Energy Balance and Weight Management Flashcards
In photosynthesis, the plant uses energy from the sun, plus water and carbon dioxide, to synthesize
carbohydrates only
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they
involve release of energy
Which of the following reactions is an example of an anabolic reaction?
Cholesterol synthesis from acetyl CoA molecules
Which of the following defines a coenzyme?
An organic molecule required for the functioning of an enzyme
The series of reactions involving the conversion of glucose to pyruvate is known as
glycolysis
When a person is performing intense physical exercise and begins to feel fatigue and a burning pain in the muscles, the response of the muscles is to synthesize more
lactate
What is a possible fate of acetyl CoA?
Synthesis to fatty acids
Production of excessive amounts of acetyl CoA molecules leads to the synthesis of
fatty acids only
What is a characteristic of the metabolism of specific macronutrients?
The rate of fat oxidation does not change when fat is eaten in excess
Which of the following leads to the production of urea?
Oxidation of amino acids
What are the products from the complete oxidation of fatty acids?
Water, carbon dioxide, and energy
What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?
ATP
How does excess carbohydrate intake contribute to obesity?
It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat
Which of the following is the body’s first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate?
Synthesis and storage of glycogen
Which of the following is a feature of low-carbohydrate diets?
Overall body fat losses are about the same as with other diets
Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men?
Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase
Excess alcohol intake leads to a reduction in the rate of ____ synthesis.
liver glucose
What is acetaldehyde?
An intermediate in alcohol metabolism
A feature of ketosis is that it ____.
occurs when fats are partially oxidized
A moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized woman is defined as up to ____ drink(s).
one
A typical cell contains “powerhouses,” which is another name for the ____.
mitochondria
An aerobic reaction is one that requires ____.
oxygen
How many acetyl CoA molecules can be obtained from oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid?
9
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a deficiency of ____.
thiamin
What type of molecules serve as electron carriers to the electron transport chain?
Coenzymes
Which of the following are all used to compute a woman’s BMR?
Body weight, height, and age
You are planning a diet for a hospitalized patient who cannot participate in physical activity because both of his legs are broken and he will be bedridden for 6 weeks. Which of the following would best assess the patient’s energy expenditure?
Basal metabolic rate
What is the weight classification assigned both to young women with 30 percent body fat and young men with 20 percent body fat?
normal
Research in obese people seems to show that there is less susceptibility to health problems provided that the excess body fat is distributed around the
hips and thighs.
Intra-abdominal fat is the same as
visceral fat
Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process are called ____.
Enzymes
Which of the following hormones is most responsible for signaling satiety as well as reducing food intake during a meal
Cholecystokinin
About how long does it take for a meal to be completely eliminated from the stomach?
4 hours
What diet promotes the greatest loss of body heat?
High protein, low fat
Which of the following factors has the most influence on the body’s metabolic rate?
Amount of lean body tissue
Jacki, who has a sedentary lifestyle, is 5’5” tall and weighs 165 pounds. She calculated her BMI to be 27.5. She recognizes that her body weight is unhealthy and vows to improve her eating habits and begin a regular program of physical fitness. Her goal is to achieve a BMI of 22. Approximately how much weight (pounds) must she lose?
33
What is a feature of the body mass index?
It correlates with disease risks.
What is the primary factor that differentiates bulimia nervosa from binge eating?
Purging is rarely practiced in binge-eating disorder.
Approximately what fraction of people treated for anorexia nervosa show reasonable maintenance of their weight gain?
1/2
Which of the following is characteristic of the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?
Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting
What is a characteristic of amenorrhea?
It induces prolonged bone loss.
What is a characteristic of excess intra-abdominal fat?
It may be more harmful than fat in other locations, according to some research.
What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?
Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass.
The brain chemical neuropeptide Y is known to specifically enhance the craving for ____.
carbs
Inflammation is characterized by an increase in ____.
immune cell accumulation
A person is at high risk for signs of illness and diminished work capacity when the BMI first drops below ____.
17
Which statement may best explain the relationship between excess body fat and higher risk for cancers of the female reproductive system?
Excess body fat produces more estrogen, which may promote tumor development.
Approximately what percentage of weight loss during starvation is lean body mass?
50
For an average person on a 2000 kcalorie diet, how many kcalories are used specifically for basal metabolism?
1000
The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are a little hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which food would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?
turkey
Example of an anabolic reaction
Synthesis of cholesterol from acetate
Example of a catabolic reaction
Synthesis of pyruvate from glycogen
A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction
Enzyme
A small non-protein organic substance that promotes optimal activity of an enzyme
coenzyme
A product of glycolysis
Pyruvate
A product of pyruvate metabolism when oxygen is limited
lactate
The oxidation product of pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose
Cori cycle
An irreversible reaction
Synthesis of acetyl CoA from glucose
The part of a triglyceride that is convertible to glucose
Glycerol
A product of deamination
Ammonia
A compound synthesized from acetyl CoA when ATP is plentiful
Triglyceride
The principal nitrogen-containing waste product
Urea
Waste product of the electron transport chain
Water
A storage form of carbohydrate
Glycogen
The major energy fuel for the central nervous system
Glucose
A ketone
Acetoacetate
An enzyme with activity levels related to a person’s sex
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
A coenzyme required for metabolism of alcohol
NAD
A system for metabolizing drugs and alcohol
MEOS
Approximate number of kcalories in 2 pounds of body fat
7000
Technique used to measure the amount of heat given off when a food burns
Direct calorimetry
Technique used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed when a food burns
Indirect calorimetry
Response to the smell of favorite food
appetite
Irritating sensation that initiates thoughts of food
hunger
A feeling of fullness after eating
Satiety
Eating in response to arousal
Stress eating
Eating in response to the time of day
External cue
Energy needed to maintain the body at rest
Basal metabolism
A factor that lowers basal metabolism
Fasting
A factor that raises basal metabolism
Caffeine
Approximate number of kcalories per minute expended by a person with a total daily energy need of 2900 kcalories
2
Term that describes the energy needed to process food
Thermic effect
Changes in energy expenditure consequent to changes in environment
Adaptive thermogenesis
The amount of energy in a 1000-kcalorie meal that is expended as specific dynamic activity
100
Synonymous with the thermic effect of food
Specific dynamic effect
Maximum thermic effect of alcohol as percentage
20
The percentage decline in basal metabolism per decade of adult life
5
Body mass index of an adult of 180 lbs and 5 ft 11 in
25
Lower range of body fat percentage in normal-weight men
18
anabolic
requires energy, to join thing
catabolic
releases energy, to break apart
what does the body use to transfer energy released during catabolic reaction to power anabolic reactions that require energy
ATP
What can be used to make glucose and what cannot
Pyruvate can Acetly CoA cannot
amino acids and glycerol can be converted to
pyruvate
fatty acids are converted to
Acetly CoA
carbs should be
40-65%
fats should be
20-35%
protein should be
10-35%
Pyruvate to Acetly CoA
aerobic
fatty acids to Acetly CoA
fatty acid oxidation
amino acid deamnation
lose their nitrogen
1 glucose yields
2 pyruvate which yields 2 Acetyl CoA
TCA Cycle
breaks down molecules to Acetyl CoA
