Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals, Water

Question 1

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for carbohydrates is ____ for adults between 19 and 30 years of age.

Answer 1

130 g/day

Question 2

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is ____% of kcal intake per day as primarily complex carbohydrates

Answer 2

45-65%

Question 3

_____ are sugars composed of single carbohydrate units.

Answer 3

Monosaccharides

Question 4

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all ____saccharides.

Answer 4

monosaccharides

Question 5

____consist of two single carbohydrates bound together.

Answer 5

Disaccharides

Question 6

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are _____saccharides.

Answer 6

disaccharides

Question 7

Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are _____saccharides.

Answer 7

disaccharides

Question 8

______ consist of many units of monosaccharides joined together.

Answer 8

Polysaccharides

Question 9

Starch and fiber are food sources of ____saccharides, whereas glycogen is a ____saccharide stored in the liver and muscles.

Answer 9

polysaccharide

Question 10

If enough carbohydrate is provided to meet the energy needs of the body, protein can be spared or saved to use for specific protein functions. This service of carbohydrates is called the ______

Answer 10

protein-sparing effect

Question 11

Enzymes specific for disaccharides (lactase for lactose, sucrase for sucrose, maltase for maltose) are secreted by the _____ brush-border cells, which then ___ disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Answer 11

small intestine’s; hydrolyze

Question 12

Amylase in saliva begins the ___ of starch into the simpler carbohydrate intermediary forms of dextrin and maltose

Answer 12

hydrolysis

Question 13

The process of converting glucose to glycogen is ______

Answer 13

glycogenesis

Question 14

____ is carbohydrate energy stored in the liver and in muscles

Answer 14

Glycogen

Question 15

Glycogenolysis

Answer 15

Process by which glycogen (stored in liver and muscle tissue) is converted back to glucose

Question 16

Blood glucose homeostasis is between ____ mg/dL

Answer 16

70 and 100

Question 17

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 17

The process of producing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (like fat)

Question 18

True or False: Blood glucose can be sourced from fat, protein, and carbohydrates

Answer 18

True

Question 19

_____ are created when fatty acids are broken down for energy when sufficient carbohydrates are unavailable

Answer 19

Ketone bodies

Question 20

insulin

Answer 20

• main anabolic hormone in the body
• lowers blood glucose levels
• promotes absorption of glucose from blood into liver, skeletal muscle cells, or fat

Question 21

This anabolic hormone is produced in the beta cells of the pancreas

Answer 21

insulin

Question 22

islets of Langerhans (aka pancreatic islets)

Answer 22

Regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine cells; responsible for producing insulin

Question 23

• Main catabolic hormone
• Produced by alpha cells of the pancreas
• Raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream, and is

Answer 23

Glucagon

Question 24

____ is the ranking of foods according to the level to which a food raises blood glucose levels compared with a reference food (100 being the highest)

Answer 24

Glycemic index

Question 25

Factors that affect Glycemic Index

Answer 25

• The physical form such as a baked potato compared with a mashed potato
• The fat and protein content in addition to carbohydrate, which slows digestion
• The ripeness, such as in fruits and vegetables, which increases glucose content
• The fiber content, which slows digestion
• The botanic variety of a food, such as the different glycemic indexes of rice species

Question 26

_____ considers the total glycemic index effect of a mixed meal or dietary plan.

Answer 26

Glycemic load

Question 27

Fructose and galactose are both converted into glucose by the ___

Answer 27

liver

Question 28

Glucose + galactose =

Answer 28

lactose

Question 29

Glucose + glucose =

Answer 29

maltose

Question 30

Glucose + fructose =

Answer 30

Sucrose (table sugar)

Question 31

The DRI report on carbohydrates suggests that added sugars be kept to _____% or less of energy intake on a daily basis.

Answer 31

25

Question 32

True or False. A diet high in sugar are is a risk factor for diabetes

Answer 32

FALSE

Question 33

A disadvantage of ____ is that if large quantities are consumed, they may ferment in the intestinal tract because of their slower absorption rate. This fermentation may cause gas and diarrhea.

Answer 33

sugar alcohols (e.g. sorbitol, mannitol, and xylitol)

Question 34

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare genetic disorder that makes people unable to break down down excess phenylalanine. Therefore, people who suffer from it should not consume _____

Answer 34

aspartame - whic his formed by the bonding of the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid.

Question 35

______ consists of substances in plant foods, including carbohydrates and lignin, that for the most part cannot be digested by humans.

Answer 35

Dietary fiber

Question 36

Pectin, mucilage, psyllium seed husk, guar gum are examples of this

Answer 36

Soluble fiber

Question 37

Cellulose and hemicellulose are examples of _____

Answer 37

insoluble dietary fiber

Question 38

The risk of obesity, constipation, hemorrhoids, diverticular disease, and colon cancer may be decreased by regular consumption of sufficient amounts of ______

Answer 38

fiber

Question 39

When used as a supplement, excessive quantities of _____ can overwhelm the GI tract and lead to blockages in the small intestine and colon.This is a serious medical condition that fortunately is rare.

Answer 39

fiber

Question 40

An Adequate Intake (AI) of dietary fiber is about 25 to 38 g per day, depending on age and gender (NRC, 2006). Most Americans consume much lower levels of fiber; adults often average less than ____ of fiber per day

Answer 40

16

Question 41

____is the replacement of nutrients to the level that was present before processing.

Answer 41

Enrichment

Question 42

____ flour contains added thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron

Answer 42

enriched

Question 43

True or False: Zinc, magnesium, vitamin E, and dietary fiber are added to enriched flour

Answer 43

False. These nutrients are removed during the refining process but not added back in later.

Question 44

Approximately 95% of the lipids in foods and in our bodies are in the ____ form of fat

Answer 44

triglyceride

Question 45

How many Calories are in 1 g of fat, carbohydrate, and protein, respectively?

Answer 45

9, 4, 4

Question 46

____ slows down digestion because of the hormones released in response to its presence in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, causing us to feel full and satisfied for longer after eating (increased satiety)

Answer 46

Fat

Question 47

A substance that works by being soluble in water and fat at the same time

Answer 47

emulsifier

Question 48

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 48

A, D, E, and K

Question 49

Polyunsaturated components of trigylceridies that cannot be made in the body and must be consumed in the diet

Answer 49

essential fatty acids (EFAs)

Question 50

____ are necessary materials for making compounds, such as prostaglandins, that regulate many body functions, including blood pressure, blood clotting through platelet aggregation, gastric acid secretions, and muscle secretions. The overall strength of cell membranes depends on ___

Answer 50

essential fatty acids (EFAs)

Question 51

Overt symptoms of ___ deficiency include skin lesions and scaliness (eczema) caused by increased permeability, which leads to membrane breakdown throughout the body. Inflammation of epithelial tissue and increased susceptibility to infections throughout the body are also possible. This form of defiency is very rare.

Answer 51

essential fatty acids (EFAs)

Question 52

The following populations are at risk of this rare deficiency: (1) Older patients with peripheral vascular disease (a potential complication of diabetes mellitus), (2) patients with fat malabsorption, such as cystic fibrosis, and (3) patients receiving treatment for protein malnutrition with low-fat, high-protein diets. Individuals recovering from serious accidents and burns are also at risk.

Answer 52

essential fatty acids (EFAs) deficiency

Question 53

Body fat cells contain nearly pure fat. Like food, it is also in the form of _____.

Answer 53

triglycerides

Question 54

A substance composed largely of fatty tissue, called ____, covers nerve cells.

Answer 54

myelin

Question 55

Besides energy, what other functions does fat serve in the body?

Answer 55

Organ protection and insulation

Question 56

This kind of lipid forms part of all cell membrane structure and serves as an emulsifier to keep fats dispersed in body fluids.

Answer 56

phosholipid

Question 57

The main phospholipid in the body

Answer 57

lecithin

Question 58

____ are critical components of complex regulatory compounds in our bodies and provide basic material to make bile, vitamin D, sex hormones, and cells in brain and nerve tissue

Answer 58

Sterols

Question 59

The liver synthesizes ____ to make bile

Answer 59

cholesterol

Question 60

_____ are the largest class of lipids found in food and body fat.

Answer 60

Triglycerides

Question 61

A compound consisting of three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule

Answer 61

Triglyceride

Question 62

Hydrogenation

Answer 62

Process by which an unsaturated fat becomes artificially saturated by forcing carbon atoms to break double bonds and bond with hydrogen atoms

Question 63

A carbon chain with only one unsaturated double bond

Answer 63

Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

Question 64

These fats are characterized by the presence of a double bond, three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure.

Answer 64

omega-3s

Question 65

These fats have a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position, that is, the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end

Answer 65

omega-6s

Question 66

linoleic acid

Answer 66

Main member of omega-6 family

Question 67

linolenic acid

Answer 67

Main member of omega-3 family

Question 68

This fatty acid is derived from linolenic acid and abundant in fish

Answer 68

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Question 69

Omega-3 fatty acids appear to lower the risk of heart disease by ______

Answer 69

Reducing the blood clotting process; clots can cause blockages in the arteries in the presence of plaques

Question 70

These fats are composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Answer 70

Phospholipids

Question 71

This phospholipid contains two fatty acids, with the third spot filled by a molecule of choline plus phosphorus

Answer 71

lecithin

Question 72

_____ are carbon rings intermeshed with side chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, making them more complex than triglycerides

Answer 72

Sterols, including cholesterol

Question 73

Like phospholipids, ____ are synthesized by the body and are not essential nutrients

Answer 73

sterols

Question 74

Dietary cholesterol accounts for ____ of the cholesterol in the body.

Answer 74

about 25%

Question 75

True or False: The only food sources of cholesterol are animal

Answer 75

True

Question 76

Fats entering the duodenum initiate the release of ____ hormone from the duodenum walls, which stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the small intestine. The bile emulsifies fats to facilitate digestion.

Answer 76

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 77

This enzyme is the primary digestive enzyme that breaks triglycerides into fatty acids, monoglycerides, and glycerol molecules in the small intestine

Answer 77

pancreatic lipase

Question 78

To aid fat digestion in those patients with malabsorption, synthetically manufactured _____ may be incorporated into a patient’s dietary intake. However, they should not entirely replace dietary fat because they do not contain EFAs.

Answer 78

medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs)

Question 79

Once through the membrane wall, fatty acids and glycerol combine back into triglycerides. These triglycerides are then incorporated into ___, which are the first lipoproteins formed after absorption of lipids from food

Answer 79

chylomicrons

Question 80

At the cell membranes, the triglycerides in the chylomicrons are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol with assistance from an enzyme called _____

Answer 80

lipoprotein lipase

Question 81

Term for the anabolism (synthesis) of lipids, which results in the formation of triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol, and prostaglandins for use throughout the body.

Answer 81

lipogenesis

Question 82

If fat catabolizes quickly because of a lack of carbohydrate (glucose) for energy, the liver cells form these intermediate products from the partial oxidation of fatty acids

Answer 82

ketone bodies

Question 83

Fats are stored in our fat cells as ____, just like how glucose is stored as glycogen in our liver and muscles

Answer 83

triglycerides

Question 84

This important intermediary byproduct of metabolism is formed from the breakdown of glucose, fatty acids, and certain amino acids. This substance then enters a series of reactions called the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle, which ultimately releases ATP.

Answer 84

acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Question 85

_____ is regulated mainly by insulin, growth hormone, and the adrenal cortex hormones; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates secretion of more hormones; and glucocorticoids, which affect food metabolism.**

Answer 85

Lipid metabolism **(re-do this part after quiz for more clarity)

Question 86

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), based on Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), recommend that we eat _____ of our kcal intake from fats, with an increased consumption of ____ and a limit of 10% or less of kcal from ____

Answer 86

20% to 35%, omega-3s, saturated fats

Question 87

Most Americans consume _____% of total energy intake as fat

Answer 87

35-40%

Question 88

When vegetable oil, which is polyunsaturated, is completely _____, it becomes a white, waxy, or plastic-like substance called vegetable shortening. Because it is saturated with hydrogens, the body processes it as if it were a saturated fat.

Answer 88

hydrogenated

Question 89

Although it stabilizes fat, hydrogenation changes the structure of some of the fatty acids from cis fatty acids to _____

Answer 89

trans fatty acids

Question 90

Of the average 35% of kcal consumed as fat by Americans, only about 2% to 7% of total kcal comes from ___

Answer 90

trans fats

Question 91

Trans fat consumption appears to increase risk for CVD. Risk is increased because the trans fat raises the blood cholesterol component ______ that delivers cholesterol throughout the body and, while doing so, may contribute to plaque formation in arteries. Trans fat also decreases the blood cholesterol component _____ that removes excess and used cholesterol from the body.

Answer 91

(low-density lipoproteins [LDLs]); (high-density lipoproteins [HDLs])

Question 92

Several U.S. cities have banned restaurants from using this kind of fat

Answer 92

artificial trans fats

Question 93

A healthy way to preserve polyunsaturated fats without hydrogenation is through the use of ___ additives, like vitamin E (tocopherol) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

Answer 93

antioxidant

Question 94

These compounds transport fats in the circulatory system. They contain a mix of lipids—including triglycerides, fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, and small amounts of other steroids and fat-soluble vitamins—that are covered with a protein outer layer, which allows them to travel through the bloodstream.

Answer 94

Lipoproteins

Question 95

The amounts of ___ and ___ determine the density or weight of the lipoprotein. HDLs contain more ___

Answer 95

fat; protein; protein

Question 96

Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) leaves the liver cells full of fats and lipid components to transfer newly made (endogenous) triglycerides to the cells. ___ forms from VLDL because density increases as fats and lipids are released on their journey through the body.

Answer 96

LDL

Question 97

____ is a kind of lipoprotein that transports absorbed fats from the intestinal wall to the liver cells.

Answer 97

Chylomicrons

Question 98

In contrast to the delivery functions of the first three lipoproteins, ___ is formed within cells to remove cholesterol from the cell, bringing it to the liver for disposal.

Answer 98

HDL

Question 99

A total blood cholesterol reading reflects the level of cholesterol contained in ____

Answer 99

LDL and HDL.

Question 100

Deposits of fatty substances, including cholesterol, that attach to arterial walls

Answer 100

Plaques

Question 101

True or False: Dietary cholesterol raises blood cholesterol

Answer 101

False

Question 102

____ generally raise blood cholesterol by providing the liver with the best building blocks for making cholesterol.***

Answer 102

Saturated fatty acids **

Question 103

____, a carbohydrate extracted from seaweed, has been used for centuries to thicken foods.

Answer 103

Carrageenan

Question 104

____, which stands for short- and long-chain triglyceride molecules, is made in the laboratory and provides sensory qualities with reduced energy content (5 kcal/g vs. 9 kcal/g).***

Answer 104

Salatrim

Question 105

A disadvantage is this fat replacer is that it passes through the gut swiftly, possibly causing abdominal cramping and loose stools and loss of fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins and carotenoids.

Answer 105

olestra

Question 106

The following are all examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine

Answer 106

essential amino acids

Question 107

The following are all examples of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
Alanine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Cysteine
Cystine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Tyrosine

Answer 107

non-essential amino acids

Question 108

Each cell constructs or synthesizes the proteins it needs. To build proteins, the cell must have access to all 20 amino acids. This available supply of amino acids is in the metabolic _____

Answer 108

amino acid pool

Question 109

Non-essential amino acids are all synthesized in the ___

Answer 109

liver

Question 110

This kind of bond occurs at the point at which the carboxyl group of one amino acid is bound to the amino group of another amino acid

Answer 110

peptide

Question 111

The ____ structure level of proteins affects the shape of the chain of amino acids; they may be straight, folded, or coiled.

Answer 111

secondary

Question 112

The ____ structure of proteins results when the polypeptide chain is so coiled that the loops of the coil touch, forming strong bonds within the chain itself.

Answer 112

tertiary

Question 113

At the ___ structural level, proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain.

Answer 113

quaternary

Question 114

At the ___ structural level, peptide bonds are formed between amino acids

Answer 114

primary

Question 115

Denaturing proteins involves disruptions of these levels of structure

Answer 115

secondary, tertiary, and quatenary

Question 116

Heat, radiation, an organic solvent, a strong acid or base can do this to proteins

Answer 116

Denaturation

Question 117

These protein enzymes, produced by the stomach and pancreas, hydrolyze proteins into smaller and smaller peptides until individual amino acids are ready for absorption

Answer 117

Proteases

Question 118

True or False: Chemical digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins begins in the mouth.

Answer 118

False. The chemical digestion of protein begins in the stomach.

Question 119

This important gastric protease, is produced only during infancy. It functions with calcium to thicken or coagulate the milk protein casein; thickening slows the movement of milk nutrients from the stomach, allowing additional digestion time.

Answer 119

Rennin

Question 120

____, an inactive form of the gastric protease pepsin, is secreted by the stomach mucosa. Pepsin becomes activated when it mixes with ____

Answer 120

Pepsinogen; hydrochloric acid

Question 121

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase are all _____

Answer 121

Pancreatic enzymes that break down proteins

Question 122

Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase are both ___

Answer 122

Intestinal enzymes that break down proteins

Question 123

Absorption of amino acids occurs through the intestinal walls by means of competitive active transport that requires this vitamin as a carrier

Answer 123

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

Question 124

Liver cells begin the process of protein catabolism through ___, which removes an amino group (NH2), which is converted into ammonia (NH3), and then urea, which is later excreted in urine. The process also produces a keto acid, which can enter the TCA cycle to make energy

Answer 124

Deamination; urea

Question 125

Positive nitrogen balance occurs when more nitrogen is retained in the body than is excreted. The nitrogen is used to form new cells for ____

Answer 125

growth or healing.

Question 126

These studies are used to determine the protein requirements of the body throughout the life cycle and to assign value to the protein quality of foods to determine their biologic value

Answer 126

Nitrogen-balance studies

Question 127

Oxygen is stored in our muscles in this protein carrier

Answer 127

myoglobin

Question 128

Complete protein

Answer 128

Contains all nine EAAs in sufficient quantities that best support growth and maintenance of our bodies

Question 129

Biologic value (i.e. bioavailability), amino acid score, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) are all ratings of

Answer 129

Protein quality

Question 130

The RDA for protein is _____. The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) suggest that protein consumption accounts for between ____ of energy intake

Answer 130

0.8 g/kg (or 2.2 pounds); 10% and 35%

Question 131

The vegan dietary pattern can provide all the essential nutrients except _____. Iron and zinc may also be low.

Answer 131

vitamins D and B12, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids

Question 132

This form of malnutrition is caused by a lack of sufficient energy (kcal) intake

Answer 132

Marasmus

Question 133

___ is defined as malnutrition caused by protein deficiency even though adequate energy is consumed.

Answer 133

Kwashiorkor

Question 134

___ perform numerous functions, including growth and maintenance, creation of essential substances, immune system response, fluid regulation, acid-base balance, and transportation of nutrients and other substances in the body.

Answer 134

proteins

Question 135

Organic molecules required in very small amounts for cellular metabolism. Each one performs specific metabolic function

Answer 135

Vitamins

Question 136

The only vitamin synthesized by the body

Answer 136

Vitamin D

Question 137

Nonnutritive substances in plant-based foods that appear to have disease-fighting properties.

Answer 137

Phytochemicals

Question 138

The main function of thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Pyridoxine (B6) is to serve as ____.

Answer 138

coenzymes

Question 139

This thiamine deficiency disease is characterized by ataxia (muscle weakness and loss of coordination), pain, mental disorientation, and tachycardia (rapid beating of the heart).

Answer 139

beriberi

Question 140

The most common disorder of the central nervous system, caused by chronic alcohol abuse

Answer 140

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

Question 141

Parenteral fluids should contain _____; otherwise, the marginal levels of nutritionally depleted individuals, combined with a sudden increase of glucose to the brain, can initiate Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, regardless of the level of alcohol intake.

Answer 141

a mix of B vitamins

Question 142

Others at risk for ____ deficiency include patients who are undergoing dialysis because of renal disease, who are receiving parenteral nutrition, who are HIV positive or have AIDS, or who have persistent vomiting (hyperemesis gravidarum), anorexia nervosa, gastrectomy, or certain genetic disorders

Answer 142

thiamin

Question 143

Symptoms of this deficiency are: swollen lips, cracks in the corners of the mouth (cheilosis). The tongue becomes inflamed, swollen, and purplish red (glossitis)

Answer 143

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency (Ariboflavinosis)

Question 144

Diets adequate in ___ tend to be adequate in niacin

Answer 144

protein (niacin is synthesized from tryptophan)

Question 145

Dermatis, dementia, diarrhea

Answer 145

Pellagra (niacin deficiency)

Question 146

Prolonged use of drugs such as isoniazid (for tuberculosis), penicillamine (for lead poisoning, cystinuria, Wilson’s disease, sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis), cycloserine (for tuberculosis), and hydralazine (for hypertension) may require ______ supplements to reduce neurologic side effects and prevent deficiency during treatment

Answer 146

vitamin b6 (pyridoxine)

Question 147

Oral contraptives can deplete this vitamin

Answer 147

vitamin b6 (pyridoxine)

Question 148

____ acts as a coenzyme in reactions involving the transfer of one-carbon units during metabolism. As such, it is required for the synthesis of amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Answer 148

Folate

Question 149

In cases of ____, a congenital defect in which the brain does not develop, death may occur shortly after birth.

Answer 149

anencephaly

Question 150

____ is a congenital neural tube defect caused by the incomplete closure of the fetus’s spine during early pregnancy. It may involve incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and their protective coverings, resulting in a range of disabilities, including paralysis and incontinence

Answer 150

Spina bifida

Question 151

___ has a role in the proper formation of fetal neural tubes. Adequate levels during the first month after conception appear to greatly reduce the incidence of neural tube defects.

Answer 151

Folate

Question 152

This deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia. This is a form of anemia characterized by large red blood cells that cannot carry oxygen properly. Other deficiency symptoms are glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absentmindedness, depression, and anxiety

Answer 152

Folate

Question 153

This deficiency may result from any condition that requires cell division to speed up, including infection, cancer, burns, blood loss, GI damage, growth, and pregnancy.

Answer 153

Folate

Question 154

cyanocobalamin

Answer 154

pharmaceutical form of B12

Question 155

This vitamin plays a role in folate metabolism by modifying folate coenzymes to active forms to support metabolic functions, including the synthesis of DNA and RNA.

Answer 155

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Question 156

This vitamin develops and maintains the myelin sheaths that surround and protect nerve fibers

Answer 156

Vitamin 12 (Cobalamin)

Question 157

____ is a protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12. It is made by cells in the stomach lining.

Answer 157

Intrinsic factor

Question 158

___is a medical condition in which the blood is low in normal red blood cells.

Answer 158

Anemia

Question 159

___ assists in the transfer of carbon dioxide from one compound to another, playing an important role in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.

Answer 159

Biotin

Question 160

This vitamin in supplemental form can interfere with lab results

Answer 160

Biotin

Question 161

___ is needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and lecithin, the phospholipid.

Answer 161

Choline

Question 162

Symptoms of this vitamin toxicity include sweating, fishy body odor, vomiting, liver damage, reduced growth, and low blood pressure (hypotension).

Answer 162

choline

Question 163

This vitamin functions as an antioxidant and as a coenzyme. It is essential to grow and heal tissue in all parts of the body

Answer 163

Vitamin C

Question 164

Marginal deficiency of this vitamin may manifest as gingivitis with soreness and ulcerations of the mouth, poor wound healing, inadequate tooth and bone growth or maintenance, and increased risk of infection as the integrity of tissues throughout the body becomes compromised.

Answer 164

Vitamin C

Question 165

Vision, bone growth, immune function, and reproduction all depend on this vitamin

Answer 165

Vitamin A

Question 166

Vitamin A, C, E and Selenium are all examples of this

Answer 166

Antioxidant

Question 167

Deficiency of this vitamin causes xerophthalmia, which progresses from night blindness (the inability of the eyes to readjust from bright to dim light) to keratomalacia, resulting in complete blindness

Answer 167

Vitamin A

Question 168

Intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus depends on the action of this vitamin. It is also affects bone mineralization and mineral homeostasis by helping to regulate blood calcium levels.

Answer 168

Vitamin D

Question 169

Calcitriol

Answer 169

The hormonal form of Vitamin D

Question 170

Because of insufficient mineralization of bone and tooth matrix, this deficiency disorder leads to malformed skeletons, characterized by bowed legs unable to bear body weight, oddly angled rib bones and chests, and abnormal tooth formation

Answer 170

rickets (vitamin D defiency disorder)

Question 171

Osteomalacia, or “bad bones,” is characterized by soft demineralized bones that are at risk for fractures. Osteoperosis involves decreased bone density, and become brittle and break easily. Both can be caused by a deficiency of ____ or ___

Answer 171

vitamin D; calcium

Question 172

High intakes of this vitamin can result in hypercalcemia (high calcium level in blood) and hypercalciuria (high calcium level in urine), which affect kidneys and may cause cardiovascular damage.

Answer 172

vitamin D

Question 173

This vitamin acts as an antioxidant, protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A in cell membranes from oxidative damage by being oxidized itself. This function is particularly important in protecting the integrity of lung and red blood cell membranes, which are exposed to large amounts of oxygen

Answer 173

Vitamin E

Question 174

Some ____ in which deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins may occur are cystic fibrosis, biliary atresia (blocked bile duct), other disorders of the hepatobiliary system, and liver transport problems.

Answer 174

chronic fat absorption disorders

Question 175

This vitamin is a cofactor in the synthesis of blood clotting factors, including prothrombin. Protein formation in bone, kidney, and plasma also depends on this vitamin.

Answer 175

Vitamin K

Question 176

Long-term intensive antibiotic therapy destroys the intestinal microflora that produce this vitamin and may result in defiency

Answer 176

Vitamin K

Question 177

Intracranial bleeding and other symptoms consistent with child abuse may actually be due to this deficiency

Answer 177

vitamin K deficiency

Question 178

These fluids, found within cells, are composed of water plus concentrations of potassium and phosphates

Answer 178

Intracellular fluid

Question 179

These fluids are found between cells and contain concentrations of sodium and chloride.

Answer 179

Interstitial fluid

Question 180

This is the term for body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood, in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.

Answer 180

Extracellular fluid

Question 181

This is the loss of water through the skin that does not occur as perceivable sweat. It takes place at an almost constant rate and reflects evaporative loss from the epithelial cells of the skin.

Answer 181

Insensible perspiration

Question 182

The functions of this compound include:
Provides shape and rigidity to cells
Helps regulate body temperature
Acts as a lubricant
Cushions body tissues
Transports nutrients and waste products
Acts as a solvent
Provides a source of trace minerals
Participates in chemical reactions

Answer 182

Water

Question 183

This hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus in response to high sodium levels in the body, or too-low blood pressure or blood volume.

Answer 183

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Question 184

This hormone signals the kidneys to retain fluid in the body

Answer 184

Aldosterone

Question 185

Minerals that carry electrical charges or ions (particles) when dissolved in water

Answer 185

Electrolytes

Question 186

The primary extracellular electrolytes in body fluids

Answer 186

Sodium (Na+/cation) and chloride (Cl−/anion)

Question 187

The primary intracellular electrolyte

Answer 187

Potassium (K+/cation)

Question 188

A transport protein that works to exchange sodium from within the cells for potassium

Answer 188

The sodium/potassium pump

Question 189

This organ regulates electrolyte levels

Answer 189

The kidneys

Question 190

Symptoms of this condition include: infrequent urination, decreased skin elasticity, dry mucous membranes, dry mouth, unusual drowsiness, lightheadedness or disorientation, extreme thirst, nausea, slow or rapid breathing, and sudden weight loss; orthostatic hypotension

Answer 190

Fluid volume deficit (FVD)

Question 191

____ is a condition in which a person experiences increased fluid retention and edema. It is associated with a compromised regulatory mechanism, excess fluid intake, or excess sodium intake.

Answer 191

Fluid volume excess

Question 192

Muscle cramps, decreased blood pressure, and weakness are symptoms of this relatively rare condition

Answer 192

Water intoxication

Question 193

To maintain body levels of major minerals, the minerals must be consumed daily from dietary sources in amounts of ___ or higher.

Answer 193

100 mg

Question 194

In contrast to major minerals, trace minerals are required daily in amounts less than or equal to ___

Answer 194

20 mg

Question 195

The following are all of the \_\_\_\_:
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur

Answer 195

Major minerals

Question 196

Functions that depend on this mineral include (1) the central nervous system, particularly nerve impulses; (2) muscle contraction and relaxation, when needed; (3) formation of blood clots; and (4) blood pressure regulation. Continuing research supports that increased levels of this mineral (and vitamin D) intakes may be protective for colorectal cancer

Answer 196

Calcium

Question 197

99% of this mineral in the body is found in our bones. The other 1% is released as blood flows through bone

Answer 197

Calcium

Question 198

If calcium blood levels get too low, three actions can occur to reestablish calcium homeostasis

Answer 198

Bones release calcium, intestines absorb more calcium, and kidneys retain more calcium

Question 199

____ is secreted by the parathyroid gland in response to low blood calcium levels. It raises blood calcium levels by stimulating all three ways of providing calcium to body fluids. Vitamin D has a hormone-like effect as ____ and increases blood calcium levels by acting on all three systems. The third hormone involved, ____, is released by the special C cells of the thyroid gland. ____ reacts in response to high blood levels of calcium by lowering both calcium and phosphate in the blood

Answer 199

Parathormone, calcitriol, calcitonin, (calcitonin)

Question 200

If calcium blood levels get too high, calcium ___ (with symptoms of hardness or stiffness of muscles) may occur. Conversely, if levels are too low, a person may experience calcium ___, with spasms caused by muscle and nerve excitability.

Answer 200

rigor; tetany

Question 201

The following are factor that hinder \_\_\_ absorption:
Aging
Binders such as phytic acid and oxalic acid
Dietary fat
Dietary fiber
Drug use
Excessive phosphorus intake
Laxative use
Sedentary lifestyle

Answer 201

Calcium

Question 202

Some medications, including anticonvulsants, tetracycline, cortisone, thyroxine, and aluminum-containing antacids, are associated with reduced ____ absorption.

Answer 202

calcium

Question 203

One of the most recognizable characteristics of ____ is the dowager’s hump; as vertebrae in the spine collapse from weakness, the spine is no longer able to support the weight of the head. The back bows and the head angles down. Most significantly, the internal organs affected by the curvature are unable to function efficiently, and other health difficulties develop.

Answer 203

osteoporosis

Question 204

Men and women who undergo organ transplantation are more at risk for osteoporosis, particularly during the ____. The loss of bone density is probably caused by the medications used to prevent organ rejection, such as glucocorticoids, that disturb bone and mineral homeostasis.

Answer 204

first year after surgery

Question 205

Most of the ____ in the body (85%) is in our bones and teeth as a component of hydroxyapatite, a natural mineral structure. The other 15% of has functions (1) in energy transfer; (2) as part of the genetic material of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA); (3) as a buffer in the form of phosphoric acid, which balances body acid-base levels; and (4) as a component of phospholipids used for transportation and structural functions

Answer 205

phosphorus

Question 206

As with calcium and phosphorus, most of the this mineral in the body is found in our bones, providing structural and storage functions. It assists hundreds of enzymes throughout the body. It also regulates nerve and muscle function, including the actions of the heart, and has a role in the blood clotting process and in the immune system.

Answer 206

magnesium

Question 207

This deficiency tends to have secondary causes such as vomiting/diarrhea due to pathologic conditions, kidney diesease, or GI tract disorder. Symptoms of deficiency include twitching of muscles, muscle weakness, and convulsions. In children, it may be associated with growth failure.

Answer 207

Magnesium

Question 208

Self-supplementation with calcium tablets containing magnesium while also taking magnesium supplements adds up to an excess that is not seriously toxic but is excessive enough to cause _____

Answer 208

long-term diarrhea and deficient fluid volume (dehydration)

Question 209

This mineral is a component of protein structures. It is present in every cell of the body and is part of several amino acids, thiamine, and biotin. It is also involved in maintaining the acid-base balance of the body

Answer 209

Sulfur

Question 210

Laboratory studies of ____ determine electrolyte values.

Answer 210

blood serum

Question 211

Sodium, potassium, and chloride are major ____of the body

Answer 211

Electrolytes

Question 212

Maintaining a balance of these minerals is important because of their effect on body processes such as the amount of water in the body, blood pH, and muscle action.

Answer 212

Electrolytes

Question 213

Blood pressure and volume are maintained by the characteristics of ____ as the major cation in extracellular fluid. Transmission of nerve impulses relies on this electrolyte as well.

Answer 213

sodium

Question 214

Depletion can be caused by dehydration. Symptoms of this deficiency include headache, muscle cramps, weakness, reduced ability to concentrate, and loss of memory and appetite.

Answer 214

Sodium

Question 215

Hyponatremia, or low blood ___, may occur. The symptoms are the same as for intake deficiency. May be acute or chronic. Acute hyponatremia is of concern for endurance athletes. Can be determined by blood test.

Answer 215

sodium

Question 216

The best remedy for occasional edema caused by excessive sodium intake is simply to ____

Answer 216

drink more water to equalize the sodium concentration of body fluids.

Question 217

While sodium as a cation maintains the fluid levels extracellularly, this electrolyte is the primary intercellular cation, maintaining fluid levels inside the cells. It is also crucial for normal functioning of nerves and muscles, including the heart.

Answer 217

Potassium

Question 218

Most Americans do not get enough of this mineral. It can lower blood pressure, decrease the negative effects of sodium chloride on blood pressure, reduce the risk of kidney stones, and possibly reduce bone loss. Foods high in this mineral include sweet potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges.

Answer 218

Potassium

Question 219

Symptoms associated with this mineral deficiency include muscle weakness, confusion, decreased appetite, and, in severe cases, cardiac dysrhythmias.

Answer 219

Potassium

Question 220

Patients undergoing dialysis may still be at risk for toxicity of this mineral. Symptoms of toxicity are similar to those of a deficiency. They include muscle weakness, vomiting, and at excessively high levels, cardiac arrest.

Answer 220

Potassium

Question 221

As the key anion of extracellular fluids, ___ assists in maintaining fluid balance inside and outside cells.

Answer 221

chloride

Question 222

This trace mineral is responsible for distributing oxygen throughout our bodies

Answer 222

Iron

Question 223

This oxygen-transporting protein holds oxygen in the muscle cells for quick use when needed

Answer 223

Myoglobin

Question 224

The RDA of this mineral accounts for its unusual absorption. Only about 10% to 15% of what is consumed is absorbed; this amount increases up to 20% if body levels are deficient. Higher percentages are absorbed during pregnancy and during periods of growth.

Answer 224

Iron

Question 225

Intestinal mucosal cells contain two proteins that assist in absorption of dietary iron. One protein moves iron to a protein carrier in blood transferrin. This allows for the movement of iron through blood to bone marrow and tissues as needed. The second stores iron in the mucosal cells as a reserve if iron is needed. If not used, mucosal cells are replaced every few days so a continuous short-term supply of iron is available.

Answer 225

mucosal transferrin; mucosal ferritin

Question 226

This form of iron, found in animal sources, is more easily absorbed than the form found in plant foods

Answer 226

Heme iron, nonheme iron

Question 227

When both the percentage of red blood cells (called hematocrit) and the hemoglobin level fall, a health care provider should suspect this deficiency.

Answer 227

iron

Question 228

Deficiency of this mineral, even if not yet resulting in anemia, may aggravate chronic inflammatory disease disorders such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic heart failure. It is most common in children and women of childbearing age.

Answer 228

Iron

Question 229

The tannin in tea reduces ___ absorption.

Answer 229

iron

Question 230

Drinking a glass of ___ when taking an iron supplement will maximize iron absorption. Avoid taking iron supplements with ___ because calcium interferes with absorption. Supplementation may cause black stool and constipation.

Answer 230

orange juice; milk

Question 231

Hemosiderosis, storing too much iron in the body, is a health concern. This condition may be caused either by ____, a genetic iron overload disorder that allows more dietary iron to be absorbed than usual, or by consumption of very high levels of iron-containing foods, perhaps through iron fortification, or chronic alcohol abuse. Bacterial microorganisms may thrive on the excessive amounts of iron circulating in the blood. These effects manifest as various symptoms such as weakness and fatigue. More specific symptoms include liver and heart damage, diabetes, arthritis, and discoloration of skin.

Answer 231

hemochromatosis

Question 232

Accidental poisoning of a child who consumes this mineral as supplements is a medical emergency. As few as 6 to 12 pills can be lethal, depending on the dose and the age of the child.

Answer 232

Iron

Question 233

More than 200 enzymes throughout the body depend on this trace mineral. It affects our growth process, taste and smell ability, healing process, immune system, and carbohydrate metabolism by assisting insulin function

Answer 233

zinc

Question 234

Deficiency of this mineral are rare in the U.S. Symptoms include impaired growth, reduced appetite, and immunologic disorders. Severe deficiency during the growth years may result in dwarfism and hypogonadism (reduced function of gonads), leading to delayed sexual development.

Answer 234

Zinc

Question 235

Toxicity of this mineral from inappropriate supplementation produces GI distress, leading to vomiting and diarrhea, fever, and exhaustion. The symptoms appear similar to those of the flu. Consequently, the UL of 40 mg should be observed.

Answer 235

Zinc

Question 236

This trace mineral is part of the hormone thyroxin produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxin is involved with regulating growth and development, basal metabolic rate, and body temperature.

Answer 236

Iodine

Question 237

Goiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland, occurs during extended deficiency of this trace mineral. The thyroid gland works to compensate for the low iodine levels and expands; the goiter often remains even after iodine intake is again sufficient. Due to fortification of salt with iodine, this condition is now extremely rare in the U.S.

Answer 237

iodine

Question 238

This trace mineral increases resistance to tooth decay and is part of tooth formation. Skeletal health also depends on it for bone mineralization.

Answer 238

fluoride

Question 239

This trace mineral is part of an enzyme that acts as an antioxidant. It works with Vitamin E to prevent cell and lipid membrane damage from oxidizing substances. It is also associated with thyroid function. Low dietary levels of this trace mineral may be associated with an increased risk of cancer. The RDA is easily met.

Answer 239

Selenium

Question 240

The most common symptoms of toxicity of this mineral are hair and nail brittleness and loss. Other effects are severe liver damage, vomiting, and diarrhea. Additional symptoms include metallic aftertaste, respiratory distress with lung edema and bronchopneumonia, and garlic-scented breath and sweat. Chronic toxicity is not likely to occur in the U.S. population because food is consumed from many regional areas, a pattern that dilutes consumption of food grown in naturally occurring areas.

Answer 240

Selenium

Question 241

Although the body requires minute amounts of it, this trace mineral performs many functions: (1) a coenzyme involving antioxidant reactions and energy metabolism, (2) a component of wound healing, (3) a constituent of nerve fiber protection, and (4) a required element for iron use. Deficiency does not occur in the U.S.

Answer 241

Copper

Question 242

Wilson’s disease, an inherited disorder, results in the excessive accumulation of this mineral in the liver, brain, and cornea of the eye.

Answer 242

copper

Question 243

This trace mineral has a role in carbohydrate metabolism as a constituent of the glucose tolerance factor that facilitates the reaction of insulin. Deficiencies are rare, but can be responsible in part for some cases of impaired glucose tolerance, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and unresponsiveness to insulin. Toxicity comes from environmental contaminants, rather than dietary or supplement intake.

Answer 243

Chromium