Chemistry of cells

Question 1

carbon molecules can form large _________

Answer 1

Polymers

Question 2

What do the properties of organic molecules allow cells to do

Answer 2

Allows cells to grow, reproduce, and perform life functions

Question 3

What are atoms made of

Answer 3

Protons and electrons

Question 4

Covalent bond

Answer 4

electrons shared

Question 5

Polar

Answer 5

uneven sharing

Question 6

non polar

Answer 6

even sharing

Question 7

ionic

Answer 7

electrons stolen

Question 8

bond strength in water

Answer 8

covalent > ionic > hydrogen

Question 9

What is important in aqueous solutions

Answer 9

weak noncovalent bonds

Question 10

what happens when hydrogen electrons are shared unequally

Answer 10

protons H+ of a compound dissociate

Question 11

What is H+ attracted to and what does it form

Answer 11

Attracted to H2O and forms hydronium ions

Question 12

What compound easily loses H+ in water that causes the concentration of H3O to increase

Answer 12

Acids

Question 13

What compound accepts protons (H+) in water which decreases the concentration of H3O

Answer 13

Bases

Question 14

Accumulation of acids or bases in cells causes what to shift

Answer 14

The pH

Question 15

What do cells have to prevent rapid pH changes

Answer 15

Buffers

Question 16

Why is buffering necessary

Answer 16

because many enzymes and cell processes depend on proper pH conditions

Question 17

What do buffering compounds in cells include

Answer 17

amino acids, phosphates, carbonates, and other compounds

Question 18

What are the useful properties of carbon

Answer 18

small element, forms four stable covalent bonds, carbons can link together and form different shapes

Question 19

Compounds that have carbon as their backbone are

Answer 19

organic compounds (also have hydrogen)

Question 20

What are compounds called that lack hydrogen or are non carbon based

Answer 20

inorganic

Question 21

What are the four families of small organic molecules

Answer 21

-sugars
-fatty acids
-amino acids
-nucleotides

Question 22

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for sugars

Answer 22

Polysaccharides, glycoren, and starch

Question 23

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for fatty acids

Answer 23

Fats and membrane lipids

Question 24

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for amino acids

Answer 24

proteins

Question 25

What is the larger organic molecule of the cell for nucleotides

Answer 25

Nucleic acids

Question 26

How does polymerization occur

Answer 26

through condensation aka dehydration reactions that occur between monomers

Question 27

through what reaction are polymers broken down

Answer 27

Hydrolysis reactions

Question 28

How are sugars and polysaccharides used

Answer 28

As energy sources or energy storage molecules

Question 29

What are chains of sugars called

Answer 29

Carbohydrates

Question 30

How does linkage of sugars occur

Answer 30

Through condensation reactions and breaking through hydrolysis reactions

Question 31

What are the two distinct regions of fatty acids

Answer 31

1. Hydrophilic head 2. Hydrophobic tail

Question 32

What do fatty acids have/do

Answer 32

Energy storage molecules and form cell membranes

Question 33

What are lipids

Answer 33

compounds insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

Question 34

What are cell membranes composed of?

Answer 34

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 35

1st characteristic of a sheet of phospholipid

Answer 35

The hydrophilic, polar, phosphate heads interact with aqueous solutions

Question 36

2nd characteristic of a sheet of phospholipid

Answer 36

Hydrophobic, non polar, fatty acid tails interact with each other

Question 37

3rd characteristic of a sheet of phospholipid

Answer 37

Provides a barrier between the inside or the outside

Question 38

What do all amino acids have in common

Answer 38

The same backbone structure

Question 39

What is different about each animo acid

Answer 39

The side chains

Question 40

How many different amino acid side chains are there

Answer 40

20

Question 41

Amino acids polymerize hydrolysis reactions to form _______ and are attached by ______ bonds

Answer 41

Polypeptides, polypeptide

Question 42

The conformation of polypeptide side chains relates to what function

Answer 42

Protein function

Question 43

What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA

Answer 43

Nucleotides

Question 44

What are the three components of nucleotides

Answer 44

1. A 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) 2. A Nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C, or U) 3. 1-3 phosphate groups

Question 45

Phosphoanhydride bonds store ______

Answer 45

Energy

Question 46

The energy being released is called _____

Answer 46

ATP

Question 47

Nucleotides form _____ bonds with each other to polymerize into nucleic acids

Answer 47

Phosphodiester

Question 48

RNA has what type of sugar

Answer 48

Ribose sugar

Question 49

RNA has what bases

Answer 49

A,U,G,C

Question 50

What is the purpose of RNA

Answer 50

Information storage and enzymatic activity

Question 51

DNA has what type of sugar

Answer 51

Deoxyribose sugar

Question 52

DNA has what bases

Answer 52

A,T,G,C

Question 53

Purpose of DNA

Answer 53

information storage

Question 54

The ability to polymerize different monomers generates what

Answer 54

An endless diversity of molecules and possible functions

Question 55

The chemistry of macromolecules, the bonds they form and the interactions they have allow for what

Answer 55

The formation of larger "molecular machines" that are the organelles that perform functions in a cell