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Senior Year > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Source-Sink-Meta populations

A

the populations in the better areas continually send out dispersers that bolder the populations in the poorer habitats

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2
Q

metapopulations

A

existing as a network of distinct populations that interact with one another by exchanging individuals

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3
Q

demography

A

quantitative study of populations

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4
Q

generation time

A

average interval between the birth of an individual and the birth of its offspring

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5
Q

fecundity

A

number of offspring produced in a standard time

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6
Q

mortality

A

number of individuals that die in a standard time

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7
Q

age structure

A

the relative number of individuals in each cohort

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8
Q

life table

A

tabulates the fate of a cohort from birth until death, showing the number of offspring produced and the number of individuals that die each year

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9
Q

mortality rate

A

the proportion of individuals that started that interval alive but died by the end of it

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10
Q

survivorship

A

the percentage of an original population that survives to a given age

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11
Q

cost of reproduction

A

the reduction in future reproductive potential resulting from current reproductive efforts

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12
Q

biotic potential

A

the rate at which a population of a given species increases when no limits are placed on its rate of growth

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13
Q

semelparity

A

focus all their reproductive resources on a single large event and then die

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14
Q

itereoparity

A

produce offspring several times over many seasons

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15
Q

carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support

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16
Q

sigmoidal growth curve

A

as the size of a population stabilizes at the carrying capacity, its rate of growth slows

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17
Q

density-dependent effects

A

as population size increases, either reproductive rates decline or mortality increases or both

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18
Q

Allee effect

A

growth rates increase with population size

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19
Q

density-independent effects

A

the rate of growth of a population at any instant is limited by something unrelated to the size of the population

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20
Q

k-selected

A

adapted to thrive when the population is near carrying capacity

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21
Q

r-selected

A

selection tat favors individuals with highest reproductive rates

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22
Q

what impact does the growth of human populations have?

A

more control over food supply
superior weapons
cures for many diseases
improvement in shelter

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23
Q

population pyramid

A

a bar graph displaying the number of people in each age category

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24
Q

community

A

species that occur at any particular locality

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25
Q

species richness

A

number of species present

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26
Q

primary productivity

A

amount of energy produced

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27
Q

assemblage

A

species included are only a portion of those present within the entire community

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28
Q

individualistic concept

A

a community is an aggregation of species that happen to occur together at one place

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29
Q

holistic concept

A

views communities as an integrated unit

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30
Q

ecotones

A

places where the environment change apruptly

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31
Q

niche

A

the total of all the ways it uses the resources of its environment

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32
Q

interspecific competition

A

occurs when two species attempt to use the same resource and there is not enough of the resource to satisfy both

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33
Q

interference competition

A

physical interactions over access to resources

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34
Q

exploitative competiton

A

consuming the same resources

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35
Q

fundamental niche

A

the entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and resource needs

36
Q

realized niche

A

the actual set of environmental conditions in which the species can establish a stable population

37
Q

competitive exclusion

A

no two species with the same niche can coexist when resources are limiting

38
Q

resource partitioning

A

niche subdivision to avoid direct competition

39
Q

character displacement

A

the differences evident between sympathetic species are thought to have been favored by natural selection as a means of partitioning resources and reducing competition

40
Q

coevolution

A

the simultaneous development of adaptations in two or more populations, species, or other categories that interact so closely that each is a strong selective force on the other

41
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

several unrelated but protected animal species come to resemble one another

42
Q

batesian mimicry

A

this type of mimicry is used so that the mimics would be avoided by predators, who would be fooled by the disguise into thinking the mimic was the distasteful species

43
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed

44
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit

45
Q

parasitism

A

one species benefits but the other is harmed

46
Q

ectoparasites

A

parasites that feed on the exterior surface of an organism

47
Q

endoparasites

A

parasites that live within the body of their hosts

48
Q

keystone species

A

species whose effects on the composition of communities are greater than one might expect based on their abundance

49
Q

succession

A

the tendency for communities to change from simple to complex

50
Q

secondary succession

A

a succession that occurs in areas where an existing community has been disturbed but organisms still remain

51
Q

primary succession

A

occurs on bare, lifeless substrate, where organisms gradually move into an area and change its nature

52
Q

aquifers

A

permeable, underground layers of rock, sand, and gravel that are often saturated with water

53
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the synthesis of nitrogen-containing compounds from N2

54
Q

nitrification

A

after NH3 has been synthesized other prokaryotic microbes oxidize part of it to form NO3-

55
Q

denitrifcation

A

the conversion from NO3- into N2

56
Q

autotrophs

A

synthesize the organic compounds of their bodies from inorganic precursors

57
Q

photo autotrophs

A

use light as their source of energy

58
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

obtain energy by means of inorganic oxidation reactions

59
Q

What is the order of the trophic levels?

A 
primary producers
herbivores
primary carnivores
secondary carnviores
detritivores
60
Q

decomposers

A

mostly microbes and other minute organisms that live on and break up dead organic matter

61
Q

productivity

A

the rate at which the organisms in the trophic level collectively synthesize new organic matter

62
Q

respiration

A

the rate at which they break down organic compounds

63
Q

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

A

the raw rate at which the primary producers synthesize new organic matter

64
Q

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

A

GPP minus the respiration of the primary producers. represents the organic matter available for herbivores to use as food

65
Q

secondary productivity

A

the productivity of a heterotroph trophic level

66
Q

tropical rainforest

A

South America, 140-450 cm annual precipitation, terrestrial plants, 1200 species of butterflies

67
Q

savannas

A

tropical or subtropical grasslands, 50-125 cm rain, spaced trees and shrubs, herds of grazing animals

68
Q

desert

A

dry places where rain is both sparse and unpredictable (25-40 cm) vegetation is sparse

69
Q

temperate grasslands

A

halfway between the equator and the poles (praries)

70
Q

deciduous forest

A

eastern United States, eastern canada, and eurasia. plentiful rains, deciduous trees that drop their leaves in the winter, deer, bears, beavers and raccoons

71
Q

Tiaga

A

northern forest, coniferous trees

72
Q

tundra

A

far north, little precipitation, small trees

73
Q

What are the three characteristics of population Ecology?

A
  1. population range, the area throughout which a population occurs
  2. the pattern of spacing of individuals within that range
  3. how the population changes in size though time
74
Q

Biogeochemical cycles

A

a cyclic path involving both biological and chemical processes

75
Q

Water Cycle

A

Water serves as a source of hydrogen (H) ions whose movements drive the production of ATP (energy) in organisms
Land- 90% of the water that goes into the atmosphere comes from plants via transpiration

76
Q

Water Table

A

upper, confined portions of groundwater that flows into streams and is partially accessible to plants

77
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Is based on CO2- makes up .03% of atmosphere
Photosynthesis plants, bacteria, protists “fix” Co2 in atmosphere each year
All heterotrophic organisms must get their carbon indirectly from others that fix it
Most organic compounds formed as a result of carbon fixation are broke down and returned to the atmosphere or water

78
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere
Few organisms can convert (fix) nitrogen into forms they can use
Most of the bacteria that can fix nitrogen are free-living but some live in symbiotic relations with the roots of plants called Legumes (The pea family)
Plants that live with symbiotic bacteria can live in nitrogen-poor soils because bacteria can fix it for them

79
Q

Ammonification

A

when Bacteria break down nitrogen-containing compounds, use them to make their own proteins and release excess ammonium ions (NH4+)

80
Q

Phosphorous Cycle

A

main component is a mineral
phosphorous is the only one whose absence could limit plant growth
phosphates exist as phosphorous anions in soils, are relatively insoluble and exist only in certain types of rocks

81
Q

Biomass

A

net weight of all organisms in the environment

82
Q

Pyramid of Biomass

A

weight of everyone

83
Q

Pyramid of Numbers

A

how many individuals

84
Q

Pyramid of Energy

A

amount of production

85
Q

Bottom up effects

A

when the productivity of an ecosystem is low, the herbivore population will be too small to support any predators

Senior Year (9 decks)

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