Biochemistry

Question 1

polar molecules

Answer 1

molecules which exhibit charge separation

• water is one of the most polar molecules known
• when polar molecules interact, the form hydrogen bonds which are individually very weak

Question 2

cohesion

Answer 2

when water is attracted to other water molecules

Question 3

adhesion

Answer 3

when water is attracted to molecules which arent water

Question 4

capillary action

Answer 4

the ability of a liquid to rise up through a tube against the force of gravity

Question 5

high specific heat

Answer 5

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost by 1 ram of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celsius

Question 6

high heat of vaporization

Answer 6

the amount of heat energy needed to change 1 ram of liquid watere into a gas

Question 7

solvent

Answer 7

substance that dissolves another

Question 8

solute

Answer 8

substance being dissolved

Question 9

hydrophobic

Answer 9

water hating molecules

Question 10

hydrophilic

Answer 10

water loving molecules

Question 11

ph scale

Answer 11

a measure of the hydrogen concentration of a solution

Question 12

acid

Answer 12

any substance that dissociated to form an excess of H+ ions when dissolved in water

Question 13

base

Answer 13

any substance that combines with H+ ions to lower the H+ concentration in a solution

Question 14

buffer

Answer 14

a substance that acts as a holding tank for hydrogen ions, donating them when their concentration falls and takes them from the solution when their concentration rises

Question 15

polymer

Answer 15

long molecules built by linking together a large number of small, similar chemical subunits (monomers)

Question 16

nucleotides

Answer 16

repeating subunits of nucleic acids.

Question 17

nucleic acid

Answer 17

a chain of five-carbon sugars linked together by phosphodiester bonds with anitrogenous base protruding forming sugar

Question 18

amino acids

Answer 18

contain an animo group and an acidic carboxyl group. the specific order of amino acids determines the proteins structure and function

Question 19

organic molecules

Answer 19

molecules which contain carbon

Question 20

hydrocarbons

Answer 20

molecules made only of carbon and hydrogen

-make good fuel because H-C bonds store energy

Question 21

nonpolar

Answer 21

doesn’t dissolve in water, doesn’t have partial charges

Question 22

functional groups

Answer 22

atoms which give special properties to the molecules to which they are attached

Question 23

Where is hydroxyl found

Answer 23

carbohydrates

Question 24

where is carbonyl found

Answer 24

lipids

Question 25

where is carboxyl found

Answer 25

proteins

Question 26

where are aminos found

Answer 26

proteins

Question 27

where are phosphates found

Answer 27

DNA and ATP

Question 28

dehydration synthesis

Answer 28

a condensation reaction where 2 molecules are joined and a water is given off. for every subunit added, a water is given off

Question 29

hydrolysis

Answer 29

disassembling molecules into their subunits by adding water

Question 30

monomer

Answer 30

basic building block of macromolecules

Question 31

Carbohydrates

Answer 31

serve as energy storage and structural molecules | contain baron hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1

Question 32

monosaccharides

Answer 32

simple carbohydrates

Question 33

disaccharide

Answer 33

"double" sugar, 2 monosaccharides joined togehter | -often play a role in the transport of sugars

Question 34

polysaccharide

Answer 34

macromolecule made of many monosaccharides | ex. starch (storage)

Question 35

transport disaccharides

Answer 35

many organisms convert monosaccharides to disaccharides to transport them through the body so they are less likely to tbe broken down during transport

Question 36

storage polysaccharides

Answer 36

disaccharides that are linked into insoluble forms so they can be stored ex. starch

Question 37

structural carbohydrates

Answer 37

building blocks ex. cellose- carbohydrate in plant cell walls chitin-carbohydrate that builds exoskeletons of insects, crabs, fungi, etc.

Question 38

peptide bonds

Answer 38

covalent bond holding two amino acids together

Question 39

polypeptides

Answer 39

proteins made of one or more long chains

Question 40

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 40

the specific order of amino acids in a protein chain

Question 41

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 41

the polar amino acids of the main chain are attracted to each other. hydrogen bonds form. if the attraction occurs between amino acids in same chain= alpha helix shape if the attraction occurs between amino acids across chains= beta pleated sheet shape

Question 42

motifs

Answer 42

supersecondary structures made of combinations of secondary structures

Question 43

tertiary

Answer 43

the final folded shape of a protein. is driven by hydrophobic interactions with water. stability of protein depends on how well its interior fits together

Question 44

quaternary

Answer 44

formed when two or more polypeptide chains form a functional protein (at this point, the individual chains are called subunits of the protein)

Question 45

Functions of Proteins

Answer 45

``` Enzyme Catalysts Defense Transport Support Motion Regulation ```

Question 46

Enzyme Catalysts

Answer 46

proteins with a 3 dimensional shape that makes chemical reaction happen faster

Question 47

Defense

Answer 47

proteins use their shapes to recognize foreign microbes and cancer cells. these proteins sit on the surface of cell membranes and act like receptors for the immune system

Question 48

transport

Answer 48

transport proteins move small molecules and ions | ex. hemoglobin is a protein in the blood that moves oxygen

Question 49

Support

Answer 49

fibrous proteins make up an organisms structure | ex. hair

Question 50

motion

Answer 50

muscles move due to the sliding motion of proteins

Question 51

regulation

Answer 51

small proteins called hormones act like messengers in cells (INTERCELLULAR MESSENGERS) they send signals and also turn genes on and off

Question 52

denaturation

Answer 52

the unfolding or change in the shape of a protein happens when a proteins environment changes when proteins are denatured, they are usually made biologically inactive

Question 53

lipid

Answer 53

a moecule containing C, H, O with a C:H ration of > than 2:1

Question 54

fat

Answer 54

a lipid that serves as a storage molecule for glucose

Question 55

saturated fat

Answer 55

when all the C's in the fatty acids possess all their H's

Question 56

unsaturated fat

Answer 56

when fatty acids have double bonds between the C's therefore they contain less H

Question 57

fats

Answer 57

efficient energy storage molecules carbohydrates path -some stay are glucose for immediate use some are converted to transport disaccharides some are converted to starch, glycogen or fat for future use

Question 58

phospholipids

Answer 58

modified fat found in cell membranes - have a polar head that is hydrophillic - have two nonpolar tails which are hydrophobic

Question 59

steroids

Answer 59

lipids made of 4 carbon rings

Question 60

terpenes

Answer 60

long chained lipids that help make up important pigments

Question 61

hormones

Answer 61

act as chemical messengers

Question 62

hydrogen bonds

Answer 62

the single most outstanding chemical property of what is its ability to form weak chemical associations called hydrogen bonds