DNA and Chromosomes

Question 1

Nucleic acids are polymers of what

Answer 1

Nucleotides

Question 2

What are connected by phosphodiester bonds to form what

Answer 2

A DNA strand

Question 3

Two DNA strands interact to form a what

Answer 3

Double helix

Question 4

What interaction takes place between what types of bonds between base pairs

Answer 4

Hydrogen bonds

Question 5

A to T has how many hydrogen bonds

Answer 5

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 6

G to C has how many hydrogen bonds

Answer 6

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 7

The two DNA strands are

Answer 7

Antiparallel and complementary

Question 8

DNA carries genes which is what

Answer 8

Information necessary to synthesize a polypeptide

Question 9

Each gene encodes a unique _________

Answer 9

Protein

Question 10

All cells have DNA in what

Answer 10

Chromosomes

Question 11

What are chromosomes

Answer 11

Large pieces of DNA that contain hundreds or thousands of genes

Question 12

Prokaryotes have what shaped chromosomes

Answer 12

Circular

Question 13

Eukaryotes have multiple what shaped chromosomes

Answer 13

Linear

Question 14

Many eukaryotic species have more than one type of

Answer 14

Chromosome

Question 15

Humans have how many different chromosomes with two copies of each in the nucleus

Answer 15

23 (46 total)

Question 16

Each pair of chromosomes (homologs) contain the same set of genes but carry different what

Answer 16

Alleles

Question 17

22 pairs of

Answer 17

Chromosomes

Question 18

1 pair of what

Answer 18

Sex chromosomes

Question 19

Life requires that parent cells pass genetic information to who

Answer 19

to the next generation

Question 20

The cell cycles includes the processes copying and separating chromosomes amoung what

Answer 20

Two daughter cells

Question 21

Copying and separating the chromosomes requires what

Answer 21

specialized chromosomal sequences and structures

Question 22

What do chromosomes have where DNA synthesis begins?

Answer 22

Origin of replication

Question 23

Eukaryotic chromosomes also have

Answer 23

a centromere

Question 24

What is a centromere

Answer 24

a region of DNA necessary for chromosome separation

Question 25

What attaches to centromeres

Answer 25

Microtubules

Question 26

Which pair is easier to break

Answer 26

A/T base pairs

Question 27

What is the ori

Answer 27

A region of DNA with a high A/T content

Question 28

When does replication occur

Answer 28

interphase

Question 29

Where does repliation begin

Answer 29

The ori

Question 30

Replication completes before what

Answer 30

mitosis

Question 31

What does mitosis do

Answer 31

Separates the chromosome copies

Question 32

When a chromosome is copied in interphase, where do the copies remain attached

Answer 32

The centromere

Question 33

The two copies are called

Answer 33

Sister chromatids

Question 34

When do sister chromatids detatch

Answer 34

anaphase

Question 35

Are sister chromatids identical or different

Answer 35

identical

Question 36

Eukaryotic chromosomes also contain

Answer 36

Telomeres

Question 37

What are telomeres

Answer 37

Regions of repeated DNA seqeunces and specific proteins at the end of a linear chromosome

Question 38

What do telomeres do

Answer 38

Protect the ends of the chromosomes from degradation by cellular enzymes

Question 39

Are telomeres long or short

Answer 39

Long

Question 40

What is shortening of telomeres associated with

Answer 40

aging and some diseases

Question 41

Chromosomes alternate compacting depending upon what

Answer 41

The portion of the cell cycle

Question 42

Interphase/non-dividing =

Answer 42

More loosely packed

Question 43

Mitosis =

Answer 43

more tightly packed to make it easier to seperate

Question 44

Chromosome packaging is necessary for what

Answer 44

for cell division

Question 45

Chromosomes requires various types of what

Answer 45

DNA-binding proteins

Question 46

What are histones

Answer 46

A major type of DNA-packaging proteins

Question 47

What is a mixture between DNA and packaging proteins called

Answer 47

Chromatin

Question 48

DNA strands wrap around histones to form what

Answer 48

Nucleosomes

Question 49

Nucleosomes associate with each other to form what

Answer 49

Chromatin Fiber

Question 50

Chromatin fibers are folded into loops to do what

Answer 50

Compact the chromosome

Question 51

Packaging proteins can be inactivated which allows what

Answer 51

the chromosomes to relax

Question 52

Compaction state depends on what

Answer 52

the cell cycle stage

Question 53

Relaxed portions of a chromosome are called what

Answer 53

Euchromatin

Question 54

Compacted regions of chromosomes are called

Answer 54

Heterochromatin

Question 55

Centromeres and telomeres remain as what

Answer 55

heterochromatin

Question 56

When a region is tightly compacted, genes in that region are what

Answer 56

Not expressed

Question 57

Proteins involved in transcription cannot bind

Answer 57

DNA

Question 58

Whole regions of chromosomes can be

Answer 58

Turned off

Question 59

Protein compaction must be what for these genes to be expressed

Answer 59

relaxed

Question 60

Can cells control which genes are expressed or not expressed based on chromosome structure?

Answer 60

Yes