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BIO2402 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. Maintaining homeostasis
  3. Protection
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2
Q

Characteristics of Blood

A 
Connective tissue
8% of body weight  
Volume: average 5 liters
5X more viscous than water
38degrees C
300 mOsm
.9% salinity
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3
Q

Composition of Blood

A

Plasma 55%

Formed Elements 45%

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4
Q

Composition of Plasma

A

Water 90%
Proteins 8%
Solutes 2%

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5
Q

Composition of Formed elements

A

RBC 95%
WBC 5%
Platelets

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6
Q

Plasma Proteins (3) and %

A

Albumin 60%
Globulin 36%
Fibrinogen 4%
other proteins

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7
Q

Albumin

A

maintains water balance (along with NA+) a good buffer & are carriers for lipids, calcium & hormones

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8
Q

Globulins

A

immunoglobulins: antibodies

transport globulins: transport of iron, lips, fat soluble vitamins & hormones

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

For blood clotting

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10
Q

RBC!

A

Function: Transport of respiratory gases

Average 5 million/ul

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11
Q

Hematocrit

A

F: 42%
M:47%

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12
Q

Structure of RBC

A
  1. 5x2.5 micrometers
    - no nucleus
    - no mitochondria
    - biconcave
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13
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Protein found only in RBC
  • binds and transports O2 and CO2
  • Made of 4 protein chains, each chain has an iron-containing heme group that binds the oxygen
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14
Q

Hemoglobin amount

A

250,000/RBS

1 billion oxygen molecules per rbc

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15
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

HbO2 (ruby red)

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16
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

HHb (dark red- reduced hemoglobin)

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17
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

HbCo2

-forms easier with reduced Hb

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18
Q

What is the cellular respiration equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (heat&ATP)

-summation reaction

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19
Q

RBC lifespan

A

upper limit is 120 days

2.5 million RBC die per second

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20
Q

Regulation of RBC

A

Erythropoiesis is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin EPO made by kidneys which stimulates increase in rate of production

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21
Q

When is EPO released?

A

EPO release increase during hypoxia (negative feedback control)

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22
Q

How is hemoglobin recycled?

A

macrophages in the spleen (RBC graveyard), liver and bone marrow
-AA & Iron are recycled, heme is excreted

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23
Q

How is heme broken down?

A

Heme–> Billirubin (transported by albumin to the liver where it is secreted with the bile into the small intestine) –> converted to stercobilin (brown bacteria excreted in feces)
- some billirubin is converted to urochrome (yellow pigment in urine)

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24
Q

Causes of Jaundive

A
  • Liver cannot remove billirubin due to liver disease or rapid hemolysis
  • Yellow coloration of skin
  • neonatal jaundice is treated with blue lights
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25
Anemia
- Decreased ability to deliver O2- a) Too few RBC (blood loss, or loss of production) b) Too little hemoglobin (dietary) c) abnormal hemoglobin (genetic diseases-sickle cell anemia) cold and fatigue
26
Polycythemia
- Excess RBC count- a) Primary polycthemia- is a cancer b) Secondary polycythemia- due to smoking, air pollution also genetic
27
O blood type
No other chemicals attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)
28
A blood type
N-Acetylgalactosamine attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)
29
B blood type
a second galactose is attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)
30
AB blood type
Both N-Acetylgalactosamine attached and a second galactose is attached + (glucose glalactose and fucose)
31
Type A blood creates what antibodies
Type A creates anti- B antibodies against the B antigen
32
Type B blood creates what antibodies
Type B creates anti- A antibodies against the A antigen
33
What is a serum
Plasma minus the clotting factors
34
WBC
5,000-10,000/ul - less than RBC - no hemoglobin, contains typical organelles - 5 types
35
WBU function
defend the body
36
define chemotaxis
chemically directed migration of WBC (when WBC detect damage they leave the blood following a chemical pathway)
37
Define Margination
sticking to the capillary wall
38
Define Diapedesis
Squeezing between endothelial cells
39
Define leukopenia
A low EBC count
40
Define Leukocytosis
A high WBC count >11,000
41
Define Leukemia
A form of cancer where a huge increase in numbers occurs
42
3 Granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
43
2 Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
44
Neutrophils
60-70% of WBC 10-12 um in diameter 2-5 lobes of the nucleus;granules stain lightly Functions: Phagocytosis, particularly of bacteria. they also release killing enzymes from their granules
45
Esoinophils
2-4% of WBC 10-14 um in diameter bilobed nucleus connected by a tho strand of nucleoplasm district red granules Functions: release chemicals that REDUCE INFLAMMATION and other chemicals that can kill target cells. they have some phagocytic activity and they ATTACK PARASITIC WORMS. high levels during ALLERGIC REACTIONS
46
Basophils
47
Lymphocytes
25-33% of WBC 5-17 um in diameter Darkly stained rounded nucleus that in small lymphocytes occupies most of the cytoplasm, which is often seen lithe Functions: B andT cells that are responsible for specific immunity and Natural Killer (NK) cells that attack cancer cells
48
Monocytes
3-8% of WBC 12-15 um n diameter nucleus is oval, horse shoe shaped or kidney bean shaped Functions: when active it transforms into a large aggressive cell called a macrophage which is a very good phagocyte of pathogens and dead body cells
49
Platelets
Actually fragmented cells 2-4 um in diameter lifespan of 5-10 days 250,000/ ul is average
50
Functions of platelets
releases chemicals essential for blood clotting | secrete vasoconstrictors causing vascular spasms
51
Hemopoiesis
Blood cell formation | yolk sac--> liver and spleen --> red bone marrow (after 7th month)
52
What are the stem cells found in RBM
hemocytoblasts- all types of blood cells are derived | Colony stimulating factors (CSF) stimulate stem cells to differentiate into different blood cell types
53
Define Hemostasis
The stoppage of blood flow from a damaged vessel
54
3 mechanism of hemostasis
1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. coagulation
55
Vascular Spasm
Contraction of smooth muscle muscle in the blood vessels, begins almost immediately and last just long enough for the next two steps to kick in
56
Platelet Plug formation
starts in about 15 seconds. the platelets swell, grow extensions and stick to exposed collagen fibers and to other platelets forming the platelet plug
57
Coagulation
begins in about 30 seconds. A complex chain of reactions lead to fibrinogen begging converted to an insoluble form, fibrin. fibrin threads act as glue, holding the platelet plug together - 13 clotting factos - Vit. K required for 4
58
Fibrinolysis
after the damaged vessel wall has healed the clot must be removed when a closet forms plasminogen is added. when signaled it is converted to actie plasmin which acts as a clot buster, digesting the fibrin dissolving the clot
59
Hemophilia
genetic 80% are due to the lack of factor VIII 15% are due to the lack of IX mostly in males
60
Thrombosis
abnormal clotting occurring in an undamaged cessle | thrombus (clot breaks off forming an embolus that blocks blood flow and causes death

BIO2402 (6 decks)

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