Endocrine System

Question 0

What system controls body activities by releasing mediators(hormones)?

Answer 0

Endocrine system

Question 1

What mediator molecule is released in one part of the body but regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body?

Answer 1

Hormone

Question 2

What are the 2 kinds of glands?

Answer 2

Exocrine and Endocrine glands

Question 3

All glands are made up of what type of tissue?

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue

Question 4

What type of gland secrete their products into ducts and carry secretions into body cavities, into lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body?

Answer 4

Exocrine glands

Question 5

What type of gland secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts?

Answer 5

Endocrine glands

Question 6

What glad includes: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glad?

Answer 6

Endocrine gland

Question 7

(T/F) The hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, kidneys, stomach, liver, small intestines, skin, heart, adipose tissue, and placenta contain cells that secrete hormones.

Answer 7

True - these organs and tissues are not exclusively classified as endocrine glands

Question 8

All endocrine glands and hormone-secreting cells constitute what kind of system?

Answer 8

Endocrine system

Question 9

The science of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.

Answer 9

Endocrinology

Question 10

What type of cells for a given hormone have receptors that bind and recognize that hormone?

Answer 10

Target cells

Question 11

Hormones, like neurotransmitters, influence their target cells by chemically binding to specific protein _________.

Answer 11

Receptors

Question 12

If a hormone is present in excess, then number of target-cell receptors may decrease. What is this effect called?

Answer 12

Down-regulation - target cell is less sensitive to a hormone

Question 13

When a hormone is deficient, the number of receptors may increase. What is this phenomenon known as?

Answer 13

Up-regulation - target cells more sensitive to a hormone

Question 14

(T/F) Synthetic hormones that block the receptors for some naturally occurring hormones are available as drugs.

Answer 14

True - RU486 used to induce abortion

Question 15

Most endocrine hormones that pass from the secretary cells into interstitial fluid and then into the blood.

Answer 15

Circulating hormone

Question 16

Other hormones that act locally on neighboring cells or on the same cell that secreted them w/o first entering the bloodstream.

Answer 16

Local hormones

Question 17

Local hormones that act on neighboring cells.

Answer 17

Paracrine

Question 18

Local hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

Answer 18

Autocrines

Question 19

(T/F) Local hormones usually are inactivated quickly.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

(T/F) Circulating hormones are inactivated quickly.

Answer 20

False - they may linger in the blood in a few minutes or hours

Question 21

In time, circulating hormones are inactivated by the _______ and excreted by the _______.

Answer 21

Liver; kidneys

Question 22

What are the 2 chemical classes of hormones?

Answer 22

1) Lipid-soluble hormones

2) Water-soluble hormones

Question 23

What are the 3 lipid-soluble hormones?

Answer 23

1) Steroid hormones
2) 2 thyroid hormones
3) Gas nitric oxide (NO)

Question 24

What are the 3 water-soluble hormones?

Answer 24

1) Amine hormones 2) Peptide hormones and protein hormones 3) Eicosanoid hormones

Question 25

How do most water-soluble hormones circulate?

Answer 25

In the watery blood plasma in "free" form

Question 26

How most lipid-soluble hormones travel?

Answer 26

Bound to transport proteins

Question 27

Where are the receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located?

Answer 27

Inside target cells

Question 28

Where are the receptors for water-soluble hormones located?

Answer 28

Part of the plasma membrane of target cells

Question 29

Hormone secretion is regulated 3 ways.

Answer 29

1) Signals from the nervous system 2) Chemical changes in blood 3) other hormones

Question 30

What is the "master" of the pituitary gland?

Answer 30

Hypothalamus

Question 31

What is the small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

Answer 31

Hypothalamus

Question 32

Cells of the hypothalamus synthesize at least _____ different hormones, and the pituitary gland synthesizes at least _____

Answer 32

9; 7

Question 33

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate?

Answer 33

Growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis

Question 34

What gland lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

Answer 34

Pituitary gland

Question 35

The pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus by a stalk called?

Answer 35

Infundibulum

Question 36

What gland was once called the "master" endocrine gland?

Answer 36

Pituitary gland or hypophysis

Question 37

What are the 2 anatomically and functionally separate portions of the pituitary gland?

Answer 37

Anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 38

What are the 2 parts of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 38

- pars distalis | - pars tuberalis

Question 39

What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 39

- Pars nervosa | - Infundibulum

Question 40

(T/F) the posterior pituitary accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the gland.

Answer 40

False - it's the anterior pituitary.

Question 41

Releasing of anterior pituitary hormones is stimulated by _____ ________ and suppressed by ________ _________ from the hypothalamus.

Answer 41

Releasing hormones; inhibiting hormones

Question 42

Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary through a ________ ________

Answer 42

Portal system

Question 43

As part of the hypophyseal portal system, what branches of internal carotid arteries and brings blood into the hypothalamus?

Answer 43

Superior hypophyseal arteries

Question 44

What are the 5 anterior pituitary cells?

Answer 44

1) Somatotrophs (hGH - human growth) 2) Thyrotrophs (TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone) 3) Gonadotrophs (FSH - follicle-stimulating hormone) 4) Lactotrophs (PRL - prolactin - milk production) 5) Corticotrophs (ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone - cortisol)

Question 45

What are the 2 ways the anterior pituitary hormones are regulated?

Answer 45

1) Neurosecretory cells | 2) Negative feedback

Question 46

What is the most numerous cells in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 46

Somatotrophs

Question 47

What is the most plentiful anterior pituitary hormone?

Answer 47

Human growth hormone (hGH)

Question 48

The main function of hGH is to promote synthesis and secretion of small protein hormones called ______ ________ _______.

Answer 48

Insulin growth factors (IGFs)