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GOA > Endocrine System for Moving Exam > Flashcards

Endocrine System for Moving Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Glands include the following:

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, and Pineal Glands, Thymus Gland

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2
Q

Give me the function of hormones:

A
  1. Help regulate chemical composition and volume of internal environment, metabolism, and energy balance; contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers; Glandular secretions; and immune activities.
  2. Control growth and development
  3. Regulate operation and reproductive systems
  4. Help establish circadian (sleep-wake cycle) rhythms
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3
Q

It is a mediator of the endocrine system that controls body activities.

A

Hormones

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4
Q

It is a molecule that is released from one part in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities into the lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.

A

Exocrine Glands

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the nervous system and endocrine systems?

A

Molecules
Site of action
Types of target cells
Time to onset of action
Duration of action

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6
Q

Secrete their products into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts.

A

Endocrine Glands

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7
Q

What is the formula of the Endocrine Glands?

A

Secreting Cell==> Hormone it secretes==> Target cell of that hormone.

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8
Q

What do you call to hormones that are present in excess, but the number of target cell receptors decreases and make the target cells less sensitive to a hormone?

A

Down-regulation

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9
Q

When a hormone is deficient, the number of target cells receptors may increase and make the target cells more sensitive to a hormone.

A

Up-regulation

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10
Q

3 factors that the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends on it.

A
  1. Hormone concentration in the blood
  2. The abundance of the target cell’s hormone receptors.
  3. Influence exerted by the hormones.
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11
Q

The actions of some hormones on the target
cells require a simultaneous or recent
exposure to a second hormone.One can function without another hormone, however, just weakly;
presence of a helping or another
hormone just stimulates it to be more
powerful than it is alone.

A

Permissive Effect

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12
Q

The effect of two hormones acting
together is greater or more extensive
then the effect of each hormone acting
alone. Without one of the hormones, the other
won’t work.

A

Synergistic Effect

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13
Q

One hormone opposes the actions of
another hormone

A

Antagonistic Effect

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14
Q

It is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems and is connected to the pituitary gland by a stalk.

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

It helps in releasing other hormones.

A

Releasing Hormones

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16
Q

It inhibits the release of other hormones.

A

Inhibiting Hormones

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17
Q

Hypothalamus secretes five releasing hormones. State those five releasing hormones.

A
  1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  3. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  4. Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  5. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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18
Q

Hypothalamus produces two inhibiting hormones, which suppress the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. State those two inhibiting hormones.

A
  1. Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  2. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
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19
Q

This is also known as somatocrinin which stimulates the secretion of the growth hormone.

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

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20
Q

It stimulates the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormones.

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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21
Q

It stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone.

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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22
Q

Stimulates the secretion of prolactin

A

Prolactin-releasing hormone.

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23
Q

Stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

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24
Q

Also known as somatostatin, it suppresses the secretion of growth hormones.

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

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25
Q

Also known as dopamine, it suppresses the secretion of prolactin.

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone

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26
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone GHRH- what is the target cell?

A

Somatotrophs

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27
Q

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone-GHIH What is the target cell?

A

Somatotrophs

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28
Q

what is secreting cell for all releasing and inhibiting hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

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29
Q

Thyrotropin- TRH what is the target cell?

A

thyrotrophs

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30
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone-what is the target cell?

A

Corticotrophs

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31
Q

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone- What is the target cell?

A

Gonadatrophs

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32
Q

Prolactin Releasing Hormone- What is the target cell?

A

Lactotrophs

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33
Q

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone-What is the target cell?

A

Lactotrophs

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34
Q

Where are all cells located that hormones released from the hypothalamus target?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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35
Q

what is the effect of GHRH on the target cell?

A

trigger release of growth hormone

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36
Q

What is the effect of GHIH on the target cell?

A

Stop release of growth hormone

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37
Q

What is the effect of TRH on the target cell?

A

Trigger release of TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone

38
Q

What is the effect of CRH at target cell?

A

Trigger release of ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone

39
Q

What is the effect of GnRH at the target cell?

A

Release FSH follicle stimulating Hormone and Release LH luteinizing hormone

40
Q

What is the effect of PRH on the target cell?

A

Release PRL (prolactin)

41
Q

What is the effect of PIH on the target cell?

A

Stop or decrease PRL secretion

42
Q

What cells does the GH growth hormone target?

A

Bone, Muscle, Cartilage, Liver

43
Q

What effect does GH have on the target cell?

A

Release IGH insulin like growth factor

44
Q

What cells does TSH target?

A

Thyroid follicle cells

45
Q

What effect does TSH have on target cells?

A

Release of t3 and t4 triiodothyronine and thyroxine

46
Q

What cell does ACTH target?

A

zona fasciculata of Adrenal Gland

47
Q

What effect does ACTH have on the target cell?

A

Release of Cortisol

48
Q

What cell does PRL target?

A

Glandular Epithelia in breasts

49
Q

What effect does PRL have on the target cell?

A

Synthesis of milk

50
Q

What cell do FSH and LH target?

A

Gonads

51
Q

what effect do FSH and LH have on target cells?

A

FSH finds target, leads to development of sperm or egg (gamete) LH leads to estrogen and testosterone production

52
Q

State the five hormone-synthesizing-secreting cells

A
  1. Somatotrophs
  2. Thyrotrophs
  3. Gonadotrophs
  4. Lactotrophs
  5. Corticotrophs
53
Q

The name of the portal system indicates the location of the second capillary network.

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

54
Q

Two types of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland

55
Q
  1. It accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the gland and is composed of epithelial tissue. This gland is an actual endocrine tissue.
  2. What other term does it called?
  3. What does it secrete?
A
  1. Anterior Pituitary Gland
  2. Adenohypophysis
  3. Classic Hormones
56
Q
  1. This gland is composed of neural tissue
  2. What other term does it called?
  3. What does it secrete?
A
  1. Posterior Pituitary Gland
  2. Neurohypophysis
  3. Neurohormones
57
Q

Clinical Implications for Anterior Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Acromegaly
  2. Gigantism
  3. Dwarfism
58
Q

It is an abnormality that increases GH during adult life.

A

Acromegaly

59
Q

It is an abnormality that increases GH during childhood.

A

Gigantism

60
Q

It is an abnormality that decreases GH during childhood.

A

Dwarfism.

61
Q
  1. What gland does not synthesize hormones?
  2. What hormones that it releases?
A
  1. Posterior Pituitary Gland
  2. Oxytocin and ADH (Anti-diuretic Hormone)
62
Q

Secretion is stimulated by uterine stretch by suckling of nipples during nursing and stimulates milk ejection.

A

Oxytocin

63
Q
  1. It stimulates the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct and increases blood pressure.
  2. Also known as?
A
  1. Anti-diuretic hormone.
  2. Vasopressin/Arginine Vasopressin
64
Q
  1. It is butterfly-shaped, just below the larynx (voice box), and composed of the right and left lobes connected by an isthmus.
  2. What hormones does it release?
A
  1. Thyroid Gland
  2. Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) and Calcitonin
65
Q

It regulates oxygen use, metabolic rate, cellular metabolism, and growth and development.

A

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

66
Q

It lowers the blood level of calcium, and its secretion is controlled by the level of calcium in the blood.

A

Calcitonin

67
Q

Clinical Implications for Thyroid Gland

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Myxedema
68
Q

A gland that is embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid

A

Parathyroid Gland

69
Q

What hormone does Parathyroid Gland secrete?

A

Parathyroid Hormone

70
Q

It is produced by chief cells and regulates calcium and magnesium homeostasis. and phosphate by increasing blood calcium and magnesium levels and decreasing phosphate levels.

A

Parathyroid hormone

71
Q

It is a flattened organ located in the curve of the duodenum. It has both endocrine and exocrine glands.

A

Pancreatic Islets

72
Q

It secretes glucagon and increase glucose level for about 17%

A

Alpha Cells

73
Q

It secretes insulin and decreases glucose level by about 70%

A

Beta Cells

74
Q

It secretes somatostatin by 7%

A

Delta Cells

75
Q

It secretes pancreatic polypetide

A

F cells

76
Q

It is a suprarenal organ that lies superior to the kidney and has two structural and functional portion

A

Adrenal Glands

77
Q

Give me the two portions of Adrenal Glands

A
  1. Adrenal Cortex
  2. Adrenal Medulla
78
Q

It is the outer portion and has three zones of adrenal gland.

A

Adrenal Cortex

79
Q

It secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone, which is responsible for sodium reabsorption in the kidneys; affects mineral homeostasis.

A

Zona glomerulosa

80
Q

It secretes glucocorticoids-mainly cortisol (stress hormone) that increases glucose level; affects glucose homeostasis

A

Zona Fasciculata

81
Q

It synthesizes amounts of androgen-secondary sex characteristics of males

A

Zona Reticularis

82
Q

It produces steroid hormones.

A

Adrenal Cortex

83
Q

Adrenal Medulla produces what hormones?

A

Chromaffin cells
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

84
Q

This is a hormone that is a neurotransmitter and is responsible for glucose metabolism and the primary hormone for the ANS; Fight or Flight hormones

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

85
Q

Organs that produce gametes (oocyte and sperm)

A

Ovaries and Testes

86
Q
  1. A paired oval body located in the pelvic cavity.
  2. It produces what?
A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Estrogen, Progesterone and Inhibin.
87
Q
  1. Oval Glands that lie inside the scrotum
  2. It produces what hormone?
  3. What does the hormone do?
A
  1. Testes
  2. Testosterone
  3. Regulates sperm production and stimulate the development of maintenance of masculine characteristics such as beard growth and deepening of the voice.
88
Q

Give me the types of Estrogen

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Estriol
  3. Estrone
89
Q

It is the most common type in women of childbearing age.

A

Estradiol

90
Q

The primary estrogen during pregnancy.

A

Estriol

91
Q

The only estrogen that the body makes after menopause.

A

Estrone

92
Q
  1. It is a small endocrine gland attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain at the midline.
  2. What hormone does it secrete?
  3. What does it do??
A
  1. Pineal Gland
  2. Melatonin
  3. Contributes to setting the body’s biological clock.
93
Q
  1. It is located behind the sternum between the two lungs.
  2. What hormone does it secrete?
  3. What does it do?
A
  1. Thymus Gland
  2. Thymosin
  3. Helps the maturation of the T-cells

GOA (6 decks)

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