Violence in sport

Question 1

violence in sport

Answer 1

physical acts committed to harm others in sports

Question 2

causes of player violence

Answer 2

win ethic and high rewards for success
importance of the event
nature of the sport-ice hockey, rugby
NGB’s too lenient with punishments
excitement/ over arousal
frustration from ref decisions

Question 3

strategies to prevent violence in sport in relation to the performer

Answer 3

using TMO and video replays to support officials decisions
punishing violence by performers
use of post-match video evidence so players are cited for violent acts
promoting positive role models
imposing harsh punishments- long fines or heavy bans
introducing education campaigns and awards for fair play

Question 4

hooliganism

Answer 4

acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths

Question 5

football hooliganism

Answer 5

unruly, violent and destructive behaviour by over zealous supporters of association football clubs

Question 6

reasons for football hooliganism- spectator violence

Answer 6

importance of event- emotional intensity
alcohol
pre match media hype
poor policing and crowd control
lack of effective deterrents and punishments
frustration with match officials
violence on pitch is reflected in crowd
tensions between rival fans- religious discord
reaction of working class to middle class ‘taking over their game’
peer pressure from gangs
frustration at losing
display of masculinity

Question 7

solutions to combat football hooliganism

Answer 7

ban or control alcohol sales
increased use of policing intelligence
imposing harsher deterrents- bans from matches, higher fines, imprisonment
using CCTV to eject or arrest individuals
building all seater stadiums, segregation of fans
encouraging responsible media reports prior to match
kick off times imposed by police
passing laws preventing pitch invasions and clashed between rival fans

Question 8

negative consequences of football hooliganism in the 20th century for the game of football

Answer 8

negative images of fans caused the image of football to decline
decline in participation
decline in spectators
restrictions discouraged law-abiding fans
England seen as violent and given a negative image for global events

at club level:
teams banned from entering competitions
increasing cost of security and policing