Cardiovascular

Question 1

What vessels carry blood from body —> heart

Answer 1

Veins

Question 2

What vessels carry blood from heart —> tissues

Answer 2

Arteries

Question 3

What is the general hierarchy of blood vessels (what way does it flow from the heart)

Answer 3

Arteries —> Aterioles —> Capilliaries —> Venules —> Veins

Question 4

Describe capillary structure

Answer 4

• Simple
• Single layer of epithelial cells
• approx diameter of an RBC

Question 5

What is the order of circulation leaving the left ventricle (oxygenated blood)

Answer 5

LV > Aorta > Systemic circulation > RA > RV > Pulmonary capillaries > LA > LV

Question 6

What are the three layers of arteries and veins?

Answer 6

Tunica interna (epithelial)
Tunica media (Smooth muscle) 
Tunica externa (CT)

Question 7

What are the main 3 properties of arteries?

Answer 7

• Thick walled
• Carry blood at high pressure
• Most carry oxygenated blood (exception: pulmonary artery)

Question 8

What are the two kind of arteries?

Answer 8

1. Elastic

2. Muscular

Question 9

What are the functions of elastic arteries? Name an example

Answer 9

• Maintain forward flow of blood during DIASTOLE
• Stretch as blood pumped out
• Recoil to push blood forward

AORTA

Question 10

What are the two important functions of arterioles?

Answer 10

1. Controls blood flow to capillaries

2. Major influence on blood pressure

Question 11

What occurs at capillaries?

Answer 11

Site of gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues

Question 12

What two things characterise blood flow and capillaries?

Answer 12

Slow and Low pressure

Question 13

What limits blood flow at the level of the capillaries?

Answer 13

Pre-capillary sphincters

Question 14

How many cells thick are capillaries?

Answer 14

1 cell thick (diameter of RBC)

Question 15

What are the 2 functional halves of the heart?

Answer 15

Atrium

Ventricles

Question 16

How is the heart innervated?

Answer 16

The ANS

Question 17

How does the heart get it’s blood supply?

Answer 17

The coronary arteries

Question 18

Which ventricle has a thicker wall?

Answer 18

Left ventricle (systemic circulation)

Question 19

What are the two AV valves?

Answer 19

Bicuspid (LA - LV)

Tricuspid (RA - RV)

Question 20

What type of muscle forms the wall of the heart?

Answer 20

Myocardium

Question 21

What are the structural characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 21

Short and Branched

Question 22

What joins cardiac cells?

Answer 22

Intercalated discs

Question 23

What do gap junctions allow?

Answer 23

They allow the spread of action potentials from cell to cell

Question 24

Do most coronary arteries supply more than one area?

Answer 24

Yes they are branches to reduce the risk of hypoxia

Question 25

In what order should AP’s conduct in the heart?

Answer 25

SA node > AV node > Bundle of His > Left and Right Bundle Branches > Purkinje Fibres

Question 26

What can the sympathetic nervous system affect?

Answer 26

Heart rate | Contractility

Question 27

What does an ECG show?

Answer 27

It Informs what electrical events are occurring in the heart

Question 28

What does the P complex show?

Answer 28

Atrial Depolarisation

Question 29

What does the QRS complex show?

Answer 29

Ventricular depolarisation (and atrial repolarisation)

Question 30

What does the T wave show?

Answer 30

Ventricular repolarisation

Question 31

What is one cardiac cycle?

Answer 31

P > P

Question 32

How do you calculate Cardiac Output (CO)? (L/min)

Answer 32

Heart rate (bpm) x Stroke volume (L/beat)