Energy, Weight, Fitness Flashcards
What two methods are used to determine the energy a food contains?
Bomb calorimetry - an instrument burns a food and
and proximiate composition
The following factors all affect ____: age, body size, sex, body temperature, fasting/starvation, stress, menstruation, and thyroid function
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
When appropriate amounts of storage fat are added to essential fat for men, the recommended range for _____ of body weight.
total fat is 15% to 20%
for women the minimum levels of fatness compatible with health are based on the essential fat plus the gender-specific fat and are in the range of 12% to 14% of body weight; healthy levels of total fat range from _____
25% to 30%
Amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) is associated with _______
bone loss and increased risk of fractures
Most of the fat in our bodies is stored in special cells called ____. Each of these cells has a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles just as other cells do, but these features are usually squeezed over to the side to make room for the droplet of stored fat.
adipocytes
At birth most of us have relatively small numbers of adipocytes, but during the next few years, these cells increase in number (a type of growth known as ___) and in size (_____).
hyperplasia; hypertrophy
If more energy is consumed than expended, fat storage will go on until the fat droplet reaches its maximum size. If the positive energy balance continues, the body will ____
make new adipocytes, thereby expanding the storage capacity.
REE is the energy a person expends in a normal life situation while at rest, and it includes some energy the body uses following meals and exercise. It accounts for approximately ___ of our total energy needs
60% to 75%
This hormone is produced by adipocytes, has a role in the complex system of the regulation of body weight, fat storage, and appetite.
Leptin
This usual or natural level is called the set point. Actually, this term usually indicates not a single point but rather a narrow range defining the natural level for the characteristic. The adjustments our bodies make to return to the set point are called _______
defending the set point.
When appropriate amounts of storage fat are added to essential fat for men, the recommended range for _____ of body weight.
total fat is 15% to 20%
Aerobic activities can be moderate or vigorous in their intensity. Vigorous activities take more effort than moderate ones. For moderate activities, you can ______ For vigorous activities, you can only ___________
Moderate activities - talk while you do them, but you can’t sing
Vigorous activities - say a few words without stopping to catch your breath.
National surveys indicate that approximately ____ adults have sedentary lifestyles.
1 in 4
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for protein for sedentary adults is 0.8 g per kilogram of body weight per day. Research suggests that athletes need between ___ of protein per kilogram of body weight per day
1.5 and 2 g
For athletes, the lower the kcal intake, the ___ the protein requirements.
higher
If more energy is consumed than expended, fat storage will go on until the fat droplet reaches its maximum size. If the positive energy balance continues, the body will ____
make new adipocytes, thereby expanding the storage capacity.
This hormone promotes the growth of the uterus and breasts during pregnancy and renders the connective tissues in the pelvic region more flexible in preparation for birth.
Estrogen
Metabolic changes during pregnancy:
The _____ rises during pregnancy by as much as 15% to 20% by term. This increase is caused by the greater oxygen needs of the fetus and the maternal support tissues. There are alterations in maternal metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and fat. The fetus prefers to use ____ as its primary energy source. Changes occur in maternal metabolism so that the mother uses ___ as her own primary fuel source
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
glucose
fat
