Endocrinology

Question 1

What are some forms of regulatory control?

Answer 1

Secretion (feedback)
Targeted cellular response (receptor)
Built in cellular amplification system

Question 2

What is the first messenger to a cellular response?

Answer 2

A signal extracellularly

Question 3

What are the second messengers to cellular response?

Answer 3

Cellular messengers to effectors

Question 4

What is a hormone?

Answer 4

Substance produced in one tissue or organ and released into the blood and carried to other organs where it acts to produce a specific response

Question 5

What do most hormones act as?

Answer 5

Cell surface receptors

Question 6

What is cellular effector?

Answer 6

Molecule which modulates cellular activity

Question 7

What is signal transduction?

Answer 7

How an external signal becomes an internal response

Relay molecules is the signal pathway

Question 8

What are some therapeutic targets?

Answer 8

Receptors, second messengers or effector proteins

Question 9

What are endocrine hormones?

Answer 9

Released by specialized tissues
Transported via bloodstream
Influence remote region of the body

Question 10

What are paracrine hormones?

Answer 10

Influence neighboring cells/tissues

Local

Question 11

What are autocrine hormones?

Answer 11

Affect the same cell they were secreted from

Question 12

What are neuroendocrine hormones?

Answer 12

Secreted by neurons into bloodstream

Affect distant targets

Question 13

What are the 7 classic endocrine organs?

Answer 13

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, testes, ovary, adrenal cortex/medulla and endocrine pancreas

Question 14

What are some other “endocrine” organs?

Answer 14

CNS, GI tract, heart, kidney

Question 15

What is an ectopic endocrine organ?

Answer 15

Tumor - neoplastic hormone production

Question 16

What the peptide hormones?

Answer 16

Anterior pituitary hormones (GH, LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, PRL)
Posterior pituitary hormones (ADH/vasopressin, oxytocin)
Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon
Parathyroid: PTH

Question 17

What are the steroid hormones?

Answer 17

Gonadal: estrogens, androgens, prosgestins

Adrenal cortex: cortisol, aldosterone

Question 18

What are the amine hormones?

Answer 18

Adrenal medulla: catecholamines (EPI, NE)

Thyroid: thyroid: T4 and T3

Question 19

Which endocrine hormones are water soluble?

Answer 19

Peptides, catecholamines
Dissolved in plasma
Mostly acute, short-term action

Question 20

What endocrine hormones are somewhat water-soluble?

Answer 20

Steroids, thyroid hormones

Question 21

How must somewhat water-soluble endocrine hormones move in the plasma?

Answer 21

90% circulate bound to plasma proteins like albumin
Sex hormone binding globulin
Free hormones go into tissues (hormone reservoir)

Question 22

What endocrine hormones are lipophilic and how to they travel?

Answer 22

Thyroid hormones, gonadal and adrenal steroids
Intracellular receptors
Activate transcription/ protein synth
Membrane receptors

Question 23

What is the “G” in the G-protein receptor coupling?

Answer 23

GTP-binding protein: amplified response

Question 24

How does G-protein receptor coupling work?

Answer 24

Couple receptor activation to effector activity

Heterotrimeric structure: alpha and beta-gamma subunits

Question 25

How is the G-protein receptor shut off?

Answer 25

GTPase activity of alpha unit to deactivate

Question 26

What does phosphorylation do?

Answer 26

Alters protein activity

Question 27

What is Gs?

Answer 27

Stimulatory G-protein

Question 28

What is the secondary messenger to G-protein receptors?

Answer 28

Cyclic AMP

Question 29

What does cAMP amplify?

Answer 29

pKa (?)