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endocrinology Flashcards

0
Q

hormonal system (6)

A
  1. controls metabolism
  2. helps transport substances thru cell by interacting with specific receptors that are found in or on surface of cell membane, or in cell cytoplasm (steroids) or nucleus (thyroid)
  3. all need to be transported in blood to target tissue (vs enzymes which are secreted directly there)
  4. hormones work on a system of negative feedback, they excrete too much hormone and some effect dials it back
  5. local hormones have specific local effects
  6. general hormones are transported to all parts of the body
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1
Q 
chemical cell communications
 neural
 paracrine
 autocrine
 endocrine
 neuroendocrine
A
  1. neural- neurotransmitters are released at synaptic junctions and act locally
  2. paracrine- cell secretion products that diffuse into extracellular fluid and affect neighboring cells
  3. autocrine- cell secretion products that affect the function of same cell by binding to receptors
  4. endocrine- hormones that reach circulating blood and influence function of cell far away
  5. neuroendocrine- secretion of neurohormones that influence via blodd function of cells far away
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3
Q

5 cell types are located in anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis) that synthesize, store and secrete these 6 hormones

A
  1. adrenocorticotropin- causes adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormone which controls metabolism of glucose, protein and fats
  2. thyroid stimulating hormone- controls rate of T3 and T4, which control rate of intracellular chemical reactions in body
  3. follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone- control growth of gonads and their reproductive and hormonal activites
  4. prolactin
  5. growth hormone- growth of entire body by affecting protein formation, cell multiplication and cell differentiation
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4
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones (2)

A
  • these are synthesized and controlled by hypothalamus
    1. antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)- causes kidneys to retain water and in high concentrations can cause constriction of bv which increases BP
    2. Oxytocin- contracts uterus during birth
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5
Q

adrenal cortex hormones (2)

A
  1. cortisol- multiple metabolic functions for control of metabolism of proteiins, carbs and fats (too much => cushings syndrome)
  2. aldosterone- reduces Na excretion by kidneys, and increases K excretion => less K and more Na
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6
Q

hormones from pancreas (2)

A

islets of langerhans secrete:

  1. insulin-promotes glucose entry into cells (energy storage) and controls rate of metabolism of carbs
  2. glucagon- increases synthesis and release of glucose from liver into circulating body fluids (energy release)
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7
Q

thyroid gland (2)

A
  1. thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase rates of chemical rxns in almost all cells of body, thus increasing level of body metabolism
  2. Calcatonin- regulates Ca levels by causing deposits on bone (which decreases extracellular levels)- not really needed
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8
Q

ovaries (2)

A
  1. estrogens

2. progesterone

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9
Q

parathyroid hormone (2)

A
  1. stimulated by drop of Ca in extracellular fluid
  2. parathormone- controls [Ca2+] in extracellular fluid by controlling Ca absorption in gut, excretion of Ca by kidneys and release of Ca from bones
  3. because Ca cannot enter cells because charge is 2+, this is controlled by vitamin D
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10
Q

testes

A
  1. testerone
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11
Q

placenta (4)

A
  1. human growth gonadotropin- promotes growth and secretion of corpus luuteum
  2. estrogens- promote growth of mothers sex organs and some tissues of fetus
  3. progesterone- promotes uterine endometrium and secretory app for moms breasts
  4. human somatomammotropin
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12
Q

steroid hormones (2)

A
  1. synthesized from cholesterol*
  2. not stored in body (precursor is stored in body ready to be synthesized) - once they appear in cytoplasm they quickly diffuse thru cell membrane and into extracellular fluid
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13
Q

amino acid derived hormones (3)

two types and how they are stored/ secreted

A
  1. hormones from thyroid gland and adrenal medulla
  2. thyroid hormones are not stored in extracellular fluid however there are large stores in thyroglobulin
  3. adrenal medullary hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are stored until secreted thru exocytosis
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14
Q

protein/peptide derived hormones

A
  1. synthesized on ER as large preprohormone then cleaved and packaged by golgi apparatus as prohormone
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15
Q

3 results of hormones

A
  1. change in membrane permeability
  2. activation of genes by binding with intracellular receptors
  3. activation of intracellular enzyme
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16
Q

growth hormone (4)

A
  1. promotes linear growth by stimulating epiphyseal cartilage
  2. somatomedins are AAs produced by the liver that reflect plasma GH levels
  3. decrease of glucose for energy => decrease of uptake and utilization by GH for insulin sensitive cells, such as muscles and fat
  4. causes mobilization of FAs from adipose tissue => lean body mass. increases plasma levels of free fatty acids and keto acids => ketogenic why south beach diet works
17
Q

growth hormone secretion

(2- what controls it and how secretion can be increased)

A
  1. GH secretion is under the influence of hypothalamic releasing GHRH and inhibiting hormone somatostatin
  2. can be increased by fasting or chronic protein depravation, increases levels of AA or stress; exercise, fever, pain
18
Q

pituitary gland

(5- anatomy, 1 physiology)

A
  1. anterior pituitary = adenohypophesis
    1. embryologically derived from upward invagination of cells from oral cavity (rathkes pouch)
  2. posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis
    1. from downgrowth of cell from third ventricle of brain
  3. lies in sella turcicia, connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk
  4. hypothalamus synthesizes ADH and oxytocin and controls release- they then travel to neurohypophysis where they and are stored and secreted
19
Q

thyroid gland anatomy

A
  1. located on either side of the trachea
  2. composed of large number of follicles which are surrounded by single layer of cells and filled with material called colloid.
  3. the primary constituent of colloid is a large glycoprotein called thyroglobulin, which is made of tyrosine
20
Q

T3 vs T4 (4) and iodine pump (2) and how they circulate (1)

A
  1. secretion of T3 (triiodothyronin) and T4 (thyroxine) is controlled by TSH and they control metabolism for whole body
  2. T3 and T4 are made of one repeating AA called tyrosine
  3. T3 is 4x more potent but has 1/2 life of 1 day and is present in much smaller quantities
  4. T4 can be converted into T3 and has a 1/2 life of 1 week
  5. ingested iodine is absorbed by the gut and goes into the globule where it reacts with tyrosine to make monoiodothyronine (and eventually excreted by the kidneys)
  6. mono + monoiodothyronine = diiodothyronie
    diiodo+ mono = tri
    diiodo+ diiodo = thyroxin (T4)
    ** only T3 and T4 circulate into blood, T1 and T2 are recycled in thyroglobulin**
  7. once T3 and T4 are in the blood they are 99% bound to thyroglobulin (and albumin) -only free hormone is taken up by the proteins in the cells
21
Q

functions of thyroid hormones (2 and 5 secondary)

A
  1. increase gene transcription (can also inhibit)
  2. increases o2 consumption by increasing size and number of mitochondria=> increasing heat production and metabolic rate
    secondary effects of increase in metabolic rate
  3. increased thermogenesis and sweating
  4. increased rate and depth of respiration
  5. increased cardiac output
  6. increased pulse pressure but not mean arterial pressure (because systolic increases but diastolic decreases)
  7. increased utilization of substrates for energy
22
Q

graves disease

A

hyperthyroidism

23
Q

parathormone and Ca uses (8)

A

calcium ions are involved in:

  1. neurotransmission, hormone and exocrine secretions
  2. maintenance of normal permeability of cell membranes
  3. cell mitosis and cell division
  4. excitability of nerve and muscle and muscle contractions
  5. formation of bone and teeth
  6. coagulation of blood
  7. fertilization
  8. production of milk
24
Q

secretion and 4 cell types of islets of langerhans

A 
1. in the pancreas, the islets of langerhans secret directly into blood
4 types of cells
 2. beta cells- 60%- secrete insulin
 3. alpha cells- 25%- secrete glucagon
 4. delta cells- secrete somatostatiin
 5. PP cells
25
Q 
insulin basics
 (4 basics, 3 types of metabolism)
A
  1. synthesized and metabolized like peptide hormones; preprohormone in ER => prohormone in golgi apparatus
  2. circulates unbound to carrier protein
  3. short 1/2 life of 5-10 minutes
  4. approximated 50% is metabolized via first pass thru liver, rest is metabolized by kidney
  5. rapid metabolism = in response to energy abundance, insulin is released and within seconds causes membranes in 80% of the cells to become permeable to glucose
  6. intermediate metabolism= within minutes proteins are synthesized and protein degradation is inhibited (so less AA in blood) an takes more AA into cells
  7. delayed metabolism = hours, works on carbs and fats (increases storage and synthesis of fatty acids and inhibits mobilization)
26
Q

insulin during rest and exercise (3)

A
  1. under normal resting conditions, resting muscle is not permeable to glucose, relies on fatty acids for energy.
  2. insulin facilitates glucose diffusion into muscle by increasing the number of glucose transporters in cell membrane
  3. during exercise glucose transport is non-insulin dependent (mechanism unknown)
27
Q

what insulin does in the liver and 6 ways it achieves that

A
  1. insulin promotes glucose uptake and storages and inhibits glucose production by:
  2. increases the flux of glucose into the cells by phosphorylation of glucose which “traps” glucose in cell
  3. increases glycogen synthesis by activating glycogen synthase
  4. inactives liver phosphorylase whcih is what causes liver glycogen to split into glucose
  5. directs flow of glucose thru glycolysis
  6. decrease hepatic output of glucose
  7. increase synthesis of fatty acids
28
Q

control of insulin secretion 4

A
  1. glucose is the most important controller of insulin secretion (negative feedback of increase of blood glucose => increase of insulin)
  2. AA- stimulate insulin, brought into cells and make proteins = glyconeogenesis
  3. GI horomones- released from GI tract when glucose is taken orally and increases insulin
  4. other hormones, including cortisol and growth hormone => antagonize effects of insulin on glucose uptake in peripheral tissue and can exhaust beta cells => DM (eg cushings from cortisol and acromegaly from GH)
29
Q

glucagon (what it does and 3 ways it does it)

A
  1. secreted by alpha cells of islets of langerhans and is stimulated when blood glucose levels fall (acts opposite of insulin)
    promotes HYPERglycemia by:
  2. stimulates glycogenolysis (release of glycogen into blood)
  3. inhibits glycolysis
  4. stimulates gluconeogenesis
30
Q

control of glucagon secretion (3)

A
  1. glucose is most important controller of glucagon secretion (hypoglycemia increases glucagon secretion)
  2. amino acids (couteracts effects of insulin)
  3. fasting and exercise stimulate glucagon secretion to prevent decrease of blood glucose
31
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex and what they release

1 release and storage of hormones

A
  1. zona glumerulosa (steroid hormones; mineralocorticoids (aldosterone);
  2. zona fasciculata (steroid hormones; glucocorticoids (cortisol),
  3. zona reticularisol
  4. steroid hormones are made when they have the materials available and are quickly secreted into blood, then bind with intracellular receptors which forms a complex which then binds to DNA and regulates gene expression
32
Q

mineralocorticoids (3)

A
  1. aldesterone (95% of minteralocorticoid)- most potent
  2. when body needs to retain Na, distal tubule stimulates reabsorption of Na => reabsorption of water
  3. this uses Na/K pump and ATP => loss of K
33
Q

glucocorticoids

A
  1. cortisol
  2. increases basal metabolism
  3. increases glucose production by liver increasing delivery of AA to peripheral tissues (gluconeogenesis)
  4. inhibits glucose uptake (except by brain and heart)
  5. increase hepatic glycogen deposition

physiology (14 decks)

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