endocrine tissue

Question 1

hormones that the thyroid gland releases

Answer 1

T4- thyroxine and T3- triodothyronine

Question 2

hormone which is secreted by the parathyroid gland

Answer 2

parathormone (PTH)

Question 3

hormones related by the adrenal glands

Answer 3

cortex= corticosteroids and small amounts of sex hormone (androgens)

Question 4

hormones secreted by the pancreas

Answer 4

alpha produce glucagon and beat produce insulin. Found in islets of langerhan

Question 5

hormones produced by anterior pituitary

Answer 5

TSH thyroid stimulating, ACTH adrenocorticotropic, FSH follicle stimulating, LH luteinizing, GH growth and MSH melanocyte stimulating

Question 6

hormones produced by the posterior pituitary

Answer 6

ADH, vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 7

role of hypothalamus and the hormones it produces

Answer 7

central to homeostasis e.g thermoregulation, blood pressure, feeding cycles, cardiac rhythm and anything involuntary. It also produces oxytocin and ADH which travel to the posterior pituitary via nerves and 6 other hormones that travel via portal system to anterior pituitary

Question 8

what is a portal system and example

Answer 8

pass through 2 sets of vessels before returning to the heart. Example is the one in the hypothalamus which goes through the hypothalamus and then through the anterior pituitary

Question 9

type of release of hormones by the pituitary

Answer 9

merocrine and constitutive

Question 10

role a structure of thyroid gland

Answer 10

butterfly shaped anterior to the trachea. Plays role in metabolism, growth and development. high T3 and T4 results in hyperthyroidism and low TSH. low T3 and T4 results in hypothyroidism and high TSH. This is due to negative feedback loops.

Question 11

what are parafollicular cells

Answer 11

produce hormone called thyrocalcitonin which acts to decrease levels of calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and causes increased secretion of calcium. Found in thyroid but separate from thyroid hormone function

Question 12

role and structure of parathyroid gland

Answer 12

monitor calcium levels and release PTH when levels are low causing bones to release calcium into the blood. found on anterior surface of thyroid gland

Question 13

adrenal medulla function

Answer 13

composed of chromatin cells which act like modified neurones. when a nerve impulse reaches the chromatin cells they will release adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 14

adrenal cortex structure and function

Answer 14

outer- zona glomerulosa- aldosterone which regulates BP
middle- zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids which have role in metabolism
inner - zona recticulrais - adrogen precursors

Question 15

stress responses (fight or flight)

Answer 15

CRH released from hypothalamus causes release of ACTH in anterior pituitary. goes to receptors on adrenal cortex= hormones released. then spinal chord send nerve impulse to medulla and adrenaline and noradrenaline are released

Question 16

short term fight or flight response (medulla)

Answer 16

increased heart rate, increased BP, increased glucose levels, dilation of bronchioles, decreased digestive system activity

Question 17

long term fight or flight response (cortex)

Answer 17

increased blood sugar, suppression of immune system, proteins and fats broken down for energy , increased blood volume by retention of Na in the kidneys =higher BP

Question 18

pancreas exocrine function

Answer 18

produces enzymes through ducts from the pancreatic acini.

Question 19

pancreas endocrine function

Answer 19

produces insulin (beta), glucagon(alpha) and somatostatin (delta) (inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion. found in the islets of langerhan

Question 20

structure of pancreas

Answer 20

acinar glands are grouped into lobules and contain lots of zymogens. they are connected via intercalated pancreatic ducts which all join to the pancreatic duct which make common bile duct. Lined with cuboidal epithelial cells.