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BIO2402 > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Define Arteries

A

carries blood AWAY from the heart, for blood distribution

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2
Q

Define Capillaries

A

exchange vessels

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3
Q

Define Veins

A

carry blood TOWARDS the heart, for blood collection and return. (Some veins have valves)

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4
Q

What are the three blood vessel wall layers

A
  1. Tunica interna (intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa (adventia)
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5
Q

Define Tunica Interna (intima)

A

innermost layer, conists of endothelium layer, subendothelial layer,
in arteries only- internal elastic layer

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6
Q

Blood Vessel functions (3)

A

1.transport blood
2.Temperature regulation through 3.vasoconstriction & vasodilation
The cells lining blood vessels make regulatory molecules like nitric oxide

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7
Q

Define Tunica media

A

middle layer composed of CIRCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE for VASOCONSTRICTION/DIALATION
in arteries only- external elastic layer
Thickest layer in Arteries

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8
Q

Define Tunica externa (adventia)

A

outermost layer, mostly of collagen fibers

Thickest layer in Veins

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9
Q

What are the three classes of arteries

A
  1. elastic arteries (conducting)
  2. muscular arteries (distributing)
  3. Arterioles (resistance)
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10
Q

Elastic Arteries

A 
(conducting arteries)
Large lumen and low resistance 
Includes aorta and its  major branches 
contain thick muscle layer but dont really constrict 
pressure reservoirs
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11
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

(distributing arteries)
delivers blood to specific orhans
have the biggest proportion of muscle, tunica media in theses vessels has less elastin, but a bigger proportion of muscle.
EX: brachial, splenic, and femoral

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12
Q

Arterioles Arteries

A

(resistance arteries)
Too small to be given specific names
lumen rages from 300 um down to 10 um with an average of 37um
determine moment-to-moment blood flow to particular structures by their degree of constriction
control relative blood flow distribution

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13
Q

Capillaries

  • location
  • thickness
A
  • Located between arterioles and venules connecting them together
  • One cell layer thick
  • average length of 1 mm long
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14
Q

Capillary Functions

A

where substances are exchanged between plasma and interstitial fluid

-tendons and ligaments are poorly vascularized, so not capillaries-

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15
Q

3 types of Capillaries

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. sinusoids
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16
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A
  • most capillaries
  • Joined by tight junctions
  • abundant in skin and muscles
  • least permeable
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17
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A
  • Pores–leaky

- located in some endocrine glands, the small intestine and the kidneys

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18
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A
  • Wide diameter that are more winding with gaps between endothelial cells
  • liver spleen, bone marrow and lined with macrophages
  • also found in some endocrine glands
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19
Q

Metarteriole

A

artery side of the capillary bed

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20
Q

thoroughfare channel

A

vein side of the capillary bed

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21
Q

precapullary sphincters

A

rings at the start of the capillary (made of smooth muscle) can control blood flow into the capillary bed

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22
Q

True capillary

A

actual literal legit for real branching capillary

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23
Q

Define Venules

A

smallest veins

-fuse to form veins which start small and then go large

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24
Q

Venous sinus

A

thin-walled veins with no muscle, such as the coronary sinus and the dural venous sinuses of the brain

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25
Q

Vein Walls

A

except for small venules, veins have all 3 layers though they are thinner than arteries

tunica externa is the thickest layer

26
Q

Vein functions

A
  1. low resistance conduits: large diameter and thin distensible walls
  2. Blood reservoirs: very stretchy so can hold much blood, can constrict sending more blood to the heart. in return EDV, stretch, SV CO and BP all increase
27
Q

How much blood does the systemic veins contain? %

A

60%

28
Q

How much blood does the heart arteries and capillaries contain? %

A

30%

29
Q

How much blood does the pulmonary vessels contain? %

A

10%

30
Q

Define Portal system

A

2 capillary beds

31
Q

Define anastomosis

A

where 2 blood vessels merge

32
Q

Arteriovenous anastomosis

A

no capillary bed, resulting in less heat loss

33
Q

Venous anastomosis

A

most common tpe, one vein empties into another

34
Q

Arterial anastomosis

A

two arteries merge to provide collateral blood flow

35
Q

Define Flow

A

the volume of blood flowing in a given time

-Blood pressure and resistance determine BF

36
Q

Autoregulation (local control)

A

regulation by locally produced chemicals does NOT involve nerve enervation or hormones
-tissue has too low of blood supply–> vasodilation occurs which increase flow

37
Q

Vasoactive chemicals

A

nitric oxide (NO)

38
Q

what is doing vasomotion

A

mainly the job of the arterioles

39
Q

3 controls of vasomotion

A
  1. local controls (auto regulation)
  2. neural controls (vasomotor center)
  3. hormonal controls
40
Q

Tissue perfusion

A

rate of blood flow through the tissues

41
Q

3 factors that determine BP

A
  1. CO
  2. PR
  3. Blood volume
42
Q

BP regulation is accomplished by..

A

neural control and hormonal control

43
Q

Neural Control

A

Vasomotor Center- cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla oblongata
+ cardiac centers (CAC&CIC)—> makes up cardiovascular center
*control BP by altering CO (CAC&CIC) and vasodilatation (VC)

44
Q

Cardiovascular center is made of

A

CAC-hear
CIC- heart
VC- Bl. vessels

45
Q

Define Vasomotor Tone

A

vessel diameter at rest. Always being moderately constricted by the VS sympathetic fibers(by releasing NE)
lessNE= dilation
moreNE= contraction

46
Q

3 autonomic reflexes that regulate the vc

A
  1. Barroreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. Medullary Ischemic reflex
47
Q

Barroreceptors

  • location
  • function
A 
located in the carotid sinus
monitor pressure (stretch)
-neg feedback loop that corrects change in bp
48
Q

Effects of an increase in BP

A

exciting of the CIC and inhibit th eCAC

49
Q

Effects f=of an decreasing BP

A

exciting the CAC inhibit the CIC

50
Q

Chemoreceptors

  • location
  • function
A

Located in the aortic bodies and carotid bodies
monitor changes in O2, CO2 and H+
-stimulate breathing to match increase blood flow. control more of the respiration side rather than bp

51
Q

Medullary Ischemic relfex

  • location
  • function
A

Located in medulla??
kicks in when there is a drop in perfusion (bf) to the brain
immediately VC increase HR and contraction
and causes widespread vasoconstriction

52
Q

6 Hormones that affect BP

A
  1. Angiotensin II
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
  4. Antidiuretic hormone (AHD)
  5. Epinephrine and NE
  6. Cortisol
53
Q

Angiotensin II

A

released when the kidneys release renin

increases BP

54
Q

Aldosterone

A

causes NA+ retention, increasing BP

55
Q

ANP Atrial natiuretic peptide

A

increases sodium excretion
produced by atria
decreases BP

56
Q

Antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

causes kidneys to retain more water

Increases BP

57
Q

NE

A

increases vasoconstriction

58
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increase CO and Vasoconstriction

59
Q

Cortisol

A

increase BP by increasing water and salt retention

60
Q

4 ways in which substances cross capillaries

A
  1. through cell membrane (lipid sol.)
  2. Intercellular clefts between cells (water sol.)
  3. Through fenestrations (water sol.)[pore within the cell]
  4. Via vesicles (large substances)

BIO2402 (6 decks)

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