cartelige and bone

Question 1

what are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 1

hyaline, elastic and firbocartilage

Question 2

about hyaline cartilage

Answer 2

only cell present is the chondrocyte. is a precursor of bones that develop from endochondral ossification .- matrix is firm but pliable meaning it acts as a good shock absorber.

Question 3

what are chondrocytes

Answer 3

cells which maintain the extracellular matrix. They lie in their lacuna. They also secrete fibres and hyaluronic acid into the space

Question 4

where is hyaline cartilage found

Answer 4

tracheal wall, articular cartilage of knee joint and many other places.

Question 5

growth of hyaline cartilage

Answer 5

perichondrium found at margin. contains cells that develop into chocndroblasts which then develop into chcondrocytes.

Question 6

appositional and interstitial growth

Answer 6

appositional growth = growth from the periphery

interstitial growth = growth from the centre

Question 7

role of hyaline cartilage in the tracheal wall

Answer 7

C shaped, protects and maintains the airways. Is lined with psuedostratified epithelium

Question 8

what is elastic cartilage

Answer 8

contains chondrocytes and elastic fibres

Question 9

Where is elastic cartilage found

Answer 9

pinna of their, Eustachian tube and epiglottis

Question 10

what is fibrocartilage

Answer 10

contains chondrocytes and fibroblasts. is a combination of hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue with no surrounding perichondrium. Good shock absorber and resists shearing forces

Question 11

where is fibrocartilage found

Answer 11

intervertebral discs, sternocalvicar joints, knee joint and pubic symphysis

Question 12

process of endochondral ossification

Answer 12

1) bone collar forms in the shaft
2) central cartilage calcifies
3) nutrient artery penetrates and supplies bone depositing osteogenic cells
4) primary ossification centre forms
5) medulla becomes cancellous bone
6) epiphyses develop secondary ossification centres
7) epiphyses ossify and epiphyseal plates continue to growth apart
8) epiphyseal growth plates replaces by bone. Some hyaline cartilage still present

Question 13

bone cells

Answer 13

osteoprogenitor cells - undifferentiated stem cells
osteoblast - lay down new bone
osteocyte - bone cell trapped in osteon - maintain tissue
osteoclast - on surface of cortical bone and reabsorb existing bone

Question 14

structure of compact bone

Answer 14

made up of someone which contain lamellae of osteocytes and some osteoblasts. contains 2 central blood vessels- Haversian canal ( Portrait) and volkmans canal ( horizontal ). osteoclast found on the outside

Question 15

composition of bone matrix

Answer 15

inorganic- calcium compounds - resist bending and compression. organic - collagen, GAG’s and non collagenous proteins - resist pulling and tension forces

Question 16

what is osteoarthritis

Answer 16

degeneration and mechanical failure of the articular cartilage. joint space narrows

Question 17

what is rhuematoid arthritis

Answer 17

autoimmune disease. inflammation of the synovial membrane and therefore the joint capsule thickens. underlying bone and cartilage is damaged and disintegrate

Question 18

how does arthritis cause pain

Answer 18

results in growth of bony spurs which cause inflammation and pain