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Senior Year > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Who observed the first live cells and called them animalcules?

A

Antonie van Leeuwehoek

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3
Q

Who proposed the idea that all plants are made of cells?

A

Schleiden

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4
Q

Who proposed the idea that all animals are made of cells?

A

Schwann

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5
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all organisms are made of cells
cells are the basic units of life
all cells come from other cells

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6
Q

Resolution

A

the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as separate

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7
Q

transmission electron microscope

A

electrons are transmitted through object viewed

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8
Q

scanning electron microscope

A

electrons beamed on surface of object bounce off and are collected to make image

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9
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

as a cell’s size increases, its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area

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10
Q

Bacteria Cell Walls

A

Composed of Peptidoglycan- carbohydrate mixture cross-linked with proteins
Gram + bacteria-think, single layer cell wall. Stains purple.
Gram - bacteria-multilayered cell wall. Stains red
How well antibiotics work depends on what cell wall is made of

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11
Q

Flagellum

A

long tail-like structure used for movement

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12
Q

transport proteins

A

move substances across membrane

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13
Q

receptor proteins

A

receive signals from the environment and cause changes in cell

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14
Q

marker proteins

A

identify a cell asa to what type it is

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15
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

around nucelus, 2 phospholipid bilayers (selectively permeable)
continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
scattered with nuclear pores- holes that act as channels letting certain substances in and out of the nucleus

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16
Q

actin filaments

A

long, made of protein called actin. responsible for movement

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17
Q

microtubules

A

made of protein called tubulin

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18
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made of protein called vimentin. most sturdy part of cytoskeleton. once formed, they don’t break

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19
Q

endosymbiosis

A

theory that today’s organelles evolved by a symbiosis where one species of prokaryote was engulfed by another prokaryote and lived inside it. this was the precursor to the first eukaryotic cell

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20
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

float in or on membrane

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21
Q

support fibers

A

provide passageway for substances and info cross membrane

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22
Q

exterior protein and glycolipids

A

selections of membrane get built in ER, are sent to Golgi body which adds chains of sugars to membrane proteins or lipids= “Sugar coating”

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23
Q

transport proteins

A

allow only certain substances through

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24
Q

enzymes

A

carry out reactions on the surface of the membrane

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25
Q

cell-surface receptors

A

detect chemical messages

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26
Q

cell-surface identification markers

A

identify cells to other cells

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27
Q

cell adhesion proteins

A

used to glue cells together

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28
Q

attachment proteins

A

attach proteins which interact with other cells to the cytoskeleton

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29
Q

ion channel

A

protein channels that span the membrane and allow ions to move across in either direction

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30
Q

carrier

A

a membrane protein which transports ions, sugars, amino acids, etc.

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31
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

when carriers help in the transport

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32
Q

What are the three characteristics of facilitated diffusion?

A

specific, passive, and saturates

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33
Q

specific

A

can only pick up a certain kind

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34
Q

passive

A

doesn’t use energy

35
Q

saturates

A

if all carrier proteins are in use, even if concentration gradient goes up, transport won’t increase. they won’t go anywhere if the carriers are already saturated.

36
Q

aqueous solution

A

mixture of substances in water

37
Q

solvent

A

substance which dissolves another

38
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

39
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water across a membrane by diffusion

40
Q

aquaporins

A

water channels in the membrane

41
Q

osmotic concentration

A

the concentration of all the solutes in a solution

42
Q

hyperosmotic

A

solution has more solutes

43
Q

hyposmotic

A

solution has less solutes

44
Q

isoosmotic

A

the concentrations of the solutes are the same

45
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of the cytoplasm against the cell wall

46
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure that must be applied to cell membrane to get the water to quit moving

47
Q

extrusion

A

contracting a vacuole

48
Q

isosmotic solutions

A

body circulates an isosmotic solution that bathes the cells and maintains balance

49
Q

turgor pressure

A

internal pressure in plant cells pressing on membrane- if it is lost, plant wilts

50
Q

phagocytosis

A

moving solids

51
Q

pinocytosis

A

moving liquids

52
Q

receptor-mediated

A

when certain molecules go into the cell. specific receptor for specific molecules to go into the cell to go where they need to go.

53
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

proteins that move sodium and potassium.
more than 1/3 of all energy spent by an animal cell is used in moving sodium and potassium ions.
Most animal cells have low concentrations of sodium and high concentrations of potassium inside.
the maintain this difference by actively pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
3 sodium leave and 2 potassium enter in every cycle
each pump can move 300 sodium per second

54
Q

Coupled transport/ cotransport

A

many molecules are transported in the cell against the concentration gradient using ATP indirectly. the molecules move with sodium ions or protons

55
Q

countertransport

A

when a molecule moves into or out off the cell when another molecule is going in the opposite direction

56
Q

chemiosmosis

A

a typer of counertransport where ATP is produced when proton pumps (proteins) move H+ across the membrane by moving H+’s

57
Q

reception

A

target cell detects signal molecule

58
Q

transduction

A

when signal binds to receptor protein, receptor changes shape. This converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cell response. This can be single step or mullti-stepped.

59
Q

response

A

signal triggers response from cell

60
Q

receptor proteins

A

what cells use in order to select what signals to respond to

61
Q

direct contact

A

when cells are close to each other, some of the molecules on the membranes bind together
important in early development

62
Q

paracrine signaling

A

they aren’t touching each other but they are close
occurs when signal molecules are taken up by nearby cells
plays role in developmet, coordinating activities with neighboring cells

63
Q

endocrine signaling

A

occurs when signal enters an organisms bloodstream and travels some distance
HORMONES- signal molecules that affect cells some distance away from signaling cell
hormones are made by glands and leave a place to get a response to get them where they need to go (target cell)

64
Q

synaptic signaling

A

they have to cross the synapse
occurs when the cells of the nervous system provide fast communication with far away cells
neurotransmitters- signal molecules of the nervous system
neurotransmitters don’t travel the bloodstream; the long, fiber-like extensions of nerve cells release them.
synapse- the narrow gap between a nerve cell and its target cell

65
Q

autocrine signaling

A

some cells even talk to themsellves

66
Q

cell surface receptors

A

proteins which change extracellular signals into intracellular ones causing a change within the cytoplasm

67
Q

chemically gated ion channes

A

receptor proteins that let ions through

68
Q

enzyme receptors

A

catalyze reaction- goes quicker

69
Q

G-protein linked receptors

A

helpers receptor can’t entirely do the job so it has a helper protein

70
Q

G Protein

A

a helper protein- used to help get the signal from the membrane’s surface to inside thecell
Signal Binds to receptor protein which is linked to a G protein inside the cell
receptor protein changes shape and twists the G protein
G protein binds to GTP (guanosine triphosphate)
This activated complex of G protein- GTP is free to do a number of things such as activate an ion channel or activate an enzyme
GTP has a short lifespan so for the pathway of transmission to stay on, there must be a continuous supply of incoming signals

71
Q

second messengers

A

some enzyme receptors and G linked protein receptors carry the signal’s message by using other substances to do the relaying in the cytoplasm

72
Q

cAMP

A

the signal binds to the receptor protein and with the help of a G protein, activates and enzyme in the membrane, adenyl cyclase
this enzyme catalyzes the production of cAMP
cAMP binds to the target protein and starts the response in the cell

73
Q

Calcuim

A

the signal binds to the receptor protein and with the help of a G protein activates an enzyme called phospholipase C
Phospholipase C starts the production of inositol triphosphate which binds to and opens calcium channels in the membrane of the ER
This causes release of Calcium into the cytoplasm which causes a change in the cell

74
Q

Amplifying the Signal

A

both enzyme-linked and G protein receptor proteins receive signals at the surface of the cell. The target cell’s response rarely takes place there though.
Most of the time, signals go into the cytoplasm by second messengers
This influences enzymes and genes which alters the behavior of the cell
Most signal molecules are found in low concentration so it would take forever to get a response unless the signal is amplified or “turned up”
rapid production of high levels of the final product as opposed to a little bit
the receptor protein receives the signal which activates a stage one protein
these stage one protein activate a large number of stage two proteins
each stage two protein activates a large number of stage three proteins
therefore a single cell surface receptor protein can stimulate a cascade of protein kinases to amplify the signal
most enzymes are regulated by the attachment of the end phosphate on ATP

75
Q

Glycolipids

A

most surface markers are this type. responsible for A, B, O blood groups

76
Q

MHC Proteins

A

used by the immune system to distinguish “self” from “nonself”cells
Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins- serve as Id Markers to for each individual
cells of the immune system constantly inspect other cells triggering the destruction of cells that display nonself markers
proteins that indicate tissues can get along with eachother

77
Q

cell junctions

A

long-lasting or permanent connections between cells

the type of connection determines what the tissue is like

78
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent small molecules from leaking between cells

allows sheets of cells to act like a wall in an organ keeping molecules on one side or the other

79
Q

anchoring junctions

A

mechanically anchor cytoskeleton of one cell to the cytoskeleton of another
most common in tissues which experience physical stress like muscles and skin
Desmsomes- anchoring junctions that connect cytoskeletons

80
Q

communication junctions

A

allow communication between adjacent cells by linking cytoplasms so molecules can pass through

81
Q

GAP junctions

A

in animals; made of connexons

GAPs that molecules can go through

82
Q

PLASMODESMATA

A

in plants; occur in gaps in cell wall

spaces in cell wall that molecules go through

83
Q

What are the three things that cells have in common?

A

plasma membrane
nucleus or nucleoid
cytoplasm

Senior Year (9 decks)

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