Energy Flashcards
Potential Energy
stored energy
Thermodynamics
the study of energy
Kilocalorie
unit of heat energy
Oxidation
when atom loses an election
Reduction
when an atom gains an electron
Redox Reactions
Oxidation and reduction reactions always happen together
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy can’t be created or destroyed. it can only change form
Second Law of Thermodynamics
disorder in the universe is increasing (Entropy)
free energy
the amount of energy available to make and break chemical bonds, AKA the energy available to do work in a system
Enthalpy
energy contained in the bonds of the molecule
Endergonic
a reaction that requires an input of energy
Exergonic
a reaction that occurs spontaneously that does not need any energy input
activation energy
the “extra” energy needed to destabilize bonds to start a reaction
Catalysis
influencing the bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to start a reaction
Catalyst
substances that speed up a reaction without being used up in the reaction
Enzymes
proteins that act like catalysts in the body
substrates
molecules where enzymes fit that undergo a reaction
active sites
pockets in enzymes
Enzyyme-Substrate Complex
enzymes and the substrates they work on fit together
induced fit
the binding of the enzyme to the substrate causes it to change shape slightly forming a better fit
temperature optimum
the greater the temperature, the faster the reaction rate
inhibitor
a substrate that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity
feedback inhibition
often the end product of a biochemical pathway serves as an inhibitor of an early reaction in the pathway, causing the reaction to stop
competitive inhibitors
compete for the same binding site of the substrate, thus blocking the active site. reaction doesn’t go
noncompetitive inhibitors
bind to the enzyme in a place other than the active site, changing its shape. substrate can’t bind to the enzyme in its new shape=reaction doesn’t go
allosteric site
specific part of an enzyme where noncompetitive inhibitors bind. serve as “on/off” switches
allosteric inhibitor
the molecule that binds to allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity
activator
binds to the allosteric site and keeps enzymes in their active mode, increasing enzyme activity
Cofactors
other chemicals that enzymes are often helped by
coenzyme
a cofactor that is a nonprotein, organic compound
ATP
adenosine triphosphate-main energy molecule of all cells
Biochemical Pathway
most reactions in the body have several steps
metabolism
sum total of all the reactions carried out in an organism
Anabolism
making bonds
catabolism
breaking bonds
Kinetic Energy
the energy of motion
