Energy Flashcards
What does energy metabolism create?
ATP
How many phosphate groups does one ATP molecule have?
3
Where is the energy stored in ATP molecules?
The bonds to the PO4 groups
What is created when ATP is broken down?
ATP –> ADP + P + energy
How is energy gained from lipids?
Beta-oxidation
How is energy gained from Carbohydrates?
Glycolysis
How is energy obtained from Proteins?
Deamination
How many ATP does the Krebs cycle DIRECTLY produce?
2
Which two energy rich donor molecules does the Krebs cycle create?
NADH
FADH2
Where do NADH and FADH2 donate electrons?
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
How many ATP molecules are created from glucose metabolism?
36
2 Krebs, 2 Glycolyis, 32 ETC
What are the stages in glucose metabolism?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate
- Acetyl-CoA
- Krebs cycle
- ETC
What are the stages in AEROBIC lipid metabolism?
- Lipids
- Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
- Beta-oxidation
- Acetyl-CoA
- Krebs cycle
- ETC
How many ATP does fat metabolism yield from one molecule?
438
What are the stages in protein metabolism?
- Protein
- Amino Acids
- Deamination (Ammonia - Urea - Urine)
- Acetyl-CoA –> Krebs
- 1 DIRECTLY into krebs
When is protein metabolism used?
- Sustained intense exercise
- Starvation
What is the ETC
The controlled release of energy as electrons move from carrier molecules (cytochromes) from high to low energy. The energy released is used for ATP synthesis
What’s the byproduct of the ETC?
Water
What are the 4 main functions that require energy?
- Muscle contraction
- Protein synthesis
- Active transport
- Maintaining body temperature
What is energy balance?
When intake = expenditure
What are the energy intakes from each source (kcal/g)
- CHO - 3.75
- Protein - 4
- Alcohol - 7
- Fat - 9
What is the equation to calculate BMI?
weight (kg)/height (m2)
Name 6 health risks of obesity
- CV disease
- Cancers
- Diabetes (type 2)
- Joint problems
- Respiratory problems
- Psychological
How much energy do males need per day
2600kcal/day
How much energy do females need per day
2080kcal/day
What is TEE?
Total energy expenditure (TEE/day)
What are the main 3 means of energy expenditure
- BMR
- Physical Activity
- Thermic effect of food
What % of TEE is BMR
60-70%
What is BMR
Minimal energy needed to survive
What % of TEE is physical activity
~15-30%
What is TEE in physical activity dependent on
Duration and Intensity
What % of TEE is the Thermic effect of food
10%
How does EE change with food?
Increases
What are the four factors that affect BMR
- Body weight
- Body composition
- Age
- Gender
How does body weight affect BMR?
As weight increases, BMR increases
How does body composition affect BMR?
As % fat increases, BMR decreases
How does age affect BMR?
As you age your BMR decreases
How does Gender affect BMR?
Males are generally more muscular thus have a higher BMR
How does pregnancy affect BMR?
It increases BMR
How do thyroid problems change BMR?
HYPOthyroidism - Decreases
HYPERthyroidism - Increases
How does DIRECT calorimetry measure EE?
Heat given off during exercise is measured via temperature changes in water
How does INDIRECT calorimetry measure EE?
Measures the relationship between ATP production and oxygen uptake
