Endocrine system pt 3 Flashcards
increase blood calcium, osteoclast
breaks down bones
PTH (parathormone)
PTH release increases Ca2+ in
the blood as it
Stimulates osteoclasts to digest
bone matrix
kidneys
release renin, which is converted into
angiotensin II that in turn stimulates
aldosterone release
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
directly influences the zona
glomerulosa cells
Plasma concentration of sodium and
potassium
causes small increases of
aldosterone during stress
ACTH
inhibits
activity of the zona
glomerulosa/ALDOSTERONE
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- Depress cartilage
and bone formation - Inhibit
inflammation
Excessive levels of
glucocorticoids
- Depress the
immune system - Promote changes in
cardiovascular,
neural, and
gastrointestinal
function
Excessive Levels of Glucocorticoids =
Cushing’s
Medullary chromaffin cells
synthesize catecholamines
epinephrine (__%) and
norepinephrine (__%)
80 and 20
- Vasoconstriction
- Increased heart rate
- Increased blood glucose
levels - Blood diverted to brain, heart,
and skeletal muscle
Effects of catecholamines
(epi/norepi)
the more potent
stimulator of the heart and
metabolic activities
Epinephrine
more
influential on peripheral
vasoconstriction and blood
pressure
Norepinephrine
A triangular gland, which has both
exocrine and endocrine cells, located
behind the stomach
Pancreas
makes glucose to be
released
Glucagon
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glycogenolysis
synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and
noncarbohydrates
Gluconeogenesis
The hyperglycemic
effects of glucagon and
the hypoglycemic
effects of insulin
Regulation of Blood
Glucose Levels
removes glucose to be stored
Insulin
- Lowers blood glucose levels by
- Enhances transport of glucose into body cells
- Stores it as fat
Insulin
Three Cardinal signs of Diabetes Mellitus (MD)
Polyuria: huge urine output
Polydipsia: excessive thirst
Polyphagia: excessive hunger and food consumption
Fatty acid metabolism results in formation of ____?
ketones
(ketone bodies)
Ketones are acidic, and their build-up in blood can cause
ketoacidosis
- Excessive insulin secretion
- Causes hypoglycemia: low
blood glucose levels - Symptoms: anxiety,
nervousness, disorientation,
unconsciousness, even death - Treatment: sugar ingestion
Hyperinsulinism
Small gland hanging from
the roof of the third
ventricle of the brain
Pineal Gland
Degenerates by puberty
Thymus
_____- produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which reduces
blood pressure, blood volume, and blood sodium concentration
Heart
____-enteroendocrine cells release local-acting
digestive hormones (gastrin, cholecystokinin)
Gastrointestinal tract
_____- releases hormones that influence the course of pregnancy
(estrogen/progesterone)
Placenta
____ – secrete erythropoietin, which signals the production of red
blood cells
Kidneys
produces cholecalciferol, the precursor of vitamin D
Skin
releases leptin, which is involved in the sensation of
satiety (feeling full), and stimulates increased energy expenditure
Adipose tissue
