Endocrine System

Question 1

endocrine tissue is derived mainly from ______

Answer 1

endoderm

Question 2

adenohypophysis of pituitary gland is derived from _____

Answer 2

ectoderm

Question 3

adenohypophysis is composed of : ___,____,____

Answer 3

pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

Question 4

neurohypophysis is composed of : ____, ____, ____

Answer 4

Pars nervosa, processus infundibuli, infundibulum

Question 5

infundibulum composed of ___ and ____

Answer 5

infundibular stem/stalk and median eminence

Question 6

3 divisions of the pituitary gland:

Answer 6

pars distalis, pars intermedia, pars nervosa

Question 7

pars distalis is very ____

pars nervosa is very ____

Answer 7

cellular

nervous, with lots of axons

Question 8

2 hormones released by acidophils

Answer 8

somatotrophin (GH) and prolactin

Question 9

4 hormones secreted by basophils

Answer 9

ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH,

Question 10

location of cell bodies of axons in the pars nervosa?

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

______ is formed from the ectoderm of the roof of the mouth, and plays a pivotal role in the development of the adenohypophysis

Answer 11

Rathke’s Pouch

Question 12

distinguishing feature of pars distalis cells:

Answer 12

large euchromatic nucleus

Question 13

Portal system functions to ________________

Answer 13

create a local change in blood composition

Question 14

example of venous portal system:

Answer 14

hypothalamus to adenohypophysis (pars distalis) of pituitary

first bed is release of hormones into blood, second bed is distribution/delivery of releasing hormones

Question 15

example of an arterial portal system:

Answer 15

Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Question 16

_____ are located on axons of pars nervosa of hypophysis

Answer 16

Herring bodies

Question 17

hormones stored in the pars nervosa?

Answer 17

OT and vasopressin

Question 18

describe the suckling reflex

Answer 18

suckling stimulates afferent nerves going to high brain center via dorsal root ganglia relayed to the hypothalamus to activate neurosecretory cells to release OT from Herring Bodies in the pars nervosa. OT enters the bloodstream and leads to contraction of myoepithelial cells around milk-contained alveoli, leading to milk ejection in mammary gland. PRL stimulates milk production.

Question 19

physiological significance of TSH

Answer 19

regulation of metabolism

Question 20

the thyroid gland produces hormones that are involved in _____________…..correct functioning depends on ______

Answer 20

metabolic rate, heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood and bone maintenance. Correct function depends on dietary iodine.

Question 21

colloid-stored secretory product of thyroid?

Answer 21

thyroglobulin

Question 22

Describe the unique storage characteristic of thyroglobulin and how it relates to iodine deficient individuals.

Answer 22

It is stored extracellularly and is removed when follicular cells have sufficient iodine and TSH; otherwise, a goiter will develop, as more thyroglobulin is stored but cannot be secreted.

Question 23

_____ - an autoimmune disease Ig G leads to long acting thyroid stimulation.

Answer 23

Graves Disease

Question 24

_____ cells release calcitonin

Answer 24

parafollicular cells (will be near capillaries bc they are endocrine cells)

Question 25

_____ stimulates osteoclast production

_____ removes osteoclast ruffled border which prevents resorption

Answer 25

PTH

Calcitonin

Question 26

parathyroid gland is composed of _____ (PTH and secretion control) and _____ (function unknown)

Answer 26

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 27

PTH acts on _____, ______, _____ to maintain tight control of calcium concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 27

bones, kidneys, and intestines

Question 28

removal of parathyroid gland would result in ______

Answer 28

violent spasm of skeletal muscle (tetany) and ultimately death

Question 29

_____ is due to hyperparathyroidism

Answer 29

osteoporosis

Question 30

melanocyte stimulating hormone secreted by the ____

Answer 30

pars intermedia

Question 31

_____ is of oral ectoderm
_____ is of neural ectoderm
_____ is of neural ectoderm

Answer 31

adenohypophysis
neurohypophysis
adrenal medulla

Question 32

zona glomerulosa releases _______
zona fasciculata releases ______
zona reticularis releases _______

Answer 32

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
androgens

Question 33

human adult cortical cell has lots of _____, large mitochondria with ____ cristae, and accumulation of _____.

Answer 33

SER
tubular
lipofuscin

Question 34

the adrenal cortex is regulated by _____

Answer 34

pituitary ACTH

Question 35

____ cells are located in the adrenal medulla. How are they stimulated and name a role of hormone released.

Answer 35

Chromaffin cells, under direct nervous control, epinephrine stimulates heart and cardiovascular effects.

Question 36

_____ capillary sinuses are found in the adrenal gland

Answer 36

fenestrated

Question 37

describe the arterial portal system of the pancreas

Answer 37

first capillary network modifies blood composition with insulin/glucagon, second capillary network uses modified blood composition to regulate acinar cell protein enzyme production

Question 38

why are pancreatic islets distributed throughout the pancreas?

Answer 38

because the arterial portal systems locally connect the islets with the surrounding acinar cells, thus the islets must be distributed throughout.

Question 39

_____ produces melatonin, responsible for circadian rhythm

Answer 39

pineal gland