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A2 - pe physiological > energy systems > Flashcards

energy systems Flashcards

1
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

Food we eat is stored in the body as glycogen = converted in ATP

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2
Q

What does ATP release energy for when broken down?

A
  • muscle contractions
  • nerve transmission
  • digestion
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3
Q

How is ATP broken down?

A

Enzyme ATPase breaks ATP down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + releasing energy

Previously ATP made up of 1 adenosine + 3 phosphates

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4
Q

ATP re synthesis

A
  • ATP only lasts for 2-3 secs so stores are depleted quickly
  • constantly re synthesised
  • to re synthesise, the loose phosphate need to rejoin the ADP
  • ATP resynthesis: ADP + P + energy = ATP
  • stored in 3 systems
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5
Q

3 energy systems

A
  • ATP-PC
  • glycolytic
  • aerobic system
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6
Q

ATP-PC system

A
  • used during high intensity exercise
  • lasts for 2 secs
  • as ATP is used quickly, ADP + P stores build up
  • triggers the enzyme creatine kinase to be released

e.g. gymnastics vault

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7
Q

Describe how the ATP-PC system works

A
  • Start with phosphocreatine (P + C)
  • creatine kinase breaks down PC into P + C + energy
  • energy is used to resynthesise ATP
  • energy is used to resynthesise the phosphate with ADP
  • we end up with 1 resynthesise dad ATP
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8
Q

Glycolytic energy system - lactic acid

A
  • system kicks in after 10 secs where PC + ATP levels have fallen
  • enzyme GPP breaks down glycogen into glucose
  • ADP and P levels rise which releases the enzyme PFK
  • this enzymes breaks down glucose
  • glucose is broken down to access energy to resynthesise ATP = anaerobic glycolysis
  • anaerobic glycolysis results in the production of pyruvic acid
  • once O2 levels have lowered too much (around 3 mins in) the enzyme LDL (low density lipoprotein) is released
  • LDL helps convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid = accumulates + slows down ATP synthesis (which we don’t want to wait)
  • caused by absence of O2
  • lactic acid causes fatigue

e.g. 100m swim

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9
Q

Role of lactic acid (glycolytic energy system)

A
  • as lactic acid levels rise, pH in muscle cells decrease (increasing acidity)
  • this inhibits enzyme activity = preventing further ATP resynthesis
  • OBLA: The Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation = the point at which blood lactate accumulation significantly rises
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10
Q

Glycolytic energy system summary - Type of reaction

A

Anaerobic

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11
Q

Site of reaction

A

Sarcoplasm

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12
Q

Food fuel used

A

Glycogen/ glucose

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13
Q

Enzyme

A

GPP, PFK, LDH

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14
Q

ATP yield

A

1 glucose = 2 ATP

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15
Q

By-products

A

Lactic acid

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16
Q

Activity intensity

A

High

17
Q

Duration of system

A

Up to 3 mins

18
Q

Strengths

A
19
Q

Weaknesses

A
20
Q

Aerobic system

A
  • aerobic energy system kicks in during low to moderate intensity activity
21
Q

3 stages of aerobic system

A
  • aerobic glycolysis
  • the Krebs cycle
  • the electron transport chain (ETC)
22
Q

Aerobic glycolysis

A
  • first stage
  • PFK catalyses the conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid = releases energy to resynthesise 2 ATP
  • process is maintained by GPP converting glycogen into glucose = more glucose available
  • presence of O2 prevents pyruvic acid being converted into lactic acid
  • instead goes through a link reaction catalysed by coenzyme A (produces Acetyl CoA) = alllws access to the mitochondria
23
Q

Mitochondria

A

A structure within the cell where aerobic respiration + energy production occur

24
Q

The Krebs cycle

A
  • Acetyl CoA combined combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
  • the citric acid is oxidised through a cycle of reactions = the Krebs cycle
  • the Krebs cycle releases CO2 + hydrogen + enough energy to resynthesise 2 ATP
  • all this occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
25
Q

ETC

A
  • electron transport chain (ETC)
  • the hydrogen atoms are carried through the ETC in the mitochondrial Cristae = carried by NAD + FAD (hydrogen carriers)
  • theyre split into ions (H+) and electrons (H-)
  • H+ ions are oxidised = released as H2O
  • H- electrons are carried by NAD and FAD (NADH2/ FADH2)
  • NADH2 releases energy for 30 ATP
  • FADH2 releases enough energy for 4 ATP
26
Q

The aerobic system + free fatty acids (FFA)

A
  • glycogen is the main fuel for endurance performers
  • however, triglycerides or fats can also be metabolised aerobically as FFA’s allow us to conserve glycogen / glucose stores
  • the enzyme lipase is released (catalyses the breakdown of fats) = converted into FFA’s + glycerol
  • FFA’s are converted into Acetyl CoA c follow the path through the Krebs cycle + ETC
27
Q

2 factors that help us indicate which energy system is being used

A
  • intensity of activity
  • duration of activity
28
Q

Energy continuum

A

2 Pic on iPad

29
Q

Intensity very high energy system

A

Intensity very High: duration < 10 secs

E.g. jumpers, throwers, sprinters etc..

ATP-PC system will be predominant

30
Q

Intensity high: duration 10 secs - 3 mins

A

Intensity high: duration 10 secs - 3 mins

E.g. 400m, 200m freestyle, competitive squash game

Glycolytic energy system will be predominant

31
Q

Intensity low-moderate

A

Intensity low-moderate: duration > 3 mins

E.g. marathon, triathlon, cross country skiing etc..

Aerobic energy system will be predominant

32
Q

Intermittent exercise

A
  • intensity alternates either during interval training or between rest + work intervals during a game
  • leads to athlete switching between the 3 energy systems during the same game
  • point where an athlete moves from one energy system to another known as a THRESHOLD
  • e.g. defender in football while team is attacking (using a different energy system to when defending and other team attacking)

Graph on ipad

33
Q

ATP-PC system switching to Glycolytic system EXAMPLE

A

Apply to netball GD getting an intercept
2 Pic on ipad

34
Q

Recovery periods: (ATP-PC)

A

Although PC stores are depleted quickly, also replenished quickly

PC replenished:
- 50% in 30 secs
- 100% in 3 mins

  • useful for e.g. netball + basketball = time outs + play 4 quarters instead of 2 half’s (lots of bursts of speed, few periods of time where they’re out of play)
  • O2 stored in myoglobin can also be restored fully within 3 mins
35
Q

Recovery periods: (Glycolytic)

A
  • as exercise duration increases, glycogen levels decrease
  • at same time = lactic acid levels increase
  • however, some lactic acid is removed during periods of low intensity exercise/ activity recovery = creates zig zag

Pic on iPad

36
Q

Recovery periods: (Aerobic)

A

Endurance athletes often have breaks in play, providing the chance to rehydrate + replenish glycogen/ glucose levels through:

  • drinking water
  • glucose tablets
  • gels
  • bananas
  • isotonic drinks
  • e.g. jelly babies

A2 - pe physiological (13 decks)

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