, I think I’m also starting to love you.
  باید اعتراف کنم که علیرغم علاقه ام به دوستی امان، فکر می کنم کم کم دارم عاشق تو می شوم.

[diˈspīt]
preposition - despite
با وجود: despite, notwithstanding, but
علیرغم: despite, notwithstanding, contrary to
با اینکه: despite
مخالف: against, contrary to, athwart, despite, notwithstanding

despite repeated assurances that …
ungeachtet der Tatsache, dass man wiederholt beteuert hatte, dass …
despite the fact that …
trotz [o. ungeachtet] der Tatsache, dass …
despite himself, he laughed
er konnte sich das Lachen einfach nicht verkneifen
despite strenuous efforts
trotz aller Bemühungen
despite repeated attempts
trotz wiederholter Versuche
despite [or in spite of] everything
trotz allem
despite everything he’s still recognizable as himself
trotz allem ist er er selbst geblieben
the Labour vote held up despite fierce opposition
Labour konnte sich trotz starker Opposition behaupten [o. durchsetzen]
despite all my efforts, he is still smoking
trotz all meiner Bemühungen raucht er immer noch
he was determinedly polite despite the aggressive questioning
trotz der aggressiven Befragung ließ er sich nicht in seiner Höflichkeit beirren
despite her husband’s repeated flings, she has remained unshaken in her loyalty
trotz der wiederholten Eskapaden ihres Ehemannes geriet ihre Treue nicht ins Wanken
despite her father’s reassurances she was still frightened of the dark
obwohl ihr Vater ihr beruhigend zuredete, hatte sie immer noch Angst im Dunkeln
in myself dated I’m well enough in myself despite the problems with the leg
mir geht es recht gut, auch wenn ich Probleme mit dem Bein habe
despite her limitations as an actress, she was a great entertainer
trotz ihrer begrenzten schauspielerischen Fähigkeiten war sie als Entertainerin Spitze
she was restrained, despite the anger that welled up inside her
sie war sehr beherrscht trotz des Zorns, der in ihr aufstieg
despite this scrape with disaster, he refused to give up racing
obwohl er nur knapp an einer Katastrophe vorbeigeschrammt ist, weigerte er sich, mit dem Rennfahren aufzuhören ugs
despite our arguments he continues to leave his dirty clothes on the floor
trotz unserer Streitigkeiten lässt er die schmutzige Wäsche nach wie vor auf dem Boden liegen
despite being heavily outgunned, the rebel forces have held on to their position
obwohl die Rebellen über deutlich weniger Waffen verfügen, haben sie ihre Stellung behaupten können
despite having drunk too much beer he just managed to navigate his way to the door
obwohl er zu viel Bier getrunken hatte, schaffte er es noch zur Tür
despite their public show of unity they are close to getting divorced
obwohl sie nach außen hin Einigkeit demonstrieren, stehen sie kurz vor der Scheidung

Question 718

abiding

Answer 718

lasting for a long time:

Muir had an abiding interest in dogs.

abide [əˈbaid]
♦ verb
to put up with; to tolerate: I can’t abide noisy people.
تحمل کردن
aˈbide by– past tense, past participle aˈbided
– to act according to; to be faithful to: They must abide by the rules of the game.
پیروی کردن از؛ وفادار بودن به

abiding
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /əˈbaɪ.dɪŋ/ US /əˈbaɪ.dɪŋ/
Add to word list

An abiding feeling or memory is one that you have had for a long time:

abiding memory My abiding memory is of him in the garden.

She holds an abiding affection for her old school.

abiding love
immer währende Liebe
abiding values
bleibende Werte
a law-abiding citizen
ein gesetzestreuer Bürger/eine gesetzestreue Bürgerin

Question 719

ban

Verbot nt

Answer 719

ban [bӕn]
♦ noun
an order that a certain thing may not be done: a ban on smoking.
ممنوعیت؛ منع

♦ verb– past tense, past participle banned –
to forbid: The government banned publication of his book.
ممنوع کردن
ban [bӕn]
♦ noun
an order that a certain thing may not be done: a ban on smoking.
ممنوعیت؛ منع

♦ verb– past tense, past participle banned –
to forbid: The government banned publication of his book.
ممنوع کردن

[ban,bän]
noun - ban
منع: prohibition, ban, forbidding, prevention, inhibition, withholding
لعن: cursing, damnation, ban, imprecation, malediction
حکم تحریم یا تکفیر: ban
منع از راه ارعاب و تهدید: ban
verb - ban
ممنوع ساختن: ban, prohibit, forbid
قدغن کردن: ban, forbid, interdict, accurse, veto
بستن: close, shut, shut down, block, fasten, ban
منع کردن: prevent, ban, forbid, prohibit, withhold, inhibit
باز داشتن: deter, encumber, prevent, debar, dissuade, ban
تحریم کردن: boycott, ban, blackball, lock out, prohibit, proscribe
لعن کردن: ban, maledict
اجازه ندادن: ban, forbid, interdict, prohibit

Question 720

consecutive

ger: aufeinanderfolgend, fortlaufend, Konsekutive

Answer 720

consecutive [kənˈsekjutiv]
♦ adjective
following one after the other in regular order: He visited us on two consecutive days, Thursday and Friday.
پشت سر هم؛ متوالی
conˈsecutively
♦ adverb
.
پی در پی؛ بطور متوالی

onsecutive interpreting
Konsekutivdolmetschen nt
consecutive clause
Konsekutivsatz m fachspr
the third consecutive weekend that I’ve spent working
schon das dritte Wochenende, an dem ich arbeite
this is the fifth consecutive night that I haven’t slept
ich habe jetzt schon fünf Nächte hintereinander nicht geschlafen

Question 721

sabotage [ˈsӕbətaːʒ]

Ger: etw sabotieren

Answer 721

sabotage [ˈsӕbətaːʒ]
♦ noun
the deliberate destruction in secret of machinery, bridges, equipment etc , by eg enemies in wartime, dissatisfied workers etc .
خرابكاري

♦ verb
to destroy, damage or cause to fail by sabotage.
خرابكاري كردن
ˌsaboˈteur [-ˈtəː]
♦ noun
a person who sabotages: The soldiers shot the three saboteurs. t

/sab´ǝ täzh´/
n., vt., vi.
● خرابکاری،کارشکنی
the secret burning down of factories was one of the many acts of sabotage by German agents
آتش زدن مخفیانه‌ی کارخانه‌ها یکی از چندین نوع خرابکاری عوامل آلمانی بود.
● خرابکارانه،کارشکنانه
● شر به پا کردن،خرابکاری کردن،کارشکنی کردن
they sabotaged the railways by blowing up bridges
آنها با منفجر کردن پل‌ها در راه‌آهن خرابکاری می‌کردند.
he constantly sabotaged the activities of the office
او دائما در امور اداره کار شکنی می‌کرد.

Question 722

commodity [kəˈmodəti]

ger:
Ware f

Answer 722

commodity [kəˈmodəti]– plural comˈmodities –
♦ noun
an article which is bought or sold: soap, toothpaste and other household commodities.
کالا؛ جنس

precious commodity
kostbarer [o. wertvoller] Rohstoff
futures commodity
Terminware f
commodity exchange
Warenbörse f
hard commodity
metallischer Rohstoff
soft commodity
Lebensmittelrohstoff m
[commodity] futures market
Terminmarkt m
commodity futures exchange
Warenterminbörse f
commodity future transaction
Warentermingeschäft nt
commodity futures market
Warenterminmarkt m
commodity futures instrument
Warentermininstrument nt

Question 723

contraception [kontrəˈsepʃən]

eng:
Empfängnisverhütung
Kontrazeption f fachspr
Verhütungsmethode f

Answer 723

contraception [kontrəˈsepʃən]
♦ noun
the prevention of conceiving children; birth-control.
جلوگیری از بارداری
ˌcontraˈceptive [-tiv]
♦ noun
(a pill etc ) preventing pregnancy.
هر وسیلۀ جلوگیری از بارداری

Question 724

desertification

ger: Desertifikation

Answer 724

desertification
noun [ U ] ENVIRONMENT specialized
UK /dɪˌzɜː.tɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/ US /dɪˌzɝː.t̬ə.fəˈkeɪ.ʃən/
Add to word list
the process by which land changes into desert, for example because there has been too much farming activity on it or because a lot of trees have been cut down

Question 725

ghettoize

ger: Gettoisierung

assimilate
ger: assimilieren

Answer 725

ghettoize
verb [ T often passive ] (UK usually ghettoise)
UK /ˈɡet.əʊ.aɪz/ US /ˈɡet̬.oʊ.aɪz/
Add to word list
to treat a particular group in society as if they are different from the other parts of society and as if their activities and interests are not important to other people:

Feminist writers, she claimed, had been ghettoized, their books placed on separate shelves in the shops.

The TV company is aware of the danger of ghettoizing disability issues by offering “specialist” programmes.

ghetto [ˈgetəu]– plural ˈghetto(e)s –
♦ noun
a (poor) part of a city etc in which a certain group of people (especially immigrants) lives: Large cities like New York have many ghettoes.
محل سکونت اقلیت ها

😄 assimilate [əˈsiməleit]

assimilate
verb [ I or T ]
UK /əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/ US /əˈsɪm.ə.leɪt/
assimilate verb [I or T] (JOIN)

Add to word list
to become part of a group, country, society, etc., or to make someone or something become part of a group, country, society, etc.:

The European Union should remain flexible enough to assimilate more countries quickly.

You shouldn’t expect immigrants to assimilate into an alien culture immediately.

♦ verb
to take in and digest: Plants assimilate food from the earth; I can’t assimilate all these facts at once.
جذب کردن؛ تحلیل کردن
asˌsimiˈlation
♦ noun
.
هضم؛ جذب

😅 acculturation
noun [ U ]
US/əˌkəl·tʃəˈreɪ·ʃən/

SOCIAL STUDIES
changing of one culture to be more like another

acculturate
verb [ I or T ]
UK /əˈkʌl.tʃər.eɪt/ US /əˈkʌl.tʃə.reɪt/
Add to word list
to change so that you become more like people from a different culture, or to make someone change in this way:

How did Hispanics acculturate to life in America?

Question 726

wear someone down

ger: zermürben

Answer 726

wear someone down
phrasal verb with wear verb
UK /weər/ US /wer/
wore | worn

to make someone feel tired and less able to deal successfully with a situation:

Both sides are trying to wear the other down by being obstinate in the negotiations.

All the stress and extra travel is beginning to wear him down.

Question 727

recruit

ger: rekrutieren

Answer 727

recruit
noun [ C ]
UK /rɪˈkruːt/ US /rɪˈkruːt/

C2
a new member of an organization, especially the army:

Raw recruits (= completely new soldiers) were trained for six months and then sent to the war front.

recruit
verb [ T ]
US /rɪˈkrut/

to persuade someone to become a new member of an organization:
The coach spends a lot of time recruiting the top high school athletes.

recruit [rəˈkruːt]
♦ noun
1 a person who has (just) joined the army, air force etc .
سرباز؛ سرباز جدید
2 a person who has (just) joined a society, group etc : Our party needs new recruits before the next election.
عضو جدید

♦ verb
to cause to join the army, a society etc : We must recruit more troops; Can’t you recruit more members to the music society?
سرباز گرفتن؛ به خدمت سربازی در آمدن
reˈcruitment
♦ noun
.
استخدام؛ سرباز گیری

Question 728

diverge

ger: divergieren

Answer 728

diverge [daiˈvəːdʒ]
♦ verb
1 to separate and go in different directions: The roads diverge three kilometres further on.
جدا شدن؛ منشعب شدن
2 to differ (from someone or something else); to go away (from a standard): This is where our opinions diverge.
اختلاف پیدا کردن؛ مختلف شدن
diˈvergence
♦ noun
.
جدایی؛ اختلاف عقیده
diˈvergent
♦ adjective
.
جدا شونده؛ متفاوت

Question 729

prosper

ger: prosperieren

Answer 729

prosper [ˈprospə]
♦ verb
to do well; to succeed: His business is prospering.
موفق شدن
proˈsperity [-ˈspe-]
♦ noun
success; wealth: We wish you happiness and prosperity.
بهروزی
ˈprosperous
♦ adjective
successful, especially in business: a prosperous businessman.
موفق
ˈprosperously
♦ adverb
.
بطور موفقیت آمیز

As the company prospered, we prospered.

a prosperous business

a period of increasing prosperity

Question 730

ramification

ger: Konsequenz

Answer 730

ramification
noun [ C usually plural ]
UK /ˌræm.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃənz/ US /ˌræm.ə.fəˈkeɪ.ʃənz/
Add to word list

the possible results of an action:

Have you considered all the ramifications of your suggestion?

ramification (consequences)
Auswirkung f

ramification (consequences)
Konsequenz f

ramification (subdivision of a structure)
Verzweigung f

Question 731

superfluous

überflüssig

Answer 731

more than is needed or wanted:
The report was marred by a mass of superfluous detail.

superfluous [suˈpəːfluəs]
♦ adjective
extra; beyond what is needed or wanted.
اضافي

● زیادی،زائد،غیر ضروری،نالازم،بیستار،بیش از نیاز،اضافی
eliminate all the superfluous words in this page
همه‌ی واژه‌ی‌های زائد این صفحه را حذف کنید.
his warning was superfluous
هشدار او غیر ضروری بود.
the crowd was so orderly that the police presence seemed superfluous
آن جمعیت آنقدر مرتب و منظم بود که حضور پلیس غیر ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسید.
● (مهجور) اسراف

Question 732

humiliate

Ger: jdn demütigen [o. erniedrigen] / jdn, sich blamieren

Answer 732

[(h)yo͞oˌmilēˈāSHən]
noun - humiliation
تحقیر: humiliation, contempt, disdain, scorn, humility, belittlement
احساس حقارت: humiliation

humiliate
verb [ T ]
UK /hjuːˈmɪl.i.eɪt/ US /hjuːˈmɪl.i.eɪt/
Add to word list
to make someone feel ashamed or lose respect for himself or herself:

How could you humiliate me by questioning my judgment in front of everyone like that?

England were humiliated (= completely defeated) in last night’s match.

to make you feel ashamed or lose respect for yourself:
They called him an old fool in public just to humiliate him.

humiliate [hjuˈmilieit]
♦ verb
to make (someone) feel ashamed: He was humiliated to find that his girlfriend could run faster than he could.
تحقير كردن
huˈmiliating
♦ adjective
.
توهين آميز
huˌmiliˈation
♦ noun
.
تحقير

● سرافکنده کردن،تحقیر کردن،سرشکسته کردن،خوار کردن،هاژیدن،شرمسار کردن،خفت دادن
I was humiliated when the teacher asked me to leave the class
هنگامی که آموزگار به من گفت که از کلاس بروم بیرون بسیار سرافکنده شدم.
one should not humiliate a child in front of his friends
بچه را نباید جلو دوستانش خفیف کرد.
* humiliating, adj.
1- تحقیر کننده،خفت آور،شرم انگیز،هاژانگیز 2- تحقیرآمیز،هاژآمیز،خفت آمیز
* humiliation, n.
سرافکندگی،سرشکستگی،خواری،خفت،تحقیر،هاژش،هاژی

don’t humiliate me in front of all my friends!
stelle mich nicht vor all meinen Freunden bloß!

Question 733

inadequacy

feelings of inadequacy

to feel inadequate

Answer 733

inadequate [inˈӕdikwət]
♦ adjective
not sufficient; not adequate: inadequate supplies; Our equipment is inadequate for this job.
ناکافی
inˈadequacy
♦ noun
.
کمبود

● نابسنده،ناکافی،کم
his monthly salary was inadequate
حقوق ماهیانه‌ی او کافی نبود.
● بی‌صلاحیت،بی‌لیاقت،ناشایسته
they were inadequate to the task
آنها از پس آن کار بر نمی‌آمدند.

inadequacy
noun
UK /ɪˈnæd.ɪ.kwə.si/ US /ɪˈnæd.ə.kwə.si/
Add to word list
[ C or U ]
the fact that something is not good enough or is too small in amount:

Economic growth is hindered by the inadequacies of the public transport system.

The inadequacy of the budget is likely to cause problems.

[ U ]
a lack of confidence that makes you feel unable to deal with a situation:

I always suffer from feelings of inadequacy when I’m with him.

inadequacy
Unzulänglichkeit f

feelings of inadequacy
Minderwertigkeitsgefühle

inadequate
unzureichend

pathetically inadequate
völlig unzulänglich
woefully inadequate
völlig unzulänglich
inadequate street lighting
unzureichende Straßenbeleuchtung
to feel inadequate
Minderwertigkeitsgefühle haben
some of the samples were wretchedly inadequate
einige der Muster passten überhaupt nicht
he is wholly inadequate to the demands of the job
er genügt den beruflichen Anforderungen in keinster Weise

Question 734

digest / digestion

Answer 734

/di jes´chǝn, dī-/
n.
● گوارش،هضم
some drugs aid digestion
برخی داروها گوارش را آسان می‌کنند.
there are several stages to the digestion of food
هضم غذا در چندین مرحله انجام می‌گیرد.
● (توانایی هضم خوراک) هاضمه،گوارد
her mother suffers from poor digestion
مادرش از سوهاضمه رنج می‌برد.
● فهم،درک،دریابی،(مجازی)در آشامی
the digestion of all that information in such a short time is impossible
فهم همه‌ی آن اطلاعات در مدتی چنین کوتاه غیرممکن است.
● واهشتگی (تجزیه‌ی) فاضلاب توسط باکتری‌ها

digest [daiˈdʒest]
♦ verb
1 to break up (food) in the stomach etc and turn it into a form which the body can use: The invalid had to have food that was easy to digest.
هضم کردن
2 to take in and think over (information etc ): It took me some minutes to digest what he had said.
فهمیدن؛ دریافتن

♦ noun
summary; brief account: a digest of the week’s news.
خلاصه؛ چکیده
diˈgestible
♦ adjective
able to be digested: This food is scarcely digestible.
زود هضم؛ قابل هضم
diˈgestion [-tʃən]
♦ noun
1 the act of digesting food.
هضم
2 the ability of one’s body to digest food: poor digestion.
هاضمه
diˈgestive [-tiv]
♦ adjective
of digestion: the human digestive system.
گوارشی؛ هاضمه

dī´jest´, di jest´/
n., vt., vi.
● (کتاب و مقاله و غیره) چکیده،خلاصه،تلخیص،کوته‌وار،کوته‌سخن
the digest of a novel
چکیده‌ی رمان
a digest of the day’s news
خلاصه‌ی اخبار روز
● خلاصه کردن،کوته‌وار کردن،تلخیص کردن
he digested all of the regulations in a single volume
او کلیه‌ی مقررات را در یک جلد خلاصه کرد.
● هضم شدن یا کردن،گواردن،گواریدن،گواراندن
it is not easy to digest certain foods
هضم برخی غذاها آسان نیست.
enzymes digest most proteins
آنزیم‌ها بیشتر پروتئین‌ها را هضم می‌کنند.
boiled eggs digest easily
تخم‌مرغ آب‌پز به آسانی گواریده می‌شود.
● تحلیل بردن،وابردن
sugars are digested by yeasts
قندها توسط مخمرها تحلیل برده می‌شوند.
● فهمیدن،دریافتن،(مجازی) جذب کردن
you must read this article carefully and digest its meaning
این مقاله را باید با دقت بخوانید و معنی آن را درک کنید.
● (معمولا جمع - حرف بزرگ - حقوق) مجموعه‌ی قوانین امپراطوری روم که به دستور ژوستینیان امپراطور روم در پنجاه جلد تدوین شد

Question 735

friction [ˈfrikʃən]

ger: Friktion

Answer 735

friction [ˈfrikʃən]
♦ noun
1 the rubbing together of two things: The friction between the head of the match and the matchbox causes a spark.
سایش
2 the resistance felt when one object is moved against another (or through liquid or gas): There is friction between the wheels of a car and the road-surface.
اصطکاک
3 quarrelling; disagreement: There seems to be some friction between the workmen and the manager.
اختلاف نظر؛ برخورد

friction
noun [ U ]
US /ˈfrɪk·ʃən/
friction noun [U] (FORCE)

Add to word list
PHYSICS

the force that works against an object as it slides along the surface of another object or moves through a liquid or gas:

A gasoline engine loses over 70 percent of its energy to friction and heat.

disagreement or unfriendliness caused by people having different opinions:

There’s a lot of friction between my wife and my mother.

Politics is a source of considerable friction in our family.

Border clashes have led to increased friction between the two countries.

Question 736

simultaneous

ger: Simultan

Answer 736

simultaneous [siməlˈteiniəs, (American) sai-]
♦ adjective
happening, or done, at exactly the same time: He fell, and there was a simultaneous gasp from the crowd.
همزمان
ˌsimulˈtaneously
♦ adverb
.
به طور همزمان

simultaneous translator
Simultandolmetscher(in) m (f)
simultaneous translation
Simultandolmetschen nt

simultaneous
gleichzeitig
simultaneous
zeitgleich
simultaneous COMPUT
gleichzeitig
simultaneous COMPUT
Simultan-
simultaneous COMPUT
simultan-

Question 737

crucible

ger:
Schmelztiegel m

Answer 737

crucible [ˈkruːsibl]
♦ noun
a pot in which metals etc may be melted: He heated the chemicals in a crucible in the laboratory.
بوته؛ دیگ کوره

Question 738

triumph

ger: Triumph

Answer 738

US UK AU triumph [ˈtraiamf]
♦ noun
1 a great victory or success: The battle ended in a triumph for the Romans.
پیروزی
2 a state of happiness, celebration, pride etc after a success: They went home in triumph.
جشن پیروزی

♦ verb
to win a victory: The Romans triumphed (over their enemies).
پیروز شدن
triˈumphal
♦ adjective
having to do with (a) triumph: a triumphal battle.
پیروزمندانه؛ وابسته به پیروزی
triˈumphant
♦ adjective
(glad and excited because of) having won a victory, achieved something difficult etc : He gave a triumphant shout.
پیروز؛ شادمان
triˈumphantly
♦ adverb
.
پیروز مندانه

Question 739

heed

deutsch: wahrnehmen

Answer 739

heed [hiːd]
♦ verb
to pay attention to: He refused to heed my warning; Heed what I say!
توجه كردن به
ˈheedful
♦ adjective
(with of ) paying attention to; responding to: heedful of danger.
متوجه
ˈheedless
♦ adjective
(especially with of ) careless; paying no attention: Heedless of the danger, he ran into the burning building to rescue the girl.
بی توجه
ˈheedlessly
♦ adverb
.
با بی توجهی
pay heed to, *take heed of
Take heed of my warning; He paid no heed to me.
توجه كردن به

to heed a warning
eine Warnung ernst nehmen
to heed advice
einen Rat befolgen [o. geh beherzigen]
to pay heed to sth
auf etw Akk hören
to pay heed to sth, to take heed of sth
auf etw Akk achten

Question 740

fragile

Answer 740

fragile [ˈfrӕdʒail, (American) ˈfradʒəl]
♦ adjective
easily broken: a fragile glass vase.
شکستنی
fraˈgility [-ˈdʒi-]
♦ noun
.
سستی

“fragile” (on packages)
„zerbrechlich“
to feel fragile
sich Akk schwach fühlen
happiness is a fragile thing
das Glück ist eine unsichere Angelegenheit

Question 741

bold

Answer 741

bold [bəuld]
♦ adjective
1 daring or fearless: a bold plan of attack.
نترس؛ متهور
2 striking and well-marked: a dress with bold stripes.
برجسته
3 (of type) thick and clear, like this .
درشت و خوانا
ˈboldly
♦ adverb
.
با جسارت؛ گستاخانه
ˈboldness
♦ noun
.
جسارت؛ بی پروایی
bold as brass
very cheeky: She walked in late as bold as brass.
بسیار پر رو؛ گستاخ

bold print
Fettdruck m
bold stroke
mutiger Vorstoß
as bold as brass
frech wie Oskar ugs
printed in bold type
fett gedruckt
in bold type
in fetten Buchstaben
bold brush strokes
kühne Pinselstriche
indicated in red/bold
rot/fett eingezeichnet [o. gekennzeichnet]
bold colours [or Am colors]
kräftige Farben

Question 742

predecessor

Answer 742

predecessor [ˈpriːdisesə, (American) ˈpre-]
♦ noun
1 someone who has had a particular job or position before: He was my predecessor as manager.
متصدی پیشین
2 an ancestor: My predecessors came from Scotland.
جد

pre-predecessor
Vorvorgänger(in) mf
pre-predecessor
Vorvorläufer(in) mf

Question 743

oath

de: Eid

Answer 743

oath [əuθ]– plural oaths [ouθs ouðz] –
♦ noun
1 a solemn promise: He swore an oath to support the king.
سوگند
2 a word or phrase used when swearing: curses and oaths.
دشنام
on/under oath
having sworn an oath to tell the truth in a court of law: The witness is on/under oath.
قسم خورده

papal oath
Papsteid m
under oath
unter Eid
solemn oath
heiliger Eid
administration of an oath
Vereidigung f
to declare under oath
unter Eid aussagen
to be under oath
unter Eid stehen
to take the oath
vereidigt werden
to break one’s oath
seinen Schwur brechen

Question 744

strife

Answer 744

strife [straif]
♦ noun
conflict, fighting or quarrelling: a country torn by strife; industrial strife (= disagreement between employers and workers).
نزاع

ethnic strife
ethnische Unruhen pl
industrial strife
Auseinandersetzungen pl in der Industrie
domestic strife
häusliche Streitigkeiten pl
civil strife
Auseinandersetzungen pl in der Bevölkerung
torn by internecine strife
von vernichtenden internen Kämpfen zerrissen
the recent elections took place without strife
die derzeitigen Wahlen verliefen ohne Störungen
the civil war is just the latest outbreak of fratricidal strife in that area
der Bürgerkrieg ist nur der jüngste Ausbruch der inneren Zerrissenheit in diesem Gebiet

Question 745

peril

ger. die Gefahr

Answer 745

peril [ˈperil]
♦ noun
great danger: You are in great peril; The explorers knew they would face many perils.
خطر
ˈperilous
♦ adjective
very dangerous: a perilous journey.
خطرناک
ˈperilousness
♦ noun
.
مخاطره
ˈperilously
♦ adverb
dangerously: He came perilously close to death.
بطور خطرناک

to be in peril
in Gefahr sein
at one’s peril
auf eigene Gefahr
the yellow peril beleidigend dated
die gelbe Gefahr abw
he is in peril of his life
er ist in Lebensgefahr

Question 746

stalk

Answer 746

stalk1 [stoːk]
♦ noun
the stem of a plant or of a leaf, flower or fruit: If the stalk is damaged, the plant may die.
ساقه گياه

stalk
verb
UK /stɔːk/ US /stɑːk/
stalk verb (FOLLOW)

[ T ]
to follow an animal or person as closely as possible without being seen or heard, usually in order to catch or kill them:
The police had been stalking the woman for a week before they arrested her.

[ I or T ]
to illegally follow and watch someone over a period of time:
He had stalked her for several months before he was arrested.
He was arrested for stalking.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples

[ T ] literary
If something unpleasant stalks a place, it appears there in a threatening way:
When night falls, danger stalks the streets of the city.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
stalk verb (WALK)

[ I + adv/prep ]
to walk in an angry or proud way:
She refused to accept that she was wrong and stalked furiously out of the room.

rhubarb stalk
Rhabarberstängel m
to stalk a place
einen Ort heimsuchen liter
stalk of celery
Selleriestange f
tall blade/stalk
langer Grashalm/Stängel

Question 747

stalk

Answer 747

stalk1 [stoːk]
♦ noun
the stem of a plant or of a leaf, flower or fruit: If the stalk is damaged, the plant may die.
ساقه گياه

stalk
verb
UK /stɔːk/ US /stɑːk/
stalk verb (FOLLOW)

[ T ]
to follow an animal or person as closely as possible without being seen or heard, usually in order to catch or kill them:
The police had been stalking the woman for a week before they arrested her.

[ I or T ]
to illegally follow and watch someone over a period of time:
He had stalked her for several months before he was arrested.
He was arrested for stalking.
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples

[ T ] literary
If something unpleasant stalks a place, it appears there in a threatening way:
When night falls, danger stalks the streets of the city.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
stalk verb (WALK)

[ I + adv/prep ]
to walk in an angry or proud way:
She refused to accept that she was wrong and stalked furiously out of the room.

rhubarb stalk
Rhabarberstängel m
to stalk a place
einen Ort heimsuchen liter
stalk of celery
Selleriestange f
tall blade/stalk
langer Grashalm/Stängel

Question 748

defer

Answer 748

defer1 [diˈfəː]– past tense, past participle deˈferred –
♦ verb
to put off to another time: They can defer their departure.
به تاخیر انداختن

defer
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈfɜːr/ US /dɪˈfɝː/
-rr-
Add to word list
to delay something until a later time:
My bank has agreed to defer the repayments on my loan.
[ + -ing verb ] Can we defer making a decision until next week?

defer
verb [ T ]
UK /dɪˈfɜːr/ US
-rr-
Add to word list
to delay something until a later time:
defer action/a decision The committee decided to defer a decision on the takeover bid until a later date.
defer tax/payment
defer doing sth The scheme enables investors to defer paying taxes on the gain.
deferment

noun [ C or U ] UK/dɪˈfɜːmənt/ US/-ˈfɝː-/ (also deferral)
Cheaper graduate loans are available without the deferment option.

to defer a decision
eine Entscheidung vertagen
to defer to sb’s judgement
sich Akk jds Urteil fügen

Question 749

domestic

doˌmestiˈcation

Answer 749

domestic [dəˈmestik]
♦ adjective
1 of or in the house or home: a domestic servant; domestic utensils.
خانگی
2 concerning one’s private life or family: domestic problems.
خانوادگی
3 (of animals) tame and living with or used by people.
اهلی؛ خانگی
4 not foreign: the Government’s domestic policy.
بومی؛ داخلی
doˈmesticated [-keitid]
♦ adjective
1 (of animals) accustomed to living near and being used by people: Cows and sheep have been domesticated for many thousands of years.
اهلی؛ خانگی
2 good at doing jobs associated with running a house: My husband has become very domesticated since I’ve been ill.
اهل خانه و زندگی؛ خانه گرای
doˌmestiˈcation
♦ noun
.
رام کردن؛ اهلی سازی
domesticity [doumeˈstisəti]
♦ noun
(fondness for) home life.
خانه گرای
domestic help
(a person paid to give) assistance with housework etc .
خدمتکار خانه

domestic wines
einheimische Weine
domestic market
Binnenmarkt m
domestic mail
Inlandspost f
domestic routes
Inlandsflüge pl
domestic bliss
häusliches Glück
domestic discord
häusliche Zwietracht
domestic violence
Gewalt f in der Familie
domestic work
Hausarbeit f
domestic technology
Haushaltstechnik f
domestic product
einheimisches Produkt [o. Erzeugnis]
domestic trade
Binnenhandel m
domestic affairs
innere [o. innenpolitische] Angelegenheiten
domestic airline
Inlandsfluggesellschaft f
domestic considerations
innenpolitische Erwägungen
domestic policy
Innenpolitik f
domestic commitments
familiäre Verpflichtungen

Question 750

elusive

Itrequires the mostelusive of all thingsin a democracy: Unity. Unity.

Answer 750

elusive
adjective
UK /iˈluː.sɪv/ US /iˈluː.sɪv/
Add to word list
C2
difficult to describe, find, achieve, or remember:
The answers to these questions remain as elusive as ever.
Success, however, remained elusive for her.
elusive memories

elusive memory
schlechtes Gedächtnis
elusive thought
flüchtiger Gedanke
elusive meaning
schwer definierbare Bedeutung
he was a very elusive person
er war so jemand, der ständig ausweicht

Question 751

foe

Feind m

Answer 751

foe [fəu]
♦ noun
an enemy: He fought against the foe.
دشمن

Question 752

resentment

Verbitterung f
resentment
Groll m

Answer 752

resentment

noun [ C or U ]
UK /rɪˈzent.mənt/ US /rɪˈzent.mənt/
Add to word list
C2
a feeling of anger because you have been forced to accept something that you do not like:
He harbours a deep resentment against his parents for his miserable childhood.
This decision has caused resentment among some teachers.

open resentment
unverhohlene Abneigung
to breed resentment
Ärger hervorrufen
all his resentment spilled out
sein ganzer Ärger sprudelte aus ihm heraus
to fuel sb’s hatred/resentment
jds Hass/Unmut schüren geh
a prick of anxiety/resentment
ein Anflug m von Angst/Groll
to fan fears/passions/resentment
Ängste/Leidenschaften/Ablehnung schüren [o. geh entfachen]
the incident left a feeling of resentment
der Vorfall hinterließ einen unangenehmen Nachgeschmack
to stir up anger/interest/resentment
Ärger/Interesse/Groll erregen

Question 753

hatred

Hass

Answer 753

hatred
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈheɪ.trɪd/ US /ˈheɪ.trɪd/
Add to word list
C1
an extremely strong feeling of dislike:
What is very clear in these letters is Clark’s passionate hatred of his father.
The motive for this shocking attack seems to be racial hatred.

unreasoning hatred
grundloser Hass
inveterate hatred
tief verwurzelter Hass
ineradicable hatred
ohnmächtiger Hass
intense hatred
rasender Hass
mortal hatred
tödlicher Hass
racial hatred
Rassenhass m
incitement of racial hatred
Aufwiegelung f zum Rassenhass
to stir up hatred
Hass hervorrufen

Question 754

perennial

Answer 754

perennial [pəˈreniəl]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(a plant) which lasts for more than two years: Daffodils are perennial plants; They are perennials.
چند سال زی

adjective
UK /pəˈren.i.əl/ US /pəˈren.i.əl/
Add to word list
lasting a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time:
The film “White Christmas” is a perennial favourite.
We face the perennial problem of not having enough money.

perennial favourite
Dauerbrenner m
perennial problem
ewiges Problem
perennial beauty/truth
unsterbliche Schönheit/Wahrheit
hardy annual/perennial
einjährige/mehrjährige [winterharte] Pflanze

Question 755

perennial

Answer 755

perennial [pəˈreniəl]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(a plant) which lasts for more than two years: Daffodils are perennial plants; They are perennials.
چند سال زی

adjective
UK /pəˈren.i.əl/ US /pəˈren.i.əl/
Add to word list
lasting a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time:
The film “White Christmas” is a perennial favourite.
We face the perennial problem of not having enough money.

perennial favourite
Dauerbrenner m
perennial problem
ewiges Problem
perennial beauty/truth
unsterbliche Schönheit/Wahrheit
hardy annual/perennial
einjährige/mehrjährige [winterharte] Pflanze

Question 756

perennial

Answer 756

perennial [pəˈreniəl]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(a plant) which lasts for more than two years: Daffodils are perennial plants; They are perennials.
چند سال زی

adjective
UK /pəˈren.i.əl/ US /pəˈren.i.əl/
Add to word list
lasting a very long time, or happening repeatedly or all the time:
The film “White Christmas” is a perennial favourite.
We face the perennial problem of not having enough money.

perennial favourite
Dauerbrenner m
perennial problem
ewiges Problem
perennial beauty/truth
unsterbliche Schönheit/Wahrheit
hardy annual/perennial
einjährige/mehrjährige [winterharte] Pflanze

Question 757

setback

Rückschlag m

Answer 757

setback
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈset.bæk/ US /ˈset.bæk/
Add to word list
C1
something that happens that delays or prevents a process from developing:

Sally had been recovering well from her operation, but yesterday she experienced/suffered a setback.
There has been a slight/temporary setback in our plans.

Question 758

adversary

Gegner

Answer 758

adversary [ˈӕdvəsəri]– plural ˈadversaries –
♦ noun
an opponent; an enemy: his adversary in the chess match.
حریف؛ دشمن

formidable adversary
schwieriger Gegner/schwierige Gegnerin
to come up against a powerful adversary SPORT
auf einen starken Gegner treffen

Question 759

inaugural

Antrittsrede f

Answer 759

inaugural
adjective [ before noun ]
UK /ɪˈnɔː.ɡjə.rəl/ US /ɪˈnɑː.ɡjə.rəl/
Add to word list
An inaugural speech is the first speech someone gives when starting an important new job:
the president’s inaugural address to the nation

An inaugural event is the first in a series of planned events:
the inaugural meeting of the archaeological society

Question 760

sacred [ˈseikrid]

Answer 760

sacred [ˈseikrid]
♦ adjective
1 of God or a god; (that must be respected because) connected with religion or with God or a god: Temples, mosques, churches and synagogues are all sacred buildings.
مقدس
2 (of a duty etc ) which must be done etc eg because of respect for someone: He considered it a sacred duty to fulfil his dead father’s wishes.
مذهبي
ˈsacredness
♦ noun
.
تقدس
nothing is sacred (to him, *themetc )
he, they etc have no respect for anything.
كسي كه براي هيچ چيز احترام قائل نيست

Question 761

dissent

Answer 761

dissent [diˈsent]
♦ noun
disagreement: There was a murmur of dissent.
مخالفت

♦ verb
(with from ) to disagree: I dissent from the general opinion.
اختلاف عقیده داشتن
disˈsension [-ʃən]
♦ noun
disagreement: The proposal caused a great deal of dissension.
اختلاف عقیده

to tolerate no dissent
keine Widerrede dulden
voice of dissent
Gegenstimme f
tolerance of dissent
Toleranz f gegenüber Andersdenkenden
to brook [or tolerate] no dissent
keinen Widerspruch dulden
there is some dissent on this issue
in dieser Angelegenheit ist man sich uneinig

Question 762

pledge

Answer 762

pledge [pledʒ]
♦ noun
1 a promise: He gave me his pledge.
قول
2 something given by a person who is borrowing money etc to the person he has borrowed it from, to be kept until the money etc is returned: He borrowed $20 and left his watch as a pledge.
گرو
3 a sign or token: They exchanged rings as a pledge of their love.
نشانه

♦ verb
1 to promise: He pledged his support.
قول دادن
2 to give to someone when borrowing money etc : to pledge one’s watch.
گرو گذاشتن

holder of a pledge FIN
Pfandhalter(in) m (f)
to redeem a pledge
ein Pfand einlösen
campaign pledge [or promise]
Wahlversprechen nt
to pledge support
Unterstützung zusichern
to pledge money
Geld versprechen
to pledge loyalty
Treue schwören
to make a pledge that …
geloben, dass …
to fulfil [or honour] a pledge
ein Versprechen halten

Question 763

trepidation

Answer 763

trepidation
noun [ U ] formal
UK /ˌtrep.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌtrep.əˈdeɪ.ʃən/
Add to word list
fear or worry about what is going to happen:
We view future developments with some trepidation.

a feeling of trepidation
ein beklommenes Gefühl

Question 764

mortgage

Answer 764

mortgage [ˈmoːgidʒ]
♦ noun
a legal agreement by which a sum of money is lent for the purpose of buying buildings, land etc .
گرو گذاشتن

♦ verb
to offer (buildings etc ) as security for a loan.
گرو گذاشتن

mortgage
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈmɔː.ɡɪdʒ/ US /ˈmɔːr.ɡɪdʒ/
Add to word list
an agreement that allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house, or the amount of money itself:
They took out a £400,000 mortgage (= they borrowed £400,000) to buy the house.
a monthly mortgage payment

certificated mortgage
Buchhypothek f
amortizable mortgage
Tilgungshypothek f
mortgage repossession
Zwangsenteignung f
mortgage payer
Hypothekenzahler(in) m (f)
chattel mortgage
Mobiliarsicherheit f
equitable mortgage
formlose Hypothek
mortgage claim
Hypothekenforderung f
mortgage rate
Hypothekenzinsfuß m fachspr

Question 765

inward

Answer 765

inward [ˈinwəd]
♦ adjective
1 being within, especially in the mind: his inward thoughts.
درونی
2 moving towards the inside: an inward curve in the coastline.
درون سوی
ˈinward, *ˈinwards
♦ adverb
towards the inside or the centre: When one of the eyes turns inwards, we call the effect a squint.
به طرف داخل
ˈinwardly
♦ adverb
in one’s thoughts; secretly: He was inwardly pleased when she failed; She was laughing/groaning inwardly.
باطناً؛ از ته دل

inward trade
Einfuhrhandel m
inward room
innen gelegener Raum
inward duty
Einfuhrzoll m
inward passage
Heimreise f
inward life
Seelenleben nt
inward laughter
innerliches Lachen
inward parts ANAT
innere Organe fachspr
inward spot
nach innen gehender [o. gerichteter] Strahler

Question 766

titulieren

Answer 766

titulieren
ti·tu·lie·ren titulieren VERB (mit OBJ) jmd. tituliert jmdn. irgendwie geh. bezeichnen

Der Angeklagte soll den Kläger als “Vollidioten” tituliert haben.

Bedeutungen:
[1] transitiv: selten: etwas, insbesondere einem Kunstwerk, Buch oder Aufsatz einen Titel geben, mit einer Überschrift versehen
[2] transitiv:
[a] veraltend: jemanden mit seinem Titel anreden
[b] pejorativ: jemanden mit einem negativen Begriff bezeichnen
Abkürzungen:
titl.
Herkunft:
entlehnt von spätlateinisch titulare → la in gleicher Bedeutung, einer Ableitung zu lateinisch titulus → la „Titel“[1]
Synonyme:
[1] betiteln, benennen, bezeichnen
[2a] anreden, ansprechen
[2b] beschimpfen, heißen
Oberbegriffe:
[1, 2] nennen
Beispiele:
[1] “Überleg Dir doch das Glaubensbekenntnis etwas”, hatte Engels schon am 24. November 1847 aus Paris geschrieben, “ich glaube, wir tun am besten, wir lassen die Katechismusform weg und titulieren das Ding: Kommunistisches Manifest.”[2]
[2a] Dass Máxima als Königin tituliert wird, bedeutet nicht, dass sie die mit dem Königsamt verbundenen Befugnisse und Verantwortlichkeiten hätte.[3]
[2b] Im Sommer 1931 begann Dönhoff das Studium der Volkswirtschaft in Königsberg und wechselte zum Wintersemester an die Universität Frankfurt am Main, wo sie wegen ihrer Sympathie für die Linken als „Rote Gräfin“ tituliert wurde.[4]
[2b] Was Erdoğan aber jetzt sagte, nämlich den Gründer der türkischen Republik als Säufer zu titulieren, das treibt auch die Kemalisten und Nationalisten auf die Straße, …[5]
Charakteristische Wortkombinationen:
[2b] abschätzig titulieren

Question 767

backlash

though they have still have to worry about public backlash

Answer 767

to provoke a backlash
eine Gegenreaktion heraufbeschwören

Question 768

Squeeze

I Squeeze through sweaty bodies

Ger : Quetschen

Answer 768

squeeze [skwiːz]
♦ verb
1 to press (something) together or from all sides tightly: He squeezed her hand affectionately; He squeezed the clay into a ball.
به هم فشردن
2 to force (eg oneself) eg into or through a narrow space: The dog squeezed himself / his body into the hole; We were all squeezed into the back seat of the car.
فشارآوردن
3 to force something, eg liquid, out of something by pressing: She squeezed the oranges (into a jug); We might be able to squeeze some more money/information out of him.
عصاره چيزي را گرفتن

♦ noun
1 an act of squeezing: He gave his sister an affectionate squeeze.
فشردگي
2 a condition of being squeezed: We all got into the car, but it was a squeeze.
فشار
3 a few drops produced by squeezing.
مضيقه
4 a time of financial restriction: an economic squeeze.
انقباض اقتصادي
ˈsqueezer
♦ noun
an instrument for squeezing: a lemon squeezer.
فشار دهنده
squeeze up
to move closer together: Could you all squeeze up on the bench and make room for me?
به زور جا دادن

/skwēz/
n., vi., vt.
● به هم فشردن،(از دو یا چند سو) فشار دادن،فشردن،شپیلیدن،افشردن
to squeeze the trigger
ماشه را فشردن
my father squeezed me in his arms
پدرم مرا در آغوش خود فشرد.
he squeezed my arm and said, “look at that man!”
بازویم را فشرد و گفت ((آن آقا را ببین‌!))
● چلاندن،(با فشار) خارج کردن
to squeeze water from a sponge
آب اسفنج را چلاندن
to squeeze a pomegranate and extract its juice
انار را چلاندن و آب آنرا گرفتن
squeeze the clothes well and hang them on the line!
رخت‌ها را خوب بچلان و از بند آویزان کن‌!
● چپاندن،(با فشار) داخل کردن
she squeezed her hand into the hole
دستش را توی سوراخ چپاند.
the driver squeezed eight passengers into his taxi
راننده هشت مسافر را در تاکسی خود چپاند.
● چپیدن،(با فشار) داخل شدن،به سختی عبور کردن
we squeezed into his small room
چپیدیم توی اتاق کوچک او
the fat lady squeezed through the door
خانم چاق به سختی از در رد شد.
● تحت فشار قرار دادن،اجحاف کردن،(به کسی) چپاندن،به زور گرفتن،در مضیقه قرار دادن،در تنگنا گذاشتن
heavy taxes were squeezing the farmers
مالیات‌های سنگین کشاورزان را تحت فشار قرار داده بود.
creditors squeezed his lands from him
طلبکاران زمین‌های او را به زور از او گرفتند.
imported products squeezed the country’s factories
کالاهای وارداتی کارخانه‌های کشور را در تنگنا قرار می‌دادند.
… give or else the tyrant will squeeze it out of you
… بده ورنه ستمگر به زور بستاند
● بغل،آغوش
● در آغوش گرفتن
● فشار (به ویژه از چند سو)
Homa gave the toothpase a squeeze
هما به خمیر دندان فشار داد.
Arianne gave my hand a gentle squeeze
آرین دستم را به نرمی فشار داد.
a financial squeeze
فشار مالی
● اخاذی
● افشره،آب میوه،مقدار کم (که در اثر چلاندن به دست آید)،چند چکه،چند قطره
a squeeze of lemon
چند قطره آب لیمو
● تنگنا،تنگی جا
it was a tight squeeze but we got everyone into the car
جا تنگ بود ولی همگی را در اتومبیل جا دادیم.
● کمبود،کمداشت،مضیقه،تنگدستی
a manpower squeeze
کمبود نیروی انسانی
housing squeeze
کمبود مسکن
* main squeeze
دوست دختر،معشوقه
* put the squeeze on someone
کسی را تحت فشار قرار دادن
* squeeze through (or by)
(عامیانه) با اشکال یا امتیاز بسیار کم قبول شدن یا برنده شدن یا عبور کردن

credit squeeze
Kreditrestriktionen pl
profit squeeze
Verminderung f der Gewinnspanne
to squeeze out ⇆ juice
Saft auspressen
to squeeze a tear
eine Träne [im Auge] zerdrücken
a squeeze on spending
eine Beschränkung der Ausgaben
to squeeze under sth
sich Akk unter etw Dat durchzwängen
a squeeze of lemon
ein Spritzer m Zitronensaft
to squeeze a sponge
einen Schwamm ausdrücken

Question 769

Truancy

De: Schwänzen

Answer 769

truancy
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈtruː.ən.si/ US /ˈtruː.ən.si/
(UK also truanting)
Add to word list

the problem or situation of children being absent from school regularly without permission:

My daughter’s school has very good exam results and hardly any truancy.

Truanting was a serious problem in a fifth of the schools surveyed.

truant [ˈtruənt]
♦ noun
someone who stays away from school etc without permission: The truants were caught and sent back to school.
فراری از مدرسه
ˈtruancy
♦ noun
Truancy is a great problem in some schools.
مدرسه گریزی
play truant
to be a truant and stay away from school etc : He was always playing truant (from school).
از مدرسه فرار کردن

Question 770

Predestined

My apartment was predestined to make parties

Ger: Prädestiniert

Answer 770

predestined
adjective
UK /ˌpriːˈdes.tɪnd/ US /ˌpriːˈdes.tɪnd/
Add to word list
If an action or event is predestined, it is controlled by God or by fate:
It seems the expedition is predestined to fail because there have been so many problems.

Question 771

queue

these people are standing in a queue to get into the cinema

Answer 771

queue [kjuː]
♦ noun
a line of people waiting for something or to do something: a queue for the bus.
صف

♦ verb
to stand in a queue: We had to queue to get into the cinema; We had to queue for the cinema.
صف ایستادن
queue up
to form, or stand in, a queue: We queued up for tickets.
در صف ایستادن

A braid
(noun)
Synonyms:
pony tail
plait
pigtail

A series
(noun)
Synonyms:
line
file
column
chain
tail
braid
rank
waiting line
cue
row
order
string
pigtail
pigtail (of hair)
tier
plait
sequence
succession

Antonyms:
disorganization

Question 772

crisis

De: Krise

the government will be making a statement about the crisis later today

Answer 772

crisis [ˈkraisis]– plural ˈcrises [-siːz] –
♦ noun
1 a deciding moment or turning-point (especially of an illness): Although she is still very ill, she has passed the crisis.
اوج بیماری؛ بحبوحه
2 a time of great danger or difficulty: a crisis such as the recent flooding; You can rely on her in a crisis.
بحران

Question 773

injure

sich verletzen

Answer 773

injure [ˈindʒə]
♦ verb
to harm or damage: He injured his arm when he fell; They were badly injured when the car crashed; A story like that could injure his reputation; His pride has been injured.
آسیب رساندن
ˈinjured
♦ adjective
1 (also noun ) (people who have been) wounded or harmed: The injured (people) were all taken to hospital after the accident.
مصدوم
2 (of feelings, pride etc ) hurt: `Why didn’t you tell me before?’ he said in an injured voice.
آزرده
injurious [inˈdʒuəriəs]
♦ adjective
(with to ) harmful: Smoking is injurious to one’s health.
مضر
ˈinjury– plural ˈinjuries –
♦ noun
(an instance of) harm or damage: Badly designed chairs can cause injury to the spine; The motorcyclist received severe injuries in the crash.
آسیب

o cause physical damage to
(verb)
Synonyms:
hurt
wound
damage
harm

To spoil the soundness or perfection of
(verb)
Synonyms:
damage
harm
hurt
impair
mar
blemish
detract from
abuse
disserve
affront
flaw
assault
bruise
disfigure
prejudice
insult
maim
tarnish
maltreat
vitiate
offend
spoil
wound
wrong

to injure sb/oneself
jdn/sich verletzen
to injure one’s back/leg
sich Dat den Rücken/das Bein verletzen

to injure one’s health
seiner Gesundheit schaden
to injure one’s back/leg
sich Dat den Rücken/das Bein verletzen

Question 773

exception

de:
Ausnahme f

Answer 773

[ikˈsepSHən]
noun - exception
استثنا: exception
استثناء: exception, exclusion, reservation
اعتراض: protest, objection, defiance, protestation, exception

The act of excepting
(noun)
Synonyms:
exclusion
omission
making an exception of
rejection
barring
reservation
leaving-out
ruling out
noninclusion
debarment
segregation
limitation
exemption
elimination
repudiation
excusing
elision

Antonyms:
approval
inclusion
acceptance

That which is excepted
(noun)
Synonyms:
allowance
anomaly
demur
oddity
quirk
irregularity
peculiarity
challenge
special case
difference
expostulation
exemption
objection
nonconformity
privilege
protest
dispensation
complaint
waiver
protestation
deviation
remonstrance
eccentricity
rarity
exclusion
remonstration
squawk
kick
offense
omission

Antonyms:
allowance
custom
admittal
rule
admittance
norm
inclusion

Question 774

fasten

de: sich anschnallen

please fasten your seat belt. the plane will be landing in ten minutes

Answer 774

fasten [ˈfaːsn]
♦ verb
to fix or join (together): Fasten the gate!; She fastened a flower to the front of her dress; He fastened his eyes upon her face.
بستن
ˈfastener
♦ noun
something that fastens things (together): a zip-fastener.
وصل کننده؛ بست

To join two or more things
(verb)
Synonyms:
couple
connect
affix
attach
clip
combine
fix
moor
secure

Antonyms:
unfasten
release
loosen
disconnect
open
detach
unlock
unlink
unchain

To join two or more things
(verb)
Synonyms:
couple
connect
affix
attach
clip
combine
fix
moor
secure

to fasten sth
etw schließen [o. ugs zumachen]
to fasten a button/coat
einen Knopf/Mantel zumachen
to fasten one’s seat belt
sich Akk anschnallen

Question 775

last

de: dauern

the meeting starts at 9:00 amd won´t last longer than an hour. you can be sure that it will have finished by 11 O´Clock

Answer 775

last
verb [ I, L only + noun ]
UK /lɑːst/ US /læst/

B1
to continue to exist:

The meeting lasted two hours.
The drought lasted for several months.

They say the snow will last until the end of next week.

I can’t see the ceasefire lasting.

They haven’t had an argument for two weeks, but it’s too good to last (= they’ll have an argument soon).

I doubt their enthusiasm will last.
He’s working very efficiently at the moment, but it won’t last.

C1
to continue being good or suitable:

There’s no point buying something that isn’t going to last.

The cheaper washing machines should last about five years.

This pen should last (you) a lifetime if you take care of it.

Her previous secretary only lasted a month (= left after this period)

Question 775

fed up

de: die Nase voll haben

I´m fed up with my job. I hope i won´t be doing it much longer

Answer 775

adjective - fed-up
سیروبیزار: fed-up
رنجیده: angry, indignant, sulky, glum, fed-up
بیزار: weary, loath, averse, tired, hateful, fastidious

• I’m fed up with him always preaching to me.
  خسته شدم از نصیحت کردن هاش.

Out of patience with
(adjective)
Synonyms:
tired
disgusted
sick
tired of
sick of
weary

Antonyms:
happy
overjoyed
pleased

Question 776

profound

and raised profound ethical questions about altering human DNA

de:
tiefgehend

Answer 776

profound [prəˈfaund]
♦ adjective
1 deep: profound sleep.
عمیق
2 showing great knowledge or understanding: a profound remark.
پر محتوا
proˈfoundly
♦ adverb
.
عمیقاً
proˈfundity [-ˈfan-]
♦ noun
.
عمق؛ ژرف اندیشی

Physically deep
(adjective)
Synonyms:
deep
fathomless
abysmal
bottomless
sound
subterranean
wakeless
heavy

Antonyms:
superficial
shallow
slight
stupid
ignorant

Emotionally deep
(adjective)
Synonyms:
intense
strong
heartfelt
deep
deep-felt
great

Antonyms:
shallow
slight
stupid
superficial
ignorant
mild
moderate
unemotional

rofound knowledge
umfassendes [o. geh profundes] Wissen
profound ignorance
völlige Unwissenheit
profound distress
großes Leid
profound anger
tief sitzende Wut
profound thoughts
tiefschürfende Gedanken
profound truth/wisdom
tiefe Wahrheit/Weisheit
he was endued with profound knowledge
er war mit einem profunden Wissen begabt liter
iron that was very profound of you
das war sehr tiefsinnig von dir iron

Question 777

alter

and raised profound ethical questions about altering human DNA

Answer 777

alter [ˈoːltə]
♦ verb
to make or become different; to change: Will you alter this dress (to fit me)?; The town has altered a lot in the last two years.
تغییر دادن
ˌalteˈration
♦ noun
The alterations he has made to the play have not improved it.
تغییر

circumstances alter cases
es kommt auf die Umstände an
to alter clothes
Kleidungsstücke umarbeiten [o. ändern]
things will soon alter for the better
die Dinge werden sich bald zum Besseren wenden
that doesn’t alter the fact that …
das ändert nichts an der Tatsache, dass …

Insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby
(verb)
Synonyms:
adjusting
falsifying
reconstructing
remodeling
interpolating
modifying

Antonyms:
maintaining
fixing
continuing
sustaining

Cause to change; make different; cause a transformation
(verb)
Synonyms:
varying
modifying
changing
turning
decaying
commuting
transmuting
transmogrifying
transforming
transfiguring
tampering
swerving
spaying
revising
revamping
redoing
neutering
modulating

Question 778

journal

journal science

Answer 778

journal [ˈdʒəːnl]
♦ noun
1 a magazine or other regularly published paper (eg of a society): the British Medical Journal.
نشریه؛ مجله
2 a diary giving an account of each day’s activities.
دفتر رویدادهای روزانه
ˈjournalism
♦ noun
the business of running, or writing for, newspapers or magazines.
روزنامه نگاری
ˈjournalist
♦ noun
a writer for a newspaper, magazine etc .
روزنامه نگار
ˌjournaˈlistic
♦ adjective
(of style of writing) like that of a journalist, colourful and racy.
ژورنالیستی

A daily record
(noun)
Synonyms:
record
diary
account
almanac
annals
chronicle
daybook
memoir
yearbook
scrapbook
jottings
reminiscence
contemporary account
annual
chronology
periodical
log
commonplace-book
publication
blotter
register
daily
calendar
daily register
datebook
day book
notes
minutes
ephemeris
transactions
observations
gazette
album
ledger
logbook
notebook
magazine
memento
reminder
newspaper
observation
organ
paper
hotbox
annal
tabloid
More words

A periodical
(noun)
Synonyms:
magazine
publication
review
organ
weekly
monthly
quarterly
annual
daily

Question 779

oversight

de:
oversight
Versehen nt

by an oversight
aus Versehen

Dr. Dounda wondered if the oversight had something to do with the wonky title she and her colleagues had chosen for the study

Answer 779

oversight [ˈəuvəsait]
♦ noun
a failure to notice: Due to an oversight, we have not paid the bill.
غفلت

An act or instance of neglecting
(noun)
Synonyms:
disregard
neglect
slight

Failure, omission
(noun)
Synonyms:
error
failure
inadvertence
lapse
overlooking
mistake
omission
care
blunder
carelessness
charge
connivance
control
default
disregard
inattention
inspection
neglect
negligence
skip
slipup
superintendence
supervision
surveillance

Antonyms:
care
remembrance
recollection
attention
success

oversight
Versehen nt

by an oversight
aus Versehen

Question 780

wonky

wonky
wack[e]lig a. übtr

Answer 780

wonky
adjective
UK /ˈwɒŋ.ki/ US /ˈwɑːŋ.ki/
wonky adjective (NOT FIRM/LEVEL/REGULAR)

Add to word list
mainly UK informal
weak, unsatisfactory, or not firm:
One of the legs on this chair is a bit wonky.
He may have to stop playing tennis because of his wonky knee.
The jury system may be a bit wonky but nobody’s ever thought of anything better.

mainly UK informal
not straight or level:
wonky teeth
a wonky picture
I don’t enjoy those programmes with wonky camera angles and pop music.

mainly UK informal
(of fruit or vegetables) not of a regular shape, or different in shape to what is usual:
The rules have been changed on the sale of wonky vegetables.
You’ll sometimes find wonky carrots that are a bit crooked, wonky parsnips that might be extra pointy and wonky fruit that comes in different shapes and sizes.

Turned or twisted toward one side; - G.K.Chesterton
(adjective)
Synonyms:
askew
awry
cockeyed
lopsided
skew-whiff

Inclined to shake as from weakness or defect
(adjective)
Synonyms:
rickety
wobbly
shaky

Question 781

nuclease

d:

Answer 781

nuclease
noun [ C ] BIOLOGY specialized
UK /ˈnjuː.klɪ.eɪz/ US /ˈnuː.klɪˌeɪs/
Add to word list
a type of enzyme (= a chemical in cells) that can divide a nucleic acid into its basic parts

a type of enzyme (= chemical in cells) that can divide a nucleic acid into its basic parts

Question 782

vulnerable

Answer 782

vulnerable [ˈvalnərəbl]
♦ adjective
unprotected against attack; liable to be hurt or damaged: Small animals are often vulnerable to attack.
آسیب پذیر
ˌvulneraˈbility
♦ noun
.
آسیب پذیری

Tending to incur
(adjective)
Synonyms:
liable
defenseless
unprotected
open
unsafe
susceptible
exposed
assailable
weak
helpless
accessible
prone
subject
insecure
unguarded
susceptive

Open to attack and capture because of a lack of protection
(adjective)
Synonyms:
assailable
attackable
pregnable
vincible
Antonyms:
protected
guarded
secure
safe
closed
invulnerable

Question 783

crop

de: Ernte

Plant biologists have edited seeds to produce crops with new Vitamins or with the ability to withstand diseases

Answer 783

crop [krop]
♦ noun
1 a plant which is farmed and harvested: a fine crop of rice; We grow a variety of crops, including cabbages, wheat and barley.
محصول
2 a short whip used when horse-riding.
شلاق سوارکاری
3 a (short) haircut: a crop of red hair.
موی کوتاه
4 (of certain birds) the first stomach, which hangs like a bag from the neck.
کیسه ای که از گردن برخی پرندگان آویزان است

♦ verb– past tense, past participle cropped –
to cut or nibble short: The sheep crop the grass.
چریدن؛ کوتاه کردن
crop up
to happen unexpectedly: I’m sorry I’m late, but something important cropped up.
ناگهان رخ دادن

Question 784

thorny

Dr. Dounda recognized early on that Crisper would pose a Number of thorny ethical questions.

Answer 784

[ˈTHôrnē]
adjective - thorny
موجب ناراحتی: thorny
خار دار: hispid, barbed, setaceous, thorny, horrent, acanthaceous
خار مانند: spinous, thorny, acanthoid, thornlike
تیغستان: thorny
تیغ تیغی: thornyv

Full of sharp needlelike protuberances
(adjective)
Synonyms:
briery
echinate
prickly
pricky
spiny
thistly
Antonyms:
dull
smooth
unpointed

Thick with thorns
(adjective)
Synonyms:
barbed
prickly
spiny
bristly
briery
nettlesome
sharp
bristled
setaceous
annoying
stinging
thistly
controversial
difficult
echinated
barbellate
pointed
spiky
briary
problematic
echinate
spined
sticky
tough
burred
tricky
troublesome
burry
unpleasant
vexatious
setose

Antonyms:
smooth
soft

Question 785

enrich

de: etw bereichern

Answer 785

enrich [inˈritʃ]
♦ verb
to improve the quality of: Fertilizers enrich the soil; Reading enriches the mind; an enriching (= useful and enjoyable) experience.
غنی کردن

o make fertile
(verb)
Synonyms:
enhance
adorn
decorate
ameliorate
improve
fertilize
supplement
fecundate
augment
beautify
embellish
endow
expand
fatten
add to
fortify
garnish
lard
ornament
upgrade
Improve, embellish
(verb)

Synonyms:
richen

Antonyms:
deprive
impoverish
decrease
deplete
reduce
take

Question 785

notion

de:
Vorstellung f

this notion was simply a thought experiment until 2018 when He Jiankui, a biophysictis edited a gene in human embryos

Answer 785

notion [ˈnəuʃən]
♦ noun
1 understanding: I’ve no notion what he’s talking about.
انديشه
2 an uncertain belief; an idea: He has some very odd notions.
نظريه
3 a desire for something or to do something: He had a sudden notion to visit his aunt.
فکرى

Opinion
(noun)
Synonyms:
opinion
idea
feeling
belief
sentiment
conviction
assumption
mind
impression
persuasion
position
view

Conception
(noun)
Synonyms:
concept
whim
idea
conception
conceit
inkling
fancy
intimation
understanding
perception
impression
insight
image
knowledge
inclination
thought
belief
imagination
(colloq.) knicknack
apprehension
bibelot
caprice
clue
consciousness
mental apprehension
desire
device
disposition
theory
indication
hint
intuition
comprehension
penetration
discernment
intention
judgment
knickknack
whimsy
opinion
vagary
view
whimsicality
whimsey

Antonyms:
need

misconceived notion
falsche Vorstellung
a preconceived idea [or notion]
eine vorgefasste Meinung
to not have the foggiest [idea [or notion]] ugs
keine blasse [o. nicht die leiseste] Ahnung haben
to [not] buy into the notion that …
[nicht] die Ansicht teilen, dass …
to have [or take] a notion to do sth dated
ein Bedürfnis verspüren, etw zu tun
have you any notion how much the car costs?
hast du irgendeine Vorstellung davon, was das Auto kostet?
I haven’t the faintest notion [of] what you’re talking about
ich habe nicht die leiseste Ahnung, wovon du redest
I have a faint idea [or notion] that I’ve heard that name before
ich meine, [mich daran erinnern zu können], den Namen schon einmal gehört zu haben

Question 786

insert

de:
einfügen

What if parents wanted to insert traits that they found more desirable like those related to height, eye color or intalligence

Answer 786

insert [inˈsəːt]
♦ verb
to put or place (something) in: He inserted the money in the parking meter; An extra chapter has been inserted into the book; They inserted the announcement in the newspaper.
قرار دادن
inˈsertion [-ʃən]
♦ noun
.
قرار گیری در داخل چیزی

An artifact that is inserted or is to be inserted
(noun)
Synonyms:
inset
enclosure
inlay
supplement
intercalation
new material
interjection
interpolation

To put in
(verb)
Synonyms:
slip-in
stick in
implant
enter
post
tuck
record
place-in
register
sneak-in

Antonyms:
remove
take out
withdraw

to insert a suppository
ein Zäpfchen einführen
to insert a probe
eine Sonde einführen
insert the key into the lock
stecken Sie den Schlüssel ins Schloss
to insert sth [into [or in] sth] (into text)
etw [in etw Dat ] ergänze

Question 787

trait

de:
Eigenschaft f

What if parents wanted to insert traits that they found more desirable like those related to height, eye color or intalligence

Answer 787

trait [treit]
♦ noun
a particular quality of a person’s character: Patience is one of his good traits.
خصلت

A distinctive element
(noun)
Synonyms:
characteristic
quality
attribute
feature
peculiarity
habit
custom
idiosyncrasy
mark
mannerism
quirk
property
manner
character
hallmark
lineament
oddity
trick
particularity
savor
point
tendency
More words

A distinguishing feature, as of a person’s character.
(noun)
Synonyms:
quality

genetic trait
genetisches Merkmal
character trait
Charakterzug m
Virgoan trait
Charakterzug m der Jungfrau
eye colour is a genetic trait
die Augenfarbe ist erblich bedingt

Question 788

reliably

de:
verlässlich

Answer 788

reliably
adverb
UK /rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bli/ US /rɪˈlaɪ.ə.bli/
Add to word list
in a way that can be trusted or believed:
I am reliably informed that you have been talking about resigning from the company.
The festival now reliably sells out every year.

In a faithful manner
(adverb)
Synonyms:
faithfully
dependably

Antonyms:
unreliably
unfaithfully
undependably

Synonyms:
(adjective)
assuredly
presumably
certainly

Question 789

hereditary

erblich

Answer 789

[həˈrediˌterē]
adjective - hereditary
ارثی: hereditary, congenital, patrimonial, successive, sex-linked

Of or from one’s ancestors
(adjective)
Synonyms:
ancestral
inherited
patrimonial
Possessed at birth
(adjective)

Synonyms:
inherited
innate
ancestral
genetic
congenital
inborn
native
patrimonial
transmissible
family
familial
inheritable
paternal
lineal
transmitted

Antonyms:
acquired

Question 790

breeding

de:
Zucht f

Answer 790

breeding
noun [ U ]
UK /ˈbriː.dɪŋ/ US /ˈbriː.dɪŋ/
breeding noun [U] (ANIMALS)

Add to word list
the keeping of animals or plants in order to breed from them:

The family’s business was horse-breeding.
We used to keep pigs for breeding purpose

the process in which animals have sex and produce young animals:
The penguins’ breeding season has begun.

The process by which an organism produces others of its kind
(noun)
Synonyms:
reproduction
procreation
rearing
nurture
multiplication
upbringing
begetting
behavior
proliferation
civility
conduct
culture
descent
propagation
development
bringing-up
education
eugenics
extraction
genealogy
fostering
generation
instruction
line
spawning
manners
fosterage
mating
origin
increase
prolification
beekeeping
cattle-ranching
schooling
stirpiculture
raising
dairy-farming
training
dressage
endogamy
engenderment
gentlemanliness
facts-of-life
ladylikeness
linebreeding
mink-ranching
outbreeding
pig-keeping
sheepherding
stockbreeding
zootechny
More words

Have young (animals) or reproduce (organisms)
(verb)
Synonyms:
raising
propagating
growing
multiplying
keeping
rearing
developing
cultivating

Question 791

in vitro

de:
künstlich , Laborversuche pl

Answer 791

in vitro
adjective [ before noun ], adverb
UK /ˌɪn ˈviː.trəʊ/ US /ˌɪn ˈviː.troʊ/
Add to word list

happening outside the body in artificial conditions, often in a test tube:
Scientists are studying these cells in vitro.
in vitro experiments

Question 792

fertilization

de:
Befruchtung f , fertilisation

Answer 792

[ˌfərtl-iˈzāSHən]
noun - fertilization
لقاح: fertilization, fecundation, impregnation, zygosis
عمل کود دادن: fertilization

The enrichment of land
(noun)
Synonyms:
manuring
dressing
preparation
covering
liming
mulching
spreading
enrichment
soil amendment

Impregnation of the ovum
(noun)
Synonyms:
fecundation
fertilisation
impregnation
insemination
pollination
implantation
breeding
propagation
generation
procreation
conjugation
begetting
artificial-insemination
in-vitro-fertilization
ivf

Question 793

procedure

de:
Verfahren nt,
Vorgehensweise f

fertilization procedure

Answer 793

procedure [prəˈsiːdʒə]
♦ noun
the order or method of doing something: They followed the usual procedure(s).
شیوه؛ روش
proˈcedural
♦ adjective
.
مربوط به شیوه کار

Method
(noun)
Synonyms:
method
approach
process
course
modus operandi
routine
mode
technique
fashion
protocol
attack
accouterment
style
line
custom
formula
measure
methodology
plan
policy
tack
subroutine
program
regimen
rigmarole
subprogram
step
function
More words

An action calculated to achieve an end
(noun)
Synonyms:
maneuver
measure
move
step
tactic

Question 793

fertility

der: fruchtbarkeit

Answer 793

[fərˈtilitē]
noun - fertility
باروری: fertility, fecundity, productivity, fruition
حاصلخیزی: fertility, productivity, fecundity, luxuriance

Reproductive capacity
(noun)
Synonyms:
fecundity
richness
prolificacy
fruitfulness
productiveness
prolificness
productivity
potency
virility
pregnancy
gravidity
generative capacity
rankness

Antonyms:
infertility
sterility
barrenness
childlessness
emptiness
aridity

Ingenuity
(noun)
Synonyms:
resourcefulness
imagination
inventiveness

Question 794

menstrual cycle

menstruation

de:
Menstruationszyklus

Answer 794

[ˈmenstr(o͞o)əl]
adjective - menstrual
وابسته به قاعده گی: menstrual

[menˈstrā-,ˌmenstro͞oˈāSHən]
noun - menstruation
حیض: menstruation
قاعدگی زنان: menstruation, menstrual period, menses
خونریزی رحم: menses, menstruation, monthly
دشتان: menstruation
طمی: menses, menstruation, period

Question 795

tailor

de: to tailor sth for sb
etw für jdn [nach Maß] schneidern

The type, dosage, and frequency of the medication
will be tailored specifically to you

Answer 795

tailor [ˈteilə]
♦ noun
a person who cuts and makes suits, overcoats etc : He has his clothes made by a London tailor.
خیاط

♦ verb
1 to make and fit (suits, coats etc ): He has his suits tailored in London.
خیاطی کردن
2 to make (something) fit the circumstances; to adapt: He tailored his way of living to his income.
سازگار کردن
ˌtailor-ˈmade
♦ adjective
1 (especially of women’s clothes) made by a tailor to fit a person exactly.
خیاط دوخته
2 very well suited or adapted for some purpose: His new job seems tailor-made for him.
ساخته شده

Create (clothes) with cloth
(verb)
Synonyms:
sewn
fashioned
conformed
adjusted
sewed
styled
suited
adapted
squared
shaped
reconciled
fitted
modified
designed
altered
accommodated
acclimatized
acclimated

(of clothing) custom-made
(adjective)
Synonyms:
tailor-made
made-to-measure
bespoke
simple
trim
bespoken
specially fit
made-to-orde

Question 795

ovary

de:
Ovarium nt fachspr, Eierstock

Ovarian Stimulation

ovulate

de:
[einen] Eisprung haben

only one egg becomes mature enough to ovulate.

Answer 795

ovary [ˈəuvəri]– plural ˈovaries –
♦ noun
the part of the female body in which eggs are formed.
تخمدان

ovulate
verb [ I ]
UK /ˈɒv.jə.leɪt/ US /ˈɑː.vjuː.leɪt/
Add to word list
(of a woman or female animal) to produce an egg from which a baby can be formed:
Some women take drugs to help them ovulate.

Question 796

incubate

de:
inkubieren

Removed eggs are placed in a Petri dish
containing a special solution,
and then placed in an incubator
for a short period of time

Answer 796

incubate [ˈiŋkjubeit]
♦ verb
1 to produce (young birds) from eggs by sitting on them or by keeping them warm by some other means.
روی تخم خوابیدن؛ جوجه آوردن
2 (of germs or disease) to develop until signs of the disease appear: How long does chickenpox take to incubate?
بروز کردن
ˌincuˈbation
♦ noun
.
جوجه کشی؛ نهفتگی
ˈincubator
♦ noun
a heated box-like apparatus for hatching eggs or a similar one for rearing premature babies etc .
دستگاهی که کودک نارس در آن قرار می گیرد؛ دستگاه جوجه کشی

Question 797

uterus

de:
uterus
Uterus m fachspr
uterus
Gebärmutter f

Answer 797

uterus [ˈjuːtərəs]
♦ noun
the womb.
رحم

Question 798

pelvis

de:
Becken nt

pelvic exam

Answer 798

pelvis [ˈpelvis]
♦ noun
the framework of bone around the body below the waist.
لگن خاصره
ˈpelvic
♦ adjective
.
لگنی

Question 799

catheter

Katheter m

Answer 799

catheter
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈkæθ.ə.tər/ US /ˈkæθ.ə.t̬ɚ/
Add to word list
a long, very thin tube used to take liquids out of the body

Question 800

bloat

to bloat
sich aufblähen

bloating

Answer 800

[blōt]
noun - bloat
نفخ: bloat, wind, emphysema, distension, flatus
verb - bloat
باد کردن: perk, inflate, bloat, distend, fluff, heave

Question 801

spot

Answer 801

spot [spot]
♦ noun
1 a small mark or stain (made by mud, paint etc ): She was trying to remove a spot of grease from her skirt.
لكه
2 a small, round mark of a different colour from its background: His tie was blue with white spots.
خال
3 a pimple or red mark on the skin caused by an illness etc : She had measles and was covered in spots.
جوش
4 a place or small area, especially the exact place (where something happened etc ): There was a large number of detectives gathered at the spot where the body had been found.
جا
5 a small amount: Can I borrow a spot of sugar?
ذره

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈspotted –
1 to catch sight of: She spotted him eventually at the very back of the crowd.
ديدن
2 to recognize or pick out: No-one watching the play was able to spot the murderer.
فهميدن
ˈspotless
♦ adjective
very clean: a spotless kitchen.
ˈspotlessly
♦ adverb
.
ˈspotlessness
♦ noun
.
ˈspotted
♦ adjective
marked or covered with spots: Her dress was spotted with grease; a spotted tie.
ˈspotty
♦ adjective
(of people) covered with spots: a spotty face / young man.
ˈspottiness
♦ noun
.
spot check
an inspection made without warning, especially on items chosen at random from a group: We only found out about the flaw during a spot check on goods leaving the factory.
بازرسي اتفاقي
ˈspotlight
♦ noun
(a lamp for projecting) a circle of light that is thrown on to a small area.

♦ verb– past tense, past participle ˈspotlit, ~ˈspotlighted –
1 to light with a spotlight: The stage was spotlit.
2 to show up clearly or draw attention to: The incident spotlighted the difficulties with which we were faced.
in a spot
in trouble: His failure to return the papers on time put her in a spot.
دچار مشكل شدن
on the spot
1 at once: She liked it so much that she bought it on the spot; (also adjective ) an on-the-spot decision.
بلا فاصله
2 in the exact place referred to; in the place where one is needed: It was a good thing you were on the spot when he had his heart attack; (also adjective ) tour on-the-spot reporter.
در محل
3 (especially with put ) in a dangerous, difficult or embarrassing position: The interviewer’s questions really put the Prime Minister on the spot.
در موقعيت خطر
spot on
very accurate or exactly on the target: His description of Mary was spot on!
دقيق

Question 801

cramp

de: krampfen

Answer 801

cramp [krӕmp]
♦ noun
(a) painful stiffening of the muscles: The swimmer got cramp and drowned.
گرفتگی عضله

♦ verb
1 to put into too small a space: We were all cramped together in a tiny room.
چپاندن؛ انباشتن
2 to restrict; Lack of money cramped our efforts .
محدود کردن

Question 802

constipation

Verstopfung f
constipation
Obstipation f fachspr

Answer 802

[ˌkänstəˈpāSHən]
noun - constipation
یبوست: constipation, irregularity

Question 803

determine

to determine sth
etw ermitteln [o. feststellen] [o. CH a. eruieren]

Answer 803

determine [diˈtəːmin]
♦ verb
1 to fix or settle; to decide: He determined his course of action.
معیین کردن؛ مشخص کردن
2 to find out exactly: He tried to determine what had gone wrong.
دقیقاً مشخص کردن؛ معلوم کردن
deˌtermiˈnation
♦ noun
1 firmness of character or stubbornness: She showed her determination by refusing to give way.
عزم راسخ؛ ارادۀ محکم
2 the act of determining.
تعیین؛ معیین سازی
deˈtermined
♦ adjective
1 having one’s mind made up: She is determined to succeed.
مصمم؛ قاطع
2 stubborn: He’s very determined.
سمج؛ قد
3 fixed or settled: Our route has already been determined.
مشخص؛ معیین

o make a decision about (a controversy or dispute, for example) after deliberation, as in a court of law
(verb)
Synonyms:
decide
adjudge
adjudicate
arbitrate
decree
judge
referee
rule
umpire

To find out the facts
(verb)
Synonyms:
ascertain
learn
discover
find out
find
settle
check
hear
see
square-off
watch
square-up

Antonyms:
miss
overlook

Question 804

devastate

ger:
etw vernichten [o. [völlig] zerstören]

Answer 804

devastate [ˈdevəsteit]
♦ verb
1 to leave in ruins: The fire devastated the countryside.
خراب کردن؛ ویران کردن
2 to overwhelm (a person) with grief: She was devastated by the terrible news.
گیج و سراسیمه کردن؛ خورد کردن
ˈdevastating
♦ adjective
overwhelming: a devastating flood; The news was devastating.
ویرانگر؛ خوردکننده

To lay waste
(verb)
Synonyms:
ravage
desolate
waste
destroy
demolish
desecrate
despoil
lay waste to
overwhelm
pillage
plunder
ruin
sack
stun
wreck
scourge

Antonyms:
help
build
improve
construct
enrich

To make helpless
(verb)
Synonyms:
overwhelm
confound
crush

Question 805

grueling

de: zermürbend
strapaziös

Answer 805

[ˈgro͞oəliNG]
adjective - grueling
خسته کننده: boring, tedious, monotonous, grueling, tiresome, wearisome
فرساینده: grueling, gruelling
تنبیه کننده: grueling, gruelling
noun - grueling
تنبیه: punishment, chastisement, talking to, gruelling

Difficult
(adjective)
Synonyms:
exhausting
tiring
fatiguing
Antonyms:
easy
facile

Characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort
(adjective)
Synonyms:
arduous
hard
punishing
gruelling
brutal
demanding
difficult
backbreaking
fierce
heavy
strenuous
taxing
laborious
tiring
operose

Question 806

upbringing

de: Erziehung f

Answer 806

upbringing [ˈapbriŋiŋ]
♦ noun
(an example of) the process of bringing up a child: He had a stern upbringing.
تربیت

Helping someone grow up to be an accepted member of the community
(noun)
Synonyms:
bringing-up
rearing
nurture
training
breeding

Question 806

viable

de:
existenzfähig
viable of a company
rentabel

Answer 806

[ˈvīəbəl]
adjective - viable
قابل دوام: viable
مناسب رشد و ترقی: viable
ماندنی: lasting, viable, permanent, fixed
زیست پذیر: viable
زنده ماندنی: viable

Capable of occurring or being done
(adjective)
Synonyms:
feasible
possible
practicable
workable
applicable
doable
executable
living
reasonable

Antonyms:
impossible
unachievable
unreasonable
unpractical

Capable of success or continuing effectiveness; practicable:
(adjective)
Synonyms:
possible

viable alternative
durchführbare Alternative
to be economically viable
wirtschaftlich überlebensfähig sein
to be financially viable
finanziell rentabel sein
not commercially viable
nicht rentabel

Question 807

accuracy

de:
Genauigkeit f

Answer 807

akyərəsē]
noun - accuracy
دقت: accuracy, precision, resolution, attention, punctuality, exactitude
صحت: accuracy, correctness, authenticity, validity, veracity, precision
درستی: accuracy, truth, correctness, integrity, validity, precision

The state of being without error
(noun)
Synonyms:
exactness
exactitude
correctness
accurateness
precision
preciseness
rightness
exactingness
fussiness
criticalness
finickiness
literalness
textualism
precisianism
particularness

The quality of precision or deftness
(noun)
Synonyms:
exactness
correctness
truth
precision
preciseness
skill
exactitude
efficiency
one-for-one targeting
skillfulness
fidelity
sharpness
mastery
dependability
veraciousness
strictness
certainty
veracity
sureness
dotting-the-i-s-and-crossing-the-t-s
veridicality
verity

Antonyms:
inaccuracy
imprecision
erroneousness
sloppiness
mistake
incompetence
falsehood

unerring accuracy
Treffsicherheit f
historical accuracy
Geschichtstreue f
pinpoint accuracy of missile, shot
hohe Zielgenauigkeit
predictive accuracy [or value]
Vorhersagegenauigkeit f
to be a stickler for accuracy/punctuality
pingelig auf Genauigkeit/Pünktlichkeit achten

Question 808

incorporate

de:
etw einfügen [o. einbeziehen]

Answer 808

incorporate [inˈkoːpəreit]
♦ verb
to contain or include as part of the whole: The shopping centre incorporates a library and a bank.
در بر گرفتن؛ ضمیمه کردن
inˈcorporated
♦ adjective
(often abbreviated to Inc., ~inc. ) formed into a company, corporation etc : The name of our company is `Field Services, Incorporated’.
متحد شده؛ به ثبت رسیده

to incorporate a company
eine Firma [als Kapitalgesellschaft] eintragen
to incorporate into sth
einpflanzen in etw.
to incorporate a city into a county
eine Stadt in einen Verwaltungsbezirk eingemeinden
try to incorporate these ideas into your work
versuche, diese Gedanken in deiner Arbeit aufzunehmen

To include
(verb)
Synonyms:
add to
build in
combine
contain
fuse
integrate
comprise
Antonyms:
exclude
separate
drop
divide

To organize
(verb)
Synonyms:
integrate
combine
include
embody
unite
form a company
charter
absorb
assimilate
associate
blend
start a business
form
fuse
consolidate
join
link
merge

Antonyms:
disintegrate

Question 809

ratio

in ratio : im
Verhältnis nt

There is a lot of miscarriages in that ratio

Answer 809

ratio [ˈreiʃiəu]– plural ˈratios –
♦ noun
the amount or proportion of one thing compared to another: There is a ratio of two girls to one boy in this class.
نسبت

One in a series used for measurement
(noun)
Synonyms:
quota
quotient

Percentage, relation to whole
(noun)
Synonyms:
proportion
correlation
degree
distribution
fraction
percent
percentage
quota
quotient
rate
relation
share

Antonyms:
whole

Question 809

sample

de:
Probe f

..is detected in sampled cell

Answer 809

sample [ˈsaːmpl]
♦ noun
a part taken from something to show the quality of the whole: samples of the artist’s work; (also adjective ) a sample tube of ointment.
نمونه

♦ verb
to test a sample of: He sampled my cake.
نمونه گرفتن از

One that is representative of a group or class
(noun)
Synonyms:
example
illustration
instance
specimen
case
archetype
cross-section
exemplar
exemplification
representative
microcosm
pattern
prototype
replica
swatch

To inspect with care
(verb)
Synonyms:
test
inspect

Question 810

surrogate

de: Ersatz-

surrogate ˈmother

Answer 810

surrogate [ˈsarəgeit]
♦ noun
a person or thing that is considered or used as a substitute for another person or thing.
جانشين
surrogate ˈmother
♦ noun
a woman who has a baby for another woman who is unable to have babies.
مادر جانشين

One that takes the place of another
(noun)
Synonyms:
substitute
alternate
replacement
stand-in
fill-in
pinch hitter
sub

Person or thing that acts as substitute
(noun)
Synonyms:
deputy
alternate
delegate
proxy
substitute
replacement
representative
backup
expedient

Antonyms:
real

Question 811

whatsoever

überhaupt

Answer 811

[ˌ(h)wät-,ˌ(h)wətsōˈevər]
pronoun - whatsoever
هر چه: whatever, what, whatsoever
ابدا: nothing, whatsoever, none, anything
بهیچ وجه: none, whatsoever
adjective - whatsoever
هیچگونه: any, whatsoever
conjunction - whatsoever
هر قدر: whatever, whatsoever, howsoever

One or some or every or all without specification
(adjective)
Synonyms:
any
whatever

Question 812

subset

Untermenge f, Teilmenge

by sampling just a small subset of cells at very early stage in embryo development

Answer 812

[ˈsəbˌset]
noun - subset
زیر مجموعه: subset, proper subset

Question 813

wary

Answer 813

wary [ˈweəri]
♦ adjective
cautious or on one’s guard (about or concerning): Be wary of lending money to him.
مواظب
ˈwarily
♦ adverb
.
با مواظبت
ˈwariness
♦ noun
.
مواظبت

Question 814

persuade verb

perˈsuasion

perˈsuasive

perˈsuasively

perˈsuasiveness

they didnt want to come with us at first, but we managed to persuade them

Answer 814

persuade [pəˈsweid]
♦ verb
1 to make (someone) (not) do something, by arguing with him or advising him: We persuaded him (not) to go.
ترغیب کردن
2 to make (someone) certain (that something is the case); to convince: We eventually persuaded him that we were serious.
متقاعد کردن
perˈsuasion [-ʒən]
♦ noun
the act of persuading: He gave in to our persuasion and did what we wanted him to do.
متقاعد سازی
perˈsuasive [-siv]
♦ adjective
able to persuade: He is a persuasive speaker; His arguments are persuasive.
متقاعد کننده
perˈsuasively
♦ adverb
.
بطور مجاب کننده
perˈsuasiveness
♦ noun
.
مستدل بودن

To influence
(verb)
Synonyms:
induce
convince
sell
bring around
influence
inveigle
prevail on
move
sway
satisfy
argue into
assure
cajole
bring
incline
talk someone into something
win over
allure
bring-over

Antonyms:
dissuade
neglect
dampen
More words

To urge
(verb)
Synonyms:
convince
exhort
assure
coax
satisfy
prompt
win over

Antonyms:
dissuade
discourage
stop
hinder
prevent
suppress
repress

Question 815

keen

Answer 815

keen [kiːn]
♦ adjective
1 eager or enthusiastic: He is a keen golfer; I’m keen to succeed.
مشتاق
2 sharp: Her eyesight is as keen as ever.
تیز
3 (of wind etc ) very cold and biting.
تند و سرد
ˈkeenly
♦ adverb
.
با اشتیاق؛ به شدت
ˈkeenness
♦ noun
.
شوق؛ تیزی
keen on
very enthusiastic about, interested in or fond of: She’s keen on sailing; She’s been keen on that boy for years.
مشتاق؛ خواهان

keen mind
scharfer Verstand
keen hunter
begeisterter Jäger/begeisterte Jägerin
peachy keen also iron
prima a. iron
keen competition
scharfe Konkurrenz
keen interest
lebhaftes Interesse
keen sense of hearing
feines Gehör
to be peachy-keen Am dated
doll sein veraltend
keen eyesight [or vision]
scharfe Augen

Sharp
(adjective)
Synonyms:
sharp
pointed
edged
well-honed
acute

Antonyms:
blunt
dull
pointless
obtuse

Astute
(adjective)
Synonyms:
clever
bright
intelligent
alert
quick
quick-witted
sharp
shrewd
sharp-witted
smart

Antonyms:
stupid
dull
ignorant
idiotic
obtuse

Question 816

consult

beraten

Answer 816

consult [kənˈsalt]
♦ verb
1 to seek advice or information from: Consult your doctor; He consulted his watch; He consulted with me about what we should do next.
مشورت کردن
2 (of a doctor etc ) to give professional advice: He consults on Mondays and Fridays.
مشاوره دادن
conˈsultant
♦ noun
1 a person who gives professional advice: He is consultant to a firm of engineers; (also adjective ) a consultant engineer.
مشاور
2 a senior hospital doctor specializing in a particular branch of medicine: His condition is so serious that they have sent for the consultant; (also adjective ) a consultant physician.
پزشک ارشد؛ پزشک متخصص
ˌconsulˈtation [kon-]
♦ noun
How much does he charge for a consultation?
مشاوره

Question 817

queue

there is a long queue, we might have to wait for a long time

Answer 817

queue [kjuː]
♦ noun
a line of people waiting for something or to do something: a queue for the bus.
صف

♦ verb
to stand in a queue: We had to queue to get into the cinema; We had to queue for the cinema.
صف ایستادن
queue up
to form, or stand in, a queue: We queued up for tickets.
در صف ایستادن

Question 818

invoke [inˈvəuk]

aufzurufen.

Answer 818

invoke [inˈvəuk]
♦ verb
to appeal to (some power, eg God, the law etc ) for help etc .
متوسل شدن به
invocation [invəˈkeiʃən]
♦ noun
.
توسلv

to invoke God’s blessing
Gottes Segen erflehen
to invoke God’s name
Gottes Namen anrufen
to invoke allegiance/morality
an die Treuepflicht/Moral appellieren
to invoke memories
Erinnerungen [herauf]beschwören

Question 819

Sovereign

Sovereignty

Answer 819

sovereign [ˈsovrin]
♦ noun
a king or queen.
پادشاه؛ ملكه

♦ adjective
(of a country) self-governing: a sovereign state.
خود مختار

säv´rǝn, -ǝr in, suv´-/
adj., n.
● برتر،ابر،عالی،عالیترین،بالاترین
the sovereign virtue of a good judge is brevity
بزرگترین حسن یک قاضی خوب ایجاز است.
to promote the sovereign good of the community
برای پیشبرد مصالح عالی جامعه
● عالی مقام،ابر قدرت،قدر قدرت
he holds sovereign power in the country
او در کشور قدر قدرت است.
● پادشاه،شاه،سلطان،خسرو،خدیو،تاجدار،فرمانروا
for them the sovereign’s word were like law
در نظر آنها حرف پادشاه مثل قانون بود.
● مستقل،خود استوار،خود فرمان،خودمختار
a sovereign personality
شخصیت خود استوار
a sovereign state
کشور مستقل
● مطلق،بی چون و چرا،تام
sovereign equality
برابری مطلق
a sovereign right
حق مطلق
● (دارو یا درمان) موثر،کاری،قطعی
a sovereign remedy
یک درمان قطعی
● (سابقا - انگلیس) سکه‌ی طلا (برابر با 20 شیلینگ)،ساورین

Question 820

discreet

diskret/ dezent

Answer 820

discreet [diˈskriːt]
♦ adjective
wise, cautious and not saying anything which might cause trouble: My secretary won’t let the secret out – she’s very discreet.
محتاط؛ با ملاحظه
diˈscreetness
♦ noun
.
احتیاط؛ ملاحظه
diˈscretion [-ˈskre-]
♦ noun
1 discreetness: A secretary needs discretion and tact.
احتیاط؛ دقت
2 personal judgement: I leave the arrangements entirely to your discretion; The money will be distributed at the discretion of the management.
صلاح دید؛ اختیار

[disˈkrēt]
adjective - discreet
با احتیاط: discreet, wary, cautious, careful, prudent, circumspect
محتاط: cautious, careful, wary, prudent, discreet, circumspect
دارای تمیز و بصیرت: discreet
فروتن: humble, meek, modest, blushing, submissive, discreet
با خرد: wise, clever, discree

discreet
diskret
discreet colour, pattern
dezent

Question 821

cripple

Krüppel m abw

etw lahmlegen

Answer 821

cripple [ˈkripl]
♦ verb
1 to make lame or disabled: He was crippled by a fall from a horse.
معلول شدن؛ چلاق شدن
2 to make less strong, less efficient etc : The war has crippled the country’s economy.
فلج کردن؛ از کار انداختن

♦ noun
a lame or disabled person: He’s been a cripple since the car accident.
آدم معلول؛ چلاق

[ˈkripəl]
noun - cripple
لنگ: lame, loincloth, cripple, limp, wobbler
چلاق: cripple
زمین گیر: cripple, fluke
عاجز: cripple
verb - cripple
فلج کردن: cripple, paralyze, freeze, mutilate, palsy, paralyse
لنگ کردن: cripple, hock
خمیدن: bend, bow, cripple, decline, halt, hobble
عیب دار کردن: debase, addle, blemish, cripple, damage, deform
چلا ق کردن: cripple, maim
adjective - cripple
معیوب: defective, faulty, vicious, damaged, blemished, cripple
عاجز: unable, incapable, weak, blind, feeble, cripple

to cripple a machine
eine Maschine kaputt machen ugs
to cripple an attempt
einen Versuch zum Scheitern bringen

Question 822

torment

Answer 822

torment [ˈtoːment]
♦ noun
1 (a) very great pain, suffering, worry etc : He was in torment.
عذاب؛ شکنجه
2 something that causes this.
عامل رنج و عذاب
[toːˈment]verb
to cause pain, suffering, worry etc to: She was tormented with worry/toothache.
عذاب دادن؛ رنج دادن
torˈmentor [-ˈmen-]
♦ noun
a person who torments.
زجر دهنده؛ شکنجه گر

to torment sb/an animal
jdn/ein Tier quälen
to be tormented by grief
großen Kummer haben

A state of physical or mental suffering
(noun)
Synonyms:
torture
affliction
agony
anguish
distress
pain
hurt
bane
misery
curse
calamity
excruciation
infliction
woe
persecution
wound
plague
purgatory
wretchedness
scourge
thorn
visitation

To subject (another) to extreme physical cruelty, as in punishing
(verb)
Synonyms:
crucify
rack
torture

Question 823

redeem

einlösen, erlösen, auslösen

Answer 823

redeem [rəˈdiːm]
♦ verb
1 to buy back (something that has been pawned): I’m going to redeem my gold watch.
باز خریدن
2 to set (a person) free by paying a ransom; (of Jesus Christ) to free (a person) from sin.
با پرداخت پول کسی را آزاد کردن
3 to compensate for or cancel out the faults of: His willingness to work redeemed him in her eyes.
جبران کردن
Reˈdeemer
♦ noun
(often with the ) Jesus Christ.
ناجی؛ نجات دهنده
redemption [rəˈdempʃən]
♦ noun
the redemption of man by Christ.
زستگاری؛ نجات
past/beyond redemption
too bad to be redeemed or improved.
غیرقابل نجات یا بهبود
redeeming feature
a good quality that somewhat makes up for the bad qualities in a person or thing.
ویژگی ارزشمند

Question 824

reciprocate / reciprocity

Reciprocation

reciprocal

eciprocal
adjective formal
UK /rɪˈsɪp.rə.kəl/ US /rɪˈsɪp.rə.kəl/
Add to word list
A reciprocal action or arrangement involves two people or groups of people who behave in the same way or agree to help each other and give each other advantages.

Reziprokation

reziproke

Answer 824

reciprocate
verb
UK /rɪˈsɪp.rə.keɪt/ US /rɪˈsɪp.rə.keɪt/
Add to word list
[ I or T ] formal
to share the same feelings as someone else, or to behave in the same way as someone else:
Sadly, my feelings for him were not reciprocated.
We invited them to dinner and a week later they reciprocated.

Question 825

sophisticated

sophistic(al)
sophistisch a. abw geh
sophistic(al)
haarspalterisch abw

Answer 825

sophisticated [səˈfistikeitid]
♦ adjective
(negative unsophisticated )
1 (of a person) having a great deal of experience and worldly wisdom, knowledge of how to dress elegantly etc : a sophisticated young man; She has become very sophisticated since she went to live in London.
خبره؛ ماهر
2 suitable for, or typical of, sophisticated people: The joke was too sophisticated for the child to understand; sophisticated clothes/hairstyles.
سطح بالا
3 (of machines, processes etc ) highly-developed, elaborate and produced with a high degree of skill and knowledge: sophisticated photographic techniques.
پيشرفته؛ پيچيده
soˌphistiˈcation
♦ noun

sophisticated
adjective
UK /səˈfɪs.tɪ.keɪ.tɪd/ US /səˈfɪs.tə.keɪ.t̬ɪd/
Add to word list
B2
having a good understanding of the way people behave and/or a good knowledge of culture and fashion:
She was slim, svelte, and sophisticated.
I don’t think I have any books that would suit your sophisticated tastes.
He was older than me and from London and I thought him very sophisticated.

B2
intelligent or made in a complicated way and therefore able to do complicated tasks:
I think a more sophisticated approach is needed to solve this problem.
These are among the most sophisticated weapons in the world.

Question 826

cynical

Answer 826

US UK AU cynical [ˈsinikəl]
♦ adjective
inclined to believe the worst, especially about people: a cynical attitude.
بدبین؛ منفی باف
ˈcynically
♦ adverb
.
با بدبینی
ˈcynic
♦ noun
a person who believes the worst about everyone: He is a cynic – he thinks no-one is really unselfish.
آدم منفی باف؛ آدم بدبین
ˈcynicism [-sizəm]
♦ noun
.
بدگمانی؛ بدبینی

cynical
adjective disapproving
UK /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/ US /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/
Add to word list
C2
believing that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere:
She has a pretty cynical view of men.
I’ve always been deeply cynical about politicians.

used to say that someone’s feelings or emotions are used to your own advantage:
She works in that most cynical of industries - advertising.
He praises my cooking but it’s just a cynical ploy to get me to make him dinner.

Question 827

deprivation

Entzug

Sleep deprivation

Answer 827

deprivation
noun [ C or U ]
UK /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/ US /ˌdep.rəˈveɪ.ʃən/
Add to word list
C2
a situation in which you do not have things or conditions that are usually considered necessary for a pleasant life:
They used sleep deprivation as a form of torture.
There is awful deprivation in the shanty towns.
There were food shortages and other deprivations during the Civil War.

[ˌdeprəˈvāSHən]
noun - deprivation
محرومیت: deprivation, exclusion, privation, frustration, bereavement, proscription
حرمان: deprivation, disappointment
سلب: deprivation, negation, divestment, divestiture
محروم سازی: exclusion, deprivation, frustration, privation, ouster
انعزال: deprivation

Question 828

sodomize

sodomy

sodomieren

Answer 828

sodomize
verb [ T ] LAW formal or specialized (UK usually sodomise)
UK /ˈsɒd.ə.maɪz/ US /ˈsɑː.də.maɪz/
Add to word list
to put the penis into another person’s anus as a sexual act
See
sodomy

Question 829

purge

jdn/etw von etw Dat reinigen a. übtr

find ways to purge Evil corb of all their shitbags

Answer 829

purge [pəːdʒ]
♦ verb
1 to make (something) clean by clearing it of everything that is bad, not wanted etc .
زدودن؛ تصفیه کردن
2 to rid (a political party etc ) of disloyal members.
تصفیه سیاسی

♦ noun
an act of purging.
پاکسازی
purgative [ˈpəːgətiv]
♦ noun,
♦ adjective
(a medicine) which clears waste matter out of the body.
هر چیز پاکساز؛ پالاینده

Question 831

hierarchical

hierarchy

Answer 831

hierarchy [ˈhaiəraːki]
♦ noun
(an) arrangement (of usually people in a group, also things etc ) in order of rank, importance etc .
سلسله مراتب
hieˈrarchical [-ˈraː-]
♦ adjective
.
سلسله مراتبی
Notice the second r in hierarchy .

Question 832

neglact

Answer 832

neglect [niˈglekt]
♦ verb
1 to treat carelessly or not give enough attention to: He neglected his work.
فرو گذاری
2 to fail (to do something): He neglected to answer the letter.
غفلت کردن

♦ noun
lack of care and attention: The garden is suffering from neglect.
غفلت

neglect
verb [ T ]
UK /nɪˈɡlekt/ US /nɪˈɡlekt/
Add to word list
C1
to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility:

to neglect your appearance/the house

He neglects that poor dog - he never takes him for walks or gives him any attention.

She’s been neglecting her studies this semester.

neglect to do something

C2
to not do something, often because you forget:

I’d neglected to give him the name of the hotel where I’d be staying.
See more

to die from neglect
an Verwahrlosung sterben
to neglect one’s duties
seine Pflichten vernachlässigen
to suffer neglect
vernachlässigt werden
parental control/neglect
Beaufsichtigung f /Vernachlässigung f durch die Eltern
this child has suffered gross neglect
dieses Kind ist grob vernachlässigt worden
to be in a state of neglect
verwahrlost sein
to fall into a state of neglect
verwahrlosen
to neglect one’s employees/husband/wife
seine Angestellten/seinen Ehemann/seine Ehefrau vernachlässigen

Question 833

supper

de: Abendessen

what do you say tomorrow we go to supper at the club

Answer 833

supper [ˈsapə]
♦ noun
a meal taken at the end of the day: Would you like some supper?; She has invited me to supper.
شام
ˈsupper-time
♦ noun
the time in the evening when people eat supper: I’ll be back at supper-time.
وقت شام

• After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile.
  بعد از نهار کمی استراحت کنید، بعد از شام یک کیلومتر راه بروید.
• Would you like to have supper with us on the weekend?
  دوست داریم آخر هفته با هم عصرانه داشته باشیم
• I’ll help my mother wash the dishes after supper.
  بعد از شام در شستن ظرف‌ها به مادرم کمک خواهم کرد.

Question 834

humble

bescheiden

humility .
humility (submissiveness)
Demut f
humility (modesty)
Bescheidenheit f

Answer 834

humble [ˈhambl]
♦ adjective
1 not having a high opinion of oneself etc : You have plenty of ability but you’re too humble.
متواضع
2 unimportant; having a low position in society etc : a man of humble origins.
پست

♦ verb
to make (someone) humble: He was humbled by his failure.
به زانو در آوردن
ˈhumbly
♦ adverb
.
خاضعانه
ˈhumbleness
♦ noun
.
فروتنی
see also humility .

humility [hjuˈmiləti]
♦ noun
modesty; humbleness: Despite his powerful position in the government, he was still a man of great humility.
فروتنی
see also humble .

Question 835

rendezvous

ger:
Rendezvous nt

Answer 835

rendezvous [ˈrondivuː]– plural ˈrendezvous [-vuː] –
♦ noun
1 an agreement to meet someone somewhere: They had made a rendezvous to meet at midnight.
قرار ملاقات
2 the place where such a meeting is to be: The park was the lovers’ usual rendezvous.
میعادگاه؛ وعده گاه
3 the meeting itself: The rendezvous took place at midnight.
دیدار
4 a place where a certain group of people meet or go regularly: This pub is the rendezvous for the local artists and poets.

rendezvous
noun [ C ]
UK /ˈrɒn.deɪ.vuː/ US /ˈrɑːn.deɪ.vuː/
plural rendezvous
Add to word list
an arrangement to meet someone, especially secretly, at a particular place and time, or the place itself:

We have a rendezvous for next week, don’t we?

The lovers met at a secret rendezvous in the park.

a place where a particular group of people often go or meet, by arrangement or habit:

This restaurant is a popular rendezvous for local artists.پاتوق

Rendezvous [rãde’vuː] das; -, - [rãde’vuːs]
1. ein Rendezvous (mit jemandem) ein Treffen von zwei Leuten, die zusammen ausgehen wollen <mit jemandem ein Rendezvous haben; zu einem Rendezvous gehen; sich zu einem Rendezvous verabreden>
2. sich (Kollekt oder Pl) irgendwo ein Rendezvous geben sich (als Gruppe) irgendwo treffen: Am Wiener Opernball gibt sich die Prominenz jedes Jahr ein Rendezvous

Question 835

lease

Answer 835

lease [liːs]
♦ noun
(the period of) an agreement giving the use of a house etc on payment of rent: We signed the lease yesterday; a twenty-year lease.
اجاره؛ کرایه

♦ verb
to give or acquire a house etc in this way: He leases the land from the local council.

lease
verb [ T ]
UK /liːs/ US /liːs/
Add to word list
to make a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, a vehicle, or a piece of equipment for an agreed period of time:

The building’s 60 units are currently leased to students of the university.

[ + two objects ] It was agreed they would lease the apartment to him/lease him the apartment.

He has the house on a long lease.

The lease runs out/expires in two years’ time.

We signed a three-year lease when we moved into the house.

Question 836

tail

ger: schwanz

Answer 836

tail [teil]
♦ noun
1 the part of an animal, bird or fish that sticks out behind the rest of its body: The dog wagged its tail; A fish swims by moving its tail.
دم
2 anything which has a similar function or position: the tail of an aeroplane/comet.
هر چیز دم مانند

♦ verb
to follow closely: The detectives tailed the thief to the station.
تعقیب کردن
-tailed
having a (certain size, type etc of) tail: a black-tailed duck; a long-tailed dog.
…دم
tails
♦ noun,
♦ adverb
(on) the side of a coin that does not have the head of the sovereign etc on it: He tossed the coin and it came down tails.
خط

♦ interjection
a call showing that a person has chosen that side of the coin when tossing a coin to make a decision etc .
خط
ˌtail-ˈend
♦ noun
the very end or last part: the tail-end of the procession.
بخش پایانی هر چیز
ˈtail-light
♦ noun
the (usually red) light on the back of a car, train etc : He followed the tail-lights of the bus.
چراغ عقب
tail wind
a wind coming from behind: We sailed home with a tail wind.
باد موافق
tail off
1 to become fewer, smaller or weaker (at the end): His interest tailed off towards the end of the film.
کم شدن؛ ضعیف شدن
2 (also tail away ) (of voices etc ) to become quieter or silent: His voice tailed away into silence.
کم شدن؛ ضعیف شدن

tail plume
Schwanzfeder f
fee tail
Grundbesitz m mit Erbbeschränkungen
stubby tail
Stummelschwanz m
stumpy tail
Stummelschwanz m
distillation tail
Rückstände pl
prehensile tail
Greifschwanz m
to chase one’s tail
herumwuseln regional
to lash its tail animal
mit dem Schwanz schlagen
to whisk its tail
mit dem Schwanz schlagen
get off my tail!
musst du so dicht auffahren! m ugs
to wag one’s tail dog
mit dem Schwanz wedeln
to turn tattle-tail Am usu Kinderspr ugs
A a. tratschen ugs
the cat’s tail
der Schwanz der Katze
nose to tail
dicht an dicht
they’re chasing tail sl
sie sind auf Weiberjagd sl
tail/wing feather
Schwanz-/Schwungfeder f

Question 837

whistleblower

Answer 837

whistle-blower
noun [ C ] WORKPLACE (also whistleblower)
UK US
Add to word list
a person who works for a company or organization that tells an authority about something illegal happening within the company or organization:
Within many organisations a whistleblower is contemptuously regarded as a ‘grass’ or ‘sneak’.
whistle-blowing

noun [ U ]
Local authorities should have clear procedures to encourage staff whistleblowing.

Question 838

E