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720: Exercise Physiology & Nutrition > Energy Sources (Part 2) > Flashcards

Energy Sources (Part 2) Flashcards

1
Q

How much energy is available in the body through the phosphagen (ATP-PC) system?

How much is from ATP?

How much is from PC?

A

19-23

4-6

15-17

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2
Q

In the absence of oxygen glucose is metabolized into what 2 things?

A
  • lactic acid

- energy

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3
Q

The energy acquired from the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid combines with what to form - ATP

A

Energy + 3ADP + Pi –> 2-3 ATP

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4
Q

Describe the process in which glucose undergoes to convert to lactic acid

A

Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid via the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) which is then converted to lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

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5
Q

How is glycogen metabolized during anaerobic glycolysis?

A

It is simply broken down into glucose which is then converted to pyruvic acid which is then converted to lactic acid

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6
Q

Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Where does aerobic glycolysis occur?

A

in the cristae of the mitochondria

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8
Q

In the presence of oxygen glucose can be metabolized into what molecule?

A

a 2 carbon acetyl group called acetyl-CoA

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9
Q

Aerobic production of ATP involves what 2 major enzymatic systems?

A
  • Krebs cycle

- electron transport chain

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10
Q

What 3 substances can enter the Krebs cycle?

A
  • carbs
  • fat
  • protein
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

to oxidize (remove hydrogens and electrons) from substrates and produce some ATP

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12
Q

The electrons and hydrogen ions removed from substrates in the Krebs cycle are transported to the ETC via what 2 carriers?

A
  • NAD

- FAD

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13
Q

What accounts for the vast majority of ATP production during aerobic metabolism?

A

Transport of hydrogens and electrons to the ETC

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14
Q

Define oxidation

A

The removal of hydrogen ions and electrons from substrates

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15
Q

Define reduction

A

The process by which ions and electrons are to be carried to the mitochondria for energy production

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16
Q

What carrier carries electrons to the mitochondria?

A

cytochrome (which is a protein containing iron)

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17
Q

What carries ions to the mitochondria?

A

NAD (vitamin B) and FAD

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18
Q

What does a lack of vitamin D result in?

A

the carriers (NAD and FAD) not having much of an effect

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19
Q

NAD produces _ ATP and FAD produces _ ATP in the mitochondria.

A

3

2

20
Q

How can an increase in intramuscular glycogen positively affect both glycolytic and aerobic production of ATP?

A

Because pyruvate can either enter aerobic metabolism or become lactic acid

21
Q

What type of training increases intramuscular glycogen?

A

endurance

22
Q

What type of training results in no change in intramuscular glycogen?

A

weight and sprint-type training

23
Q

What 2 factors affect whether intramuscular glycogen increases during weight and sprint-type training?

A
  • Length of training program

- Type of training

24
Q

Sprint repetitions greater than __ seconds result in an increase in intramuscular glycogen as glycolytic production of ATP becomes more important to performance

A

10

25
Q

Pyruvate must be broken down into what molecule in order to enter the Krebs cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA

26
Q

Acetyl-CoA then combines with what molecule to form citrate?

A

oxaloacetate

27
Q

This citrate then undergoes a series of reactions to produce what?

A

2 CO2 molecules and 1 ATP

28
Q

ATP formation during the Krebs cycle takes place at only one reaction, what is it?

A

The formation of GTP which is immediately used to produce ATP

29
Q

It is important to note that for every molecule of glucose _ molecules or pyruvic acid are formed, which means _ molecules of acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs cycle

A

2

2

30
Q 
For each acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle:
_ CO2
_ ATP
_ NADH
_ FADH2
are produced.
A

2

1

3

1

31
Q

Each NADH produces _ ATP.

Each FADH2 produces _ ATP.

A

3

2

32
Q

Given all of this, 1 glucose molecule produces _ ATP from GTP, _ ATP from NADH, and FADH2.

What is the total ATP produced from one glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?

A

2

18

4

24

33
Q

The complete degradation of glucose equals how many ATP?

A

36

34
Q

What does the incomplete degradation of glucose result in?

A

lactic acid, which only produces 2-3 ATP

35
Q

How many grams of glucose can be found in the blood?

A

20

36
Q

How many grams of glycogen can be found in muscle?

A

300

37
Q

How many grams of glycogen can be found in the liver?

A

100

38
Q

What is the total amount of glucose/glycogen in our bodies? How many kcal is this?

A

420 grams
x4
680 kcal

39
Q

As maximal power increases maximal capacity _____.

A

decreases

40
Q

During rest how many mg of lactic acid are produced? What happens to this number under anaerobic glycolysis?

A

500

It increases

41
Q

True or False

No one energy system is supplying a single exercise

A

True

42
Q

The air we breathe in is __% O2.

The air we breathe out is __% O2.

A

20

16

43
Q

1 liter of oxygen consumption produces _ Kcal of energy. Therefore it takes how many minutes of breathing during rest to produce 5 kcal of energy?

A

5

5

44
Q

How many mL of oxygen are used during rest?

A

200 mL

45
Q

In order to use 100 mL we must breathe for _ minutes

A

5

46
Q

For glucose __ L of oxygen/mol of ATP
For fat __ L of oxygen/mol of ATP

What is the significance behind this?

A
  1. 45
  2. 96

More oxygen is required in order to metabolize fat, therefore during low intensity exercises fat will burn more readily

720: Exercise Physiology & Nutrition (14 decks)

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