Energy Balance And Metabolism 1

Question 1

ATP ——> ADP + Pi

• Delta G in space
• Delta G in the body

Answer 1

1. -7300cal/mol
2. -12000cal/mol
   - Higher temp allows for more energy to be burned

Question 2

Exergonic vs Endergonic rxn

Answer 2

Ex:

• Negative Delta G
• Energy is being consumed

En:

• Positive Delta G
• Energy is being released

Question 3

Characteristics of ΔG?

Answer 3

• Standard Free energy difference

- Diff in energy when 1 mol of reactant is converted to 1 mol of product at 25 degrees C

Question 4

What becomes the final COMMON pathway for the transport of almost all the carbs to the tissue cell?

Answer 4

Glucose

Question 5

T/F: ATP is a stable molecule

Answer 5

False

• It is unstable and fragile

Question 6

Fate of H+ in OxPhos

Answer 6

• H+ moved in Pairs
• One will become a H+ ion (Proton)
• The other will be added to NAD+ —> NADH

Question 7

Efficiency of burning Calories

Answer 7

~ 66%

Question 8

What increases Glucose transportation? By how much?

Answer 8

• Insulin

- 10x

Question 9

Main purpose for the PPP?

Answer 9

Synthesis of Fats

Question 10

Effects of phosphotylase

Answer 10

• Promotes conversion of GLYCOGEN to GLUCOSE

- Glucose can then be released into the blood.

Question 11

LDLs Vs HDLs

Answer 11

LDLs

• Bad
• [High] of Cholesterol

HDLs

• Good
• Have less Cholesterol
• [High] of TG

Question 12

Fats that enter the Lymph are categorized as what? Where do they enter?

Answer 12

1. Chylomicrons

2. Through Lacteals

Question 13

What are the End products of Glycolysis?

Answer 13

1. Pyruvate (2x)
2. Hydrogen (4x)
3. ATP (2Net, 4Total)

Question 14

What is used as a carrier into the Mitochondria for fats?

Answer 14

Carnitine

Question 15

End Products of the TCA

Answer 15

1. H+ (16x)
2. ATP (2x)
3. CO2 (4x)

Question 16

What conditions increase the utilization for Fat as energy?

Answer 16

1. Starvation

2. Diabetes Mellitus

Question 17

Total #ATP Formed from glucose

Answer 17

• 38 Total *
  1. 2 from glycolysis
  2. 2 from TCA
  3. 34 from OxPhos

Question 18

Uptake of Glucose in the GI and renal tubules occurs via what mechanism?

Answer 18

• Na+/Glucose CO-Transporter

- ACTIVE transport of Na+ provides the energy for absorbing glucose against a [ ] gradient

Question 19

Uptake of Glucose in most tissues occurs via what mechanism?

Answer 19

Facilitated transport

• Only transported from [Higher] to [Lower]

Question 20

Where are fats removed from the blood?

Answer 20

• Adipose
• Skeletal Muscle
• Heart

Question 21

What monosaccharides are all hexoses and interconvertible?

Answer 21

1. Glucose
2. Galactose
3. Fructose

Question 22

Besides fructose, what Monosaccharides can be converted to F6P pathway and enter the Glycolytic pathway?

Answer 22

Glucose and Galactose

Question 23

In the PPP where are H+ usually bound?

Answer 23

NADP+

- Instead of NAD+

Question 24

Factors that can activate Phosphorylase

Answer 24

• Epinephrine

- Glucagon

Question 25

Conditions favoring ketosis?

Answer 25

• Starvation
• Diabetes
• High Fat diet

Question 26

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Answer 26

In the Mitochondrial MATRIX

Question 27

Major components of the ETC

Answer 27

• Flavoproteins
• Iron Sulfide Proteins
• Ubiquinone (Q)
• Cytochrome A3 (Oxidase)

Question 28

What is the link b/w Energy production and utilization?

Answer 28

ATP

Question 29

What prevents Glucose from diffusing out of the cell? Where can this be reversed?

Answer 29

1. Phosphorylation
2. Can be reversed in the:
   - Liver
   - Kidneys
   - Intestine

Question 30

End products of Pyruvic Acid ——> Acetyl-CoA

Answer 30

• 3C ——> 2C *
  1. ACoA (2x)
  2. H+ (4x)
  3. CO2 (2x)