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Senior Year > DNA/RNA > Flashcards

DNA/RNA Flashcards

1
Q

What were the results for the mice injections in the Griffith Experiment?

A

live pathogenic strain=mice die
live nonpathogenic strain (no protein coat)=mice live
heat-killed pathogenic strain=mice live
mix of heat-killed pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains=mice died

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2
Q

What is transformation?

A

the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another which can alter the genetic makeup of the recipient cell

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3
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that attacks bacteria

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4
Q

What is a purine?

A

a base-double carbon ring. Adenine and Guanine

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5
Q

What is pyrimidine?

A

base-single carbon ring. Cytosine, thymine (uracil in RNA)

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6
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

holds sugars to phosphates on the sides of the DNA (RNA)

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7
Q

hydrogen bond

A

holds the bases together to make the “rings” of the DNA ladder

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8
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A’s pair with T’s; G pairs with C’s
There is always an equal portion of A’s to T’s and of G’s to C’s. A:T and G:C
The base pairing is also known as being complementary

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9
Q

semiconservative replication

A

the way DNA actually copies itself. copying genetic information is complementary
DNA unzips- one side serves as the template for the new strand being built

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10
Q

Conservative Replication

A

parent DNA stays intact and makes new copies of DNA

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11
Q

Dispersive Replication

A

parent DNA is dispersed throughout new DNA so each strand is a mix of old and new

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12
Q

What are the three things that replication requires?

A

something to copy-parental DNA molecules serve as a template
something to do the copying-enzymes
building blocks-nucleotides

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13
Q

Where does replication begin?

A

replication forks

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14
Q

What enzyme glues new nucleotides to the growing strands

A

DNA polmerase 3

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15
Q

What is the RNA primer

A

the anchor. the enzyme RNA primase builds a piece of RNA primer about 10 RNA nucleotides long. DNA Polymerase 3 recognizes the primer and starts to build new DNA strand

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16
Q

leading strand

A

the DNA strand elongating toward the replication fork

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17
Q

continuous replication

A

new DNA is built continuously by simply adding nucleotides to the 3 end

18
Q

lagging strand

A

the DNA strand elongating away from the replication fork

19
Q

discontinuous replication

A

new DNA is built in pieces

20
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

segments of DNA about 100-20 nucleotides long

21
Q

What unwinds the DNA

A

helicase

22
Q

how are DNA strands kept open?

A

single-strand binding proteins

23
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

removes primers and fills in gaps between Okazaki fragments

24
Q

DNA Ligase

A

rejoins the parent strand

25
Q

DNA Gyrase

A

releases tension in the DNA

26
Q

Primosome

A

composed of primase and helicase and accessory proteins

27
Q

Describe the Griffith Experiment

A

Griffith was trying to make a vaccine against the flu which was thought at the time to be caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumoniae
The bacteria comes in two forms:
virulent (disease causing), makes deadly polysaccharide coat that causes blood poisoning
-“S” form
nonvirulent- no polysaccharide coat
-“R” form (shouldn’t kill)

28
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA- makes up ribosomes and provides a place to make proteins

29
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA- long piece of RNA transcriped/made from DNA
-a “xerox” copy of a gene which leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome to direct the making of a protein.
copies genes in the nucleus and takes it to the ribosome in the cytoplasm so it takes it out of the nucleus

30
Q

Codons

A

genetic information exists in blocks of genetic information

31
Q

Nonsense Codons

A

code for nothing

32
Q

reading frame

A

the order in which the nucleotides of DNA are read

33
Q

Transcription

A
  1. 1st phase of gene expression
  2. when a sequence (piece) of DNA is transcribed into a mRNA sequence (piece)
  3. RNA polymerase- the enzyme that starts transcription
34
Q

How does transcription happen?

A

RNA polymerase binds to a special binding site (PROMOTOR)
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand into the gene
as it encounters each DNA nucelotide, it adds the corresponding complimentary RNA nucleotide to the growing mRNA copy
RNA polymerase arrives at a stop signal at the end of the gene and drops off the DNA
new mRNA is released

35
Q

Initiation

A

start reading the mRNA copy

36
Q

elongation

A

bring amino acids to the protein chain and make it grow

37
Q

termination

A

release the protein from the ribosome

38
Q

What is the process of translation?

A

rRNA molecule binds to “START” codon of mRNA
ribosome moves along mRNA, 3 nucleotides (1 codon) at a time
tRNA gets its amino acid attached to it by protein
tRNA’s add their amino acids to growing protein chain
ribosome goes until it encounters a STOP codon
ribosome drops off of mRNA and releases the completed protein

39
Q

What does translation start with

A

the formation of an initiation complex

40
Q

What is the elongation process?

A

Ribosome exposes codon next to the start codon
the tRNA carrying the corresponding amino acid binds its ANTICODON with the mRNA’s codon with help of proteins called ELONGATION FACTORS
The ribosomes rolls and exposed the next codon. The met-tRNA is in the old A SITE which is now called the P SITE. The newly exposed codon is in the A site.
THe tRNA that matches the new exposed codon brings in its amino acid.
Met joins to the newly added amino acid via a PEPTIDE BOND and its released from its tRNA
Process repeats. Old P site is now an E site (empty) old a site is now the p site. new codon is exposed in the a site
this continues, ribosomes moves along ribosome, exposing 3 nucleotides at a time (TRANSLOCATION)

41
Q

How are stop codons recognized?

A

proteins called release factors

Senior Year (9 decks)

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