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KIN 334 > Energy Balance > Flashcards

Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What do TDEI and TDEE stand for?

A

TDEI: Total Daily Energy Intake
TDEE: Total Daily Energy Expenditure

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2
Q

What is the energy content of food measured in?

A

Calories (kcal)

A calorie is defined as the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1kg of water by 1°C.

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3
Q

What are the components of energy balance?

A

Energy Intake (EI) and Energy Expenditure (EE)

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Energy balance indicates a body in _______.

A

equilibrium

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5
Q

What does the Atwater Factor provide?

A

Estimates of available or metabolizable energy from food

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6
Q

What are the Atwater factors for macronutrients?

A
  • Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g
  • Fats: 9 kcal/g
  • Proteins: 4 kcal/g
  • Ethanol: 7 kcal/g
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7
Q

True or False: Atwater factors are precise values for all foods.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the coefficient of digestibility for carbohydrates and fats?

A

> 90%

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9
Q

What percentage of protein is nitrogen and does not contribute to energy?

A

15-19%

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10
Q

Which type of fiber provides 0 kcal/g?

A

Insoluble fiber

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11
Q

What is the significance of the % Daily Value on food labels?

A

5% or less is low, 20% or more is high

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12
Q

What happens to fat oxidation when carbohydrate intake is high?

A

Fat oxidation is suppressed

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13
Q

What is the oxidative hierarchy?

A

An indicator of the fuel’s dominance within metabolic pathways

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14
Q

Which macronutrient is burned first in the oxidative hierarchy?

A

Alcohol

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15
Q

What does a calorimetry study measure?

A

Energy expenditure (EE) based on macronutrient absorption

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16
Q

How can Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE) be measured?

A
  • Doubly Labeled Water
  • Calorimetric Chamber
  • Estimating components: RMR, TEF, EEA
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17
Q

What is the Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) as a percentage of TDEE?

A

60-75%

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18
Q

What does the term ‘thermic effect of food’ (TEF) refer to?

A

Dietary Induced Thermogenesis (DIT)

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19
Q

What is the main limitation of estimating energy availability from specific foods?

A

Energy availability may differ from general Atwater factors

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20
Q

Which macronutrient has the highest estimated efficacy for storage as body fat?

A

Fat (0.96)

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The body has a small obligatory requirement for _______.

A

Fat

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22
Q

What occurs to energy availability when dietary fiber is present?

A

It can affect the digestibility of fats and carbohydrates

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23
Q

What is the primary purpose of the calorimetry study mentioned?

A

To investigate fuel selection by manipulating macronutrients

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24
Q

What is the difference between measuring Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

A

BMR is measured in a darkened room after 8 hours of sleep and 12 hours of fasting, while RMR is measured under less restricted conditions.

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25
Q

How is BMR measured?

A

RMR is measured through:
* Overnight fast (8-12 hr)
* Subject awake
* Controlled phase of menstrual cycle
* Abstinence from exercise (12 hr)
* Resting in a supine position
* Thermoneutral conditions

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26
Q

What is the energy needed to sustain basic life functions while at rest?

A

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

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27
Q

What are the methods to measure RMR?

A

RMR can be measured using:
* Direct calorimetry
* Indirect calorimetry
* Prediction formulas

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28
Q

What is the Harris-Benedict equation used for?

A

It is used to calculate Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) for males and females.

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29
Q

List the factors that influence RMR.

A

Factors influencing RMR include:
* Age
* Sex
* Body composition
* Hormonal levels

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30
Q

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

A

Adaptive thermogenesis is the energy expenditure associated with maintaining body temperature, influenced by environmental temperature.

31
Q

What is obligatory thermogenesis?

A

Obligatory thermogenesis refers to the energy required for basic metabolic processes such as digestion and absorption.

32
Q

What is facultative thermogenesis?

A

Facultative thermogenesis is the energy expenditure activated as a cold defense mechanism to maintain body temperature.

33
Q

How does diet-induced weight loss affect resting energy expenditure (REE)?

A

REE can decrease more than predicted during weight loss interventions.

34
Q

What is the effect of physical activity on RMR?

A

Physical activity can lead to inconsistent effects on RMR, with research showing increases, no change, or decreases.

35
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) refers to the increased oxygen intake following exercise, leading to elevated RMR.

36
Q

What is diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT)?

A

DIT is the energy required to digest, absorb, and store nutrients.

37
Q

Which macronutrient requires the most energy for digestion?

A

Protein requires the most energy for digestion.

38
Q

What does NEAT stand for?

A

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis

39
Q

What is included in NEAT?

A

NEAT includes:
* Typing
* Yard work
* Walking at the office
* Fidgeting

40
Q

What is the Physical Activity Level (PAL)?

A

PAL is the ratio of Total Energy Expenditure (TDEE) to Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

41
Q

What does the MET stand for?

A

Metabolic Equivalent of Task

42
Q

What is the significance of the settling point theory?

A

The settling point theory explains weight regulation as a result of environmental and behavioral factors influencing diet and physical activity.

43
Q

Define hunger.

A

Hunger is the sensation that promotes food consumption, encompassing metabolic, sensory, and cognitive facets.

44
Q

What is satiation?

A

Satiation refers to the sensations that govern meal size and duration, leading to the cessation of eating.

45
Q

What is the difference between orexigenic and anorexigenic signals?

A

Orexigenic signals stimulate appetite, while anorexigenic signals cause a loss of appetite.

46
Q

What is the most common form of appetite measurement?

A

Visual analogue scales (VAS)

47
Q

What does the energy expenditure for activity (EEA) include?

A

EEA includes energy for:
* Planned workouts
* Spontaneous physical activity (NEAT)
* EPOC

48
Q

What factors influence energy expenditure for activity (EEA)?

A

EEA is influenced by:
* Frequency
* Intensity
* Time
* Type of activity

49
Q

What happens to body weight regulation as we age?

A

Body weight fat tends to increase systematically with age.

50
Q

What is an agonist in biochemistry?

A

A drug or other chemical that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiologic reaction typical of a naturally occurring substance.

51
Q

What is an antagonist in biochemistry?

A

A chemical substance that interferes with the physiological action of another, especially by combining with and blocking its nerve receptor.

52
Q

List the forms of measurement for appetite.

A
  • Brain Imaging
  • Biomarkers
  • Food intake
  • Questionnaires
53
Q

What is the most common form of measurement for appetite?

A

Visual analogue scales (VAS)

54
Q

What does the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) measure?

A

It measures how full you feel.

55
Q

How does the brain maintain fat stores?

A

The brain integrates signals from meals and signals from fat stores to regulate energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) to maintain stable fat stores.

56
Q

What happens to food’s rewarding properties when you starve?

A

The rewarding properties of food increase and satiety signals decrease.

57
Q

What are the peripheral signals involved in energy balance regulation?

A
  • Leptin
  • Insulin
  • Ghrelin
  • PYY
  • CCK
  • GLP-1
58
Q

What is leptin and where is it secreted from?

A

Leptin is a hormone synthesized/secreted from adipose tissue, regulating hunger and providing the sensation of satiety (feeling full).

59
Q

What is the relationship between leptin levels and body fat?

A

Leptin levels are proportional to fat mass and help regulate food intake.

60
Q

What happens to leptin levels during a decrease in body fat?

A

Leptin levels decrease.

61
Q

What is a common outcome of treating leptin-deficient individuals?

A

They lose weight.

62
Q

What is insulin and where is it secreted from?

A

Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the β-cells of the pancreas.
Regulates the body’s energy supply by balancing micronutrient levels during the fed state, and is critical for transporting glucose to insulin-dependent cells/tissues, such as liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

63
Q

What is ghrelin and where is it predominantly synthesized?

A

Ghrelin is a hormone synthesized predominantly in the stomach, released in order to signal the brain to eat (causes feelings of hunger).

It also signals the pituitary gland to release growth hormones, plays a role in insulin release and protects cardiovascular health.

64
Q

What effect does Peptide YY (PYY) have after feeding?

A

PYY leads to reduced food intake.

Released after eating, it circulates in the blood and works by binding to receptors in the brain. Binding of peptide YY to brain receptors decreases appetite and makes people feel full after eating

65
Q

What role does Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) play?

A

GLP-1 inhibits feeding and enhances insulin secretion.

GLP-1 stimulates insulin secretion (i.e., to act as an incretin hormone) and inhibits glucagon secretion.
Eating more fiber, lean protein, healthy fats, and water-rich fruits and vegetables can also increase GLP-1 levels naturally, supporting weight loss.

66
Q

What does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?

A

CCK inhibits feeding and stimulates digestion of fat.

67
Q

What is energy availability?

A

Energy availability is the amount of dietary energy remaining after exercise, available for other physiological functions.

68
Q

Why is energy availability important in sport?

A

Sufficient energy availability and quality of nutrition are essential to support health and desired adaptations.

69
Q

What is the goal for adequate energy availability in athletes?

A

45 kCal/kg/FFM.

70
Q

What is Low Energy Availability (LEA) associated with?

A

LEA is associated with the majority of consequences of relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) and the Female Athlete Triad.

71
Q

List some health and performance consequences of Low Energy Availability (LEA).

A
  • Decreased endurance performance
  • Increased injury risk
  • Decreased training response
  • Impaired judgement
  • Decreased coordination
  • Irritability
  • Decreased concentration
  • Depression
  • Decreased glycogen stores
  • Decreased muscle strength
72
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of Low Energy Availability (LEA)?

A
  • Reduced training capacity
  • Repeated injury or illness
  • Delayed or prolonged recovery times
  • Change in mood state
  • Failure to lose weight
  • Reduced or low bone density
  • Reduced libido
  • Cessation or disruption in menstrual cycle
  • Excessive fatigue
73
Q

True or False: LEA can occur at both the upper and lower limits of energy expenditure.

74
Q

What sports are considered ‘at risk’ for Low Energy Availability?

A
  • Wrestling
  • Rowing
  • Aesthetic Sports
  • Gymnastics
  • Figure skating
  • Body building
  • Vegetarians

KIN 334 (8 decks)

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