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A LEVEL PE REVISION PART 2 OF BOOK > Energy systems > Flashcards

Energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

ATP adenosine triphosphate

A

energy we use for muscle contractions

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2
Q

ATPase

A

enzyme used to break down ATP leaving adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)

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3
Q

conversion of ADP and Pi back to ATP takes place through:

A

the aerobic system
the ATP-PC system
the anaerobic glycolytic system

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4
Q

the aerobic system

A

low intensity- high oxygen supply-long duration e.g. jogging

breaks down glucose into CO2 and O2

produces up to 38 molecules of ATP

fats and proteins can be broken down (fatty acids and amino acids)

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5
Q

the aerobic system -Glycolysis

A

the first stage is anaerobic

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

for every molecule of glucose undergoing glycolysis, 2 molecules of ATP are produced

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6
Q

the aerobic system- Krebs cycle

A

acetyl groups combine with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid. hydrogen is removed

carbon forms CO2 and is breathed out by the lungs

hydrogen is taken to the ETC

produces 2 molecules of ATP

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7
Q

the aerobic system- Electron transport chain

A

hydrogen splits into hydrogen ions and electrons which are charged with potential energy

hydrogen ions are oxidised to form water

hydrogen electrons provide energy to resynthesise ATP

34 ATP produced

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8
Q

Beta oxidation

A

fatty acids undergo beta oxidation where they are converted into acetyl coenzyme. (entry for krebs cycle)

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9
Q

advantages of the aerobic system

A

more ATP produced (36)

no fatiguing by products (only co2 and h2o)

lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last longer

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10
Q

disadvantages of the aerobic system

A

takes a while for enough oxygen to be available for system to work

fatty acid transportation to muscles is low and requires 15% more O2 to be broken down than glycogen

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11
Q

the ATP-PC system

A

uses phosphocreatine (PC) as its fuel. it can be broken down quickly and is easy to release energy to resynthesise ATP

rapidly available

important for single maximal movements (long jump, shot put)

5-8 seconds

can only replenish when oxygen is available at low intensity

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12
Q

how ATP-PC works to provide energy

A

anaerobic process

resynthesises ATP when there are high levels of ADP

breaks down phosphocreatine in muscles to release energy

energy+Pi+ADP=ATP

delays onset of anaerobic glycolytic system

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13
Q

advantages of ATP-PC system

A

ATP can resynthesise rapidly

phosphocreatine stores can be resynthesised quickly (only takes 3 mins)

no fatiguing by products

it is possible to extend duration through creatine supplimentation

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14
Q

disadvantages of ATP-PC system

A

only a limited supple of phosphocreatine in the muscles (so only lasts up to 8s)

only one mole of ATP can be resynthesised for every mole of PC

PC resynthesis can only take place in the presence of oxygen

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15
Q

the anaerobic glycolytic system

A

high intensity, longer duration (than ATP-PC) 2-3 mins if not full intensity
e.g. 400 m runner

resynthesises ATP from the breakdown of the fuel glucose

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16
Q

how Anaerobic glycolytic system works to provide energy

A

when PC stores are low, glycogen is broken down into glucose and then into pyruvic acid (this is anaerobic glycolysis)

pyruvic acid is then broken down again into lactic acid by LDH

energy is released to allow ATP to resynthesise

2 molecules of ATP produces for 1 molecule of glucose (actually 4 molecules released but 2 are used for glycolysis)

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17
Q

advantages of Anaerobic glycolytic system

A

ATP can be resynthesised quite quickly due to very few chemical reactions and lasts longer than ATP-PC system

in the presence of O2, lactic acid can be converted back into liver glycogen or used as fuel through oxidation into carbon dioxide and water

can be used for a sprint finish

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18
Q

disadvantages of anaerobic glycolytic system

A

lactic acid is the final by-product

only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions

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19
Q

energy continuum

A

describes which energy system is used for different types of physical activity

intensity and duration decide which energy system is used

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20
Q

what energy system does

100m sprinter

marathon runner

A

ATP-PC

aerobic energy system

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21
Q

energy continuum thresholds

A

ATP-PC system is exhausted-> anaerobic glycolytic is exhausted-> aerobic

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22
Q

slow twitch muscle fibres

A

low to medium intensity
aerobic respiration is main source of receiving fuel

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23
Q

fast twitch

A

high intensity activity

anaerobic respiration (produces only 2 atp. muscles fatigue quicker)
e.g. sprinting

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24
Q

slow twitch (Type II)

A

the main pathway for ATP production in the aerobic system

produces the maximal amount of ATP available from each gluecose molecule (up to 36 ATP)

production of ATP is slow but these fibres are more endurance based so less likely to fatigue

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25
fast twitch (Type IIx)
the main pathway for ATP production is via the lactate anaerobic energy system ATP production in the absence of oxygen is not efficient production of ATP this way is fast but cannot last for long as these fibres have least resistance to muscle fatigue
26
oxygen consumption
amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP. usually referred to as VO2 at the start of exercise, oxygen consumption increases to provide more ATP. as intensity increases, so does the amount of oxygen consumed until a performer reaches maximal oxygen consumption (this is VO2 max)
27
VO2 max
the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute determines endurance largely genetically determined
28
physiological factors affecting VO2 max
increased: maximum cardiac output stroke volume/ejection fraction heart rate range oxygen to muscles red blood cells and haemoglobin glycogen stores myoglobin content capillarisation around muscles number and size of mitochondria surface area of alveoli lactate tolerance
29
other factors affecting VO2 max
lifestyle- smoking, poor fitness body composition- more body fat reduces VO2 max training-aerobic training improves VO2 max by 10-20% genetics gender- men have about 20% higher VO2 max differences in age- VO2 max declines with age
30
sub maximal oxygen deficit
when there is not enough oxygen available at the start of exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically
31
EPOC
the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time
32
the fast component EPOC (alactacid component)
uses extra O2 taken in during recovery to restore ATP + phosphocreatine + re-saturate myoglobin with oxygen
33
myoglobin
high affinity for oxygen oxygen stores are limited after exercise replenished trough EPOC
34
the slow component EPOC (lactacid component)
removal of lactic acid maintenance of breathing and heart rates glycogen replenishment increase in body temperature
35
the slow component EPOC (lactacid component) removal of lactic acid
-o2 converting it back into pyruvate and ocidised into carbon dioxide and water to be used as energy -the cori cycle -converted into protein -removed in sweat and urine
36
the cori cycle
lactic acid is transported to the liver where it is converted to blood gluecose and glycogen
37
maintenance of breathing and heart rates
extra oxygen from increased breathing and HR is used to replenish ATP and phosphocreatine stores and re-saturate myoglobin and remove lactic acid (returning body to pre-exercise state)
38
glycogen replenishment
glycogen is main energy provider replenishment depends on the type of exercise undertaken + how much carbohydrates are consumed
39
increase in body temperature
when temp is high, respiratory rates are also high this helps performer take in more oxygen
40
lactate accumulation
lactate is made from broken down lactic acid accumulates in the muscles and combines with hydrogen ions to increase acidity slows enzyme activity and affects breakdown of glycogen- causing muscle fatigue lactate produced in the muscles diffuses into the blood and blood lactate can be measured
41
lactate threshold
switching from aerobic to anaerobic lactic acid quickly accumulates in the blood expressed as a % of VO2 max as fitness increases, lactate threshold becomes dalayed exercise at just below our lactate threshold
42
OBLA
when lactate level go above 4 mmol per litre body is unable to produce enough oxygen to break down lactate so levels of lactate accumulate gives indication of endurance capacity
43
Multi stage fitness test and OBLA example
as the test becomes more demanding because of reduced time to complete each shuttle, the performer eventually reaches a point where energy cannot be provided aerobically. this means the performer has to use the anaerobic systems to re-synthesise ATP. levels of lactate produced in the muscles increase until muscle fatigue occurs and the performer slows down or is no longer able to keep up with the beep.
44
factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation: exercise intensity
the higher the intensity, the greater the demand for energy (ATP) and the faster OBLA occurs. fast twitch muscle fibres used for high intensity need glycogen as fuel. when glycogen is broken down in the absence of oxygen, lactic acid is formed
45
factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation: muscle fibre type
slow twitch fibres produce less lactate than fast twitch fibres. when slow twitch fibres use glycogen as a fuel, it can be broken down more effectively and with little lactate production.
46
factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation: rate of blood lactate removal
if rate of removal is the same as production, blood lactate remains constant. if production increases, it will accumulate until OBLA occurs
47
factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation: the respiratory exchange ratio
ratio of CO2 produced compares to O2 consumed
48
factors affecting the rate of lactate accumulation: fitness of the performer
a fitter person will be able to delay OBLA due to increased mitochondria and myoglobin and capillary density, improve the capacity for aerobic respiration and therefore avoid using anaerobic glycolytic system
49
lactate producing capacity
elite sprinters and power athletes have better anaerobic endurance than non-elite sprinters they have adapted to cope with high levels of lactate buffering has increased the rate of removal therefore reducing lactate levels
50
buffering
athletes can work at higher intensity for longer before fatigue sets in. can tolerate higher levels of lactate greater number of mitochondria, myoglobin and capillary density
51
measurements of energy expenditure: indirect calorimetry
provides and accurate measurement of energy expenditure through gas exchange. measures how much CO2 is produced and how much O2 is consumed at rest and aerobic exercise. gives precise calculation of VO2 and VO2 max
52
measurements of energy expenditure: lactate sampling
small blood sample indicating how much lactate is present gives idea of level of fitness allows performer to select relevant training zones can show lactate comparison if done regularly
53
measurements of energy expenditure: VO2 max test
direct gas analysis- measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of carbon dioxide expired multi-stage fitness test can also be used
54
measurements of energy expenditure: respiratory exchange ratio (RER)
ratio of co2 produced compared to the o2 consumed provides info on fuel usage during exercise rer= vco2/vo2
55
impact of specialist training methods on energy systems: altitude training
2500m+ lower partial pressure of oxygen reduction in diffusion gradient haemoglobin is not fully saturated with blood so there is a lower o2 carrying capacity. reduces vo2 max and aerobic performance
56
benefits of altitude training
increase RBC count increase concentration of haemoglobin increase in capillarisation and EPO enhanced oxygen transport increase lactate tolerance
57
negatives of altitude training
difficult to train at same intensity due to partial pressure of o2 loss of fitness/ detraining altitude sickness has effect on training programme homesickness only lasts for 14 days.
58
impact of specialist training methods on energy systems: high intensity interval training (HIIT)
used for aerobic and anaerobic periods of maximal intensity work with periods of low to moderate recovery duration of work and recovery intensity of work and recovery improves fat burning potential, glucose metabolism, aerobic and anaerobic performance
59
impact of specialist training methods on energy systems: plyometrics
repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power high intensity explosive activities - hopping uses fast twitch muscle fibres eccentric phase-muscle lengthens under pressure amortisation phase- time between eccentric and concentric muscle factors concentric - uses stored energy to increase force of contraction
60
impact of specialist training methods on energy systems: speed. agility, quickness SAQ
improves multi directional movement through developing the neuromuscular system zig zag runs foot ladders maximal force at high speed anaerobic energy

A LEVEL PE REVISION PART 2 OF BOOK (16 decks)

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