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FHP - Tri 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Where are exocrine substances secreted?

A

Into the ducts and onto the lumen?

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2
Q

Where are endocrine substances secreted?

A

Into the bloodstream

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3
Q

Do exocrine substances act at distance or locally?

A

Locally

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4
Q

Do endocrine substances act locally or at distance?

A

At distance

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5
Q

What system works closely with the endocrine system?

A

Nervous system

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6
Q

The nervous system releases x at y

A

Neurotransmitters at synapses

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7
Q

The endocrine system releases x into y

A

Hormones into the bloodstream

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8
Q

How do hormones work?

A

They bind to specific receptors on target cells

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9
Q

What are the two main groups of hormones?

A 
Lipid soluble (steroids) 
Water soluble (proteins)
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10
Q

What do water soluble proteins require?

A

A second messenger

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11
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid soluble hormones?

A

Inside cells

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12
Q

What is the common 2nd messenger molecule in cells

A

cAMP

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13
Q

What does cAMP do?

A

It activates corresponding enzymes that catalyse reactions

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14
Q

What occurs after a lipid soluble hormones complexes in the cell?

A

It results in a change in gene expression leading to the production of mRNA which in turn allows the synthesis of specific proteins which later cell activity

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15
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Produces lots of hormones that control glands

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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Controls the pituitary gland

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17
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior (30%)

Anterior (70%)

18
Q

What is the posterior pituitary made up of?

A

Nervous tissue

19
Q

What two hormones are stored and released from the post. Pit?

A

Oxytocin

ADH

20
Q

What cells secrete oxytocin and ADH?

A

Neurosecretory cells

21
Q

What is the ant. Pit made up of?

A

Glandular tissue

22
Q

What 6 hormones are released from the Ant Pit?

A
  1. GH
  2. FSH
  3. LH
  4. Prolactin
  5. ACTH
  6. Thyrotropic
23
Q

Why is oxytocin important?

A

It is involved in milk ejection and uterine contractions

24
Q

What is ADH involved in?

A

H20 reabsorption at the kidney (to decrease urine output)

25
Q

In what 3 ways can hormone secretion be stimulated?

A
  1. Signals from the NS
  2. Chemical changes in the blood
  3. Other hormones
26
Q

What two thyroid hormones influence metabolic rate?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

27
Q

What hormone stimulates TSH release?

A

TRH

28
Q

What two hormones regulate blood glucose?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

29
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

Beta cells - Islets of langerhaus in the pancreas

30
Q

Where is glucagon produced?

A

Alpha cells - Islets of langerhaus

31
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Decreases blood glucose by promoting cells to take up glucose

32
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Glucagon promotes the liver to release glycogen stores in the event of low blood sugar

33
Q

What hormone is in a positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin

34
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Cortex and Medulla

35
Q

What main hormones are produced in the adrenal glands?

A
  1. Mineralocorticoids

2. Glucocorticoids

36
Q

What two substances are produced by the central adrenal medulla?

A
  • Adrenaline

- Noradrenaline

37
Q

What are three ways in which endocrine disorders can occur?

A
  1. Excess hormone (tumours of the hypothalamus or pituitary)
  2. A lack of hormone
  3. Reduced sensitivity of target cells (type 2 diabetes)
38
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

They set the basal metabolic rate

39
Q

What are some of the cardinal signs of HYPOthyroidism?

A 
Decreased BMR
Weight gain 
Slow heart rate 
Cold and tired 
TREAT WITH THYROXINE
40
Q

What are some of the cardinal signs of HYPERthyroidism ?

A 
Increased BMR
Weight loss 
Warm 
Fast HR 
Shaky 
Anxious
41
Q

What element is essential in making thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

42
Q

What are two reasons for endemic IDD?

A

Lack of seafood

Poor iodine levels in soil

FHP - Tri 2 (8 decks)

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