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Cell Bio > Chemistry of cells > Flashcards

Chemistry of cells Flashcards

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1
Q

carbon molecules can form large _________

A

Polymers

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2
Q

What do the properties of organic molecules allow cells to do

A

Allows cells to grow, reproduce, and perform life functions

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3
Q

What are atoms made of

A

Protons and electrons

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4
Q

Covalent bond

A

electrons shared

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5
Q

Polar

A

uneven sharing

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6
Q

non polar

A

even sharing

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7
Q

ionic

A

electrons stolen

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8
Q

bond strength in water

A

covalent > ionic > hydrogen

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9
Q

What is important in aqueous solutions

A

weak noncovalent bonds

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10
Q

what happens when hydrogen electrons are shared unequally

A

protons H+ of a compound dissociate

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11
Q

What is H+ attracted to and what does it form

A

Attracted to H2O and forms hydronium ions

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12
Q

What compound easily loses H+ in water that causes the concentration of H3O to increase

A

Acids

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13
Q

What compound accepts protons (H+) in water which decreases the concentration of H3O

A

Bases

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14
Q

Accumulation of acids or bases in cells causes what to shift

A

The pH

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15
Q

What do cells have to prevent rapid pH changes

A

Buffers

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16
Q

Why is buffering necessary

A

because many enzymes and cell processes depend on proper pH conditions

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17
Q

What do buffering compounds in cells include

A

amino acids, phosphates, carbonates, and other compounds

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18
Q

What are the useful properties of carbon

A

small element, forms four stable covalent bonds, carbons can link together and form different shapes

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19
Q

Compounds that have carbon as their backbone are

A

organic compounds (also have hydrogen)

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20
Q

What are compounds called that lack hydrogen or are non carbon based

A

inorganic

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21
Q

What are the four families of small organic molecules

A

-sugars
-fatty acids
-amino acids
-nucleotides

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22
Q

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for sugars

A

Polysaccharides, glycoren, and starch

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23
Q

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for fatty acids

A

Fats and membrane lipids

24
Q

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for amino acids

A

proteins

25
Q

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids

26
Q

How does polymerization occur

A

through condensation aka dehydration reactions that occur between monomers

27
Q

through what reaction are polymers broken down

A

Hydrolysis reactions

28
Q

How are sugars and polysaccharides used

A

As energy sources or energy storage molecules

29
Q

What are chains of sugars called

A

Carbohydrates

30
Q

How does linkage of sugars occur

A

Through condensation reactions and breaking through hydrolysis reactions

31
Q

What are the two distinct regions of fatty acids

A
  1. Hydrophilic head
  2. Hydrophobic tail
32
Q

What do fatty acids have/do

A

Energy storage molecules and form cell membranes

33
Q

What are lipids

A

compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

34
Q

What are cell membranes composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

1st characteristic of a sheet of phospholipid

A

The hydrophilic, polar, phosphate heads interact with aqueous solutions

36
Q

2nd characteristic of a sheet of phospholipid

A

Hydrophobic, non polar, fatty acid tails interact with each other

37
Q

3rd characteristic of a sheet of phospholipid

A

Provides a barrier between the inside or the outside

38
Q

What do all amino acids have in common

A

The same backbone structure

39
Q

What is different about each animo acid

A

The side chains

40
Q

How many different amino acid side chains are there

A

20

41
Q

Amino acids polymerize hydrolysis reactions to form _______ and are attached by ______ bonds

A

Polypeptides, polypeptide

42
Q

The conformation of polypeptide side chains relates to what function

A

Protein function

43
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

44
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides

A
  1. A 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
  2. A Nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C, or U)
  3. 1-3 phosphate groups
45
Q

Phosphoanhydride bonds store ______

A

Energy

46
Q

The energy being released is called _____

A

ATP

47
Q

Nucleotides form _____ bonds with each other to polymerize into nucleic acids

A

Phosphodiester

48
Q

RNA has what type of sugar

A

Ribose sugar

49
Q

RNA has what bases

A

A,U,G,C

50
Q

What is the purpose of RNA

A

Information storage and enzymatic activity

51
Q

DNA has what type of sugar

A

Deoxyribose sugar

52
Q

DNA has what bases

A

A,T,G,C

53
Q

Purpose of DNA

A

information storage

54
Q

The ability to polymerize different monomers generates what

A

An endless diversity of molecules and possible functions

55
Q

The chemistry of macromolecules, the bonds they form and the interactions they have allow for what

A

The formation of larger “molecular machines” that are the organelles that perform functions in a cell

Cell Bio (7 decks)

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