connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 1

main cells and the products of these cells

Answer 1

fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes and other bone cells, stem cells, progenitor cells, bone marrow, blood, adipocytes and their products include fibres and ground substance

Question 2

function of connective tissue

Answer 2

binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, strong reserve fuel, transporting substances and separation of tissue

Question 3

what is loose convective tissue (areolar)

Answer 3

cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, fibres, mast cells, adipocytes and proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid in the ground substance. Its function is to hold vessels that supply builds and acts as packaging around organs. stabilises and cushions organs. Also involved in inflammation pathway.

Question 4

what are fibroblasts

Answer 4

synthesise and secrete the fibre that are within the ground substance. responsible for the laying down of scar tissue after a wound has healed

Question 5

what are myofibroblasts

Answer 5

fibroblasts that contain myosin and actin and are responsible for wound contraction when tissue loss has occurred

Question 6

what are macrophages

Answer 6

derived from blood monocytes and degrade forge in particles by phagocytosis

Question 7

what are mast cells

Answer 7

contain histamine (increases blood vessel wall permeability), Herapin(anticoagulant) and cytokine (attracts immune cells) granules and these are released in response to an allergen. found in connective tissue near blood vessels

Question 8

white adipocytes vs brown adipocytes

Answer 8

white;
-single lipid droplet
-normal number of mitochondria
- lipid breakdown is slow= energy store
brown;
-multiple lipid droplet 
-many more mitochondria 
-highly present in neonates, break down is accelerated and generates heat during oxidative phosphorylation because don't have muscles to shiver.

Question 9

name and describe the 3 fibres present in loose connective tissue

Answer 9

collagen- high tensile strength
reticular - provide support frame work
elastin - slows recoil and stretch of tissues

Question 10

where is loose connective tissue located

Answer 10

associated with glands, beneath epithelia and around small blood vessels. an example of where it is colon. All these places may be susceptible to pathogen ingress and loose connective tissue can prevent this

Question 11

what is ground substance and its structure/function

Answer 11

clear fluid substance which is composed of proteoglycans which are covalently bonded to glycosaminoglycans. GAG’s attract water to form a hydrated gel which allows rapid diffusion but resists compression.

Question 12

type of GAG

Answer 12

hyaluronic acid

Question 13

proteoglycan structure

Answer 13

GAGs are attached to a central protein to form proteoglycans. these are attached to linker proteins on a long chain of hyaluronate

Question 14

what is dense irregular tissue

Answer 14

contains fibroblasts and resists stress in all direction e.g deep layer of the dermis of submucosa of intestine

Question 15

what is dense regular tissue

Answer 15

contains fibres and fibroblasts and resists stress in only one direction. e.g tendons, ligaments

Question 16

example of irregular dense connective tissue

Answer 16

dermis- resists forces in multiple direction and elastic fibres allow a degree stretch

Question 17

example of dense regular connective tissue

Answer 17

tendons that connect muscles to bones. collagen bundles lie in parallel formation and are densely packed in the direction of the force exerted by the muscle

Question 18

what is a myotendinous junction

Answer 18

where skeletal muscle fibres connect to tendon collagen bundles. These provide tremendous strength.

Question 19

anatomy of tendon

Answer 19

VERY strong and forces can be transmitted along collagen bundles because they can glide over each other. Mainly made of water. also collagen and tiny amount of elastin

Question 20

what are ligaments

Answer 20

similar to tendons but connect bone to bone

Question 21

what is fascia

Answer 21

a connective tissue which is made up of fibrous connective tissue and collagen bundles are arranged in wavy patterns. high tension resisted until the wavy forces have been disrupted

Question 22

scurvy

Answer 22

vitamin C is required for the production of collagen without it results in scurvy. Gum disease, bruising of skin , bleeding and poor wound heeling

Question 23

marfans syndrome

Answer 23

expression of firbrillin 1 is affected meaning that elastic tissue is abnormal.= tall, arachnodactyly, and frequent joint dislocation. At risk of aortic rupture

Question 24

osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 24

brittle bone disease and autosomal dominant. mutated collagen can’t knit together. this means weekend bones, short stature, hearing loss, hypermobility, poor teeth and blue sclera