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BIO2402 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Exocrine glands

A

Glands with ducts

-sweat,mammary, salivary glands

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2
Q

Define Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands

-secrete hormones directly into the blood

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3
Q

How many major endocrine glands are there

A

9

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4
Q

5 things hormones regulate

A
  1. Reproduction
  2. Growth and Development
  3. Maintaining homeostasis
  4. Regulation of energy availability
  5. Aid in the survival of stress
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5
Q

5 Potential hormone actions

A
  1. Cause a change in membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels
  2. Protein synthesis
  3. Activate/deactivate enzymes
  4. Induce secretory activity of glands
  5. stimulate mitosis
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6
Q

3 Basic stimuli for release

A
  1. Humoral stimuli- levels in blood
  2. Hormonal stimuli- hormone levels in blood
  3. Neural stimuli
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7
Q

Monoamine hormones

A
  • Amino acid baked
  • water soluble
  • second messenger system (except T3 &4)
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8
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • made from cholesterol
  • lipid soluble
  • direct gene activation
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9
Q

Describe the second messenger system

A

Water soluble hormone binds to receptors on the outside of the cell–> G protein is activated –> G protein then activates adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP –> cAMP activates ezymes called protein kinases which will then phosphorylate other enzymes–> cAMP is then quickly broken down by phosphodiesterase

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10
Q

Describe direct gene activation

A

The receptor binds the hormone in the nucleus –> leads to protein synthesis:
DNA–> mRNA–> Protein –> Action

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11
Q

What are the two master glands?

A

Pituitary and Hypothalamus (connected by the infiundibulum)

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12
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland

A
  1. Posterior (Neurohypophysis)

2. Anterior (Adenohypophysis)

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13
Q

What are the two nuclei within the hypothalamus

A
  1. Supraoptic nuclei (makes ADH)

2. Paraventricular nuclei (makes OT)

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14
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland (Neurohypophysis)

A
  • Made of neural tissue (can’t make own hormones)
  • Maintains a neural connection with the hypothalamus- it has axons coming from the hypothalamic unclei that deliver hormones for storage and release
  • formed by down-growth off the hypothalamus
  • Hormones travel through hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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15
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

-RELEASED by post pit.
-MADE by hypothalamus
Functions:
- uterine contractions during labor and sex
-stimulates let down reflex for milk
-Positive feedback loop during labor
(Pitocin OT in drug form )

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16
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

-RELEASED by post pit.
-MADE by hypothalamus
Functions:
- decreases urine output
(lack of ADH causes diabetes insipidus)

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17
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis)

A
  • made of glandular tissue (makes own horm. but release is controlled by hypothalamus)
  • Connected to hypo by vascular connection called the hypophyseal portal system
  • develops as an offshoot of the oral mucosa
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18
Q

Define the portal system

A

Capilaries–>Veins–> Capillaries

19
Q

6 releasing & inhibiting hypothalamic hormones

A
  1. Thyrotopin-releaseing hormone TRH
  2. Corticotropin-releaseing hormone CRH
  3. Gonadontropin-releaseing hormone GnRH
  4. Growth-hormone relaseing hormone GHRH
  5. Growth hormone inhibiting hormone GHIH
  6. Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH (dopamine
20
Q

4 Tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
  2. Andrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
  3. Follicle-stiumlating hormone FSH
  4. Luteinizing hormone LH
21
Q

2 non tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Prolactin PRL

2. Growth hormone GH

22
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Created and released by anterior pit.
-Diurnal cycle, exercise increases release
Actions:
1.Stimulates AA uptake and stimulates protein synthesis
2. Stimulates fat breakdown for energy
3. inhibits glucose uptake by cells
4. Stimulates bone & cartilage growth

23
Q

Thyroid Gland produces which 3 hormones

A
  1. Thyroxine T4–Follicles
  2. Triiodothyronine T3–Follicles
  3. Calcitonin CT–Parafollucular
24
Q

T3&T4

A
  • increase BMR
  • prevents cretinism
  • needed for GH to promote normal muscle and bone devl.
  • promotes gut mobility
  • Work by direct gene activation
  • Negative feedback loop*
25
Q

Calcitonin (CT)

A

Created and released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

  • Released when blood calcium levels increase
  • decreases calcium levels in the blood
26
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • 4 rasin- sized masses of tissue on the back of the thyroid
  • Produces parathyroid hormone PTH
27
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

-created and release by parathyroid glands
Functions:
-prevents hypocalcemia
-causes bones to release Ca+ by stim osteoclasts to digest bone
-promotes CA+ reabsorbtion by kidneys
-Increases Ca+ absorb in Intestien by converting D to D3

28
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • located on top of each kindey AKA Suprarenal glands
    -contains outer cortex and inner medulla
    Medulla: part of sympathetic nervous system
    Cortex: glandular tissue
29
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

Aldosterone

30
Q

Aldosterone

A

Produced in Adrenal Cortex
When BP drops, kidneys release renin that leads to aldosterone release
-Retains Na+ so more water is retained and K+ is lost

31
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

32
Q

Cortisol

A

Produced in adrenal cortex

  1. maintaining proper BS levels
  2. BP regulation
  3. Provides resistance to stress
33
Q

Addisons disease

A

hyposectretion of aldosterone and cortisol
Sympt:
hyperpigmentation, anorexia

34
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Due to excess cortisol production
Sympt:
hyperglycemia
edema, moon face

35
Q

Gonagocorticoid

A

Androgens

DHEA

36
Q

Catecholamines

A

Produced in the Adrenal medulla

-neural stimuli

37
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Make melationin from seotonin

38
Q

Thymus Gland

A

endocrine gland as well as a lymphatic structure that is a part of the immune system

39
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by the alpha cells of the islet of langerhans
-peptide hormone
Hyperglycemic hormone that is released when bs is low
- targets liver

40
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans
connected by disulfide bonds
Hypoglycemic hormone released when bs is high
-targets skeletal muscle & adipose tissue

41
Q

Amylin

A

Cosecreted with insulin form beta cells
supreses appetite
slows stomach emptying
inhibits glucagon

42
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

due to insufficient insulin release or to the inability of cells to respond to insulin
inhibits all anabolic processes

43
Q

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin-dependent diabetes

autoimmune disease that destroys the b cells that make insulin

44
Q

Type II diabetes mellitus

A

uh

BIO2402 (6 decks)

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