Digestive System

Question 1

Four processes of digestion

Answer 1

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 2

____ is the term for the secretions of the three sets of salivary glands of the mouth.

Answer 2

Saliva

Question 3

____ is an enzyme contained in saliva that begins the digestive process of starches

Answer 3

amylase

Question 4

_____ is the involuntary movements of circular and longitudinal muscles, which begins and draws the bolus (ball of food) farther into the GI tract.

Answer 4

peristalsis

Question 5

What are the four layers of tissues that form the tube of the GI tract

Answer 5

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

Question 6

The _____ is composed of mucous membrane and forms the inside layer of the GI tract

Answer 6

The mucososa

Question 7

Under the mucosa is the ___, a layer of connective tissue.

Answer 7

submucosa

Question 8

Surrounding the submucosa is a thick layer of muscle tissue called the ______

Answer 8

muscularis

Question 9

The outermost layer of the GI wall is made of serous membrane called ______, which is actually the visceral layer of the peritoneum lining the abdominal pelvic cavity, and covers organs.

Answer 9

serosa

Question 10

The combined effect of the circular and longitudinal muscles causes _____, a forward-and-backward movement that assists in controlling food mass movement through the GI tract.

Answer 10

segmentation

Question 11

Functions of the _____ include: • Holding food for partial digestion
• Producing gastric juice
• Providing muscular action that, combined with gastric juice, mixes and tears food into smaller pieces
• Secreting the intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
• Releasing gastrin
• Assisting in the destruction, through its acidity of secretions, of pathogenic bacteria that may have inadvertently been consumed

Answer 11

stomach

Question 12

____ is a semiliquid mixture of food mass that passes from the stomach into the small intestine

Answer 12

chyme

Question 13

____ (also known as pancreozymin) is a hormone secreted by intestinal mucosa that stimulates the digestion of fat and protein

Answer 13

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 14

enzyme

Answer 14

proteins that act as catalysts to break down food

Question 15

hormone

Answer 15

Compounds formed in endocrine glands that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body fluids

Question 16

Gastric motility, or movement of the food mass through the ____, requires 2-6 hours.

Answer 16

stomach

Question 17

The hormone _____ sends the message that hydrochloric acid (HCl) must be secreted to break down food into chyme

Answer 17

gastrin

Question 18

Every 20 seconds chyme is released into the _____, the upper portion of the small intestine;

Answer 18

duodenum

Question 19

It takes about 5 hours for chyme to pass through the _____ because of the action of segmentation and peristalsis

Answer 19

small intestine

Question 20

Finger-like projections called ____greatly increase the amount of mucosal layer available for the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine

Answer 20

villi

Question 21

____ , which is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is released to emulsify fats, aiding in the digestion of lipids.

Answer 21

Bile

Question 22

____ is the hormone that causes the pancreas to send bicarbonate to the small intestine to reduce the acidic content of chyme

Answer 22

Secretin

Question 23

_____ and _____ spur the gallbladder to release bile for the digestion of fats

Answer 23

CCK and secretin

Question 24

The journey through the ____ takes about 9 to 16 hours.

Answer 24

large intestine

Question 25

In the ____, final absorption of any available nutrients, usually water and some minerals, occurs.

Answer 25

colon (aka large intestine)

Question 26

During passage through ____ more than 95% of the carbohydrates, fats, and proteins ingested are absorbed.

Answer 26

the GI tract

Question 27

_____ is the process by which substances pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

Answer 27

Absorption

Question 28

Passive diffusion and osmosis, facilitated diffusion, energy-dependent active transport, and engulfing pinocytosis are all examples of ____

Answer 28

absorption

Question 29

_____ occurs when pressure is greater on one side of the membrane and the substance then moves from the area of greater pressure to less pressure, allowing molecules to travel through capillaries.

Answer 29

Passive diffusion

Question 30

_____ takes place when, despite positive pressure flow, molecules may be unable to pass through membrane pores unless aided. Specific integral membrane proteins support the movement by bringing the larger nutrient molecules through the capillary membrane.

Answer 30

Facilitated diffusion

Question 31

Energy-dependent _____ happens when fluid pressures work against the passage of nutrients. Energy is supplied by the cell and a “pumping” mechanism, which are assisted by a special membrane protein carrier.

Answer 31

Active transport

Question 32

______ takes place when a substance, either a fluid or a nutrient, contacts the villi membrane, which then surrounds the substance and creates a vacuole that encompasses the substance. Passing through the cell cytoplasm, the substance is then released into the circulatory system.

Answer 32

Engulfing pinocytosis

Question 33

_____ is a membrane-bound cavity within a cell, often containing a watery liquid or secretion.

Answer 33

vacuole

Question 34

cytoplasm

Answer 34

All of the material within a cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.

Question 35

True or False: Nutrients such as fats, carbohydrates, and protein are easily absorbed by the body regardless of the level of need.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Soon after entering the bloodstream, nutrients pass by the ___ This arrangement allows it to have “first choice” of the available nutrients.

Answer 36

liver

Question 37

Total number of hours from ingestion to elimination

Answer 37

16-27

Question 38

_____ is a set of processes through which absorbed nutrients are used by the body for energy and to form and maintain body structures and functions.

Answer 38

Metabolism

Question 39

The two main processes of _____ involve catabolism and anabolism and occur simultaneously

Answer 39

metabolism

Question 40

_____is the breakdown of food components into smaller molecular particles, which causes the release of energy as heat and chemical energy.

Answer 40

Catabolism

Question 41

_____ is the process of synthesis from which substances are formed, such as new bone or muscle tissue.

Answer 41

Anabolism

Question 42

____ and ____ act as catalysts or coenzymes to initiate and support the transformation and use of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

Answer 42

Vitamins; minerals