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GCSE Biology > Energy in Cells - Circulatory System and Heart > Flashcards

Energy in Cells - Circulatory System and Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the circulatory system?

A

to transport substances around the body

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2
Q

what 3 things does the circulatory system need to transport substances around the body?

A
  • a liquid to transport substances in - the blood
  • a pump to move the liquid - the heart
  • a series of pipes to direct the liquid to the correct places - the blood vessels
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3
Q

label the blood vessels and label the sides with the oxygenated blood and the deoxygenated blood.

A

circulatory system and heart : picture 1

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4
Q

what type of circulation do humans have?

A

double circulation

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5
Q

what is the circulatory system divided into?

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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6
Q

what happens in pulmonary circulation?

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs and oxygenated blood returns back to the heart.

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7
Q

what happens in systemic circulation?

A

oxygenated blood is pumped to all the other organs of the body and deoxygenated blood returns back to the heart.

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8
Q

label the heart.

A

circulatory system and heart: picture 2

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9
Q

what is the heart divided into?

A

4 chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

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10
Q

what are two features of the atria?

A
  • located at the top of the heart
  • thin muscular walls
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11
Q

what are two features of the ventricles?

A
  • below the atria
  • thicker muscle wall
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12
Q

what are the left and right sides of the heart separated by?

A

the septum.

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13
Q

what does the right side of the heart do?

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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14
Q

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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15
Q

what is the difference between the left ventricle wall and the right ventricle wall?

A

the left ventricle wall is much thicker than the right ventricle, allowing it to pump blood at higher pressures so that the blood can travel around the whole body.

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16
Q

explain how the blood is pumped through the heart.

A
  • the two sides of the heart contract and relax at the same time to pump blood.
  • the atria contract, emptying blood into the ventricles.
  • the ventricles then contract, pushing blood into the arteries.
  • valves close to ensure the blood flows in the correct direction
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17
Q

how many times does the heart beat a minute at rest on average?

A

70 times.

18
Q

what happens to the amount of heartbeats per minute if we exercise?

A

our muscles need more glucose and oxygen for aerobic respiration. the heart rate increases so that more blood travels to the muscles.

19
Q

what are changes in heart rate controlled by?

A

nerve impulses from a part of the brain called the medulla.

20
Q

explain the effect of exercise on heart rate.

A
  • when exercise starts, the muscles produce more carbon dioxide in aerobic respiration
  • sensors in the aorta and carotid artery detect this increase
  • they send nerve impulses to the medulla
  • the medulla responds by sending nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve
  • the accelerator nerve increases the heart rate
  • more blood is supplied to the muscles to meet the demands of increased aerobic respiration
  • the decelerator nerve sends electrical impulses to decrease heart rate at rest.
21
Q

draw a diagram representing how our heart rate increases when we are stressed (angry or afraid), triggered by the secretion of the hormone adrenaline.

A

circulatory system and heart: picture 3

22
Q

what is blood?

A

blood is a complex tissue, consisting of a liquid component (plasma), cell fragments (platelets) and two types of cells (red and white blood cells).

23
Q

what is plasma?

A
  • straw coloured liquid
  • transports blood cells and many other substances, including: dissolved nutrients such as glucose and amino acids; dissolved waste products including urea and carbon dioxide; hormones; proteins; heat energy.
24
Q

what are red blood cells?

A
  • small red cells
  • transports oxygen, bound to haemoglobin
25
Q

what are platelets?

A
  • cell fragments
  • release chemicals when the blood is exposed to air, which cause soluble fibrinogen to be converted to insoluble fibrin.
  • fibrin forms a mesh, which traps platelets and red blood cells- this is a clot (scab), preventing further loss of blood AND acts as a barrier to prevent entry of pathogens
26
Q

what are phagocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • larger cells with a multi-lobed nucleus
  • engulf and digest pathogens (microorganisms which cause disease)
27
Q

what are lymphocytes (white blood cells)?

A
  • cells with a very large nucleus
  • make and release antibodies, which bind to and destroy pathogens
28
Q

how are red blood cells specialised for their job?

A
  • contains haemoglobin, a protein which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin, transporting oxygen to respiring cells
  • have no nucleus, more haemoglobin can be packed into each cell and so more oxygen can be transported.
  • biconcave shape (discs with a dip in the middle); increasing their SA:V and decreases the distance to the centre of the cell- increasing rate of diffusion
29
Q

how can heart attacks be caused?

A

clots can also form within blood vessels if plaques cause red blood cells to be broken, which can cause heart attacks.

30
Q

what do arteries do?

A

carry blood away from the heart- this blood is flowing at high pressure

31
Q

what do veins do?

A

veins return blood into the heart- this blood is flowing at low pressure

32
Q

what do capillaries do?

A

capillaries are tiny vessels and there are lots of them. they carry blood through all the tissues and are the site of exchange of materials by diffusion.

33
Q

what is the lumen size for an artery?

A

small lumen

34
Q

what is the lumen size for a vein?

A

large lumen

35
Q

what is the lumen size for a capillary?

A

very small lumen

36
Q

what is the structure of an artery and what are the functions of the structure?

A
  • thick outer wall : can transport blood at high pressure without bursting
  • thick layer of elastic tissue: allows artery to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing at high pressure
  • thick layer of muscular tissue: helps to control flow of blood by widening (dilating) and narrowing (constricting)
37
Q

what is the structure of a vein and what are the functions of the structure?

A
  • fairly thin outer wall : blood is flowing at lower pressure so thick wall not needed
  • thin layer of muscle and elastic tissue: wall can contract to keep blood flowing
  • semilunar valves: prevents blood flowing backwards
38
Q

what is the structure of a capillary and what are the functions of the structure?

A
  • wall is one cell thick: short diffusion distance for substances from blood into tissues
39
Q

what do the coronary arteries do?

A

they supply the heart muscle with blood, which provides the glucose and oxygen needed for aerobic respiration and removes the carbon dioxide produced by aerobic respiration.

40
Q

what will happen if you have a lot of saturated fats in your diet?

A
  • fatty deposits will build up in the artery walls
  • these fatty deposits narrow the lumen (space) of the artery
  • this is a problem in the narrow coronary arteries as it restricts blood flow to the heart muscle cells.
  • the fatty deposits will then cause the heart muscle cells to receive less blood
  • this means that the heart muscle cells receive less oxygen and glucose for aerobic respiration
  • as a result, aerobic respiration reduces and anaerobic respiration increases in the heart muscle cells
  • lactic acid will build up due to the increase in anaerobic respiration, poisoning the heart muscle cells
  • these cause heart attacks
41
Q

what are the risk factors which make coronary heart disease more likely?

A
  • diet
  • smoking
  • high blood pressure
  • obesity
  • lack of exercise

GCSE Biology (29 decks)

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