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Lindsey's LC Unit 2 > Endocrinology of Prego > Flashcards

Endocrinology of Prego Flashcards

1
Q

hCG levels altered in _____ and ______.

A

trisomies; placental insufficiency

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2
Q

Most placental hormones are secreted almost exclusively into the maternal circulation due to “________.”

A

hemochorioendothelial placentation

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3
Q

Name the hormone: likely to be the main insulin resistance hormone in pregnancy to increase nutrient availability to the fetus

A

hPGH (human placental growth hormone)

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4
Q

______ is the leading cause of maternal death.

A

Pulmonary embolism

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5
Q

Name the hormone: it’s admin. reduces preterm birth in women with recurrent preterm labor

A

progesterone

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6
Q

Name the hormone: value reflects placental mass

A

hPL (human placental lactogen)

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7
Q

Name the hormone: low in growth restricted fetuses

A

hPGH (human placental growth hormone)

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8
Q

Name the hormone: Stimulates mammary epithelial cell proliferation and breast development

A

estrogen

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9
Q

Name the hormone: Facilitates mobilization and utilization of free fatty acids for energy

A

hPL (human placental lactogen)

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10
Q

When do pregnancy tests read positive for bhCG?

A

8-9 days post fertilization

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11
Q

Name the hormone: Inhibits milk secretion during pregnancy but promotes lobular development in the breast

A

progesterone

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12
Q

Name the hormone: Increases myometrial cells and decreases Connexin-43 (Cx-43) to down regulate gap junctions.

A

hCG

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13
Q

If no cardiac activity and hCG >9000 IU/ml→ consider ______.

A

missed abortion

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14
Q

Name the hormone: improves some autoimmune diseases during pregnancy

A

progesterone

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15
Q

If no gestational sac on US and hCG >1500 IU/L→ consider ______.

A

abnl or ectopic pregnancy

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16
Q

The placenta is more permeable to ______ molecules and this permeability is inversely correlated with molecular weight.

A

lipid-soluble

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17
Q

If hCG does not double every 48 hours for the first 5-6 weeks→ probable ______.

A

missed abortion

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18
Q

What enables an embryo’s attachment to the uterus?

A

hCG and progesterone

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19
Q

Name the hormone: Traditionally, has been identified as the placental hormone responsible for the development of insulin resistance in pregnancy.

A

hPL (human placental lactogen)

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20
Q

What keeps the embryo arrested in the repro. tract?

A

hCG and progesterone

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21
Q

Name the hormone: modulates immune system to prevent rejection

A

progesterone

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22
Q

Name the hormone: Increases minute ventilation (tachypnea of pregnancy) and cause respiratory alkalosis (↓ CO2).

A

progesterone

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23
Q

What determines when the fetus is ready for delivery?

A

fetal cortisol

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24
Q

Name the hormone: stimulates maternal IGF-2, which promotes placental angiogenesis and uterine vasculature remodeling

A

hPGH (human placental growth hormone)

25
Q

How does misoprostone work?

A

it’s a progesterone antagonist that promotes gap junction formation between myometrial cells, as well as calcium channel biosynthesis

26
Q

In trisomy 21, hCG levels are ______.

A

increased

27
Q

Name the hormone: it induces hypertriglyceridemia –> may induce pancreatitis

A

estrogen

28
Q

Name the hormone: most abundant secretory product of the placenta

A

hPL (human placental lactogen)

29
Q

The placenta is more permeable to lipid-soluble molecules and this permeability is _______ correlated with molecular weight.

A

inversely

30
Q

Changes in _______ may explain why humans go into labor without any significant changes in progesterone concentrations.

A

Progesterone receptor activity

31
Q

What does PTH-related protein do?

A

stimulates placental calcium transport, ↑ 1-OHase from the placenta to ↑ 1,25-OH Vit D resulting in increased maternal Ca absorption and higher fetal calcium levels for skeletal formation

32
Q

Name the hormone: Induces pituitary lactotrophs to increase prolactin production by inhibiting DA

A

estrogen

33
Q

Name the hormone: Mimics effect of LH, stimulating the corpus luteum to continue progesterone production until 11 weeks gestation when the placenta takes over production of progesterone

A

hCG

34
Q

The onset of labor is regulated by placental CRH, which likely alters placental production of _____ and _____.

A

progesterone and estriol

35
Q

Name the hormone: competes for aldosterone receptor

A

progesterone

36
Q

What creates the maternal insulin resistance?

A

primarily hPGH (human placental GH), hPL (human placental lactogen), TNFα, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, perhaps leptin

37
Q

What hormones does the Syncytiotrophoblast make?

A

ALL of the steroid hormones and most of the peptide hormones

38
Q

The onset of labor is regulated by _____, which likely alters placental production of progesterone and estriol.

A

placental CRH

39
Q

Name the hormone: Stimulates production of relaxin and inhibin

A

hCG

40
Q

Name the hormone: Substrate for synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone in the fetal adrenal cortex

A

progesterone

41
Q

What signals the presence of the embryo to the mother?

A

hCG

42
Q

What is progesterone synthesized from?

A

maternal cholesterol

43
Q

Name the hormone: Stimulates gluconeogenesis, with recent evidence showing that it causes insulin resistance

A

hPGH (human placental growth hormone)

44
Q

What causes hyperthyroidism of pregnancy?

A

hCG

45
Q

Name the hormone: Stimulates insulin secretion and islet cell number in animals, along with lactogens such as prolactin

A

hPL (human placental lactogen)

46
Q

Name the hormone: Stimulates Leydig cells in fetal testes to produce testosterone to promote masculinization of the male external and internal genitalia

A

hCG

47
Q

What does relaxin do?

A

may ↑ GFR and renal clearance and ↓ SVR; softens cervix, remodels collagen, lengthens interpubic ligament, ↓ uterine contractility

48
Q

Does GFR increase or decrease in pregnancy?

A

increase

49
Q

What part of the placenta synthesizes ALL of the steroid hormones and most of the peptide hormones?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

50
Q

Name the hormone: induces hypercoagulable state of pregnancy (increases clotting factors, decreases Prot S, increases fibrinogen to increase clotting risk 5-10X)

A

estrogen

51
Q

Name the hormone: Binds to TSH receptor and has TSH activity at high levels

A

hCG

52
Q

Placenta is unable to synthesize steroid hormones de novo due to low levels of ______.

A

HMG CoA Reductase

53
Q

Name the hormone: may ↑ GFR and renal clearance and ↓ SVR; softens cervix, remodels collagen, lengthens interpubic ligament, ↓ uterine contractility

A

relaxin

54
Q

Name the hormone: Increases mucosal edema (sinus congestion, epistaxis, ↑ risk of bacterial sinusitis)

A

estrogen

55
Q

Name the hormone: Induces hepatic protein synthesis (↑ SHBG, TBG, CBG→↑T4, T3, total Cortisol)

A

estrogen

56
Q

What releasing hormone stimulates hCG?

A

GnRH

57
Q

Name the hormone: stimulates maternal IGF-1, which regulates transplancental glucose and amino acid transport

A

hPGH (human placental growth hormone)

58
Q

Name the hormone: stimulates placental calcium transport, ↑ 1-OHase from the placenta to ↑ 1,25-OH Vit D resulting in increased maternal Ca absorption and higher fetal calcium levels for skeletal formation

A

PTH-related protein

59
Q

Placenta unable to synthesize estrogen without fetal adrenals because placenta lacks ______.

A

17-OHase

Lindsey's LC Unit 2 (10 decks)

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