Endocrine System Flashcards
What is a paracrine secretion?
A secretion that has a local effect. Released in the tissue spaces to have a local effect. Like histamine
What is an endocrine secretion?
A chemical/hormone released into a bloodstreem
What is an exocrine secretion?
Secretions outside of the body
Sweat, tears, saliva, digestive enzymes, mucus
Where is the hypothalamus location?
In the diencephalon of the brain
What does the hypothalamus do?
- Master gland of the endocrine system
- Part of nervous system (regulates body temp, hunger, thirst, emotions)
- Creates releasing and inhibiting hormones (ex. Thyrotropic releasing Hormone)
- Makes ADH & Oxytocin
Which gland stores and releases hormones into the blood. It does not make any hormones.
Posterior Pituitary Gland
What does Anti-Diuretic Hormone do?
- Signals the nephrons to reabsorb more water and inhibits urination.
- ADH release is stimulated by increase in osmolarity of body fluids (Fluids are too concentrated)
- A drop in blood volume could also stimulate ADH release
What disease happens when the person is not producing enough ADH?
Diabetes insipidus
- urinate copiously and very thirsty
- no effect on blood sugar
Oxytocin Hormone
- Cuddle hormone
- Ejects breast milk
- Causes uterine contractions during delivery
What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary make?
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- Luteinizing Hormone
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid stimulating hormone
- Prolactin
- Growth Hormone
Which hormone promotes sperm and oocyte production?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Which hormone surges on Day 14 of female reproductive cycle to trigger ovulation. It also regulates testosterone production.
Luteinizing Hormone
Which hormone stimulates cortisol release by the adrenal cortex?
ACTH - Adrencorticotropic Hormone
Which disease is a result of too much ACTH?
Cushing Syndrome - Too much cortisol
S&S:
- Truncal obesity w/wasting extremities
- Round face (moon face)
- fat deposits on upper back (buffalo hump)
- High blood pressure
- Hyperglycemia
- Thinning skin & bones
- muscle atrophy
- stretch marks
Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to make more thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)?
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Which hormone promotes the making of breast milk?
Prolactin
What is Prolactinoma?
A prolactin secreting tumor
In females presents as abnormal lactation
In males presents as development of breast tissue
What is hyperprolactinemia?
Excess prolactin in the blood
In females presents as abnormal lactation
In males presents as development of breast tissue
Growth Hormone
LIver converts most Growth Hormone to Insulin-like Growth Factor 1.
Then musculoskeletal cells respond to IGFI
Which disease is due to the person not producing enough Growth Hormone?
Pituitary Dwarfism
- person is very short, but proportional
Which disease is due to the person producing excess growth hormone?
- Pituitary Gigantism
- person grows very tall due to Excess GH - Acromegaly
- boney deformities such as protracted jaw, lumpy, and bumpy bones
What is the pineal gland located?
Diencephalon of the brain
What hormone does the pineal gland create?
Melatonin
Which hormone regulates sleep/wake cycles and circadian rhythm
Melatonin
Which hormones does the thyroid create?
- T3 and T4
- Calcitonin
What do T3 and T4 hormones do?
They regulate metabolism rate. The rate at which we convert food (glucose) into ATP
Grave’s Disease
A specific form of hyperthyroidism.
Autoantibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland.
S&S:
- weight loss
- amenorrhea
- exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs)
- hot
- sweating
- insomnia
- nervousness
- anxiety
- tachycardia
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Autoantibodies destroy the thyroid leading to hypothyroidism leading to hypothroidism
S&S:
- Weight gain
- Edema
- Fatigued
- Sleep
- Bradycardia
- Dry skin
- Dry eyes
- Thinning hair
Which hormone promotes uptake of calcium into the bones. Lowers blood calcium levels. “Tones the Bones”
Calcitonin
Parathyroid
4 little glands behind the thyroid
What hormones does the parathyroid create?
- Parathyroid Hormone
Which hormone promotes bone breakdown to raise blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone
Hyperparathyroidism
Bones, Stones, Moans, Groans, fatigue overtones, tachycardia
- bone breakdown, pain fractures
- kidney stones
- abdominal pain
- depression, lethargy
What are the two functions of the Pancreas?
- Digestive System - lipase, amylase, trypsin
- Endocrine System - hormone creation
Which hormones are made in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas?
- Insulin
- Glucagon
Which hormone lowers blood sugar/glucose after a meal?
Insulin
How does Insulin lower blood sugar?
By promoting glycogenesis - making of glycogen - storing glucose in liver and muscles
Promoting lipogenesis - making of fat in adipose tissue
Describe Type I Diabetes
Pancreas cannot make insulin
Person needs insulin injections to treat their hyperglycemia
Describe Type II Diabetes
Cells do not respond to insulin (cellular resistance)
Managed with lifestyle modifications like wt loss & exercise
Which hormone raises blood sugar when food is not available?
Glucagon
What does Glucagon do?
Promotes:
- glycogenolysis
- lipolysis
- gluconeogenesis
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On top of the kidneys
Polyuria
Excessive urination
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
What are the two layers of the Adrenal Glands?
- Medulla
- Cortex
What is the fight or flight hormone?
Epinephrine
Where is Epinephrine made?
Medulla of the Adrenal Glands
What hormones does the Cortex of the Adrenal Glands?
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralcorticoids
- Androgens
Which hormone raises blood sugar during fight or flight?
Glucocorticoids or Cortisol
What hormone stimulates sodium reabsorption in nephrons (collection ducts) in order to raise blood volume/blood pressure?
Aldosterone - Mineralcorticoids
Which disease results in the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex?
Addison’s Disease
What are the precursors to making sex hormones?
Androgens
What is the function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle?
Raise blood volume/blood pressure when they drop
List the steps of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Cycle:
- Kidneys secrete Renin
- Renin converts angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I
- Angiotensin I goes to the lungs where Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ASE) converts it into Angiotensin 2
- Angiotensin 2 stimulates the secretion of ADH and Aldosterone to stimulate constriction of arterioles and to stimulate thirst.
