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BIO2402 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Maintaining homeostasis
  3. Protection
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2
Q

Characteristics of Blood

A 
Connective tissue
8% of body weight  
Volume: average 5 liters
5X more viscous than water
38degrees C
300 mOsm
.9% salinity
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3
Q

Composition of Blood

A

Plasma 55%

Formed Elements 45%

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4
Q

Composition of Plasma

A

Water 90%
Proteins 8%
Solutes 2%

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5
Q

Composition of Formed elements

A

RBC 95%
WBC 5%
Platelets

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6
Q

Plasma Proteins (3) and %

A

Albumin 60%
Globulin 36%
Fibrinogen 4%
other proteins

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7
Q

Albumin

A

maintains water balance (along with NA+) a good buffer & are carriers for lipids, calcium & hormones

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8
Q

Globulins

A

immunoglobulins: antibodies

transport globulins: transport of iron, lips, fat soluble vitamins & hormones

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

For blood clotting

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10
Q

RBC!

A

Function: Transport of respiratory gases

Average 5 million/ul

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

F: 42%
M:47%

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12
Q

Structure of RBC

A
  1. 5x2.5 micrometers
    - no nucleus
    - no mitochondria
    - biconcave
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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Protein found only in RBC
  • binds and transports O2 and CO2
  • Made of 4 protein chains, each chain has an iron-containing heme group that binds the oxygen
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14
Q

Hemoglobin amount

A

250,000/RBS

1 billion oxygen molecules per rbc

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15
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

HbO2 (ruby red)

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16
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

HHb (dark red- reduced hemoglobin)

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17
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

HbCo2

-forms easier with reduced Hb

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18
Q

What is the cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (heat&ATP)

-summation reaction

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19
Q

RBC lifespan

A

upper limit is 120 days

2.5 million RBC die per second

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20
Q

Regulation of RBC

A

Erythropoiesis is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin EPO made by kidneys which stimulates increase in rate of production

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21
Q

When is EPO released?

A

EPO release increase during hypoxia (negative feedback control)

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22
Q

How is hemoglobin recycled?

A

macrophages in the spleen (RBC graveyard), liver and bone marrow
-AA & Iron are recycled, heme is excreted

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23
Q

How is heme broken down?

A

Heme–> Billirubin (transported by albumin to the liver where it is secreted with the bile into the small intestine) –> converted to stercobilin (brown bacteria excreted in feces)
- some billirubin is converted to urochrome (yellow pigment in urine)

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24
Q

Causes of Jaundive

A
  • Liver cannot remove billirubin due to liver disease or rapid hemolysis
  • Yellow coloration of skin
  • neonatal jaundice is treated with blue lights
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25
Q

Anemia

A
  • Decreased ability to deliver O2-
    a) Too few RBC (blood loss, or loss of production)
    b) Too little hemoglobin (dietary)
    c) abnormal hemoglobin (genetic diseases-sickle cell anemia)

cold and fatigue

26
Q

Polycythemia

A
  • Excess RBC count-
    a) Primary polycthemia- is a cancer
    b) Secondary polycythemia- due to smoking, air pollution also genetic
27
Q

O blood type

A

No other chemicals attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)

28
Q

A blood type

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)

29
Q

B blood type

A

a second galactose is attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)

30
Q

AB blood type

A

Both N-Acetylgalactosamine attached and a second galactose is attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)

31
Q

Type A blood creates what antibodies

A

Type A creates anti- B antibodies against the B antigen

32
Q

Type B blood creates what antibodies

A

Type B creates anti- A antibodies against the A antigen

33
Q

What is a serum

A

Plasma minus the clotting factors

34
Q

WBC

A

5,000-10,000/ul

  • less than RBC
  • no hemoglobin, contains typical organelles
  • 5 types
35
Q

WBU function

A

defend the body

36
Q

define chemotaxis

A

chemically directed migration of WBC (when WBC detect damage they leave the blood following a chemical pathway)

37
Q

Define Margination

A

sticking to the capillary wall

38
Q

Define Diapedesis

A

Squeezing between endothelial cells

39
Q

Define leukopenia

A

A low EBC count

40
Q

Define Leukocytosis

A

A high WBC count >11,000

41
Q

Define Leukemia

A

A form of cancer where a huge increase in numbers occurs

42
Q

3 Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

43
Q

2 Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

44
Q

Neutrophils

A

60-70% of WBC
10-12 um in diameter
2-5 lobes of the nucleus;granules stain lightly
Functions:
Phagocytosis, particularly of bacteria. they also release killing enzymes from their granules

45
Q

Esoinophils

A

2-4% of WBC
10-14 um in diameter
bilobed nucleus connected by a tho strand of nucleoplasm district red granules
Functions:
release chemicals that REDUCE INFLAMMATION and other chemicals that can kill target cells. they have some phagocytic activity and they ATTACK PARASITIC WORMS. high levels during ALLERGIC REACTIONS

46
Q

Basophils

47
Q

Lymphocytes

A

25-33% of WBC
5-17 um in diameter
Darkly stained rounded nucleus that in small lymphocytes occupies most of the cytoplasm, which is often seen lithe
Functions:
B andT cells that are responsible for specific immunity and Natural Killer (NK) cells that attack cancer cells

48
Q

Monocytes

A

3-8% of WBC
12-15 um n diameter
nucleus is oval, horse shoe shaped or kidney bean shaped
Functions:
when active it transforms into a large aggressive cell called a macrophage which is a very good phagocyte of pathogens and dead body cells

49
Q

Platelets

A

Actually fragmented cells
2-4 um in diameter
lifespan of 5-10 days
250,000/ ul is average

50
Q

Functions of platelets

A

releases chemicals essential for blood clotting

secrete vasoconstrictors causing vascular spasms

51
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

yolk sac–> liver and spleen –> red bone marrow (after 7th month)

52
Q

What are the stem cells found in RBM

A

hemocytoblasts- all types of blood cells are derived

Colony stimulating factors (CSF) stimulate stem cells to differentiate into different blood cell types

53
Q

Define Hemostasis

A

The stoppage of blood flow from a damaged vessel

54
Q

3 mechanism of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
55
Q

Vascular Spasm

A

Contraction of smooth muscle muscle in the blood vessels, begins almost immediately and last just long enough for the next two steps to kick in

56
Q

Platelet Plug formation

A

starts in about 15 seconds. the platelets swell, grow extensions and stick to exposed collagen fibers and to other platelets forming the platelet plug

57
Q

Coagulation

A

begins in about 30 seconds. A complex chain of reactions lead to fibrinogen begging converted to an insoluble form, fibrin. fibrin threads act as glue, holding the platelet plug together

  • 13 clotting factos
  • Vit. K required for 4
58
Q

Fibrinolysis

A

after the damaged vessel wall has healed the clot must be removed
when a closet forms plasminogen is added. when signaled it is converted to actie plasmin which acts as a clot buster, digesting the fibrin dissolving the clot

59
Q

Hemophilia

A

genetic
80% are due to the lack of factor VIII
15% are due to the lack of IX
mostly in males

60
Q

Thrombosis

A

abnormal clotting occurring in an undamaged cessle

thrombus (clot breaks off forming an embolus that blocks blood flow and causes death

BIO2402 (6 decks)

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