energetics

Question 0

aerobic respiration (3)

Answer 0

1. derived from food using O2 = oxidative metabolism
2. slow
3. needed for enurance

Question 1

6 cellular functions ATP is required for

Answer 1

1. synthesis of cellular components (proteins, glucose, fatty acids, cholesterol)
2. muscluar contractions
3. active transport across membranes
4. excretion of urea
5. glandular secretions
6. nerve conduction

Question 2

anaerobic respiration (4)

Answer 2

1. derived from food w/o utilization of o2
2. fast
3. glycolysis = glycogen -> lactic acid
   glycogen is best source of energy
4. utilized during strenous bursts of activity

Question 3

anaerobic energy is derived from…(3)

Answer 3

1. ATP present in cells
2. phosphocreatine
3. glycolitic breakdown glycogen -> lactic acid

Question 4

metabolic rate definition

Answer 4

1. rate of heat liberation during chemical reactions in all cells of the body

Question 5

procedures to measure metabolic rate (2)

Answer 5

1. direct calorimetry

2. indirect= measures quantity of O2 released

Question 6

basal metabolic rate (3)

Answer 6

1. comparison method
2. expressed in proportion to body surface area (cal/hr/sq meter)
3. when healthy it doesnt vary more than 5-10% except for age

Question 7

main physiological changes during exercise (4)

Answer 7

1. increased metabolic rate
2. muscles
3. increased respiration
4. increased cardiovascular output

Question 8

females vs. males in athletic performance(8)

Answer 8

1. females perform 2/3-3/4 worse than men because:
2. females have less muscle mass, which means
   
   3. less muscle strength, 4. less pulmonary ventillation, 5. less cardic output
3. hormones => 7. anabolic effects of testerone 8. estrogen causes increased fat deposits

Question 9

contractile strength determined by

Answer 9

size

Question 10

holding strength definition (2)

Answer 10

1. force required to stretch a muscle after its has contracted
2. approx 40% greater than max contractile strength

Question 11

power of a muscle def
what it is determined by (4)
unit of measure

Answer 11

1. amount of work per unit time that can be performed
2. strength
3. distance it contracts
4. # times it contracts/minute
5. very high in early phase of exercise then decreases
6. measured in kg-m/min

Question 12

endurance (2)

Answer 12

1. depends on maintaining nutrition supply for muscle

2. high carb diet stores more glycogen in muscles

Question 13

fast twitch muscle (3)

Answer 13

1. rapid and forceful contraction
2. twice as large in diameter
3. more use of phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid = anaerobic

Question 14

slow twitch muscle (4)

Answer 14

1. endurance exercise
2. aerobic energy
3. greater # mitochondria and more myoglobin (combines with O2 in muscle)
4. higher capliiary density

Question 15

sources of E for muscle contraction (3)

Answer 15

1. phosphagen energy system
2. glycogen - lactic acid system
3. aerobic system

Question 16

recovery systems after exercise (2)

Answer 16

1. lactic acid formed during exercise => pyurvic acid and is metabolized (o2) or => glucose and stored in liver
2. increased respiration to repay O2 debt

Question 17

increased respiration after exercise is needed to… (5)

Answer 17

1. reconvert lactic acid -> glucose
2. reconvert AMP -> ADP -> ATP
3. reestablish phosphocreatine levels
4. reestablish [O2] in hemoglobin and myoglobin
5. raise [O2] in lungs

Question 18

pulmonary oxygen diffusing capacity (def)

Answer 18

rate at which O2 diffuses into alveoli

Question 19

regulator of body temp (2)

Answer 19

1. autonomic NS (receptors) and hypothalamus (integration) regulate body temp
2. “set point” for temp control = 1 degree w/i 98.8 (critical core temp)

Question 20

hot/humid conditions (2)

Answer 20

1. limits heat loss

2. can lead to heat stroke because you can’t decrease body temp as fast as necessary

Question 21

More info on phosphagen system (2)

Answer 21

1. Phosphagen is a buffer connecting ATP to phosphocreatine
   2.ATP -> ADP = 7300 cal/ mol
   phosphocreatine -> creatine + phosphate = 10,300 cal/ mol
   Only lasts 8-10s