Appetite Regulation Flashcards
What percentage of adults in Canada are obese as of the latest report?
25.4%
And 13% of children
This statistic highlights the obesity epidemic status in Canada.
How has obesity changed in Canada since the 1980s?
Adult obesity has increased 3x, childhood obesity has increased 7x.
Average BMI has increased from 22 to 27 kg/m2
By 2030, what is the projected percentage of obesity in the U.S.?
~50%
This projection indicates a significant public health concern.
What has been the increase in adult obesity since 1980?
3x
This shows a dramatic rise in obesity rates among adults.
What is the average BMI increase over the past 20 years?
From 22 to 27 kg/m2
This change reflects a worsening trend in body weight among the population.
What components are involved in energy balance?
- Energy intake
- Energy expenditure
Both components are crucial for understanding weight management.
What makes up energy intake and expenditure?
Energy intake: Caloric consumption
Energy expenditure: Resting bodily function, PA & exercise
What are the four physiological components of appetite regulation?
- Afferent peripheral hormonal signaling
- Central integration
- Efferent signaling
- Behavioral change
Afferent peripheral signaling = Appetite-stimulating or inhibiting
These components help explain how appetite is regulated physiologically.
What is the role of ghrelin in appetite regulation?
Orexigenic (appetite-stimulating)
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach and signals hunger.
What is the role of leptin in appetite regulation?
Anorexigenic (satiety)
Leptin is produced by adipose tissue and signals satiety.
What is the role of PYY, GLP-1, CCK, PP and Insulin in appetite regulation?
Anorexigenic (satiety)
Which hormones are synthesized in the stomach?
Ghrelin
Which hormones are synthesized in the intestines?
PYY, GLP-1, CCK
Which hormones are synthesized in the pancreas?
PP, Insulin
Which hormones are synthesized in the adipose tissue?
Leptin
Which hormones are secreted episodically and tonically?
Episodic: Ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, CCK, PP
Tonic: Insulin, Leptin
How does lactate affect appetite?
Research implicates lactate as a mediator of exercise-induced appetite suppression.
Supports a lactate-dependent mechanism of appetite suppression, specifically following high-intensity exercise
What effect does blood glucose have on appetite?
Dips in blood glucose have been found to correlate with hunger levels.
High glucose concentrations directly suppress ghrelin secretion, with similar reductions after insulin injections.
Does IL-6 (Interleukin-6) play a role in appetite suppression?
IL-6 has no involvement.
Many appetite-related hormones require __ to be functional.
Leptin or leptin-receptors
When does the body become unresponsive to leptin?
In times of chronic positive energy balance.
ie. An increase in adiposity
How do hormones fluctuate during different phases of the menstrual cycle?
Mid-Follicular Phase (FP): post-menses; shows a decrease in ovarian hormones
Mid-Luteal Phase (LP): post-ovulation; shows an increase in ovarian hormones
What type of exercise is characterized by high-intensity interval training (HIIT)?
Near maximal efforts with short rest periods
HIIT is known for its effectiveness in improving fitness and potentially influencing appetite.
True or False: Exercise intensity has no effect on appetite regulation.
False
Exercise intensity could be a key variable influencing subsequent energy intake.
What is the relationship between blood glucose and appetite?
- Dips in blood glucose correlate with hunger
- Dips in blood glucose correlate with energy intake
This highlights the importance of glucose dynamics in appetite regulation.
What hormone’s presence is important for appetite regulation in relation to menstrual phases?
Ovarian hormones
Fluctuations in these hormones can alter appetite responses.
What is the significance of lactate in exercise-induced appetite suppression?
It is an important factor
Lactate, once considered a waste product, plays a role in signaling for appetite suppression.
Fill in the blank: The average BMI in Canada has increased from 22 to _______ kg/m2 over the past 20 years.
27
This increase indicates a trend towards higher obesity rates.
What is the effect of ovarian hormones on acylated ghrelin after exercise?
They may blunt the effects
This suggests that hormonal fluctuations can influence appetite regulation.
What does the abbreviation ‘MICT’ stand for?
Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training
MICT is a common exercise protocol used in research.
What did the study by Bornath et al. (accepted) conclude regarding IL-6?
No support for its role in appetite regulation post-exercise
This finding challenges previous assumptions about IL-6’s role.
List the types of exercise intensity mentioned.
- Low-intensity <50% VO2max
- Moderate-intensity 50-70% VO2max
- Vigorous-intensity >70% VO2max
- High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
- Sprint interval training (SIT)
Different intensities can have varying effects on energy expenditure and appetite.
What important factor is suggested to play a role in appetite regulation during exercise?
Lactate
Lactate is now recognized for its role beyond being a waste product.
What does the acronym ‘VAS’ stand for in the context of appetite measurement?
Visual Analog Scale
VAS is a tool used to assess subjective feelings of hunger or appetite.
What was a conclusion regarding energy intake and exercise?
Energy intake is not consistently reduced as hormonal and appetite perceptions change
This indicates complexities in appetite regulation.
What is the main take-home point regarding physical activity?
Be as active as possible, not necessarily structured exercise
This emphasizes the importance of general activity levels for health.
The menstrual phase appears important where the presence of ____ may blunt the effects of exercise on ____.
Ovarian hormones; Acylated ghrelin
There is a lack of evidence that ___ and ___ has a role in appetite.
IL-6; Glucose
