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physiology > basics > Flashcards

basics Flashcards

0
Q

origins of nutrients in extracellular fluids (4)

A
  1. respiratory - O2
  2. GI tract- fatty acids, amino acids, carbs
  3. liver and kidney
  4. musculoskeletal system
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1
Q

% fluids in body (2)

A
  1. 66% intracellular fluids

2. 33% extracellular fluids

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2
Q

nervous system (4)

A 
1. controls muscular and secretory functions
3 parts:
 2. sensory input (sensory receptors)
 3. CNS
 4. motor output
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3
Q

hormonal system

A
  1. regulates metabolic funtions
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4
Q

protoplasm (5)

A
  1. water- most abundant (70-85%)
  2. ions/ electrolytes
  3. proteins: structural and globular
  4. lipids: cell membranes
  5. cholesterol
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5
Q

mitochondria (9)

A
  1. power house of cell b/c make ATP
  2. tiny threadlike or sausage shaped organelles
  3. two membranes; outer is smooth
    1. inner membrane has shelflike cristae that protrude into matrix
      1. nutrients (glucose) are broken down by enzymes in this matrix
        6. as glucose breaks down P attaches to ADP -> ATP
        7. aerobic respiration b/c needs O2
  4. also stores and releases Ca
  5. self replicating (fission) by pinching together when more ATP is needed
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6
Q

ribosomes (3)

A
  1. small, dark granules composed of proteins and RNA (ribosomal RNA)
  2. 2 pieces that come together when needed to make DNA
  3. can be floating freely or attached to ER -> rough ER
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7
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (3)

A
  1. “network within cytoplasm” that is continuous with plasma membrane
  2. the attached ribosomes manufacture all the proteins that are secreted from cell, so very well developed in secretory cells (antibody producing plasma cells and liver)
  3. considered “membrane factory” because manufactures all parts of cell membranes
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8
Q

smooth ER (4)

A

its enzymes catalyze rxns involved with:

  1. lipid metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol and lipid proteins in liver cells
  2. absorption, synthesis and transport of fats
  3. synthesis of steroid based hormones such as sex hormones
  4. detox of drugs in liver and kidneys
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9
Q

Golgi apparatus (3)

A
  1. traffic director for cellular proteins
  2. major function is to package proteins and membranes made at rough ER and secrete them by exocytosis
  3. very prominent in enzyme producing cells like pancrease
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10
Q

lysosomes (4)

A
  1. disentegration bodies/ cleansing organelles
  2. abundant in phagocytes
  3. work best in acidic conditions -> called acid hydrolases
  4. these are pinched off from Golgi apparatus
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11
Q

peroxisomes (3)

A
  1. use molecular O2 to “disarm” free radicals
  2. numerous in liver and kidney cells (which are very active in detoxification)
  3. although they appear to be small lysosomes they do not come from budding Golgi apparatus
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12
Q

cytoskeleton (4)

A
  1. elaborate series of rods thats acts as cells bones and muscles
    three types are
    1. microtubles- hollow tubes
    2. microfilaments- thin strands of contractile protein actin
    3. intermediate filaments- tough, insoluble protein fibers
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13
Q

nucleus (3)

A
  1. control center and largest organelle
  2. all cells except RBC are nucleated (why they only live 3-4 months), some cells are mulitnucleated
  3. nuclear envelope- phospholipid bilayer that is continuous with rough ER
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14
Q

nucleoli (2)

A
  1. dense spherical bodies composed of RNA and proteins

2. site of ribosome subunit manufacture

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15
Q

chromatin (2)

A
  1. granular, thread like material composed of DNA and histones
  2. DNA constitutes genes
16
Q

endocytosis (2)

A
  1. cell membrane receptors attach to surface of particle
  2. edges of membrane envaginate to surround particle to form phagocytic vesicle
  3. actin and other contractile fibers surround vesicle and contract, pushing the vesicle interior
17
Q

types of endocytosis and energy source (3)

A
  1. phagocytosis = cell eating, larger particle (eg bacteria, cells and portions of degenerating tissue)- protective function; WBC
  2. pinocytosis = cell drinking, ingestion of smaller vesicles that contain extracellular fluid
    taking in solute by kidney and intestine
  3. receptor mediated endocytosis - very selective, way to take in hormones, cholesterol and iron
    all use ATP
18
Q

erythrocytes (4)

A
  1. live about 120d
  2. no nucleus, regulate protein production using transcription
  3. over time Na/K pump degrades so NaCl accumulates inside pump so water accumulates inside pump causing swelling (and unbendabliltiy of cell)
  4. cell gets stuck in capillaries and bursts
19
Q

diffusion (2)

A
  1. active diffusion uses ATP because it goes against [gradient]
  2. facilitated diffusion is considered passive by some but uses a carrier (therefore E) so lipovac considers it active

physiology (14 decks)

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