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Senior Year > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

polar molecules

A

molecules which exhibit charge separation

  • water is one of the most polar molecules known
  • when polar molecules interact, the form hydrogen bonds which are individually very weak
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2
Q

cohesion

A

when water is attracted to other water molecules

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3
Q

adhesion

A

when water is attracted to molecules which arent water

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4
Q

capillary action

A

the ability of a liquid to rise up through a tube against the force of gravity

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5
Q

high specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by 1 ram of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius

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6
Q

high heat of vaporization

A

the amount of heat energy needed to change 1 ram of liquid watere into a gas

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7
Q

solvent

A

substance that dissolves another

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8
Q

solute

A

substance being dissolved

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9
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating molecules

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10
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving molecules

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11
Q

ph scale

A

a measure of the hydrogen concentration of a solution

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12
Q

acid

A

any substance that dissociated to form an excess of H+ ions when dissolved in water

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13
Q

base

A

any substance that combines with H+ ions to lower the H+ concentration in a solution

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14
Q

buffer

A

a substance that acts as a holding tank for hydrogen ions, donating them when their concentration falls and takes them from the solution when their concentration rises

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15
Q

polymer

A

long molecules built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits (monomers)

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16
Q

nucleotides

A

repeating subunits of nucleic acids.

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17
Q

nucleic acid

A

a chain of five-carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with anitrogenous base protruding forming sugar

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18
Q

amino acids

A

contain an animo group and an acidic carboxyl group. the specific order of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

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19
Q

organic molecules

A

molecules which contain carbon

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20
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules made only of carbon and hydrogen

-make good fuel because H-C bonds store energy

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21
Q

nonpolar

A

doesn’t dissolve in water, doesn’t have partial charges

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22
Q

functional groups

A

atoms which give special properties to the molecules to which they are attached

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23
Q

Where is hydroxyl found

A

carbohydrates

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24
Q

where is carbonyl found

A

lipids

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25
Q

where is carboxyl found

A

proteins

26
Q

where are aminos found

A

proteins

27
Q

where are phosphates found

A

DNA and ATP

28
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

a condensation reaction where 2 molecules are joined and a water is given off. for every subunit added, a water is given off

29
Q

hydrolysis

A

disassembling molecules into their subunits by adding water

30
Q

monomer

A

basic building block of macromolecules

31
Q

Carbohydrates

A

serve as energy storage and structural molecules

contain baron hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

32
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple carbohydrates

33
Q

disaccharide

A

“double” sugar, 2 monosaccharides joined togehter

-often play a role in the transport of sugars

34
Q

polysaccharide

A

macromolecule made of many monosaccharides

ex. starch (storage)

35
Q

transport disaccharides

A

many organisms convert monosaccharides to disaccharides to transport them through the body so they are less likely to tbe broken down during transport

36
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

disaccharides that are linked into insoluble forms so they can be stored
ex. starch

37
Q

structural carbohydrates

A

building blocks
ex. cellose- carbohydrate in plant cell walls
chitin-carbohydrate that builds exoskeletons of insects, crabs, fungi, etc.

38
Q

peptide bonds

A

covalent bond holding two amino acids together

39
Q

polypeptides

A

proteins made of one or more long chains

40
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

the specific order of amino acids in a protein chain

41
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

the polar amino acids of the main chain are attracted to each other. hydrogen bonds form.
if the attraction occurs between amino acids in same chain= alpha helix shape
if the attraction occurs between amino acids across chains= beta pleated sheet shape

42
Q

motifs

A

supersecondary structures made of combinations of secondary structures

43
Q

tertiary

A

the final folded shape of a protein. is driven by hydrophobic interactions with water. stability of protein depends on how well its interior fits together

44
Q

quaternary

A

formed when two or more polypeptide chains form a functional protein (at this point, the individual chains are called subunits of the protein)

45
Q

Functions of Proteins

A 
Enzyme Catalysts
Defense
Transport
Support
Motion
Regulation
46
Q

Enzyme Catalysts

A

proteins with a 3 dimensional shape that makes chemical reaction happen faster

47
Q

Defense

A

proteins use their shapes to recognize foreign microbes and cancer cells. these proteins sit on the surface of cell membranes and act like receptors for the immune system

48
Q

transport

A

transport proteins move small molecules and ions

ex. hemoglobin is a protein in the blood that moves oxygen

49
Q

Support

A

fibrous proteins make up an organisms structure

ex. hair

50
Q

motion

A

muscles move due to the sliding motion of proteins

51
Q

regulation

A

small proteins called hormones act like messengers in cells (INTERCELLULAR MESSENGERS) they send signals and also turn genes on and off

52
Q

denaturation

A

the unfolding or change in the shape of a protein
happens when a proteins environment changes
when proteins are denatured, they are usually made biologically inactive

53
Q

lipid

A

a moecule containing C, H, O with a C:H ration of > than 2:1

54
Q

fat

A

a lipid that serves as a storage molecule for glucose

55
Q

saturated fat

A

when all the C’s in the fatty acids possess all their H’s

56
Q

unsaturated fat

A

when fatty acids have double bonds between the C’s therefore they contain less H

57
Q

fats

A

efficient energy storage molecules
carbohydrates path
-some stay are glucose for immediate use
some are converted to transport disaccharides
some are converted to starch, glycogen or fat for future use

58
Q

phospholipids

A

modified fat found in cell membranes

  • have a polar head that is hydrophillic
  • have two nonpolar tails which are hydrophobic
59
Q

steroids

A

lipids made of 4 carbon rings

60
Q

terpenes

A

long chained lipids that help make up important pigments

61
Q

hormones

A

act as chemical messengers

62
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

the single most outstanding chemical property of what is its ability to form weak chemical associations called hydrogen bonds

Senior Year (9 decks)

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