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Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones in the Anterior Pituitary axis are

A

All water-soluble

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2
Q

What are synthesized in neuronal cell bodies in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei

A
  1. TRH
  2. CRH
  3. GRH
  4. PIF
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3
Q

Where is GnRH synthesized

A

Preoptic nucleus

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4
Q

What is secreted from Anterior Pituitary

A
  1. TSH
  2. ACTH
  3. LH
  4. FSH
  5. GH
  6. Prolactin
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5
Q

MEN 1:

A

HyperPTH

Enocrine pancreas

Pituitary edenoma

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6
Q

MEN 2A:

A

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Pheochromocytoma

HyperPTH

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7
Q

MEN 2B:

A

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Pheochromocytoma

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8
Q

Kallman sydrome

A

Isolated deficiency of Gonadotropins due to defective GnRH synthesis leading to decrease LH, FSH and sex steroids

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9
Q

Posterior pituitary is made up of

A

Distal neuron terminals

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10
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes

A

ADH

Oxytocin

both peptide hormones

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11
Q

ADH synthesized in

A

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What suppresses ADH secretion

A

Ethyl alcohol

Weighless environment

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13
Q

What is the affect of ANP on kidneys

A

Dilation of afferent arteriole

Constriciton of Efferent arteriole

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14
Q

What drugs can cause SIADH

A

SSRI

Carbamazepine

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15
Q

Change of permeability in DI

A

Decreases

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16
Q

Change of water permeability in dehydration

A

Increase

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17
Q

Change of water permeability in SIADH

A

Increase

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18
Q

Change of water permeability in Primiary polydipsia

A

Decrease

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19
Q

Urine flow in DI

A

Increase

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20
Q

Urine flow in Dehydration

A

Decrease

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21
Q

Urine flow in SIADH

A

Decrease

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22
Q

Urine flwo in Primary polydipsia

A

Increas

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23
Q

Urine osmo in DI

A

Decrease

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24
Q

Urine osmo in dehydration

A

Increase

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25
Urine osmo in SIADH
Increase
26
Urine osmo in Primary polydipsia
Decrease
27
ECF volume in DI
Decrease
28
ECF volume in dehydration
Decrease
29
ECF volume in SIADH
Increase
30
ECF volume in Primary polydipsia
Increase
31
ECF osmo (**Na concentration**) in DI
Increase
32
ECF osmo (**Na concentration**) in Dehydration
Increase
33
ECF osmo (**Na concentration**) in SIADH
Decrease
34
ECF osmo (**Na concentration**) in Promary polydipsia
Decrease
35
ICF volume in DI
Decrease
36
ICF volume in dehydration
Decrease
37
ICF volume in SIADH
Increase
38
ICF volume in Primary polydipsia
Increase
39
ICF osmo in DI
Increase
40
ICF osmo in dehydration
Increase
41
ICF omso in SIADH
decrease
42
ICF osmo in Primary polydipsia
Decrease
43
ACTH controls the release of
Cortisol Adrenal androgens
44
What part of adrenal cortex is aldosterone secreted from
Zona glomerulosa
45
What part of adrenal cortex is cortisol secreted from
Zona fasciculata
46
What part of adrenal cortex are androgens secreted from
Zona reticularis
47
Absence of mineralocorticoids and aldosterone (**absence of zona glomerulosa**) leads to
Loss of Na Decrease volume of ECF Low blood P Circulatory shock
48
Absence of glucocorticoids, cortisol (**damage to zona fasciculata**) leads to
Circulatory failure Inability to readily mobilize energy source
49
Deciciency of 21 β-OH leads to
Decreas BP and increase androgens
50
Deficiency of 17 α - OH leads to
Increase BP and decrease androgens
51
Deficiency of 11 β - OH leads to
Increase BP (due to DAG) and increase androgens
52
What is the index for all androgens
Urinary 17-ketosteroids
53
What is the major stimulus for zona glomerulosa
Angiotensin 2
54
Stress hormones are
GH Glucagon Cortisol Epi
55
Metabolic action of Cortisol
Promotes teh mobilization of energy stores: 1. Promotes degradation and delivery of Protein 2. Promotes lipolysis and increase delivery of free FA and glycerol 3. Raises blood glucose leves
56
What else directly stimulates teh zona glomerulosa to secrete aldosterone
Hyperkalemia
57
Cushings is basically
Hypercortisolism 1. Syndrome: any origin of cortisol 2. Disease: due to an adenoma of the anterior pituitary
58
Characteristics of Cushings
1. Obesity because of hyperphagia 2. Moon face and buffalo hump 3. Protein depletion 4. Inhibition of inflammatory response and poor wound healing 5. Hyperglycemia leads to insulin resistance 6. Hyperlipidemia 7. Bone breakdown and osteoporosis 8. Thinning of skin with **wide purple striae** 9. Increased adrenal androgens 10. Salt and water retention (**hypertension**) with potassium depletion and **hypokalemic alkalosis** 11. Increased thirst and polyuria 12. Anxiety, depression
59
Addison's diease is
Primary Hypocortisolism
60
Cortisol deficiency leads to
1. Weakness 2. Fatigue 3. Anorexia 4. Hypotension 5. Hyponatremia 6. Hypoglycemia
61
Conn's syndrome is
Primary hyperaldosteronism
62
What coverts Norepinephrine into epinephrine
PMNT
63
Metabolic end products of catecholamines
Metanephrines VMA
64
How does Glucuse promote the release of Insulin
* Glucose metabolism increases ATP * Increased ATP closes K channels and depolarizes the β-cells * Depolarization opens up voltage-dependedn Ca channels and increases intracellular Ca * Increased intracellular Ca promotes exocytosis of insulin
65
β-Cells of pancreas release
Insulin
66
α-cells of pancreas release
Glucagon
67
Affect of Alkalosis on free plasma Ca?
Decrease
68
Affect of Acidosis on free plasma Ca
Increase
69
Affect of Lithium on Ca
Shits sigmoid Ca/PTH curve to the right causing higher Ca levels are needed to suppress PTH: leads to Hypercalcemia
70
Hypomagnesemia affect on Ca
Inhibits PTH secretion causing hypocalcemia
71
Most common cause of secondary hyperPTH is
Renal failure
72
Denosumab is
Used to treat Osteoporosis Inhibitor of RANKL
73
Teriparitide is
Used in treatment of osteoporosis Synthetic PTH
74
Thyroglobulins conatin
Large numbers of thyroid hormones
75
Na/I symporter blocked by
Perchlorate and Thiocyanate
76
Pendrin is
Na independednt I transporter along apical membrane
77
What oxidizes I- to Io
Thyroperoxidase (**TPO**)
78
Thyroid-binding globulin is
What Thyroid is bound to when circulating the body
79
T4 is activated to T3 by
5' monodeiodinase
80
T4 is degragated to rT3 by
5 monodeiodinase
81
How does thyroid hormone increase metabolic rate
By increasing the activity of the membrane bound Na/K ATPase in many tissues
82
Hypothyroid in fetal growth causes
* Abnormalities in Nervous system due to decreased dendritic branching an dmyelination * Leads to **Cretinism**
83
Affect of thyroid on heart
Positive inotropic and chronotropic
84
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid and lymphocytic inflitration leading to primary hypothyroidism
85
Hashimoto's clinical
1. Decrease in BMR 2. Blood lipids and plasma cholesterol elevated 3. Hyperprolactinemia in women 4. Decrease GFR: leads to hyponatremia due to inability to excrete excess water 5. Inability to convert carotene to vitamin A: yellowing of the skin and night blindness 6. Decrease food intake but overweight 7. DTR with slow relaxation phase 8. Dry, cool skin 9. Non-pitting edema
86
Cretinism is
Untreated postnatal hypothyroidism Dwarfism with mental retardation
87
Graves disease is
Autoimmune antibody direcetly stimuate thyroid receptor leading to Primary hyperthyroidism
88
Grave's clinical
1. Increase BMR and heat production 2. Palpitations and arrhythmias 3. Weight loss with increased food intake 4. Protein wasting and muscle weakness
89
Most rapid treatment for Graves
Beta Blockers
90
What stops production of thyroid hormone in Graves
Methimazole PTU
91
What stops conversiton of T4 to T3
Steroids such as dexamethasone
92
Laron syndrome
Laron dwarfism due to tissue resistance to GH
93
Stimulation test for GH
arginine infusion
94
Mecasermin
Recombinant IGF given for Laron dwarfism
95
Major anabolic effect of IGF-1 is
Increases teh synthesis of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate of long bones
96
Most factors that regulate GH secretion are identical to those that regulate
Glucagon
97
LH in males stimulates
Leydig cells to produce Testosterone and DHT
98
FSH in males stimulates
Sertoli cells
99
LH impacts leydig cell to produce testosterone by activating
StAR via Gs-cAMP pathway
100
Aromatase in males
stimulate the aromatization of teh A-ring of testosterone converting it into estradiol
101
Ejaculation is achieved by
rhythmic contraction of the **bulbospongiosus and the ischiocavernous muscles**
102
Pseudohermaphrodite is
an individual with the genetic onstitution and gonads of one sx and the genitalia of the other
103
Female pseudohermaphroditism is due to
female fetus exposed to androgens during the 8th to 13th wk of development
104
What induces ovulation
LH surge
105
Luteal phase is dominated by
the elevated plasma levels of progesterone
106
FSH secretion during Follicular phase cuases
Proliferation of granulosa cells and increased estrogen secretion withing a cohort of follicles
107
LH in females acts on
Theca cells to release androgens
108
FSH in females acts on
Granulosa cells to convert Androgens from Thca cells to Estrogen
109
Metabolic pathways in preovulatory follicle favor
Production of progesterone
110
What type of estrogen is formed by adipose
Estrone
111
What estrogen formed by placenta
Estriol
112
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is characterized by
1. Infertility 2. Hirsutism 3. Obesity 4. Insulin resistance 5. Amenorrhea 6. Oligomenorrhea
113
What do you look for in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
High androgens, High LH and DHEA and low FSH
114
Treat amenorrhea of PCOS with
Metformin
115
Treat androgenization of PCOS with
Spironolactone

Physio (11 decks)

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