Energy Sources (Part 2) Flashcards
How much energy is available in the body through the phosphagen (ATP-PC) system?
How much is from ATP?
How much is from PC?
19-23
4-6
15-17
In the absence of oxygen glucose is metabolized into what 2 things?
- lactic acid
- energy
The energy acquired from the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid combines with what to form - ATP
Energy + 3ADP + Pi –> 2-3 ATP
Describe the process in which glucose undergoes to convert to lactic acid
Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid via the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) which is then converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
How is glycogen metabolized during anaerobic glycolysis?
It is simply broken down into glucose which is then converted to pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid
Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm
Where does aerobic glycolysis occur?
in the cristae of the mitochondria
In the presence of oxygen glucose can be metabolized into what molecule?
a 2 carbon acetyl group called acetyl-CoA
Aerobic production of ATP involves what 2 major enzymatic systems?
- Krebs cycle
- electron transport chain
What 3 substances can enter the Krebs cycle?
- carbs
- fat
- protein
What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?
to oxidize (remove hydrogens and electrons) from substrates and produce some ATP
The electrons and hydrogen ions removed from substrates in the Krebs cycle are transported to the ETC via what 2 carriers?
- NAD
- FAD
What accounts for the vast majority of ATP production during aerobic metabolism?
Transport of hydrogens and electrons to the ETC
Define oxidation
The removal of hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates
Define reduction
The process by which ions and electrons are to be carried to the mitochondria for energy production
What carrier carries electrons to the mitochondria?
cytochrome (which is a protein containing iron)
What carries ions to the mitochondria?
NAD (vitamin B) and FAD
What does a lack of vitamin D result in?
the carriers (NAD and FAD) not having much of an effect
NAD produces _ ATP and FAD produces _ ATP in the mitochondria.
3
2
How can an increase in intramuscular glycogen positively affect both glycolytic and aerobic production of ATP?
Because pyruvate can either enter aerobic metabolism or become lactic acid
What type of training increases intramuscular glycogen?
endurance
What type of training results in no change in intramuscular glycogen?
weight and sprint-type training
What 2 factors affect whether intramuscular glycogen increases during weight and sprint-type training?
- Length of training program
- Type of training
Sprint repetitions greater than __ seconds result in an increase in intramuscular glycogen as glycolytic production of ATP becomes more important to performance
10
Pyruvate must be broken down into what molecule in order to enter the Krebs cycle?
acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA then combines with what molecule to form citrate?
oxaloacetate
This citrate then undergoes a series of reactions to produce what?
2 CO2 molecules and 1 ATP
ATP formation during the Krebs cycle takes place at only one reaction, what is it?
The formation of GTP which is immediately used to produce ATP
It is important to note that for every molecule of glucose _ molecules or pyruvic acid are formed, which means _ molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs cycle
2
2
For each acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle: _ CO2 _ ATP _ NADH _ FADH2 are produced.
2
1
3
1
Each NADH produces _ ATP.
Each FADH2 produces _ ATP.
3
2
Given all of this, 1 glucose molecule produces _ ATP from GTP, _ ATP from NADH, and FADH2.
What is the total ATP produced from one glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?
2
18
4
24
The complete degradation of glucose equals how many ATP?
36
What does the incomplete degradation of glucose result in?
lactic acid, which only produces 2-3 ATP
How many grams of glucose can be found in the blood?
20
How many grams of glycogen can be found in muscle?
300
How many grams of glycogen can be found in the liver?
100
What is the total amount of glucose/glycogen in our bodies? How many kcal is this?
420 grams
x4
680 kcal
As maximal power increases maximal capacity _____.
decreases
During rest how many mg of lactic acid are produced? What happens to this number under anaerobic glycolysis?
500
It increases
True or False
No one energy system is supplying a single exercise
True
The air we breathe in is __% O2.
The air we breathe out is __% O2.
20
16
1 liter of oxygen consumption produces _ Kcal of energy. Therefore it takes how many minutes of breathing during rest to produce 5 kcal of energy?
5
5
How many mL of oxygen are used during rest?
200 mL
In order to use 100 mL we must breathe for _ minutes
5
For glucose __ L of oxygen/mol of ATP
For fat __ L of oxygen/mol of ATP
What is the significance behind this?
- 45
- 96
More oxygen is required in order to metabolize fat, therefore during low intensity exercises fat will burn more readily
