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Anatomy 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

0
Q

What system controls body activities by releasing mediators(hormones)?

A

Endocrine system

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1
Q

What mediator molecule is released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body?

A

Hormone

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2
Q

What are the 2 kinds of glands?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine glands

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3
Q

All glands are made up of what type of tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What type of gland secrete their products into ducts and carry secretions into body cavities, into lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body?

A

Exocrine glands

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5
Q

What type of gland secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts?

A

Endocrine glands

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6
Q

What glad includes: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glad?

A

Endocrine gland

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7
Q

(T/F) The hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestines, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta contain cells that secrete hormones.

A

True - these organs and tissues are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands

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8
Q

All endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells constitute what kind of system?

A

Endocrine system

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9
Q

The science of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.

A

Endocrinology

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10
Q

What type of cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone?

A

Target cells

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11
Q

Hormones, like neurotransmitters, influence their target cells by chemically binding to specific protein _________.

A

Receptors

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12
Q

If a hormone is present in excess, then number of target-cell receptors may decrease. What is this effect called?

A

Down-regulation - target cell is less sensitive to a hormone

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13
Q

When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase. What is this phenomenon known as?

A

Up-regulation - target cells more sensitive to a hormone

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14
Q

(T/F) Synthetic hormones that block the receptors for some naturally occurring hormones are available as drugs.

A

True - RU486 used to induce abortion

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15
Q

Most endocrine hormones that pass from the secretary cells into interstitial fluid and then into the blood.

A

Circulating hormone

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16
Q

Other hormones that act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them w/o first entering the bloodstream.

A

Local hormones

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17
Q

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells.

A

Paracrine

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18
Q

Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

A

Autocrines

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19
Q

(T/F) Local hormones usually are inactivated quickly.

A

True

20
Q

(T/F) Circulating hormones are inactivated quickly.

A

False - they may linger in the blood in a few minutes or hours

21
Q

In time, circulating hormones are inactivated by the _______ and excreted by the _______.

A

Liver; kidneys

22
Q

What are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

A

1) Lipid-soluble hormones

2) Water-soluble hormones

23
Q

What are the 3 lipid-soluble hormones?

A

1) Steroid hormones
2) 2 thyroid hormones
3) Gas nitric oxide (NO)

24
Q

What are the 3 water-soluble hormones?

A

1) Amine hormones
2) Peptide hormones and protein hormones
3) Eicosanoid hormones

25
Q

How do most water-soluble hormones circulate?

A

In the watery blood plasma in “free” form

26
Q

How most lipid-soluble hormones travel?

A

Bound to transport proteins

27
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?

A

Inside target cells

28
Q

Where are the receptors for water-soluble hormones located?

A

Part of the plasma membrane of target cells

29
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated 3 ways.

A

1) Signals from the nervous system
2) Chemical changes in blood
3) other hormones

30
Q

What is the “master” of the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

What is the small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

Hypothalamus

32
Q

Cells of the hypothalamus synthesize at least _____ different hormones, and the pituitary gland synthesizes at least _____

A

9; 7

33
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate?

A

Growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

34
Q

What gland lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

A

Pituitary gland

35
Q

The pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus by a stalk called?

A

Infundibulum

36
Q

What gland was once called the “master” endocrine gland?

A

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

37
Q

What are the 2 anatomically and functionally separate portions of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

38
Q

What are the 2 parts of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • pars distalis

- pars tuberalis

39
Q

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Pars nervosa

- Infundibulum

40
Q

(T/F) the posterior pituitary accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the gland.

A

False - it’s the anterior pituitary.

41
Q

Releasing of anterior pituitary hormones is stimulated by _____ ________ and suppressed by ________ _________ from the hypothalamus.

A

Releasing hormones; inhibiting hormones

42
Q

Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary through a ________ ________

A

Portal system

43
Q

As part of the hypophyseal portal system, what branches of internal carotid arteries and brings blood into the hypothalamus?

A

Superior hypophyseal arteries

44
Q

What are the 5 anterior pituitary cells?

A

1) Somatotrophs (hGH - human growth)
2) Thyrotrophs (TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone)
3) Gonadotrophs (FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone)
4) Lactotrophs (PRL - prolactin - milk production)
5) Corticotrophs (ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone - cortisol)

45
Q

What are the 2 ways the anterior pituitary hormones are regulated?

A

1) Neurosecretory cells

2) Negative feedback

46
Q

What is the most numerous cells in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs

47
Q

What is the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone?

A

Human growth hormone (hGH)

48
Q

The main function of hGH is to promote synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called ______ ________ _______.

A

Insulin growth factors (IGFs)

Anatomy 2 (8 decks)

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