Endocrine system pt 3

Question 1

increase blood calcium, osteoclast
breaks down bones

Answer 1

PTH (parathormone)

Question 2

PTH release increases Ca2+ in
the blood as it

Answer 2

Stimulates osteoclasts to digest
bone matrix

Question 3

kidneys
release renin, which is converted into
angiotensin II that in turn stimulates
aldosterone release

Answer 3

Renin-angiotensin mechanism

Question 4

directly influences the zona
glomerulosa cells

Answer 4

Plasma concentration of sodium and
potassium

Question 5

causes small increases of
aldosterone during stress

Answer 5

ACTH

Question 6

inhibits
activity of the zona
glomerulosa/ALDOSTERONE

Answer 6

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 7

• Depress cartilage
  and bone formation
• Inhibit
  inflammation

Answer 7

Excessive levels of
glucocorticoids

Question 8

• Depress the
  immune system
• Promote changes in
  cardiovascular,
  neural, and
  gastrointestinal
  function

Answer 8

Excessive Levels of Glucocorticoids =
Cushing’s

Question 9

Medullary chromaffin cells
synthesize catecholamines
epinephrine (__%) and
norepinephrine (__%)

Answer 9

80 and 20

Question 10

• Vasoconstriction
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood glucose
  levels
• Blood diverted to brain, heart,
  and skeletal muscle

Answer 10

Effects of catecholamines
(epi/norepi)

Question 11

the more potent
stimulator of the heart and
metabolic activities

Answer 11

Epinephrine

Question 12

more
influential on peripheral
vasoconstriction and blood
pressure

Answer 12

Norepinephrine

Question 13

A triangular gland, which has both
exocrine and endocrine cells, located
behind the stomach

Answer 13

Pancreas

Question 14

makes glucose to be
released

Answer 14

Glucagon

Question 15

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Answer 15

Glycogenolysis

Question 16

synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and
noncarbohydrates

Answer 16

Gluconeogenesis

Question 17

The hyperglycemic
effects of glucagon and
the hypoglycemic
effects of insulin

Answer 17

Regulation of Blood
Glucose Levels

Question 18

removes glucose to be stored

Answer 18

Insulin

Question 19

• Lowers blood glucose levels by
• Enhances transport of glucose into body cells
• Stores it as fat

Answer 19

Insulin

Question 20

Three Cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus (MD)

Answer 20

Polyuria: huge urine output

Polydipsia: excessive thirst

Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption

Question 21

Fatty acid metabolism results in formation of ____?

Answer 21

ketones
(ketone bodies)

Question 22

Ketones are acidic, and their build-up in blood can cause

Answer 22

ketoacidosis

Question 23

• Excessive insulin secretion
• Causes hypoglycemia: low
  blood glucose levels
• Symptoms: anxiety,
  nervousness, disorientation,
  unconsciousness, even death
• Treatment: sugar ingestion

Answer 23

Hyperinsulinism

Question 24

Small gland hanging from
the roof of the third
ventricle of the brain

Answer 24

Pineal Gland

Question 25

Degenerates by puberty

Answer 25

Thymus

Question 26

_____- produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces
blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration

Answer 26

Heart

Question 27

____-enteroendocrine cells release local-acting
digestive hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin)

Answer 27

Gastrointestinal tract

Question 28

_____- releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy
(estrogen/progesterone)

Answer 28

Placenta

Question 29

____ – secrete erythropoietin, which signals the production of red
blood cells

Answer 29

Kidneys

Question 30

produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D

Answer 30

Skin

Question 31

releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of
satiety (feeling full), and stimulates increased energy expenditure

Answer 31

Adipose tissue