Cells

Question 1

What are the characteristics of life that cells exhibit?

Answer 1

1. Organization (physical and chemical)
2. Maintenance of Homeostasis
3. Self-reproduction
4. Growth and development
5. Energy Conversion
6. Response to stimuli
7. Adaptation/evolution

Question 2

What is a DNA genome

Answer 2

The genetic information of a cell

Question 3

What does the genome encode?

Answer 3

Proteins

Question 4

What is the outcome of a protein function that gives cells physical and physiological traits?

Answer 4

Phenotype

Question 5

What has been created from the evolution of cells?

Answer 5

Cell division, different types of cells have evolved, different types of organisms have evolved, and adapted to different environments, and diversity of life was created and expanded

Question 6

What is the Central Dogma of Biology?

Answer 6

Explanation of the flow of information through cells, the the DNA to the RNA to Proteins.

Question 7

What could change if you change the genotype?

Answer 7

The phenotype

Question 8

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 8

Single celled, do not have organelles, “before nucleus”, bacteria and archaea

Question 9

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 9

Multicellular, have many types of organelles, “true nucleus”, includes; protists, plants, fungi and animals

Question 10

Characteristics of a prokaryote

Answer 10

-unicellular
-surrounded by a plasma membrane which encloses the cytosol

Question 11

What is cytoplasm

Answer 11

Liquid that contains cytosol and surrounds a cells organelles

Question 12

Characteristics of a eukaryote

Answer 12

-can be unicellular or multicellular
-have a plasma membrane, cytosol, and cytoplasm
-stores genetic information in the nucleus

Question 13

How is DNA organized

Answer 13

Into chromosomes

Question 14

What is the site of DNA replication and transcription

Answer 14

The nucleus

Question 15

What are the two ways DNA divides through

Answer 15

Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 16

Which organelles are used for energy conversion

Answer 16

Mitochondria and chloroplasts (plants)

Question 17

What are mitochondria

Answer 17

-present in almost all eukaryotes
-extensive internal membranes
-site of cellular respiration (ATP formation)

Question 18

What are chloroplasts

Answer 18

-occur only in plants and algae
-capture sunlight and produce glucose
-glucose is then used to create ATP using cellular respiration

Question 19

Reductive evolution

Answer 19

Prokaryotes did not need to maintain mechanisms for independent living;

Question 20

Endosymbiont Hypothesis

Answer 20

Endosymbiosis is one of the many forms of symbiotic relationships (symbioses) that occur between or among organisms. In endosymbiosis, the endosymbiont lives within the body of its host. Endosymbiosis naturally occurs to this day. An example is a biological interaction between Rhizobium and the plant legumes.

Question 21

Examples of Endosymbiont hypothesis

Answer 21

-prokaryotic ribosomes in mt and cp
-DNA within mt and cp have similar structures and sequence as prokaryotic chromosomes
-binary fission
-presence of prokaryotic cell wall material in cp
-enzymes and reactions in mt and cp similar to those in prokaryotes

Question 21

Examples of Endosymbiont hypothesis

Answer 21

-prokaryotic ribosomes in mt and cp
-DNA within mt and cp have similar structures and sequence as prokaryotic chromosomes
-binary fission
-presence of prokaryotic cell wall material in cp
-enzymes and reactions in mt and cp similar to those in prokaryotes

Question 22

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 22

spot for biosynthesis of many important compounds including lipids and proteins

Question 23

Golgi apparatus

Answer 23

Modifies and packages molecules from the ER for transport to other sites

Question 24

Cytoplasm

Answer 24

Aqueous solution containing many different small and large molecules and is the site of many chemical reactions

Question 25

Cytoskeleton

Answer 25

System of protein filaments, provides structure and support to the cell and is involved in cell shape, transport, movement and division