Energy, catalysts and biosynthesis

Question 1

How do chemotrophic cells acquire energy?

Answer 1

Organic compounds which contain energy

Question 2

What happens to the chemical energy in organic compounds that chemotrophic cells acquire?

Answer 2

The chemical energy is converted into other forms that are usable by the cell

Question 3

What is the energy used for to perform cellular work?

Answer 3

-Build, Maintain, and replace macromolecules
-Transport molecules inside or outside the cell
-Move and divide (mechanical)

Question 4

What are chemical reactions catalyzed by?

Answer 4

Enzymes

Question 5

The collection of all chemical reactions in a cell is its _________.

Answer 5

Metabolism

Question 6

What type of reaction breaks down the compounds into smaller molecules and releases energy from the bonds

Answer 6

Catabolic

Question 7

What type of reaction uses the energy from catabolism to synthesize complex organic molecules

Answer 7

Anabolic

Question 8

Energy is always subject to what?

Answer 8

The Laws of thermodynamics

Question 9

Energy is never created nor destroyed, only _________ from one form to another

Answer 9

Converted

Question 10

Is energy made by cells?

Answer 10

No, only converted

Question 11

Energy conversion is always or never 100% total conversion?

Answer 11

Never

Question 12

Cells acquire energy from sources and convert them into usable forms, but what is the one thing about the conversion that happens

Answer 12

Not all energy converted will be a usable form

Question 13

The ________ of the universe increases

Answer 13

Entropy

Question 14

What is entropy a measure of?

Answer 14

Energy disorder

Question 15

Increasing entropy means that energy becomes more

Answer 15

randomly distributed

Question 16

Releasing stored energy from a compound increases or decreases entropy?

Answer 16

Increases

Question 17

Storing energy in a compound increases or decreases entropy

Answer 17

Decreases

Question 18

Energy tends to become disordered in the universe, what does this result in?

Answer 18

Entropy decrease

Question 19

Must entropy always increase?

Answer 19

YES! It’s the laws of physics, living things are not closed systems

Question 20

Cells perform catabolism to release energy from energy sources, is the first law followed when this happens?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

Energy is released from?

Answer 21

Compounds

Question 22

Some energy is released as _______, which disallows it from being used as an energy source

Answer 22

Heat

Question 23

When heat is released as energy, what happens to it?

Answer 23

The heat dissipates (or spreads out)

Question 24

Energy is increasing when catabolic reactions release energy from compounds including __________.

Answer 24

Releasing heat

Question 25

The energy of the sun comes from atomic reactions with much energy released, how is some of that energy lost?

Answer 25

through light and heat

Question 26

Can there be pockets of decreases entropy if there is an increase in entropy?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

When you digest food and energy is converted what happens to entropy?

Answer 27

There is an increase in entropy

Question 28

Energy inputs allow what to occur

Answer 28

Order

Question 29

To acquire energy to decrease entropy, cells must _________ resources

Answer 29

Catabolize

Question 30

What are the 5 types of energy?

Answer 30

1. Potential energy 2. Kinetic energy 3. Chemical energy 4. Heat energy 5. Light energy

Question 31

What is it called when light energy uses that energy to create complex organic compounds from less complex inorganic compounds

Answer 31

Photosynthesis

Question 32

What is it called when chemical energy uses energy from organic compounds to create high-energy molecules usable by a cell

Answer 32

Cellular respiration

Question 33

Heat energy increases movement of compounds and increase of force of ________ increasing the rate of bond formation

Answer 33

Collisions

Question 34

How is energy converted in cells?

Answer 34

Oxidation and reduction reactions

Question 35

Redox reactions involve _______ movement from one molecule to another

Answer 35

Electron

Question 36

Oxidation is gaining or losing electrons

Answer 36

Losing

Question 37

Reduction is gaining or losing electrons

Answer 37

Gaining

Question 38

Both types of reactions always

Answer 38

coupled

Question 39

Reduced forms can serve as electron _________

Answer 39

Donors

Question 40

Oxidized forms can serve as electron __________

Answer 40

Acceptors

Question 41

Does entropy increase or decrease when energy release takes place?

Answer 41

increase

Question 42

Reactions that release energy are

Answer 42

Exergonic

Question 43

Enzymes within a cell can use the released energy for what?

Answer 43

To perform a function

Question 44

Chemical reactions are reversible or non reversible?

Answer 44

Reversible

Question 45

Reactions occur most easily in the direction that causes

Answer 45

Energy release (exergonic)

Question 46

To get the reaction to occur in the reverse direction, what is needed

Answer 46

Another energy source (makes it endergonic)

Question 47

Do all reactions release energy?

Answer 47

No, and some reactions require energy to be added

Question 48

What is free energy

Answer 48

the usable energy available in a source

Question 49

Energy released during a reaction is the

Answer 49

Free energy change

Question 50

Energetically favorable have a positive or a negative energy change

Answer 50

negative - because they release energy from the source

Question 51

Reactions that have a positive energy change are

Answer 51

energetically unfavorable

Question 52

Reactions occur more spontaneously when the energy change is lower or higher?

Answer 52

Lower

Question 53

Free energy release is an increase or decrease in energy?

Answer 53

Increase

Question 54

As long as a greater amount of energy is lost than the amount utilized, entropy is still increasing or decreasing?

Answer 54

Increasing

Question 55

Reactions can be coupled which allows energy released to fuel what

Answer 55

Another reaction

Question 56

The sum of the delta G values for the two reactions is negative, which means that coupling is _________.

Answer 56

Energetically favorable

Question 57

What is the energy required to begin a reaction

Answer 57

activation energy

Question 58

What do catalysts do?

Answer 58

Decrease the amount of energy needed for activation

Question 59

Do enzymes change after a reaction

Answer 59

No, they remain unchanged

Question 60

Enzymes are specific to one reaction and can catalyze the reaction in _________.

Answer 60

In forward or reverse

Question 61

What kind of reaction occurs when enzymes encounter substrates

Answer 61

noncovalent interactions

Question 62

More interactions =

Answer 62

stronger connection between the enzyme and substrate

Question 63

Fewer interactions =

Answer 63

weaker connection that is more likely to break apart

Question 64

The released energy is frequently stored where?

Answer 64

Activated carrier compounds

Question 65

ATP

Answer 65

contains high energy bonds

Question 66

NADH, FADH2, NADPH

Answer 66

carry high energy electrons

Question 67

Reactions to produce activated carriers occur due to

Answer 67

Coupling with energetically-favorable reactions that release energy

Question 68

Activated carriers can be what in other reactions

Answer 68

Substrates

Question 69

ATP hydrolysis releases energy that can be used for what

Answer 69

Biosynthesis